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Article(id=1200066384408445172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066375055143911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1666627200000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047722197, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1676390400000, pubDateStr=2023-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047722197, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047722197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047722197, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066375055143911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047719967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047838602, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200066872696733700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066375055143911, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200066872696733701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066375055143911, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066385830314259, articleId=1200066384408445172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Study on the Influence of Ambient Temperature on Real Driving Fuel Consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the influence of ambient temperature on the fuel consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), this research team selected four HEVs with different technical routes to conduct several real driving fuel consumption tests at different temperatures. The results show that fuel consumption of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) and Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV) is apparently higher than lab fuel consumption test value, and that of None Off-Vehicle-Charging Hybrid Electric Vehicle (NOVC-HEV) and PHEV increases significantly under high and low temperature environments. Therefore, it is concluded that the WLTC test at room temperature cannot accurately reflect the real fuel consumption level of NOVC-HEV, REEV and HEV models, and the ambient temperature is an important factor affecting the fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicles.

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为探究环境温度对混合动力汽车油耗的影响程度，选取不同技术路线的4辆混合动力汽车进行了不同温度下的多次实际道路行驶油耗测试，结果表明，插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）和增程式混合动力汽车在实际道路行驶时的油耗结果明显高于试验室油耗测试结果，不可外部充电式混合动力汽车（NOVC-HEV）及PHEV在高温、低温环境下油耗均会出现明显上升，故常温条件下全球统一轻型车辆测试循环（WLTC）工况油耗测试结果不能准确反映NOVC-HEV、增程式混合动力汽车和PHEV车型的真实油耗水平，环境温度是影响混合动力汽车油耗表现的重要因素。

