Article(id=1200066387906494908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066383540220163, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1665590400000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047723032, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1673712000000, pubDateStr=2023-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047723032, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047723032, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047723032, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066383540220163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047721991, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047799781, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200066709865464825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066383540220163, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200066709865464826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066383540220163, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066388271399389, articleId=1200066387906494908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research on AVP Localization Algorithm Based on Vector Map, columnId=1200066384475550025, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Issue for Selected Papers of China FAW 2022, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to realize high-precision localization of Autonomous Valet Parking (AVP) system, this paper proposed a multi-sensor fusion localization algorithm based on vector map. In order to achieve long-term consistency of the localization effect, this paper employed visual semantic features to express the environment around the autonomous vehicle, and matched it with the vectorized map items to solve the absolute pose based on visual input. To achieve the above functions, this paper proposed a novel matching strategy to address the inconsistency of expression between observational data and vectorized map data. Meanwhile, by designing a reasonable error function and modelling the pose estimation problem as a nonlinear optimization problem, the method can achieve high-precision solution results. In addition, in order to improve the robustness of the localization results, this paper employed the Kalman filter based on the error state to fuse the results of the visual matching localization with the measured values of the IMU and wheel speedometer, and realized a tightly coupled modular localization method. The verification results based on real data show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is feasible in both theory and practice, and it can be seen from the comparison test with the mainstream methods that this method can achieve higher performance.

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为实现自主代客泊车系统高精度定位功能,提出一种基于矢量地图的多传感器融合定位算法。采用视觉语义特征对自动驾驶车辆周围的环境进行表达,使定位效果能够实现长期的一致性,并将其与矢量化地图数据进行匹配,实现基于视觉输入的绝对位姿的解算。为实现上述功能,提出一种新的匹配策略以解决观测数据和矢量化地图数据表达不一致问题。同时,通过设计合理的误差函数将姿态估计问题建模为非线性优化问题,以获得高精度的解算结果。此外,为提升定位结果的鲁棒性,使用基于误差状态的卡尔曼滤波器将视觉匹配定位的结果与惯性测量单元(IMU)、轮速计的测量值进行融合,得到一种紧耦合的模块化定位方法。基于真实数据的验证结果表明,提出的算法可行,与主流方法相比可以获得更高的性能。

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Laneloc: Lane Marking Based Localization Using Highly Accurate Maps[J]. 2013 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium(IV), 2013: 449-454., articleTitle=Laneloc: Lane Marking Based Localization Using Highly Accurate Maps, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066400950780274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066387906494908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=59, issue=5, pageStart=367, pageEnd=381, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=KNIRSCH F, journalName=It-Information Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KNIRSCH F. Privacy Enhancing Technologies in the Smart Grid User Domain[J]. 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参数 真实
状态
积分
状态
误差
状态
组合
位置 pt p $\delta p$ pt=p+$\delta {p}_{}$
速度 vt v $\delta v$ vt=v+$\delta {v}_{}$
四元数 qt q $\delta q$ qt=$q\delta {q}_{}$
旋转矩阵 Rt R $\delta R$ Rt=$R\delta {R}_{}$
旋转向量 $\delta {\theta }_{}$ $\delta q=exp(\delta \theta /2)\delta R=exp\left(\delta {\theta }_{\times }\right)$
加速度偏置 abt ab $\delta {a}_{b}$ ${a}_{bt}={a}_{b}+\delta {a}_{b}$
角速度偏置 ${\omega }_{bt}$ ${\omega }_{b}$ $\delta {\omega }_{b}$ ${\omega }_{bt}={\omega }_{b}+\delta {\omega }_{b}$
重力向量 gbt gb $\delta {g}_{b}$ ${g}_{bt}={g}_{b}+\delta {g}_{b}$
