Article(id=1200066395120694100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066383540220163, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1666022400000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047724751, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1673712000000, pubDateStr=2023-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047724751, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047724751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047724751, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066383540220163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047721991, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047799781, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200066709865464825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066383540220163, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200066709865464826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066383540220163, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066395477209967, articleId=1200066395120694100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Balance Optimization for Fatigue Durability and Torsional Stiffness of Torsion Spring in Automobile Sunroof Wind Deflector, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to balance and optimize the fatigue durability and its own torsional stiffness of the torsion spring in the sunroof wind deflector, this paper analyzed the influence of the structural factors of the torsion spring on the fatigue durability by orthogonal test. The results show that the inner diameter of the torsion spring has the greatest influence on the fatigue durability, followed by the number of spiral coils and wire diameter, and the free angle of the torsion spring has little influence on the durability. The relationship between the number of durability cycles and the torsional stiffness of sunroof wind deflector torsion spring shows that there is no obvious relationship between the torsional stiffness of the torsional spring and fatigue durability. According to the influence of structural factors of torsion spring on fatigue durability, this paper proposed a balance optimization and improvement scheme for fatigue durability and torsional stiffness of sunroof wind deflector torsion spring, by increasing inner diameter of torsion spring, increasing the number of spiral coils and wire diameter. Bench durability and downward pressure test results show that the improved scheme can meet the fatigue durability requirements while increasing tension of wind deflector screen.

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为平衡优化天窗挡风网扭转弹簧疲劳耐久性和自身扭转刚度,利用正交试验分析了扭转弹簧结构因素对疲劳耐久性的影响程度,结果表明,扭转弹簧内径对疲劳耐久性影响最大,螺旋圈数和线径次之,扭转弹簧自由角度对耐久性几乎无影响。挡风网扭转弹簧耐久循环数与自身扭转刚度的关系曲线表明,扭转刚度与疲劳耐久性无明显关系。根据扭转弹簧结构因素对疲劳耐久性的影响规律,通过增大扭转弹簧内径、增加螺旋圈数、增大线径,提出了一种挡风网扭转弹簧疲劳耐久和自身扭转刚度平衡优化改进方案。台架耐久和下压力测试结果表明,该方案在提高网布张紧度的同时,疲劳耐久性满足要求。

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参数 内径A/mm 线径B/mm 螺旋圈数
C/圈
自由角度
D/(°)
取值 8.3 2.2 2.5 100
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扭转弹簧优化前结构参数

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参数 内径A/mm 线径B/mm 螺旋圈数
C/圈
自由角度
D/(°)
取值 8.3 2.2 2.5 100
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序号 内径A/mm 线径B/mm 螺旋圈数
C/圈
自由角度
D/(°)
1 10.5 2.0 2.5 90
2 10.5 2.2 3.5 100
3 10.5 2.3 4.5 120
4 12.1 2.0 3.5 120
5 12.1 2.2 4.5 90
6 12.1 2.3 2.5 100
7 13.8 2.0 4.5 100
8 13.8 2.2 2.5 120
9 13.8 2.3 3.5 90
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四因素三水平正交试验表

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序号 内径A/mm 线径B/mm 螺旋圈数
C/圈
自由角度
D/(°)
1 10.5 2.0 2.5 90
2 10.5 2.2 3.5 100
3 10.5 2.3 4.5 120
4 12.1 2.0 3.5 120
5 12.1 2.2 4.5 90
6 12.1 2.3 2.5 100
7 13.8 2.0 4.5 100
8 13.8 2.2 2.5 120
9 13.8 2.3 3.5 90
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序号 耐久试验循环次数
1号 2号 3号 平均值
1 7 365 7 056 9 138 7 853
2 7 380 7 560 7 450 7 463
3 8 050 7 730 7 980 7 920
4 7 458 8 988 10 440 8 962
5 8 385 7 967 8 116 8 156
6 3 166 3 571 4 300 3 679
7 16 388 15 872 16 129 16 129
8 10 500 10 446 10 218 10 388
9 11 914 11 870 12 096 11 960
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四因素三水平正交试验结果 循环

