Article(id=1200066396848747476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066378846793762, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220112, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1674144000000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047725163, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1681488000000, pubDateStr=2023-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047725163, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047725163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047725163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066378846793762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047720872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047922803, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200067225848741916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066378846793762, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200067225848741917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066378846793762, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066397243012083, articleId=1200066396848747476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Structure Optimization of Exhaust Gas Thermoelectric Generator of Range Extender Based on 3D to 1D Co-Simulation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this research, a one-dimensional heat transfer model was built for a specific thermoelectric module to better estimate property of thermoelectric generator and optimize structure. The three-dimensional flow field and heat transfer models were also established for different thermoelectric generator structures, those two models were coupled to realize the direct display of power output of thermoelectric generator. Based on the coupled models, thermoelectric generators with four different structures were compared and analyzed. The results show that, under the conditions of exhaust gas temperature 523 K and flow rate 0.02 kg/s, the maximum net power output of the heat exchanger structure with staggered fins and a fin spacing of 10 mm and an angle of 8° is 133 W, which is about 14% higher than that of the basic control group with neatly arranged fins and no angle of opening.

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为有效预估温差发电机的性能并进行结构优化,针对特定的热电模块建立了一维传热模型,针对不同的温差发电机结构建立了三维流场与传热模型,并将2种模型进行耦合以实现对输出功率的直接显示。利用上述模型对4种不同温差发电机结构进行了对比分析,结果表明,在废气温度与流量分别为523 K、0.02 kg/s的条件下,换热器的翅片错位且翅片间距10 mm、张角8°时的输出功率最高,为133 W,相较于换热器翅片整齐排列且无张角的结构,其净输出功率提高了约14%。

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结构方案 输出功率Pout/W 压力降
ΔP/kPa
损失功率Ploss/W 总的净输出功率Pnet/W
基本对照组 34.26 0.114 21 116
改进结构1 36.28 0.122 22 123
改进结构2 37.14 0.154 28 120
改进结构3 44.79 0.287 53 126
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4种结构压力降、功率损失及总的净输出功率

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结构方案 输出功率Pout/W 压力降
ΔP/kPa
损失功率Ploss/W 总的净输出功率Pnet/W
基本对照组 34.26 0.114 21 116
改进结构1 36.28 0.122 22 123
改进结构2 37.14 0.154 28 120
改进结构3 44.79 0.287 53 126
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基于三维至一维联合仿真的增程器废气温差发电机结构优化
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王嘉伟 , 蓝松
汽车工程师 | 2023,(4): 9-14
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汽车工程师 | 2023, (4): 9-14
基于三维至一维联合仿真的增程器废气温差发电机结构优化
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王嘉伟, 蓝松
作者信息
  • 合肥工业大学, 合肥 230009
Structure Optimization of Exhaust Gas Thermoelectric Generator of Range Extender Based on 3D to 1D Co-Simulation
Jiawei Wang, Song Lan
Affiliations
  • Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009
出版时间: 2023-04-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220112
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为有效预估温差发电机的性能并进行结构优化,针对特定的热电模块建立了一维传热模型,针对不同的温差发电机结构建立了三维流场与传热模型,并将2种模型进行耦合以实现对输出功率的直接显示。利用上述模型对4种不同温差发电机结构进行了对比分析,结果表明,在废气温度与流量分别为523 K、0.02 kg/s的条件下,换热器的翅片错位且翅片间距10 mm、张角8°时的输出功率最高,为133 W,相较于换热器翅片整齐排列且无张角的结构,其净输出功率提高了约14%。

温差发电机  /  联合仿真  /  废气能量回收  /  结构优化

In this research, a one-dimensional heat transfer model was built for a specific thermoelectric module to better estimate property of thermoelectric generator and optimize structure. The three-dimensional flow field and heat transfer models were also established for different thermoelectric generator structures, those two models were coupled to realize the direct display of power output of thermoelectric generator. Based on the coupled models, thermoelectric generators with four different structures were compared and analyzed. The results show that, under the conditions of exhaust gas temperature 523 K and flow rate 0.02 kg/s, the maximum net power output of the heat exchanger structure with staggered fins and a fin spacing of 10 mm and an angle of 8° is 133 W, which is about 14% higher than that of the basic control group with neatly arranged fins and no angle of opening.

