Article(id=1200066391081583232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066377643029500, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1670774400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047723788, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1678809600000, pubDateStr=2023-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047723788, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047723788, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047723788, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066377643029500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047720585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047878255, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200067039017661089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066377643029500, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200067039017661090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066377643029500, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=23, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066391433904805, articleId=1200066391081583232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research Applicability of DIN 75220 to Typical Dry & Hot-Humid Climate in China, columnId=1200066379169760229, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Topic on 2022 Annual Meeting for Test and Evaluation of Automotive Products Branch of China SAE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the applicability of DIN 75220 Aging Automobile Components in Solar Simulation Units to the typical dry, humid and hot climate environment in China was studied by comparing and analyzing the light, temperature and humidity conditions and vehicle test results in the environmental chamber and atmospheric exposure tests. The results show that the nighttime temperature of the simulated dry hot climate environmental cycle conditions in DIN 75220 standard is higher than the winter nighttime low temperature of domestic dry hot climate environment, and the nighttime temperature and humidity in the simulated humid hot climate environmental cycle test conditions is lower than the nighttime temperature and humidity in the domestic humid hot climate environment. The cycle test of DIN 75220 for 600 h is equivalent to 6~7 months of dry hot atmospheric exposure test and equivalent to 8~9 months of humid & hot atmospheric exposure test, which can reflect about 69% of the test problems occurred in 6~9 months of atmospheric exposure test.

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通过环境舱与大气暴露试验中光照、温湿度条件以及整车试验结果的对比与分析,开展了DIN 75220《太阳模拟装置中汽车部件的老化试验》对国内典型干湿热气候环境的适用性研究。结果表明:DIN 75220中模拟干热气候环境循环条件的夜间温度高于国内干热气候环境冬季夜间低温环境温度,模拟湿热气候环境循环试验条件的夜间温度、湿度低于国内湿热气候环境夜间温度、湿度;采用DIN 75220开展循环试验600 h,等效于干热大气暴露试验6~7个月,等效于湿热大气暴露试验8~9个月,约能反映大气暴露试验6~9个月出现的约69%的试验问题。

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Detroit, Michigan, USA: General Motors Company, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066409062564712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066391081583232, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=43, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=16, authorNames=章皎琅, 庄奕玲, 季强, journalName=上海汽车, refType=null, unstructuredReference=章皎琅, 庄奕玲, 季强. 整车自然曝晒与用户实际使用之间的当量研究[J]. 上海汽车, 2013(5): 43-46+50., articleTitle=整车自然曝晒与用户实际使用之间的当量研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066409205171062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066391081583232, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=43, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=17, authorNames=ZHANG J L, ZHUANG Y L, JI Q, journalName=Shanghai Auto, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG J L, ZHUANG Y L, JI Q. Study on the Equivalence Between the Natural Exposure of the Whole Vehicle and the Actual Use of Users[J]. 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序号 位置 代表区域
1 驾驶舱空气
2 仪表板中部 阳光直射区
3 左前门开关面板 阳光半直射区
4 中控台面板 阳光半直射区
5 左A柱内护板 阳光反射区
6 仪表板端盖 无阳光照射区
7 发动机罩 车身涂层
8 水槽盖板 车身塑料(水平)
9 前保险杠面罩 车身塑料(垂直)
10 外后视镜壳体 车身塑料(水平)
11 顶盖 车身涂层
12 车顶黑板* 车身塑料(参考)
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驾驶舱空气和内外饰典型代表零件

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序号 位置 代表区域
1 驾驶舱空气
2 仪表板中部 阳光直射区
3 左前门开关面板 阳光半直射区
4 中控台面板 阳光半直射区
5 左A柱内护板 阳光反射区
6 仪表板端盖 无阳光照射区
7 发动机罩 车身涂层
8 水槽盖板 车身塑料(水平)
9 前保险杠面罩 车身塑料(垂直)
10 外后视镜壳体 车身塑料(水平)
11 顶盖 车身涂层
12 车顶黑板* 车身塑料(参考)
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序号 零件名称 r1 等效大气暴露试验时间/月 备注
1 内饰 驾驶舱空气 0.70 8.3
2 仪表板中部 0.81 9.8
3 外饰 发动机罩中部 0.66 7.9
4 水槽盖板 0.58 7.0
5 前车牌固定面板 0.07 0.8 舍去
6 外后视镜壳体 0.63 7.6
7 顶盖右侧钣金 0.73 8.8
8 平均值 0.60 7.2
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环境舱试验与干热大气暴露试验不同零件的TNR对比