), ArticleFig(id=1200066396144107528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066387906494908, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统状态符号及定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 真实
状态
积分
状态
误差
状态
组合
位置 pt p $\delta p$ pt=p+$\delta {p}_{}$
速度 vt v $\delta v$ vt=v+$\delta {v}_{}$
四元数 qt q $\delta q$ qt=$q\delta {q}_{}$
旋转矩阵 Rt R $\delta R$ Rt=$R\delta {R}_{}$
旋转向量 $\delta {\theta }_{}$ $\delta q=exp(\delta \theta /2)\delta R=exp\left(\delta {\theta }_{\times }\right)$
加速度偏置 abt ab $\delta {a}_{b}$ ${a}_{bt}={a}_{b}+\delta {a}_{b}$
角速度偏置 ${\omega }_{bt}$ ${\omega }_{b}$ $\delta {\omega }_{b}$ ${\omega }_{bt}={\omega }_{b}+\delta {\omega }_{b}$
重力向量 gbt gb $\delta {g}_{b}$ ${g}_{bt}={g}_{b}+\delta {g}_{b}$
), ArticleFig(id=1200066396316074018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066387906494908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 量测 噪声
加速度 am an
角速度 ${\omega }_{m}$ ${\omega }_{n}$
加速度偏置 ${a}_{\omega }$
角速度偏置 ${\omega }_{\omega }$
), ArticleFig(id=1200066396529983538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066387906494908, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

系统测量及噪声

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 量测 噪声
加速度 am an
角速度 ${\omega }_{m}$ ${\omega }_{n}$
加速度偏置 ${a}_{\omega }$
角速度偏置 ${\omega }_{\omega }$
), ArticleFig(id=1200066396660006973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066387906494908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 平均旋转角度
误差/(°)
平均位移误差/cm
AVP-SLAM[20] 0.30 12.12
ORB-SLAM3[13] 0.29 11.23
VINS-MONO[10] 0.42 19.28
ICP[5] 0.39 17.35
GICP[5] 0.35 17.05
本文方法 0.28 11.12
), ArticleFig(id=1200066396790030411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066387906494908, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

算法指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 平均旋转角度
误差/(°)
平均位移误差/cm
AVP-SLAM[20] 0.30 12.12
ORB-SLAM3[13] 0.29 11.23
VINS-MONO[10] 0.42 19.28
ICP[5] 0.39 17.35
GICP[5] 0.35 17.05
本文方法 0.28 11.12
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基于矢量地图的自主代客泊车定位算法研究
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张天奇 , 曹容川
汽车工程师 | 中国一汽2022年度优秀科技论文专题 2023,(1): 7-13
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汽车工程师 | 中国一汽2022年度优秀科技论文专题 2023, (1): 7-13
基于矢量地图的自主代客泊车定位算法研究
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张天奇, 曹容川
作者信息
  • 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
Research on AVP Localization Algorithm Based on Vector Map
Tianqi Zhang, Rongchuan Cao
Affiliations
  • General R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2023-01-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220028
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为实现自主代客泊车系统高精度定位功能,提出一种基于矢量地图的多传感器融合定位算法。采用视觉语义特征对自动驾驶车辆周围的环境进行表达,使定位效果能够实现长期的一致性,并将其与矢量化地图数据进行匹配,实现基于视觉输入的绝对位姿的解算。为实现上述功能,提出一种新的匹配策略以解决观测数据和矢量化地图数据表达不一致问题。同时,通过设计合理的误差函数将姿态估计问题建模为非线性优化问题,以获得高精度的解算结果。此外,为提升定位结果的鲁棒性,使用基于误差状态的卡尔曼滤波器将视觉匹配定位的结果与惯性测量单元(IMU)、轮速计的测量值进行融合,得到一种紧耦合的模块化定位方法。基于真实数据的验证结果表明,提出的算法可行,与主流方法相比可以获得更高的性能。

矢量地图  /  匹配定位  /  自主代客泊车  /  卡尔曼滤波

In order to realize high-precision localization of Autonomous Valet Parking (AVP) system, this paper proposed a multi-sensor fusion localization algorithm based on vector map. In order to achieve long-term consistency of the localization effect, this paper employed visual semantic features to express the environment around the autonomous vehicle, and matched it with the vectorized map items to solve the absolute pose based on visual input. To achieve the above functions, this paper proposed a novel matching strategy to address the inconsistency of expression between observational data and vectorized map data. Meanwhile, by designing a reasonable error function and modelling the pose estimation problem as a nonlinear optimization problem, the method can achieve high-precision solution results. In addition, in order to improve the robustness of the localization results, this paper employed the Kalman filter based on the error state to fuse the results of the visual matching localization with the measured values of the IMU and wheel speedometer, and realized a tightly coupled modular localization method. The verification results based on real data show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is feasible in both theory and practice, and it can be seen from the comparison test with the mainstream methods that this method can achieve higher performance.