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Beijing: China Standard Press, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066399658934524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=30, issue=5, pageStart=1399, pageEnd=1405, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=郭军, 任国玉, 任雨, journalName=高原气象, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭军, 任国玉, 任雨. 近100年天津平均气温与极端气温变化[J]. 高原气象, 2011, 30(5): 1399-1405, articleTitle=近100年天津平均气温与极端气温变化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066399889621259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=30, issue=5, pageStart=1399, pageEnd=1405, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=GUO J, REN G Y, journalName=Plateau Meteorology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO J, REN G Y. 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Plateau Meteorology, 2011, 30(5): 1399-1405., articleTitle=Changes of Mean Temperature and Extreme Temperature in Tianjin in Recent 100 Years, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066400019644691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=24, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=邬建化, 程亮, 朱本雨, journalName=上海汽车, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邬建化, 程亮, 朱本雨. 轻型车排放油耗测试影响因素试验研究[J]. 上海汽车, 2017(5): 24-32., articleTitle=轻型车排放油耗测试影响因素试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066400204194080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=24, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=13, authorNames=WU J H, CHENG L, journalName=Shanghai Automotive, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU J H, CHENG L. 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Shanghai Automotive, 2017(5): 24-31., articleTitle=Experimental Research on Influencing Factors of Light-Duty Vehicle Emission Fuel Consumption Test, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066400422297909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=中华人民共和国工业和信息化部, journalName=轻型汽车燃料消耗量试验方法: GB/T 19233—2020, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国工业和信息化部. 轻型汽车燃料消耗量试验方法: GB/T 19233—2020[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066400522961215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China, journalName=Measurement Methods of Fuel Consumption for Light-Duty Vehicles: GB/T 19233—2020, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Measurement Methods of Fuel Consumption for Light-Duty Vehicles: GB/T 19233—2020[S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066400669761876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=18, pageStart=60, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=16, authorNames=冉林尧, 杜宝程, journalName=汽车实用技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冉林尧, 杜宝程. 轻型汽油车实际道路行驶工况与实验室工况油耗对比分析[J]. 汽车实用技术, 2018(18): 60-63., articleTitle=轻型汽油车实际道路行驶工况与实验室工况油耗对比分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200066400766230877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=18, pageStart=60, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=17, authorNames=RAN L Y, DU B C, journalName=Automobile Applied Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAN L Y, DU B C. Comparative Analysis of Fuel Consumption of Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle under Actual Driving Condition and Laboratory Condition[J]. Automobile Applied Technology, 2018(18): 60-63., articleTitle=Comparative Analysis of Fuel Consumption of Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle under Actual Driving Condition and Laboratory Condition, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200066387357041041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200066387373818261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, companyId=1200066387357041041, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300000), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200066387386401176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, companyId=1200066387357041041, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司， 天津 300000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200066391857529554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=akKgAOq9ee3bQQq/FEmTcg==, figureFileBig=5WAzy4lKM7LPhWFVMosXvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200066392004330208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=图1, caption=试验路线示意, figureFileSmall=akKgAOq9ee3bQQq/FEmTcg==, figureFileBig=5WAzy4lKM7LPhWFVMosXvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200066392302125826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5hP53m3OWV297jFkt0hXdg==, figureFileBig=GUrhPE5FBytV6I9ljnkLZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200066392419566355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各车辆各次试验油耗及纯电里程比例变化趋势, figureFileSmall=5hP53m3OWV297jFkt0hXdg==, figureFileBig=GUrhPE5FBytV6I9ljnkLZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200066392683807525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6Ats2ChR9O+qzaIPkIhsJA==, figureFileBig=LU0YBpGqchaBAWcZARvIAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200066392889328435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=图3, caption=车辆C瞬时油耗曲线, figureFileSmall=6Ats2ChR9O+qzaIPkIhsJA==, figureFileBig=LU0YBpGqchaBAWcZARvIAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200066393048712002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆编号 排量/L 混动形式 整备质量/kg 里程/km
A 1.969 PHEV 2 158 4 397
B 1.499 PHEV 2 270 5 150
C 1.199 增程式 2 300 4 357
D 2.487 NOVC-HEV 2 165 5 133
), ArticleFig(id=1200066393237455704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验车辆主要技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆编号 排量/L 混动形式 整备质量/kg 里程/km
A 1.969 PHEV 2 158 4 397
B 1.499 PHEV 2 270 5 150
C 1.199 增程式 2 300 4 357
D 2.487 NOVC-HEV 2 165 5 133
), ArticleFig(id=1200066393363284835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 设备型号 生产厂商
底盘测功机 RPL1220 AVL
汽车排放
测试系统		 MEXA-7200H/CVS-7400T HORIBA
车载排放
分析系统		 OBS-ONE HORIBA
车载排放
分析系统		 M.O.V.E AVL
), ArticleFig(id=1200066393501696880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验设备信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 设备型号 生产厂商
底盘测功机 RPL1220 AVL
汽车排放
测试系统		 MEXA-7200H/CVS-7400T HORIBA
车载排放
分析系统		 OBS-ONE HORIBA
车载排放
分析系统		 M.O.V.E AVL
), ArticleFig(id=1200066394671907714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区间 速度范围 试验路线情况 国六标准要求
里程长度/km 里程份额/% 里程长度/km 里程份额/%
市区 ≤60 km/h（平均速度15~40 km/h） 21.1 31 >16 29~44
市郊 >60~90 km/h 21.1 31 >16 23~43
高速公路 >90 km/h
（车速高于100 km/h的时间不少于5 min）		 25.8 38 >16 23~43
), ArticleFig(id=1200066394885817236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

市区、市郊和高速公路阶段里程份额

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区间 速度范围 试验路线情况 国六标准要求
里程长度/km 里程份额/% 里程长度/km 里程份额/%
市区 ≤60 km/h（平均速度15~40 km/h） 21.1 31 >16 29~44
市郊 >60~90 km/h 21.1 31 >16 23~43
高速公路 >90 km/h
（车速高于100 km/h的时间不少于5 min）		 25.8 38 >16 23~43
), ArticleFig(id=1200066395074560931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆编号 整车质量/kg 百公里燃油消耗量/L
A 2 354 7.20
B 2 420 7.72
C 2 464 8.60
D 2 366 5.58
), ArticleFig(id=1200066395217167284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