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序号 耐久试验循环次数
1号 2号 3号 平均值
1 7 365 7 056 9 138 7 853
2 7 380 7 560 7 450 7 463
3 8 050 7 730 7 980 7 920
4 7 458 8 988 10 440 8 962
5 8 385 7 967 8 116 8 156
6 3 166 3 571 4 300 3 679
7 16 388 15 872 16 129 16 129
8 10 500 10 446 10 218 10 388
9 11 914 11 870 12 096 11 960
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序号 l1/mm l2/mm T′/N·mm·rad-1
1 92.15 86.82 774.08
2 92.03 89.29 923.52
3 90.07 87.79 941.46
4 90.86 87.84 594.43
5 88.27 87.35 733.52
6 87.96 86.79 1 267.37
7 85.54 85.22 470.54
8 87.74 85.11 1 002.83
9 85.40 84.28 970.28
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9组扭转弹簧扭臂长度及扭转刚度计算结果

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序号 l1/mm l2/mm T′/N·mm·rad-1
1 92.15 86.82 774.08
2 92.03 89.29 923.52
3 90.07 87.79 941.46
4 90.86 87.84 594.43
5 88.27 87.35 733.52
6 87.96 86.79 1 267.37
7 85.54 85.22 470.54
8 87.74 85.11 1 002.83
9 85.40 84.28 970.28
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参数 内径A/mm 线径B/mm 螺旋圈数
C/圈
自由角度
D/(°)
取值 13 3 4.5 100
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扭转弹簧优化后结构参数

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参数 内径A/mm 线径B/mm 螺旋圈数
C/圈
自由角度
D/(°)
取值 13 3 4.5 100
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项目 1号 2号
优化前 64 65
优化后 80 80
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优化前、后扭转弹簧下压力结果 N

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项目 1号 2号
优化前 64 65
优化后 80 80
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汽车天窗挡风网扭转弹簧疲劳耐久和扭转刚度平衡优化
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刘杰 , 戴一涛
汽车工程师 | 2023,(1): 44-48
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汽车工程师 | 2023, (1): 44-48
汽车天窗挡风网扭转弹簧疲劳耐久和扭转刚度平衡优化
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刘杰, 戴一涛
作者信息
  • 上汽大众汽车有限公司, 上海 201805
Balance Optimization for Fatigue Durability and Torsional Stiffness of Torsion Spring in Automobile Sunroof Wind Deflector
Jie Liu, Yitao Dai
Affiliations
  • SAIC Volkswagen Automobile Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201805
出版时间: 2023-01-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220021
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为平衡优化天窗挡风网扭转弹簧疲劳耐久性和自身扭转刚度,利用正交试验分析了扭转弹簧结构因素对疲劳耐久性的影响程度,结果表明,扭转弹簧内径对疲劳耐久性影响最大,螺旋圈数和线径次之,扭转弹簧自由角度对耐久性几乎无影响。挡风网扭转弹簧耐久循环数与自身扭转刚度的关系曲线表明,扭转刚度与疲劳耐久性无明显关系。根据扭转弹簧结构因素对疲劳耐久性的影响规律,通过增大扭转弹簧内径、增加螺旋圈数、增大线径,提出了一种挡风网扭转弹簧疲劳耐久和自身扭转刚度平衡优化改进方案。台架耐久和下压力测试结果表明,该方案在提高网布张紧度的同时,疲劳耐久性满足要求。

天窗  /  挡风网  /  扭转弹簧  /  疲劳断裂  /  扭转刚度

In order to balance and optimize the fatigue durability and its own torsional stiffness of the torsion spring in the sunroof wind deflector, this paper analyzed the influence of the structural factors of the torsion spring on the fatigue durability by orthogonal test. The results show that the inner diameter of the torsion spring has the greatest influence on the fatigue durability, followed by the number of spiral coils and wire diameter, and the free angle of the torsion spring has little influence on the durability. The relationship between the number of durability cycles and the torsional stiffness of sunroof wind deflector torsion spring shows that there is no obvious relationship between the torsional stiffness of the torsional spring and fatigue durability. According to the influence of structural factors of torsion spring on fatigue durability, this paper proposed a balance optimization and improvement scheme for fatigue durability and torsional stiffness of sunroof wind deflector torsion spring, by increasing inner diameter of torsion spring, increasing the number of spiral coils and wire diameter. Bench durability and downward pressure test results show that the improved scheme can meet the fatigue durability requirements while increasing tension of wind deflector screen.