Vector map  /  Matching localization  /  AVP  /  Kalman filter
张天奇, 曹容川. 基于矢量地图的自主代客泊车定位算法研究. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (1) : 7 -13 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220028
Tianqi Zhang, Rongchuan Cao. Research on AVP Localization Algorithm Based on Vector Map[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (1) : 7 -13 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220028
自主代客泊车(Automated Valet Parking,AVP)技术近年来受到广大学者和研究人员的关注。由于AVP系统工作场景大多为停车场内部,导致全球定位系统(Global Positoning System, GPS)无法正常工作,因此,稳定的、高精度的定位模块是其能够正常运行的关键。使用惯性测量单元(Intertial Measurement Unit, IMU)和轮速数据能够对自动驾驶车辆的惯性数据进行测量进而推算车辆的位置以及姿态信息。虽然通过上述传感器的测量值能够在短期内得到精准的位姿估计结果,但是由于缺少绝对的观测数据,使系统在长时间运行时其定位结果会因累积误差的存在而产生“漂移”现象。因此,使用额外的传感器实现对AVP系统中定位数据的观测是非常必要的。传感器采集的实时数据与先验地图的匹配是解决该问题的有效手段,根据所采用传感器的不同,现阶段的研究方法可以分为基于激光雷达[1]和基于视觉2类。
通过发射激光束对目标进行探测,激光雷达能够实现厘米级测距精度[2-5]。虽然基于激光雷达的匹配定位算法[6-9]能够实现高精度的位姿输出,然而在应用时仍然存在问题:点云地图数据量较大,不利于车载存储;激光雷达的成本较高,在现阶段的量产车型中无法应用。因此,该类方法主要在科研中开展。
近年来,基于车载摄像头的视觉定位算法在AVP定位系统中的应用得到研究人员的广泛关注,例如基于视觉的实时定位与建图(Simultaneously Localization and Mapping, SLAM)技术。在传统的SLAM技术中,自动驾驶车辆能够在迭代更新局部特征地图的同时实现其自身定位,且定位结果精准度较高,其中具有代表性的方法有VINS-MONO[10]、ORB-SLAM[11-13]等。然而,因其使用视觉特征点的方式表达周围环境,该方法的鲁棒性不足且难以解决,这是由于视觉传感器的工作原理导致其对光照等因素的不稳定性所造成的。
为解决视觉定位系统不稳定的问题,本文提出一种基于矢量地图的AVP场景定位算法,将视觉语义特征与矢量地图进行匹配,并融合IMU、轮速计等传感器的信号构建一种紧耦合的多传感融合定位算法。为减少外部因素对视觉传感器的影响,使用鲁棒性更强的语义检测结果作为特征对自动驾驶车辆周围的环境进行表达,增强定位的稳定性;使用矢量化表示的地图进行匹配,以极大程度地减少地图对存储资源的占用,同时实现稳定的元素匹配以及更快速的定位结果输出。最后,使用真实场景的数据对提出的方法进行验证并与现阶段主流算法进行对比,验证方法的稳定性和可行性。
自主代客泊车技术中的高精定位模块是核心模块之一。考虑到实际应用中的成本问题,现阶段各大汽车厂商以及相关研究人员在该方向的研究中主要采用以视觉传感器为基础的定位方案。基于视觉的定位方案按照对周围环境描述方式的不同可以分为基于传统特征的定位方法和基于语义信息的定位方法。
传统的视觉特征由关键点和描述子2个部分组成,其中关键点主要用于确认特征所在的位置信息,描述子的功能是对其进行编码,从而实现对不同关键点的区分。基于传统视觉特征点的思想, R. MUR-ARTA等人提出了ORB-SLAM系列算法[11-13],以ORB特征为基础实现快速、准确的SLAM算法。该方法采用鲁棒性更强的关键帧和三维点的选择机制实现稳定的视觉特征匹配。M. SONS等人[14]定义并使用特征描述子实现了基于环视摄像头的实时匹配定位算法的开发。为实现更高效率的实时定位与建图,J. ENGEL等人[15]提出直接稀疏里程计(Direct Sparse Odometry, DSO)方法,基于直接法和稀疏法的视觉里程计能够实现传感器位姿的快速解算。HENRI等人提出一种基于事件的视觉测距算法[16],该算法不受运动模糊的影响,并且在具有挑战性的高动态范围以及强烈的照明变化条件下都能很好地运行。此外,基于双目相机和能够采集深度信息的RGB-D相机的SLAM技术在理论与应用方面均取得了显著进展。