WLTC工况油耗结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆编号 整车质量/kg 百公里燃油消耗量/L
A 2 354 7.20
B 2 420 7.72
C 2 464 8.60
D 2 366 5.58
), ArticleFig(id=1200066395359773637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆编号 试验序号 整车质量/kg 试验温度/℃ 胎压/kPa
A A1 2 429 3.9 230
A2 2 423 16.5 230
A3 2 424 25.0 230
A4 2 418 30.7 230
B B1 2 537 8.4 240
B2 2 533 13.8 240
B3 2 540 21.9 240
B4 2 531 30.3 240
C C1 2 558 2.2 250
C2 2 566 16.7 250
C3 2 565 27.6 250
C4 2 560 33.0 250
D D1 2 426 5.4 240
D2 2 429 19.2 240
D3 2 435 26.1 240
D4 2 435 32.1 240
), ArticleFig(id=1200066395468825554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各次试验相关参数

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车辆编号 试验序号 整车质量/kg 试验温度/℃ 胎压/kPa
A A1 2 429 3.9 230
A2 2 423 16.5 230
A3 2 424 25.0 230
A4 2 418 30.7 230
B B1 2 537 8.4 240
B2 2 533 13.8 240
B3 2 540 21.9 240
B4 2 531 30.3 240
C C1 2 558 2.2 250
C2 2 566 16.7 250
C3 2 565 27.6 250
C4 2 560 33.0 250
D D1 2 426 5.4 240
D2 2 429 19.2 240
D3 2 435 26.1 240
D4 2 435 32.1 240
), ArticleFig(id=1200066395598848994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆编号 百公里燃料消耗量
试验1 试验2 试验3 试验4
A 9.9 9.0 7.9 8.8
B 9.0 8.7 8.7 8.8
C 10.1 9.5 8.9 10.0
D 6.7 5.6 5.8 6.9
), ArticleFig(id=1200066395963753462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各次试验油耗计算结果 L

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车辆编号 百公里燃料消耗量
试验1 试验2 试验3 试验4
A 9.9 9.0 7.9 8.8
B 9.0 8.7 8.7 8.8
C 10.1 9.5 8.9 10.0
D 6.7 5.6 5.8 6.9
), ArticleFig(id=1200066396144107529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆
编号		 试验
序号		 试验
阶段		 里程长度/km (v·apos)-[95]
/m2·s-3		 RPA
/m·s-2		 车辆
编号		 试验
序号		 试验
阶段		 里程长度/km (v·apos)-[95]
/m2·s-3		 RPA
/m·s-2
A A1 市区 21.0 8.1 0.175 C C1 市区 20.9 8.2 0.169
市郊 21.1 14.6 0.097 市郊 20.9 14.6 0.089
高速 25.5 16.2 0.091 高速 25.9 16.7 0.094
A2 市区 21.5 8.5 0.168 C2 市区 21.4 7.7 0.175
市郊 21.2 14.2 0.096 市郊 21.5 14.9 0.093
高速 25.8 15.8 0.086 高速 26.0 16.1 0.088
A3 市区 21.1 7.9 0.181 C3 市区 21.1 7.8 0.174
市郊 21.1 15.0 0.101 市郊 21.4 14.4 0.090
高速 26.1 16.0 0.090 高速 25.4 15.8 0.095
A4 市区 20.8 8.5 0.177 C4 市区 21.1 8.0 0.171
市郊 21.0 14.9 0.094 市郊 21.0 14.2 0.094
高速 25.9 16.4 0.094 高速 25.8 16.2 0.093
B B1 市区 21.2 8.4 0.169 D D1 市区 21.0 8.4 0.178
市郊 21.2 14.1 0.099 市郊 21.2 14.7 0.103
高速 25.6 16.3 0.097 高速 25.8 16.1 0.094
B2 市区 21.1 8.3 0.183 D2 市区 21.3 7.9 0.182
市郊 21.4 13.9 0.102 市郊 20.9 14.6 0.096
高速 25.2 16.6 0.100 高速 25.9 16.8 0.095
B3 市区 21.5 7.8 0.179 D3 市区 21.2 8.1 0.180
市郊 21.2 14.0 0.098 市郊 21.0 14.7 0.098
高速 26.2 15.9 0.095 高速 25.3 15.4 0.087
B4 市区 21.3 8.0 0.170 D4 市区 21.1 7.9 0.179
市郊 21.1 14.7 0.095 市郊 21.5 13.9 0.099
高速 25.8 15.2 0.093 高速 26.2 15.5 0.091
), ArticleFig(id=1200066396303491104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各次试验里程及行程动力学参数