Sunroof  /  Wind deflector  /  Torsion spring  /  Fatigue fracture  /  Torsional stiffness
刘杰, 戴一涛. 汽车天窗挡风网扭转弹簧疲劳耐久和扭转刚度平衡优化. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (1) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220021
Jie Liu, Yitao Dai. Balance Optimization for Fatigue Durability and Torsional Stiffness of Torsion Spring in Automobile Sunroof Wind Deflector[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (1) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220021
为减弱车辆高速行驶工况下全景天窗玻璃板开度较大时车内空腔产生的亥姆霍兹(Helmholtz)共振效应,全景天窗一般均装配弹起高度较高的网状导风结构,即挡风网。高速气流流经车顶开口时,挡风网可以避免或减少分离的涡流进入车内,进而大幅度降低涡流高频周期性破碎产生的车内空腔压力脉动,最终避免Helmholtz空腔共振对人耳造成的不适[1-4]
挡风网扭转弹簧是一种弹性元件,可以控制挡风网机构弹起,其中储存的能量可以抵抗高速风载,并可缓和玻璃板关闭时挡风网对玻璃板的冲击,是维持挡风网功能的关键部件[5]。按照平均每天开关天窗2个循环计算,15 000循环的耐久要求可以保证用户20年的使用周期。挡风网扭转弹簧的耐久性能对于维持天窗整体功能正常起到至关重要的作用。
为在优化挡风网扭转弹簧疲劳耐久性的同时兼顾自身扭转刚度,分析挡风网扭转弹簧各结构参数对耐久性的影响以及扭转弹簧扭转刚度与疲劳耐久性能的关系,本文针对某车型天窗挡风网扭转弹簧在耐久试验中断裂的问题,通过正交试验分析关键结构参数对扭转弹簧耐久疲劳断裂的影响,总结各结构因素对耐久结果的影响趋势,分析扭转刚度与其疲劳耐久性的关系,提出挡风网扭转弹簧疲劳耐久和自身扭转刚度平衡优化改进方案并进行验证。
某车型天窗在全新开发阶段,挡风网扭转弹簧在开关耐久约7 500循环时断裂,挡风网结构及扭转弹簧断裂情况如图1所示,未能满足开关耐久试验15 000循环的要求。
该扭转弹簧的材料为业内常用的优质弹簧不锈钢X10CrNi18-8,经尺寸检查和材料检验,满足设计要求。
采用Merlin Compact扫描电子显微镜对不锈钢合金断口进行了二次电子形貌分析:二次电子表面形貌检测条件加速电压(Extra High Tension,EHT)为10 kV,工作距离(Work Distance,WD)为7.6 mm,放大倍率分别为35倍和1 000倍。通过形貌分析可知:试样出现典型的耐久疲劳断裂,存在典型的裂纹起源区、扩展区和瞬断区;断口未观察到明显制造缺陷;疲劳裂纹起源于试样表面,瞬断区存在大量韧窝;断口存在二次裂纹;因表面应力过大,扭转弹簧疲劳断裂。断口形貌及裂纹如图2所示。
根据经验,该扭转弹簧材料已无优化余地,拟从提高疲劳耐久性的角度对该扭转弹簧开展结构优化。
针对该扭转弹簧,提取出可能对疲劳耐久性有影响的结构参数内径A、线径B、螺旋圈数C和自由角度D,其位置示意和优化前结构参数分别如图3表1所示。
考虑扭转弹簧周边件的安装环境(样件可制造性),以及常见扭转弹簧原材料钢丝的规格,研究试验各因素水平范围上、下限应覆盖表1中扭转弹簧原始结构参数,设计如表2所示的四因素三水平正交试验表[6]
采用这9组扭转弹簧样件制作挡风网总成依次安装于同一款天窗框架上。为了减少加工误差带来的耐久结果误差,对应每组扭转弹簧制作了3套相同的天窗总成,共制作27套天窗总成。在室温条件下开展天窗挡风网耐久试验,试验台架如图4所示。每组扭转弹簧的3套相同天窗依次标记为1号、2号、3号,分别记录每个挡风网在耐久试验中单侧扭转弹簧首次断裂时的循环次数,结果如表3所示。
根据文献[6]~文献[7],对表3的正交试验结果进行分析,针对单个因素的某一水平,将该水平的耐久试验平均值相加并除以该水平重复出现的次数,即可得到各因素相应水平耐久结果平均值,如图5所示。由图5可知,扭转弹簧的4个结构因素对耐久结果影响显著程度从大到小排序依次为:内径A、螺旋圈数C、线径B、自由角度D