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序号 零件名称 r1 等效大气暴露试验时间/月 备注
1 内饰 驾驶舱空气 0.70 8.3
2 仪表板中部 0.81 9.8
3 外饰 发动机罩中部 0.66 7.9
4 水槽盖板 0.58 7.0
5 前车牌固定面板 0.07 0.8 舍去
6 外后视镜壳体 0.63 7.6
7 顶盖右侧钣金 0.73 8.8
8 平均值 0.60 7.2
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序号 零件名称 r2 等效大气暴露试验时间/月 备注
1 内饰 驾驶舱空气 0.79 9.5
2 仪表板中部 0.89 10.7
3 左前门开关面板 0.20 2.4 舍去
4 中控台面板 0.69 8.3
5 外饰 发动机罩中部 0.90 10.7
6 水槽盖板 0.73 8.7
7 前车牌固定面板 0.17 2.1 舍去
8 外后视镜壳体 0.80 9.6
9 顶盖右侧钣金 0.81 9.7
10 车顶黑板 0.89 10.7
11 平均值 0.69 8.2
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环境舱试验与湿热大气暴露试验不同零件的TNR对比

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序号 零件名称 r2 等效大气暴露试验时间/月 备注
1 内饰 驾驶舱空气 0.79 9.5
2 仪表板中部 0.89 10.7
3 左前门开关面板 0.20 2.4 舍去
4 中控台面板 0.69 8.3
5 外饰 发动机罩中部 0.90 10.7
6 水槽盖板 0.73 8.7
7 前车牌固定面板 0.17 2.1 舍去
8 外后视镜壳体 0.80 9.6
9 顶盖右侧钣金 0.81 9.7
10 车顶黑板 0.89 10.7
11 平均值 0.69 8.2
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试验类型 问题点
数量/个
相同问题点
数量/个
整车阳光模拟加速老化试验 14 9
整车大气暴露试验 13
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环境舱试验与湿热大气暴露试验问题点分布

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试验类型 问题点
数量/个
相同问题点
数量/个
整车阳光模拟加速老化试验 14 9
整车大气暴露试验 13
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DIN 75220对国内典型干湿热气候环境的适用性研究
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曾文波 , 骆立良 , 孙建忠
汽车工程师 | 中国汽车工程学会汽车产品分会2022年试验评价年会优秀论文专题 2023,(3): 23-29
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汽车工程师 | 中国汽车工程学会汽车产品分会2022年试验评价年会优秀论文专题 2023, (3): 23-29
DIN 75220对国内典型干湿热气候环境的适用性研究
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曾文波, 骆立良, 孙建忠
作者信息
  • 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院, 广州 510640
Research Applicability of DIN 75220 to Typical Dry & Hot-Humid Climate in China
Wenbo Zeng, Liliang Luo, Jianzhong Sun
Affiliations
  • Automotive Research & Development Center of Guangzhou Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640
出版时间: 2023-03-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220093
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通过环境舱与大气暴露试验中光照、温湿度条件以及整车试验结果的对比与分析,开展了DIN 75220《太阳模拟装置中汽车部件的老化试验》对国内典型干湿热气候环境的适用性研究。结果表明:DIN 75220中模拟干热气候环境循环条件的夜间温度高于国内干热气候环境冬季夜间低温环境温度,模拟湿热气候环境循环试验条件的夜间温度、湿度低于国内湿热气候环境夜间温度、湿度;采用DIN 75220开展循环试验600 h,等效于干热大气暴露试验6~7个月,等效于湿热大气暴露试验8~9个月,约能反映大气暴露试验6~9个月出现的约69%的试验问题。

阳光模拟  /  加速老化  /  大气暴露试验  /  相关性

In this paper, the applicability of DIN 75220 Aging Automobile Components in Solar Simulation Units to the typical dry, humid and hot climate environment in China was studied by comparing and analyzing the light, temperature and humidity conditions and vehicle test results in the environmental chamber and atmospheric exposure tests. The results show that the nighttime temperature of the simulated dry hot climate environmental cycle conditions in DIN 75220 standard is higher than the winter nighttime low temperature of domestic dry hot climate environment, and the nighttime temperature and humidity in the simulated humid hot climate environmental cycle test conditions is lower than the nighttime temperature and humidity in the domestic humid hot climate environment. The cycle test of DIN 75220 for 600 h is equivalent to 6~7 months of dry hot atmospheric exposure test and equivalent to 8~9 months of humid & hot atmospheric exposure test, which can reflect about 69% of the test problems occurred in 6~9 months of atmospheric exposure test.