视觉摄像头特定的工作原理导致其在工作过程中会受到光线等因素的影响,进而影响传统方法的特征匹配精度。此外,由于停车场内环境不断变化,上述方法建立的特征地图无法在长时间内保持鲁棒性,进而影响最终的定位精度。
基于语义特征与矢量地图数据进行匹配的定位方法能够有效解决上述问题。首先,停车场内构建矢量地图的语义特征能够保持长时间的一致性。其次,通过将实时采集的图像数据进行语义特征的提取能够避免环境变化对特征元素的影响。例如,RANGANATHAN等人[17]提出一种基于路面标志的匹配定位算法,该方法使用周围易于检测的标志对车辆所处的环境进行表达。SCHREIBER等人[18]仅使用路沿石与地面的标线作为特征,实现了稳定的定位结果。FABIAN提出一种模块化方法[19],将不同检测算法的检测数据与地图中的元素相关联,然后使用无迹卡尔曼滤波器融合得到绝对姿态。QIN等人[20]提出一种SLAM方法,使用停车位作为主要特征实现实时定位、建图和地图匹配定位。
本文提出的定位模块基于误差状态卡尔曼滤波器[21]实现,算法如图1所示,主要包括基于视觉数据与矢量地图的匹配定位子模块和多传感器融合定位子模块。
本文使用的视觉语义特征通过深度学习网络实现,检测的语义元素包括停车位、箭头、道路标线、斑马线共4个类别。虽然停车场内部的语义种类更多,但上述4种类别是停车场内最常见的标志,能够实现对自动驾驶车辆周围环境的有效表达,同时,上述特征的选取也有利于深度学习网络的收敛,提升特征提取的精度。视觉匹配定位问题可以描述为如下形式:给定车辆附近的矢量地图以及根据实时采集到的图像数据提取的语义特征,计算车辆当前时刻在地图坐标系下的位置和姿态,数学上可以描述为如下优化问题:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \underset{T}{\operatorname{argmin}} h(P, M, T) \\ \text { s.t. } T \in S_{\mathrm{E}}(3) \end{array}\right.$
式中,h为误差函数;P为语义特征元素的集合;M为矢量地图中元素的集合;T为待优化的变量;SE(3)为特殊欧氏群。
本文使用三维空间下变换矩阵的形式描述车辆的位姿。
语义特征与矢量地图中元素的匹配是构建误差函数h的重要步骤和前提。为实现语义特征匹配,首先需要解决检测数据与地图数据表达形式不一致的问题。深度学习网络提取的语义特征的可视化结果如图2所示,主要以结构化数据中像素点的集合形式表示,矢量地图中的数据则以关键点的形式存在。语义特征匹配的目的是实现上述2种数据元素的关联。
本文采用最近邻搜索的方式实现待匹配数据的选取,其中目标数据由提取的语义特征数据采样得到,搜索空间由局部地图内的元素构成。不同类型的特征使用的采样方法不同。其中车位和标线特征数据的提取通过均匀采样的方式实现,同时保留数据的角点(位于语义特征数据中折线位置的点和端点)信息。为实现箭头和斑马线的语义特征数据与地图数据一致,在对其数据采样之前额外执行了轮廓的提取,且在轮廓数据上实现后续的采样。为提升上述方式中搜索过程的执行效率,采用KD-Tree存储地图元素,该方法能够将时间复杂度由O(n2)提升至O(nlog(n))。
构建目标函数的过程即是构建函数h的过程,也是根据上一节中匹配到的元素计算误差约束的过程。本文针对角点和一般点提出2种不同的误差计算方法,其中角点的约束根据点与点之间的欧式距离计算:
$h_{\mathrm{c}}\left(P_{\mathrm{c}}, M_{\mathrm{c}}, T\right)=\sum_{p_{i} \in P_{\mathrm{e}}, m_{i} \in M_{\mathrm{e}}}\left\|T p_{i}-m_{i}\right\|_{2}^{2}$
式中,PcMc分别为特征数据和地图元素中角点的集合。
在计算一般点的约束时,采用点到直线的欧式距离构建误差,其中直线通过地图元素中最近的2个角点确定:
$h_{\mathrm{g}}\left(P_{\mathrm{g}}, M_{\mathrm{g}}, T\right)=\sum \frac{\left|\left(T p_{j}-m_{j}\right) \times\left(T p_{j}-m_{k}\right)\right|}{\left|m_{j}-m_{k}\right|}$