表3图5可知:扭转弹簧内径越大,螺旋圈数越多,线径越细,扭转弹簧的疲劳耐久性能越好;扭转弹簧自由角度对疲劳耐久性基本无影响。计算图5中各因素耐久平均值的极差与各因素极差之和的占比可得扭转弹簧各结构因素对疲劳耐久性的影响程度,由大到小依次为:内径46.5%,螺旋圈数27.0%,线径24.7%,自由角度1.8%。
3.2节中第7组扭转弹簧已满足耐久性优化目标,但实车路试时发现挡风网风噪情况变差。分析可知:扭转弹簧扭转刚度决定了挡风网布的张紧程度,如采用扭转刚度不合适的挡风网扭转弹簧,网布将无法张紧。车辆高速行驶工况下天窗开启时,会在网布处产生轰鸣声,恶化挡风网风噪效果。为了确定扭转弹簧耐久性优化时是否会对扭转刚度产生影响,需分析扭转弹簧扭转刚度与疲劳耐久性的关系。目前二者之间的关系鲜有结论可依。
根据文献[8],本文所述的挡风网扭转弹簧的扭转刚度计算公式为:
$T\mathrm{\text{'}}=\frac{\pi E{d}^{4}}{64[\pi {D}_{1}n+({l}_{1}+{l}_{2})/2]}$
式中,T′为扭转刚度;E为弹簧钢丝的弹性模量,本文取185 000 MPa;d为钢丝直径;D1为弹簧中径;n为弹簧有效圈数;l1l2分别为扭转弹簧2个扭臂的长度。
取9组扭转弹簧扭臂长度l1l2,根据表2中的数据利用式(1)计算扭转刚度,如表4所示。
根据扭转弹簧的扭转刚度,结合表3中9组扭转弹簧耐久平均循环数,可得9组扭转弹簧耐久循环数与自身扭转刚度的关系曲线,如图6所示。
图6可知,在一定范围内,针对同一耐久循环数,至少有2个与之对应的扭转刚度值。扭转弹簧的耐久循环数与自身扭转刚度并无一一对应关系,或者说无明显关系。这与文献[9]中的结论“初始刚度和疲劳寿命之间没有关联”是吻合的。显然,存在一个合适的扭转弹簧结构,使其可以具有合适的扭转刚度,以张紧挡风网布,保证挡风网布风噪效果,同时满足疲劳耐久性能要求。
根据表1中扭转弹簧原始参数,结合3.3节和4.2节中的结论,对扭转弹簧疲劳耐久性影响显著的2个结构因素进行优化:增大扭转弹簧内径,增加螺旋圈数,提高疲劳耐久性能;增大线径,提高挡风网扭转弹簧扭转刚度,改善挡风网风噪表现。优化后的扭转弹簧结构参数如表5所示。
优化后的扭转弹簧由于螺旋圈数增多,线径增大,无法与原天窗周边件匹配,但仍可为其制作天窗框架的手工样件,以精确了解扭转弹簧优化前、后网布张紧力的区别。按照表1表5分别制作扭转弹簧样件,优化前、后的扭转弹簧各制作2套挡风网分总成,安装于天窗框架上,在万能拉伸试验机上测试挡风网完全弹起时的下压力,试验装置如图7所示,测试结果如表6所示。由表6可知,优化后的扭转弹簧下压力增大,网布张紧度提高,有助于改善挡风网风噪。
经天窗总成台架耐久试验验证,优化后的挡风网扭转弹簧满足15 000循环耐久要求,改进方案有效。
本文通过正交试验分析了天窗挡风网扭转弹簧各结构参数对扭转弹簧疲劳耐久性的影响,并判断了各因素对疲劳耐久性影响程度大小,分析了扭转弹簧刚度与疲劳耐久性的关系,得出以下结论:
a. 挡风网扭转弹簧结构因素对疲劳耐久性影响程度从大到小排序依次为内径、螺旋圈数、线径和自由角度,扭转弹簧内径对疲劳耐久性的影响程度最大,约占46.5%,自由角度对疲劳耐久性几乎无影响。
b. 扭转弹簧扭转刚度与疲劳耐久性无明显关系,即存在一个合适的扭转弹簧结构,使其具有合适的扭转刚度又满足疲劳耐久性要求。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220021
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-01-15
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  • 修回日期:2022-10-18
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    上汽大众汽车有限公司, 上海 201805
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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