Sunshine simulation  /  Accelerated aging  /  Atmospheric exposure test  /  Relevance
曾文波, 骆立良, 孙建忠. DIN 75220对国内典型干湿热气候环境的适用性研究. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (3) : 23 -29 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220093
Wenbo Zeng, Liliang Luo, Jianzhong Sun. Research Applicability of DIN 75220 to Typical Dry & Hot-Humid Climate in China[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (3) : 23 -29 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220093
长期以来,整车大气暴露试验因环境条件真实、贴近用户的实际使用环境,成为验证汽车整车耐候性能的主要手段[1],同时,整车大气暴露试验方法的国家标准于2021年发布[2]。但是,整车大气暴露试验周期长、试验条件不稳定、试验结果复现性差,无法满足汽车产品的更新换代、产品改进等开发需求[3]。目前,行业内主流汽车品牌在汽车正向开发验证中,整车耐候性能的验证以整车光老化加速试验为主,并建立了整车、零部件及材料的全光谱加速老化试验方法[4-6],大幅缩短了产品的开发周期。国内在整车光老化加速试验技术领域处于起步阶段,研究较少[7]。2018年,乘用车整车太阳光模拟加速老化试验方法标准首次发布[8]。当前,整车阳光模拟加速老化试验在国内汽车行业已开始应用于车型开发的正向验证,但是基础薄弱,试验方法标准主要参考国外标准,标准的试验条件能否适用于国内气候环境有待进一步研究。
因此,本文通过开展整车自然暴露试验及整车阳光模拟加速老化试验,收集国内典型干湿热气候环境数据、车身微环境数据等,对比分析光照、温度、湿度等试验条件,以及车身微环境条件、综合环境应力、试验结果等,研究DIN 75220《太阳模拟装置中汽车部件的老化试验》[4]对国内典型干湿热气候环境的适用性,为开发模拟国内干湿热气候环境的整车加速老化试验方法提供数据支撑。
依据QC/T 728—2005《汽车整车大气暴露试验方法》[9],分别在新疆吐鲁番干热地区、海南琼海湿热地区开展整车大气暴露试验,试验时间为1年,试验过程中每5 min采集一次车内外太阳总辐射强度、空气温度、相对湿度、车体表面温度等数据。
依据DIN 75220,在试验舱内开展整车阳光模拟加速老化试验,依次进行15个连续干热气候循环和10个连续湿热气候循环试验,共600 h,试验过程中每5 min采集一次车内外光照总辐射强度、空气温度、相对湿度、车体表面温度等数据。
整车老化试验分别在环境舱及大气环境中完成,试验设备包括数据采集器、太阳辐射表、空气温湿度传感器、热电偶等。
整车阳光模拟加速老化试验与大气暴露试验的等效性分析模拟采用温度校正辐射量(Temperature Normalized Radiation,TNR)模型[10]。该分析模型考虑在太阳辐射所产生的效应中温度的影响,近似计算得到归一化的太阳辐射量(温度效应转化为辐射效应),以此确定试验周期,是目前应用最为广泛的综合环境应力模型:
${R}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{r}}={\sum }_{t=0}^{{t}_{t}}R{e}^{13.643-5 000/T}$
式中,Rtnr为温度校正辐射量;R为辐射能量;T为零件表面温度;tt为总时长。
图1所示为国内干湿热气候环境的太阳总辐射强度月分布情况。
对于国内干热气候环境,本文对吐鲁番地区2020年太阳辐射(45°)的监测数据显示,月平均最高太阳辐射强度约为1 011 W/m2,最大辐射强度约为1 164 W/m2,但高强度辐射时间不长。统计数据显示,2020年太阳辐射强度高于1 000 W/m2的累计时间约为20 h,仅占有光照(太阳辐射强度>0)时间的0.4%。