式中,${p}_{j}\in {P}_{g};{m}_{j},{m}_{k}\in {M}_{g}$
由此可推算出函数h的形式为:
h(P,M,T)=hc(Pc,Mc,T)+hg(Pg,Mg,T)
本文采用误差状态卡尔曼滤波器实现视觉匹配定位、IMU以及轮速计的数据融合,融合模块中描述系统状态、输入输出的符号及其物理意义如表1表2所示。本文使用四元数表示车辆的姿态,使用IMU执行模型的预测部分。其中系统状态定义为积分状态和误差状态的组合,预测阶段通过运动学模型对积分状态和误差状态分别进行推算,更新阶段仅在误差状态下进行,即通过观测值修正系统的误差,并将误差嵌入积分状态以实现最优的状态估计。
根据运动学方程,系统的真实状态可以为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{p}}_{t}={v}_{t}\\ {\dot{v}}_{t}={R}_{t}({a}_{m}-{a}_{bt}-{a}_{n})+{g}_{bt}\\ {\dot{q}}_{t}=\frac{1}{2}{q}_{t}\times ({\omega }_{m}-{\omega }_{bt}-{\omega }_{n})\\ {\dot{a}}_{bt}={a}_{\omega }\\ {\omega }_{bt}={\omega }_{\omega }\\ {\dot{g}}_{bt}=0\end{array}\right.$
根据表1分别推导积分状态和误差状态的系统模型,结果为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{p}=v\\ \dot{v}={R}_{t}({a}_{m}-{a}_{b})+{g}_{b}\\ {\dot{q}}_{t}=\frac{1}{2}{q}_{t}\times ({\omega }_{m}-{\omega }_{b})\\ {\dot{a}}_{b}=0\\ {\dot{\omega }}_{b}=0\\ {\dot{g}}_{b}=0\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\delta {\dot{p}}_{t}={v}_{t}\\ \delta {\dot{v}}_{t}={R}_{t}({a}_{m}-{a}_{b}{)}_{\times }\delta \theta -R\delta {a}_{b}+\delta {g}_{b}-R{a}_{n}\\ \delta \dot{\theta }=-({\omega }_{m}-{\omega }_{b}{)}_{\times }\delta \theta -\delta {\omega }_{b}-{\omega }_{n}\\ \delta {\dot{a}}_{b}={a}_{\omega }\\ \delta {\dot{\omega }}_{b}={\omega }_{\omega }\\ \delta {\dot{g}}_{t}=0\end{array}\right.$
对比式(6)和式(5)可以看出,积分状态的系统模型为真实状态的系统模型去除误差项的形式。误差状态的模型根据表1中的组合方式近似得到,由于系统的误差通常处于较小的量级,因此可以根据一阶泰勒展开得到的线性化形式进行建模,同时该模型具有较小的线性化误差,具体形式见式(7)。
在本文提出的基于误差卡尔曼滤波的融合框架中,系统状态的预测基于IMU的测量实现。其中积分状态根据式(6)中的运动方程推算。为方便书写,本文使用向量化的形式描述误差状态:
$ \delta \boldsymbol{x}=\left[\begin{array}{lllllll} \delta \boldsymbol{p}^{\mathrm{T}} & \delta \boldsymbol{v}^{\mathrm{T}} & \delta \boldsymbol{\theta}^{\mathrm{T}} & \delta \boldsymbol{a}_{\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{T}} & \delta \boldsymbol{\omega}_{\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{T}} & \delta \boldsymbol{g}_{\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{T}} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}} $