Thermoelectric generator  /  Co-simulation  /  Waste heat recovery  /  Structure optimization
王嘉伟, 蓝松. 基于三维至一维联合仿真的增程器废气温差发电机结构优化. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (4) : 9 -14 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220112
Jiawei Wang, Song Lan. Structure Optimization of Exhaust Gas Thermoelectric Generator of Range Extender Based on 3D to 1D Co-Simulation[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (4) : 9 -14 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220112
在我国,约有24%的化石能源消耗在汽车日常行驶过程中,由于内燃机能量转换效率的限制,约有40%的能量由汽车尾气耗散在空气中[1],将这部分能量加以回收利用具有重要价值[2]。温差发电机因其结构紧凑、工作无噪声、无运动部件的特点成为汽车废气能量回收的理想部件[3]
常见的温差发电机主要由热交换器、热电模块、冷却装置组成。废气携带的热量经热交换器传导给热电模块,一部分由热电模块转化为电能,另一部分由冷却装置带离。因此,在相同的热电模块与冷却装置条件下,由热交换器捕获的热量越多,热电模块转化的电能就越多。优化换热器的结构,使其能够捕获更多热量,可以有效提升热电发电机的输出功率[4]。在近期的研究中,优化温差发电机性能的有效方法是对其不同的组件分别建立三维与一维模型。Tae Young Kim等[5]建立三维模型就热交换器翅片数量、高度、翅片间距及厚度对热电模块热端温度的影响进行了研究,确定了特定流场条件下的最佳翅片参数。André Marvão等[6]为将温差发电机应用在重型载货汽车上,建立三维模型探究了影响优化温差发电机的主要因素,分别是翅片的高度、长度和翅片间距。文献[7]也建立了热电模块的一维传热模型并用于预测模块的输出电压,预测结果与试验结果具有较高的一致性。上述研究中,利用一维模型仅对特定温度下的输出电压进行了仿真,采用三维模型也仅对热电模块的热端温度进行了仿真,而使用三维模型直接对温差发电机的输出功率进行仿真几乎未进行过[8]
本文针对增程器用废气温差发电机展开研究。普通燃油车发动机的工作点多且分散,因此,温差发电机的结构优化效果往往只能在特定工作点下才能得到最大体现。而增程发动机往往只在特定工作点下运行,为温差发电机的结构优化提供了重要的约束条件[9]。本文针对不同的热交换器建立三维流场与换热模型,对热电模块建立一维传热模型,并将2种模型进行耦合,以实现在模拟真实物理场景时对温差发电机的输出功率进行仿真。
热电模块的基本结构如图1所示,由冷、热端陶瓷板与热电结3个部分组成,故热电模块的整体传热模型可以分为2个部分,即冷、热端模型和热电结模型。
模型建立时,在热效应方面作如下考虑:
a. 汤姆森热效应对传热影响小,故将其忽略;
b. 考虑热电结在有电流流经时产生的帕尔贴热效应;
c. 考虑热电结在有电流流经时产生的焦耳热效应;
d. 考虑由冷、热端温差产生的塞贝克效应。
热电结的传热热阻模型如图2所示,其主要热阻由P-N结热阻Ktc与之间夹杂的空气热阻Kgap构成。
P-N结热阻Ktc的计算公式为:
${K}_{tc}=n\left(\frac{{l}_{tc}}{{k}_{P}}+\frac{{l}_{tc}}{{k}_{N}}\right)$
式中,n为热电模块中P-N结的数量;ltc为P-N结的长度;kPkN分别为P结、N结传热系数。
热电结整体热阻Ktm的计算公式为:
${K}_{tm}=\frac{f}{{K}_{tc}}+\frac{1-f}{{K}_{gap}}$
式中,f为热电模块中P-N结的面积占比。
塞贝克效应是热电模块产生输出电压的主要热效应,而输出电压U主要与模块的塞贝克系数ΔS及冷、热端温度Tcp,cTcp,h相关,其计算式为:
US(Tcp,h-Tcp,c)
温差发电机的电路连接见图1,回路中的主要电阻分别为P-N结的内阻Rint与外接负载Rload,为使温差发电机的输出功率最大,将外接负载Rload与内阻Rint数值设为一致。
当回路中有电流流过时,P-N结焦耳热效应的计算公式为:
QJ=I2Rint
式中,QJ为焦耳热;I为回路中的电流。
热电模块的结构较为对称,故可认为产生的焦耳热均匀地传向冷、热两端。当回路中有电流流过时,P-N结分别向冷、热端吸、放热,即帕尔贴热效应,其计算公式为:
QPc=IΔSTtc,c
QPh=IΔSTtc,h
式中,QPc为P-N结冷端放热量;QPh为P-N结热端吸热量;Ttc,cTtc,h分别为P-N结冷、热端温度。
根据图2所示的传热原理,通过冷端的传热量Qcm为:
Qcm=KcmA(Ttc,c-Tcp,c)
式中,A为热电模块的面积;Kcm为陶瓷板热阻。
通过热电结区域的传热量Qtm为:
Qtm=KtmA(Ttc,h-Ttc,c)
热端的传热量Qhm为:
Qhm=KcmA(Tcp,h-Ttc,h)
考虑前述的热效应,通过冷、热端的传热量QcmQhm还有如下表达式:
Qcm=QPc+Qtm-QJ/2
Qhm=QPh+Qtm+QJ/2
温差发电机的基本结构与尺寸如图3所示,其热电模块被热交换器、冷却装置夹紧而形成对称的“三明治”结构。其基本尺寸为200 mm×300 mm×88 mm,上、下共布置了16片热电模块。热交换器的材质为铝合金,其导热系数为193 W/(m·K),在增程器转速为3 000 r/min的条件下,废气温度与流量分别为523 K、0.02 kg/s,冷却装置内采用温度为323 K的冷却水进行冷却。
由于温差发电机具有高度对称的结构,在对其进行流场、传热分析时,可选取其1/4部分建立计算模型以节约计算时间。整个三维计算模型在STAR-CCM+中搭建完成,简化后的计算模型如图4所示。
三维模型整体分为耦合区域与非耦合区域,耦合区域(热电模块区域)由STAR-CCM+与AMESim共同计算完成[10],非耦合区域由STAR-CCM+独立计算完成。
入口设为质量流量入口,出口设为压力出口,设置3个对称面,见图4。由于冷却水拥有相对较大的热容,而通过冷端流向冷却装置的热量较少,将冷却装置设为固定温度。
耦合区域的结构如图5所示,取各表面的平均温度作为计算温度。在每一次迭代中:由STAR-CCM+分别计算出冷端温度Tcp,c、热端温度Tcp,h、热电结冷端温度Ttc,c、热电结热端温度Ttc,h后传输至AMESim端进行冷端接触热阻Kct.c、热端接触热阻Kct.h、热电结热阻Ktm、冷端帕尔贴吸热量QPc、热端帕尔贴放热量QPh、焦耳热QJ的计算后,将数值回传至STAR-CCM+端进行下一次迭代计算。上述耦合原理如图6所示。
热电模块的冷、热端均与其他壁面直接接触,由于不完全接触产生的基础热阻Kct.cKct.h的数值设置为由AMESim端输出的计算结果,冷、热端的陶瓷板导热系数λ设置为35 W/(m·K),因为焦耳热效应与帕尔贴热效应的发生,热电模块的热端陶瓷板与热电结的接触面设为热通量的流入,根据式(10)可得热通量为-QPh-0.5QJ,同理,根据式(11),热电模块的冷端陶瓷板与热电结的接触面的热通量为-QPc+0.5QJ
计算模型的热电模块每4块串联为一组,则其输出电压Uout为各模块的输出电压之和:
Uout=U1+U2+U3+U4
内阻Rint为各模块的内阻之和:
Rint=Rint1+Rint2+Rint3+Rint4
式中,U1~U4为模块1~模块4的输出电压;Rint1~Rint4为模块1~模块4的内阻。
将外部负载Rload设为与内阻Rint数值相等,则输出功率Pout为:
${P}_{out}=\frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{{U}_{out}^{2}}{{R}_{int}+{R}_{load}}$
将温差发电机接入汽车的排气系统势必会引起发动机的排气背压升高,进而降低发动机的输出功率[11],发动机转速3 000 r/min工况下的损失功率为:
Ploss=0.184ΔP
式中,ΔP为温差发电机的压力降。