对于国内湿热气候环境,本文对琼海地区2021年7月至2022年7月太阳辐射(45°)的监测数据显示,月平均最大太阳辐射强度约为1 154 W/m2,最大辐射强度约为1 303 W/m2。统计数据显示,2021年7月至2022年7月期间太阳辐射强度高于1 000 W/m2的累计时间约为55 h,仅占有光照(太阳辐射强度>0)时间的1.2%。
由此可见,DIN 75220设置的光照强度条件(1 000±100) W/m2适用于模拟国内典型干湿热气候环境光照条件,同时避免了过高的光照强度导致的非正常条件老化。但该标准设置的光照能量不足,基于DIN 75220的试验条件,在环境舱中循环试验600 h的光照辐射量约为1 327 MJ/m2,相当于干热气候条件自然暴晒2~3个月,湿热气候条件自然暴晒3~4个月[1]
图2所示为国内干湿热地区气候环境月最高温度分布情况。
对于国内干热地区,2020年吐鲁番地区监测数据显示,年最高气温为45.2 ℃,超过40 ℃的累计时间为239 h,超过42 ℃的累计时间为94.5 h;对于国内湿热地区,2021年7月至2022年7月琼海地区监测数据显示,年最高气温为38.3 ℃,无超过40 ℃的高温天气。汽车产品在不同温度环境中使用时,必须满足较高温度要求。因此,试验车辆必须满足干热气候环境不低于45 ℃的使用性能。DIN 75220标准设置的环境温度为(42±3) ℃,适用于模拟国内干湿热气候环境的高温条件,可确保试验车辆在光照时处于高温环境中。
对于干热气候环境,光照对湿度的影响不明显,如图3所示。统计数据显示:光照强度大于0时,年平均相对湿度约为28%;光照强度大于100 W/m2时,年平均相对湿度约为27%;光照强度大于200 W/m2时,年平均相对湿度约为26%;光照强度大于800 W/m2时,年平均相对湿度约为24%。而在干燥的3月至10月,在有光照的条件下(光照强度大于0),平均相对湿度约为17%。由此可见,DIN 75220设置干热白昼的空气相对湿度为不大于30%,适用于模拟国内干热气候环境湿度条件,可确保试验车辆处于高温干燥环境中。
对于湿热气候环境,由于空气湿度大,光照对湿度的影响较干热气候环境明显,且全年湿度较为平均,偏差较小,如图4所示。统计数据显示:光照强度大于0时,年平均相对湿度约为77%;光照强度大于100 W/m2时,年平均相对湿度约为69%;光照强度大于200 W/m2时,年平均相对湿度约为64%;光照强度大于800 W/m2时,年平均相对湿度约为62%。由此可见,DIN 75220设置湿热白昼的空气相对湿度条件为不小于60%,适用于模拟湿热地区光照时的湿度条件,可确保试验车辆处于高温湿热环境中。
DIN 75220标准中,模拟干热气候夜间的温度条件为(10±3) ℃,是亚利桑那冬季最低温度的平均值。对于吐鲁番干热地区,如图5所示,2020年夏季4月至9月的最低气温为7.9 ℃,而在冬季,受西北季风影响,寒冷干燥,最低气温达到-17.9 ℃,10月至次年3月的平均最低温度约为-8.1 ℃。因此,DIN 75220设置模拟干热气候夜间的温度条件为(10±3) ℃,高于国内干热地区冬季的夜间低温要求,仅适用于夏季4月至9月的夜间低温环境。
DIN 75220标准中,模拟湿热气候夜间的温度条件为(-10±3) ℃,模拟的是阿尔卑斯地区寒冷夜晚低温环境。对于琼海湿热地区,2021年7月至2022年7月最低温度为9.9 ℃,见图5。因此,DIN 75220标准中,湿热循环的低温条件虽能覆盖琼海湿热地区,但是温度过低,不适用于琼海湿热地区的低温环境。
国内吐鲁番地区每月最高湿度如图6所示。统计结果表明,吐鲁番地区在7月与8月期间最高相对湿度超过60%,说明我国干热地区夜间仍然可能出现较高的空气相对湿度,与DIN 75220标准中模拟干热气候环境夜间湿度条件一致,符合我国吐鲁番地区的干热气候环境特征。
而对于国内湿热气候环境的空气相对湿度,如图7所示,在无光照条件下,年平均相对湿度为89%,空气中水蒸气含量较高,远高于DIN 75220标准中模拟湿热气候环境的湿度。而DIN 75220的湿热循环受夜间低温条件影响,虽然空气相对湿度较高(一般大于60%),但空气中水蒸气含量较低,无法在车体表面形成凝露。由此可见,DIN 75220中湿热循环的夜间温度、湿度低于国内湿热气候环境温度、湿度,对试验车辆涂层、金属零件的腐蚀作用较小。
通过监测环境舱与大气暴露试验过程中零件表面温度、光照强度,选择如表1所示的驾驶舱空气及不同区域、不同位置的典型内外饰零件,对比零件表面温度及综合环境应力的温度校正辐射量,以研究DIN 75220标准试验条件下,环境舱试验与大气暴露试验的关联性。