同时,该状态满足高斯分布假设:
$\delta x~N(\delta \widehat{x},p)$
式中,$\delta \widehat{x}$为误差状态的预测值。
根据式(7),可以推导出误差状态的推算服从:
$\delta x\leftarrow {F}_{x}(\delta x,{u}_{m})\delta x+{F}_{i}i$
其中,变换矩阵FxFi为式(7)中稀疏的矩阵化表达,即
Fx=$\left[\begin{array}{l}{F}_{11}\\ 0\end{array}\right.   {\left.\begin{array}{l}{F}_{12}\\ I\end{array}\right]}_{18\times 18}$
${F}_{11}={\left[\begin{array}{l}I     \Delta t                   0\\ 0      I      -R({a}_{m}-{a}_{b})\times \Delta t\\ 0      0        {R}^{T}({\omega }_{m}-{\omega }_{b})\Delta t\end{array}\right]}_{9\times 9}$
式中,$\Delta t$为积分时间。
$\boldsymbol{F}_{12}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \mathbf{0} & \mathbf{0} & \mathbf{0} \\ -\boldsymbol{R} \Delta t & \mathbf{0} & \boldsymbol{I} \Delta t \\ \mathbf{0} & -\boldsymbol{I} \Delta t & \mathbf{0} \end{array}\right]_{9 \times 9}$
$\boldsymbol{F}_i=\left[\begin{array}{lll} \mathbf{0} & \boldsymbol{I} & \mathbf{0} \end{array}\right]_{18 \times 12}^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中,I为单位矩阵。
umi分别为IMU的读数和系统中的扰动项:
${\mathit{u}}_{\mathrm{m}}={\left[{a}_{m}   {\omega }_{m}\right]}^{T}$
$\mathit{i}={\left[{v}_{i}   {\theta }_{i}   {a}_{i}   {\omega }_{i}\right]}^{T}$
式中,vi${\theta }_{i}$分别为速度、角度的噪声;ai${\omega }_{i}$分别为加速度、角速度高斯白噪声中的方差。
根据式(10)~式(16)可得误差状态的参数服从:
$\delta \widehat{x}\leftarrow {F}_{x}\left(\delta x,{u}_{m}\right)\delta \widehat{x}$
$ \boldsymbol{P} \leftarrow \boldsymbol{F}_{x} \boldsymbol{p} \boldsymbol{F}_{x}^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{F}_{i} \boldsymbol{Q}_{i} \boldsymbol{F}_{x}^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中,Qi为式(16)中i的矩阵形式;P为系统的协方差矩阵。
本质上,融合定位的过程就是使用语义匹配定位的结果和轮速数据更新误差状态的过程,且该过程服从卡尔曼滤波的更新规则,可以描述为:
K=PHT(HPHT+V)-1
$\delta \widehat{x}\leftarrow K\left(y-{h}_{1}\left(\delta {\widehat{x}}_{t}\right)\right)$
$P\leftarrow \left(I-KH\right) P$
式中,K为卡尔曼增益;V为观测值的协方差矩阵;H为函数h1关于$\delta x$的雅可比矩阵;h1为函数h的简化形式;y为优化后的特征匹配位姿带入式(4)得到的误差值;$\delta {\widehat{x}}_{t}$为[$ {p}_{t}   {v}_{t}   {q}_{t}   {R}_{t}   {a}_{bt}   {\omega }_{bt}   {g}_{bt}$]的预测值。