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车辆
编号		 试验
序号		 试验
阶段		 里程长度/km (v·apos)-[95]
/m2·s-3		 RPA
/m·s-2		 车辆
编号		 试验
序号		 试验
阶段		 里程长度/km (v·apos)-[95]
/m2·s-3		 RPA
/m·s-2
A A1 市区 21.0 8.1 0.175 C C1 市区 20.9 8.2 0.169
市郊 21.1 14.6 0.097 市郊 20.9 14.6 0.089
高速 25.5 16.2 0.091 高速 25.9 16.7 0.094
A2 市区 21.5 8.5 0.168 C2 市区 21.4 7.7 0.175
市郊 21.2 14.2 0.096 市郊 21.5 14.9 0.093
高速 25.8 15.8 0.086 高速 26.0 16.1 0.088
A3 市区 21.1 7.9 0.181 C3 市区 21.1 7.8 0.174
市郊 21.1 15.0 0.101 市郊 21.4 14.4 0.090
高速 26.1 16.0 0.090 高速 25.4 15.8 0.095
A4 市区 20.8 8.5 0.177 C4 市区 21.1 8.0 0.171
市郊 21.0 14.9 0.094 市郊 21.0 14.2 0.094
高速 25.9 16.4 0.094 高速 25.8 16.2 0.093
B B1 市区 21.2 8.4 0.169 D D1 市区 21.0 8.4 0.178
市郊 21.2 14.1 0.099 市郊 21.2 14.7 0.103
高速 25.6 16.3 0.097 高速 25.8 16.1 0.094
B2 市区 21.1 8.3 0.183 D2 市区 21.3 7.9 0.182
市郊 21.4 13.9 0.102 市郊 20.9 14.6 0.096
高速 25.2 16.6 0.100 高速 25.9 16.8 0.095
B3 市区 21.5 7.8 0.179 D3 市区 21.2 8.1 0.180
市郊 21.2 14.0 0.098 市郊 21.0 14.7 0.098
高速 26.2 15.9 0.095 高速 25.3 15.4 0.087
B4 市区 21.3 8.0 0.170 D4 市区 21.1 7.9 0.179
市郊 21.1 14.7 0.095 市郊 21.5 13.9 0.099
高速 25.8 15.2 0.093 高速 26.2 15.5 0.091
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车辆编号 纯电行驶里程比例
试验1 试验2 试验3 试验4
A 3.13 17.36 31.48 18.25
B 9.56 15.37 14.54 13.01
C 2.61 3.12 5.04 3.37
D 18.22 29.65 27.24 16.34
), ArticleFig(id=1200066396693561412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066384408445172, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

各次试验各车辆纯电行驶里程比例 %

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车辆编号 纯电行驶里程比例
试验1 试验2 试验3 试验4
A 3.13 17.36 31.48 18.25
B 9.56 15.37 14.54 13.01
C 2.61 3.12 5.04 3.37
D 18.22 29.65 27.24 16.34
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环境温度对混合动力汽车实际道路行驶油耗的影响研究
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郑思凯 , 闫峰 , 刘乐 , 李飞 , 楚成欢
汽车工程师 | 2023,(2): 16-21
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汽车工程师 | 2023, (2): 16-21
环境温度对混合动力汽车实际道路行驶油耗的影响研究
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郑思凯, 闫峰, 刘乐, 李飞, 楚成欢
作者信息
  • 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司， 天津 300000
Study on the Influence of Ambient Temperature on Real Driving Fuel Consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Sikai Zheng, Feng Yan, Le Liu, Fei Li, Chenghuan Chu
Affiliations
  • China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300000
出版时间: 2023-02-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220029
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摘要
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为探究环境温度对混合动力汽车油耗的影响程度，选取不同技术路线的4辆混合动力汽车进行了不同温度下的多次实际道路行驶油耗测试，结果表明，插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）和增程式混合动力汽车在实际道路行驶时的油耗结果明显高于试验室油耗测试结果，不可外部充电式混合动力汽车（NOVC-HEV）及PHEV在高温、低温环境下油耗均会出现明显上升，故常温条件下全球统一轻型车辆测试循环（WLTC）工况油耗测试结果不能准确反映NOVC-HEV、增程式混合动力汽车和PHEV车型的真实油耗水平，环境温度是影响混合动力汽车油耗表现的重要因素。