图8所示为环境舱试验与湿热大气暴露试验零件表面温度对比结果。由图8可知:环境舱试验中,零件表面最高温度大部分超过大气暴露试验零件表面最高温度,但未达到零件设计温度下限,满足试验需求;低温环境同样可覆盖湿热气候环境,但是环境舱试验时,零件温度更低。
图9所示为环境舱试验与干热大气暴露试验驾驶舱空气及零件表面温度对比结果。由图10可知:环境舱试验中,零件表面最高温度大部分超过大气暴露试验零件表面最高温度,但未达到零件设计温度下限,满足试验需求;低温环境未能覆盖干热气候环境的低温要求,环境舱试验时,零件温度较高。
欧洲研究机构的研究结果表明,按照DIN 75220中的循环试验条件进行600 h循环试验,相当于在欧洲进行大气暴露试验1年的试验效果[3]。而国内干湿热气候环境的严酷程度高于欧洲,600 h循环试验无法达到国内干湿热地区1年的大气暴露试验效果。
对于干热气候环境,内外饰零件在环境舱中开展试验的综合环境应力(温度校正辐射量)与大气暴露试验综合环境应力(温度校正辐射量)的比值r1约为0.60,等效大气暴露试验的时间约为7~8个月,如表2所示。
对于湿热气候环境,内外饰零件在环境舱中开展试验的综合环境应力(温度校正辐射量)与大气暴露试验综合环境应力(温度校正辐射量)的比值r2约为0.69,等效大气暴露试验的时间约为8~9个月,如表3所示。
从环境舱试验与干湿热大气暴露试验的综合环境应力(温度校正辐射量)对比中发现,一些零件在环境舱试验时的综合环境应力与大气暴露试验时的综合环境应力具有较大差异:左前门开关面板在环境舱内受垂直光照,但存在车门遮挡,而在大气暴露试验过程中,随着太阳高度角的变换,左前门在午后存在阳光直射状态;前保险杠面罩在环境舱内受垂直光照,几乎无直射效果,而在在大气暴露试验中,随着太阳直射点的变换,在冬季存在直射状态,纬度越高,直射状态越久。
因此,在后续环境舱的设计中,需在结构设计方面强化不同区域的作用效果。
统计环境舱试验及湿热大气暴露试验问题点,对比分析问题点数量、分布、相同问题点等,结果如表4所示。结果表明:环境舱循环试验600 h可覆盖湿热大气暴露试验12个月约70%的问题点,问题点集中于6个月内;综合考虑冬、夏季开展试验的差异,环境舱试验600 h约等效于户外大气暴露试验6~9个月。有研究结果表明,整车湿热大气暴露试验1年,相当于在湿热地区使用3~4年[11]。由此可见,基于DIN 75220标准,环境舱循环试验600 h等效于在湿热地区使用2.0~2.5年。
本文通过整车阳光模拟加速老化试验与整车大气暴露试验过程中环境条件、综合环境应力(温度校正辐射量)的关联性,研究了DIN 75220试验方法对国内典型干湿热气候环境的适用性,得到以下结论:
a. 基于光照、温度、湿度条件的分析结果显示,DIN 75220模拟白昼的试验条件可覆盖国内干湿热气候环境,而模拟夜间的试验条件中,对于国内干热气候环境的冬季夜间低温环境、湿热气候环境的夜间低温高湿环境的模拟,仍需进一步调整。
b. 基于DIN 75220的环境舱试验与大气暴露试验相关性分析结果表明,依据DIN 75220标准进行600 h循环试验等效湿热大气暴露试验8~9个月,等效干热大气暴露试验7~8个月,需延长试验时间,以达到12个月的大气暴露试验效果。
c. 环境舱试验为垂直光照,对车体垂直面或易遮挡光照的位置的作用较弱,需在环境舱的结构设计方面强化不同区域的作用效果。
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2023年第卷第3期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220093
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-03-15
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  • 修回日期:2022-12-12
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    广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院, 广州 510640
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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