此时温差发电机的整体净输出功率Pnet应弥补这部分功率损失:
Pnet=4Pout-Ploss
在完成上述全部模型搭建后,对STAR-CCM+中的三维模型进行网格测试,在模型相同的条件下,通过不断减小网格的尺寸来提高网格的总数量。当网格尺寸减小至0.01 m、整体网格单元数达到400 000个时,所需要的所有计算数值及温差发电机的进出口压力降ΔP的变化均小于0.5%,采用此时的网格尺寸和数量进行计算。
在4片热电模块上方的热交换器处增加4组翅片结构作为对照组,翅片的基本尺寸为60 mm×2 mm×7 mm,每组设置5个翅片,翅片间的中心距离设为10 mm,将第4片热电模块区域内的翅片与其他区域的翅片错开得到改进结构1,将改进结构1中第4片热电模块周围的翅片各向左、右倾斜10°得到改进结构2,将所有翅片结构更改为与改进结构2第4片热电模块周围相同的结构得到改进结构3。4种结构如图7所示。
为探究翅片参数对温差发电机的性能影响,继续在改进结构3的基础上对翅片不同的张角与间距进行仿真。
4种结构的气流速度分布如图8所示:由于第4片热电模块周围翅片结构的变化,其翅片周围的气流流速随着扰动的变大而提高,由于热交换器整体结构的变化,热交换器内的整体平均流速也随着扰动的增大而提高,4种结构的湍流强度均逐渐增强。
湍流强度增强会使边界层变薄,边界层热阻随之减小,对流传热得到了强化。传热逐渐强化的4种结构温度分布如图9所示:随着传热的不断强化,4种结构的平均温度逐渐提升,因为第4片热电模块周围翅片的结构与位置的变化,产生的扰动使其热端温度得到提升。
各结构热电模块的输出功率如图10所示:随着热交换器的温度升高,各模块的输出功率提高。表1所示为各结构的压力降、功率损失及总的净输出功率。由表1可以看出,热交换器的结构变化带来扰动的增加,发动机功率损失随压力降的增加而增大。改进结构3的发动机功率损失最大,约为基本对照组的2.5倍。但是,通过进一步比较总的净输出功率可以发现,扰动增加所带来的温差发电机功率的提升效果比压力降造成的功率损失效果更为明显。改进后温差发电机的总净输出功率与基本对照组相比,分别提升了6%、3%、8%。
将左、右两侧翅片张角设定在0°~15°范围内变化,得到净输出功率如图11所示。综合考虑前述“扰动”及“压力降”的因素作用,8°为翅片的最佳性能张角。
保持最佳张角8°不变,在空间允许的条件下改变翅片的间距,使其在7~10 mm范围内变化,最大净输出功率计算结果如图12所示。由图12可知:随着翅片间距的增大,最大净输出功率也一并增加,10 mm是在空间允许条件下的最佳翅片间距。
本文使用三维至一维联合仿真的方式对温差发电机的性能进行了探索。分别对热电模块和温差发电机建立一维传热模型和三维模型,并对2种模型进行了耦合,耦合模型有效解决了传统模型只能单一分析温差发电机的温度场,而不能反映温差发电机输出功率的局限性。耦合模型可以更加真实地反映实际的物理情况,通过耦合模型间实时交换的数据,可以对温差发电机的输出功率进行仿真,进而将结构优化的结果更为直观地体现在输出功率上,更有效地为温差发电机的结构优化提供参考。
本文对多种不同翅片结构的温差发电机进行了比较。换热器翅片错位且在翅片间距10 mm、张角8°条件下的净输出功率最高,为133 W,相较于翅片整齐排列且无张角的基本对照组,其输出功率提高了约14%。该计算结果表明:在相同的热电模块与冷却装置下,优化热交换器的结构可以有效提升温差发电机的输出功率,但仍需考虑结构变化带来的发动机排气背压变化导致的净输出功率变化。综合考虑翅片结构所带来的强化传热与排气背压是优化温差发电机的关键。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220112
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-04-15
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  • 修回日期:2023-01-20
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    合肥工业大学, 合肥 230009
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