值得注意的是,由于更新过程针对误差状态,因此矩阵H为观测误差对误差状态的雅克比矩阵,可以通过链式法则计算:
$H=\frac{\partial {h}_{1}}{\partial \widehat{x}} \frac{\partial \widehat{x}}{\partial \delta \widehat{x}}$
为验证本文提出方法的可行性以及在实际自主代客泊车场景下的性能,分别在仿真环境下和真实场景下测试,并将测试结果与目前主流方法做了对比。其中试验平台为Nuvo-6108GC工控机,搭载英特尔至强E3v5 CPU、英伟达GTX1080GPU;操作系统为Ubuntu16.04,搭载ROS-kinetic子系统;摄像头采用MV-CA013-21UM海康工业摄像头,系统输出图像大小为640×480。
为了能够量化方法的性能,使用平均旋转角度误差和平均位移误差作为评价算法性能的指标,计算方法为:
${E}_{ar}\left(\Theta \right)=\mathrm{ }\frac{1}{\left|\Theta \right|}\sum _{i,j\in \Theta }\angle \left[{\widehat{T}}_{j}{\widehat{T}}_{i}^{-1}{T}_{j}{T}_{i}^{-1}\right]$
${E}_{at}\left(\Theta \right)=\mathrm{ }\frac{1}{\left|\Theta \right|}\sum _{i,j\in \Theta }\angle {‖{\widehat{T}}_{j}{\widehat{T}}_{i}^{-1}{T}_{j}{T}_{i}^{-1}‖}_{2}$
式中,$\Theta $为模型输出结果的集合;${\widehat{T}}_{i}$i时刻模型的输出位姿;Tii时刻的真实位姿。
本文方法与主流方法的平均误差对比结果如表3所示。对比结果表明,本文提出的方法的平均旋转角度误差和平均位移误差均处于较小的量级,证明了方法的有效性。本文方法与AVP-SLAM算法均使用视觉语义特征,其中AVP-SLAM仅使用停车位的语义信息表达周围环境,本文使用的特征更丰富,试验结果也表明本文提出的语义特征能够实现更好的定位效果。ORB-SLAM3和VINS-MONO是基于传统视觉特征点的方法,该类算法能够获得较高的结果精度,但是长期鲁棒性较弱。本文提出的方法能够与ORB-SLAM3保持相似的误差,实现了高精度的定位结果。与ICP及其改进算法进行对比可以看出,本文提出的方法优于传统的基于最邻近搜索的方法。
同时,算法执行效率的优劣是其能否在实际环境中应用的前提,因此本文也针对模型的平均计算时间进行对比试验。
算法运算时间的试验结果如图3所示。值得注意的是,该部分试验内容中算法的计算时间是指视觉匹配定位的时间。理论上,特征数据的表达方式越复杂,其算法的执行效率就越差,因此基于特征点的方法能够实现高效的计算。同时,本文使用的语义特征(AVP-SLAM)是最简洁的特征描述方式,因此理论上比基于关键点和描述子的方法(AVP-SLAM、ORB-SLAM3)具备更快的计算速度。试验结果验证了前文论述的内容,其中基于语义特征的算法能够实现快速的结果输出,节省了计算资源。
本文提出了一种基于矢量地图的多传感器融合定位方法,并应用于自主代客泊车场景,实现高精定位功能。同时将提出的方法基于真实数据进行测试,与主流算法的结果进行对比分析可知,该算法在结果精度和执行效率上均处于领先水平,能够实现快速稳定的实时定位功能。然而,由于停车场一般属于封闭室内场景,验证阶段真值数据的获取比较复杂,未来,该方法仍需要在更复杂的场景中进行验证,并根据测试结果提升算法的性能。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220028
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-01-15
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  • 修回日期:2022-10-13
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    中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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