混合动力汽车  /  实际道路行驶  /  温度  /  油耗

In order to explore the influence of ambient temperature on the fuel consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), this research team selected four HEVs with different technical routes to conduct several real driving fuel consumption tests at different temperatures. The results show that fuel consumption of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) and Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV) is apparently higher than lab fuel consumption test value, and that of None Off-Vehicle-Charging Hybrid Electric Vehicle (NOVC-HEV) and PHEV increases significantly under high and low temperature environments. Therefore, it is concluded that the WLTC test at room temperature cannot accurately reflect the real fuel consumption level of NOVC-HEV, REEV and HEV models, and the ambient temperature is an important factor affecting the fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicles.

Hybrid electric vehicle  /  Real driving  /  Temperature  /  Fuel consumption
郑思凯, 闫峰, 刘乐, 李飞, 楚成欢. 环境温度对混合动力汽车实际道路行驶油耗的影响研究. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (2) : 16 -21 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220029
Sikai Zheng, Feng Yan, Le Liu, Fei Li, Chenghuan Chu. Study on the Influence of Ambient Temperature on Real Driving Fuel Consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (2) : 16 -21 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220029
正文
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1 前言
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混合动力汽车的续驶里程和动力性与传统燃油汽车相当，与传统燃油汽车相比，混合动力汽车能够提高燃油经济性并降低CO2排放量[1]。目前，混合动力汽车的油耗及CO2排放量通过试验室全球统一轻型车辆测试循环（Worldwide Light-duty Test Cycle，WLTC）测得，其试验环境温度为(23±2) ℃，对消费者实际使用的环境温度和工况覆盖有限。相关研究表明，混合动力汽车因具有油箱、电池2个能量源，行驶工况对其油耗的影响尤为突出[2]。而温度是电池容量的重要影响因素[3]，故对混合动力汽车进行不同环境温度下的实际道路行驶测试，分析其真实油耗及CO2排放量具有重要意义。
本文拟采用国家第六阶段机动车污染物排放标准中给出的Ⅱ型试验测试方法对不同混动形式的轻型车进行不同环境温度下的实际道路行驶油耗测试，获得其在实际使用条件下的真实油耗水平并分析其油耗随环境温度的变化趋势。
2 试验方案
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2.1 试验车辆
本研究选取4台不同形式的轻型混合动力汽车开展实际道路行驶油耗测试，车型覆盖插电式混合动力汽车（Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle，PHEV）、增程式混合动力汽车和不可外部充电式混合动力汽车（Not Off-Vehicle Charging Hybrid Electric Vehicle，NOVC-HEV）。试验车辆均已完成磨合，机械状况良好，车辆主要技术参数如表1所示。
2.2 试验设备
本文选用的试验设备信息如表2所示，设备均按时进行保养和校准，准确度良好，同一车辆选取同一套便携式排放测试系统（Portable Emission Measurement System，PEMS）开展各次试验，以降低试验设备对试验结果的影响。
2.3 试验路线
试验路线参考国家第六阶段机动车污染物排放标准Ⅱ型试验相关要求选取[4]，如图1所示。
试验应在平坦的铺装道路上按照市区、市郊、高速公路的顺序开展，且道路交通秩序良好，并避开学校、医院等人流密集地段，以保障试验安全。本研究所选用试验路线均位于天津市东丽区，试验路线车流量较小，便于模拟各种驾驶工况，使各次试验驾驶行为和工况具有较好的一致性，从而减少其他因素对油耗结果的影响。所选取试验路线各阶段里程份额如表3所示。
3 试验开展
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3.1 WLTC油耗测试
在试验室条件下，按照GB/T 19753—2021[5]中所规定的试验方法对各试验车辆进行电量保持模式下WLTC工况油耗测试，测试结果如表4所示。
3.2 实际道路行驶油耗测试
参照国家第六阶段机动车污染物排放标准Ⅱ型试验相关要求，在不同的环境温度下进行多次实际道路行驶油耗测试。参考天津市历年日间环境温度[6]，分别在[0,10] ℃、(10,20] ℃、(20,30] ℃、(30,35] ℃ 4种常见温度区间内开展测试。测试燃油选用95号国六基准燃油，完成燃油加注和PEMS设备安装后，于测试前对试验车辆（含驾驶员和试验员各1名）进行称重，各次试验质量的结果最大差值应小于20 kg，并检查胎压与WLTC工况油耗测试要求一致，以尽量减少其他因素对试验车辆油耗的影响[7]。
针对同一试验车辆，应采用同一套PEMS设备和同一驾驶员进行不同温度下的各次实际道路测试。各次测试应在同一试验路线上进行，市区段模拟停车次数和地点应保持一致。驾驶员应尽量减少各次试验行程动力学参数(v·apos)-[95]和相对正向加速度（Relative Positive Acceleration，RPA）差异，从而削弱人为因素对试验车辆油耗的影响。其中(v·apos)-[95]为车速与大于0.1 m/s2的正加速度乘积从小到大排列的第95百分位所对应数值，用来限制驾驶过于激烈的情况，相对正加速度为某阶段所有v·apos之和与该阶段行程距离的商，用来限制驾驶过于平缓的情况[4]。试验过程中各项参数如表5所示。
4 测试结果分析
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4.1 油耗计算方法
本文所用PEMS设备采用碳平衡法进行油耗计算。由于燃烧产物中CO2、CO和THC中碳元素均来自汽油，根据质量守恒原理，可根据尾气中CO2、CO、THC的含量以及汽油密度和碳含量计算燃油消耗量[8]：
FC=0.115 5(0.866M(HC)+0.429M(CO)+ 0.273M(CO2))/D
式中，FC为燃料消耗量；M(HC)、M(CO)、M(CO2)分别为测得的HC、CO、CO2排放量；D为15 ℃下试验燃料密度。
同理，瞬时燃料消耗量也可根据碳平衡法进行计算：
FR=0.115 5(0.866M(HC)+0.429M(CO)+0.273M(CO2))/100D
式中，FR为瞬时燃料消耗量。
4.2 油耗分析
考虑到安全因素，本研究所用PEMS设备均未配备THC分析单元，无法对THC进行采样分析。由于THC排放量通常仅为CO2排放量的0.1%~0.2%，在油耗计算中影响甚微[9]，故本文在计算中将THC排放量设置为0，仅根据测得的CO2和CO排放量计算油耗。
根据油品报告，本文所用95号燃油的密度为0.756 kg/L。根据式（1）对各试验车辆不同温度下实际道路行驶试验进行油耗计算。
各车辆在4种常见温度区间的实际道路行驶油耗计算结果如表6所示。
分析发现，在(10,30] ℃温度区间，除NOVC-HEV车型实际行驶油耗与试验室WLTC循环油耗基本一致外，PHEV和增程式混合动力汽车实际行驶油耗均高于试验室测试结果。主要原因包括：一是试验室WLTC工况为固定工况，便于企业进行针对性标定以获得优秀的油耗结果，而实际道路行驶为随机工况，企业无法进行针对性标定，故油耗结果存在一定差异；二是本文选用PHEV和增程式混合动力汽车车型均为SUV，迎风面积较大，较易受到风阻影响，试验室测试时采用鼓风机模拟风阻，与实际道路行驶风阻存在较大差异，从而影响油耗结果。而在[0,10] ℃及(30,35] ℃温度区间，各车型油耗结果相对于(10,30] ℃温度区间均出现不同程度上升。
4.3 油耗影响因素分析
表7所示为各次试验各阶段里程及行程动力学参数，可以看出各试验车各阶段里程最大差异仅为3.4%，(v·apos)-[95]最大差异为7.6%，RPA最大差异为9.3%，各次试验驾驶路线及驾驶风格一致性较好，大幅减少了道路交通及驾驶员因素对实际道路行驶油耗测试结果的影响，故考虑各次试验油耗结果差异主要由温度及正常行驶中的其他行为导致。
通过对各次试验行程分析发现，在[0,10] ℃温度区间下，车辆纯电行驶里程均出现较大幅度缩减，除车辆D外，均达到各温度段最低水平。对于车辆D，其纯电行驶里程比例相比中位数28.4%缩减了38.5%，并与出现最低值的试验D4结果基本一致，说明电池效能在低温条件下出现了明显缩减。在(30,35] ℃高温区间下，由于正常使用开启空调制冷，增大了发动机负荷，需要发动机更频繁地起动工作，故各车辆纯电行驶里程比例相比各次试验的中位数也出现了不同程度下降。各次试验纯电行驶里程比例如表8所示。
如图2所示，除车辆C由于纯电行驶里程过短未发现纯电里程比例与油耗之间的明显关系外，车辆A、车辆B、车辆D的油耗均与纯电行驶里程比例呈反比关系，说明低温条件下电池效能缩减，从而造成了各车辆均在[0,10] ℃温度区间出现了明显的油耗升高。同时，由于高温环境下空调的使用增加了发动机负荷，使得发动机频繁起动，纯电行驶里程比例降低，车辆油耗在(30,35] ℃高温区间下也出现了一定程度提高。
图3所示为车辆C在不同温度下某段相同行程4次试验的瞬时油耗曲线，其瞬时油耗结果根据式（2）计算。车辆C在4次试验的此段行程中，发动机始终保持起动状态。图中①~③为此段行程中3次从停车状态起动的时间点，各次试验均基本遵循了此规律。从图3中可以看出，试验C1及试验C4在3个加速点的瞬时油耗峰值明显高于其他2次试验，说明在同样的驾驶行为下，[0,10] ℃及(30,35] ℃温度区间发动机负荷更大，需要更高的油耗来满足相同的驾驶需求。
综上，混合动力汽车油耗最主要的影响因素是环境温度。低温环境会降低车辆的纯电续航能力，更多地使用发动机驱动，从而增加了油耗，同时，在低温环境下，为保证车辆各部件维持在正常工作温度，发动机需要额外增加工作负荷，2种因素综合导致低温条件下车辆油耗大幅增加。高温环境下，空调等用电器的长时间使用降低了电池续航能力，增大了发动机负荷，从而导致油耗出现一定幅度提高。
5 结束语
收起
常温环境下（(10,30] ℃），NOVC-HEV车型在实际道路行驶时的油耗结果与试验室油耗测试结果基本一致，而PHEV和增程式混合动力车型在实际道路行驶时的油耗结果明显高于试验室油耗测试结果，说明试验室油耗测试并不能准确反映插电式混合动力汽车和增程式混合动力汽车在实际使用过程中的油耗水平。
环境温度是混合动力汽车油耗的重要影响因素。低温环境下混合动力汽车油耗会明显提高，这是由于低温环境会降低车辆的纯电续航能力，同时发动机在低温环境下工作负荷增大，2种因素综合作用导致低温时车辆油耗大幅增加。高温环境下，空调等用电器的长时间使用降低了电池续航能力，增大了发动机负荷，故混合动力汽车油耗也会出现一定程度提高。
综上所述，高、低温环境下混合动力汽车油耗明显上升，势必造成CO2排放量增加。故针对不同温度下的混合动力汽车油耗开展进一步测试，补充混合动力汽车高、低温条件下的油耗及CO2排放测试是有必要的。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20220029
  • 首发时间：2025-11-25
  • 出版时间：2023-02-15
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  • 修回日期：2022-10-25
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