Article(id=1200066377026470826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066375432635297, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230408, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1694707200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764047720437, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1702569600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764047720437, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764047720437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764047720437, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200066375432635297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2023', volume='', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='45', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764047720058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764048344119, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200068992980320464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066375432635297, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200068992980320465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1200066375432635297, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200066377324266413, articleId=1200066377026470826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research on Performance and Control Strategy of Low-Temperature Heat Pump Triangular Cycle for Electric Vehicles, columnId=1200066377236186028, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Topic on Thermal Management Technology for New Energy Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to replace Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) electric heater in vehicle thermal management, this paper studied the heating characteristics of the triangular cycle through experimental and theoretical methods and proposed corresponding control strategy. First of all, in terms of component selection, the paper proposed that the triangular cycle had higher performance requirements for the condenser and electric expansion valve. Secondly, the bench test obtained a heating capacity of approximately 6 kW. Thirdly, the impact of different electronic expansion valve openings, air conditioner unit inlet air temperature and inlet air volume on performance was studied through the checked model, and it was found that the larger opening help the compressor to exert greater capacity and obtain greater heating capacity. Under high inlet air temperature and high outlet pressure condition, the triangular cycle has greater heating capacity. Finally, the paper proposed a triangular cycle control map covering 2 000 ~ 6 500 r/min compressor speed and -20~-10 ℃ inlet air temperature.

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为替代整车热管理系统中的正温度系数(PTC)电加热器,通过试验和理论计算研究了三角循环的制热特性并提出了相应控制策略。在零部件选型方面,提出三角循环对冷凝器和电子膨胀阀的更高性能要求,并在台架测试中获得了接近6 kW的制热量,通过经校核的模型研究了不同电子膨胀阀开度、空调箱进风温度和进风风量对三角循环性能的影响,结果表明:电子膨胀阀开度越大,越有利于压缩机发挥更大的能力并获得更大的制热量,但增益递减;高进风温度或高排气压力工况下三角循环具有较大的制热量。最后,提出了涵盖转速2 000~6 500 r/min和进风温度-20~-10 ℃工况范围的三角循环控制MAP。

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序号 压缩机转速
/r·min-1
WCC进口温度/℃ WCC流量
/L·min-1
压缩机吸气压力/MPa 制热量测试值/W 制热量仿真值/W 相对误差/% 绝对误差/W
1 4 000 54.6 5.1 0.104 1 204 1 419 18 215
2 7 000 51.7 5.1 0.100 2 956 2 500 -15 -456
3 9 500 49.9 5.1 0.100 4 219 3 634 -14 -585
4 4 000 65.2 9.8 0.165 1 604 1 678 -2 474
5 7 000 62.5 9.8 0.160 3 546 3 248 -8 -298
6 9 500 61.2 9.8 0.151 4 999 4 589 -8 -410
7 4 000 72.8 9.8 0.178 2 439 2 110 -13 -329
8 7 000 69.6 9.8 0.168 4 940 4 109 -17 -830
9 9 500 68.5 9.8 0.196 5 952 5 587 -6 -364
), ArticleFig(id=1200066387017302393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1200066377026470826, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 压缩机转速
/r·min-1
WCC进口温度/℃ WCC流量
/L·min-1
压缩机吸气压力/MPa 制热量测试值/W 制热量仿真值/W 相对误差/% 绝对误差/W
1 4 000 54.6 5.1 0.104 1 204 1 419 18 215
2 7 000 51.7 5.1 0.100 2 956 2 500 -15 -456
3 9 500 49.9 5.1 0.100 4 219 3 634 -14 -585
4 4 000 65.2 9.8 0.165 1 604 1 678 -2 474
5 7 000 62.5 9.8 0.160 3 546 3 248 -8 -298
6 9 500 61.2 9.8 0.151 4 999 4 589 -8 -410
7 4 000 72.8 9.8 0.178 2 439 2 110 -13 -329
8 7 000 69.6 9.8 0.168 4 940 4 109 -17 -830
9 9 500 68.5 9.8 0.196 5 952 5 587 -6 -364
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电动汽车低温热泵三角循环的性能及控制策略研究
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戴恩乾 1 , 易丰收 2 , 穆景阳 1 , 刘旗 1
汽车工程师 | 新能源汽车热管理技术专题 2023,(12): 18-24
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汽车工程师 | 新能源汽车热管理技术专题 2023, (12): 18-24
电动汽车低温热泵三角循环的性能及控制策略研究
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戴恩乾1, 易丰收2, 穆景阳1, 刘旗1
作者信息
  • 1 空调国际(上海)有限公司, 上海 201108
  • 2 奥特佳新能源科技股份有限公司, 南京 211111
Research on Performance and Control Strategy of Low-Temperature Heat Pump Triangular Cycle for Electric Vehicles
Enqian Dai1, Fengshou Yi2, Jingyang Mu1, Qi Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1 Air International Thermal Systems Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201108
  • 2 Aotecar New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211111
出版时间: 2023-12-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230408
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为替代整车热管理系统中的正温度系数(PTC)电加热器,通过试验和理论计算研究了三角循环的制热特性并提出了相应控制策略。在零部件选型方面,提出三角循环对冷凝器和电子膨胀阀的更高性能要求,并在台架测试中获得了接近6 kW的制热量,通过经校核的模型研究了不同电子膨胀阀开度、空调箱进风温度和进风风量对三角循环性能的影响,结果表明:电子膨胀阀开度越大,越有利于压缩机发挥更大的能力并获得更大的制热量,但增益递减;高进风温度或高排气压力工况下三角循环具有较大的制热量。最后,提出了涵盖转速2 000~6 500 r/min和进风温度-20~-10 ℃工况范围的三角循环控制MAP。

电动汽车  /  低温热泵  /  三角循环  /  控制策略

In order to replace Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) electric heater in vehicle thermal management, this paper studied the heating characteristics of the triangular cycle through experimental and theoretical methods and proposed corresponding control strategy. First of all, in terms of component selection, the paper proposed that the triangular cycle had higher performance requirements for the condenser and electric expansion valve. Secondly, the bench test obtained a heating capacity of approximately 6 kW. Thirdly, the impact of different electronic expansion valve openings, air conditioner unit inlet air temperature and inlet air volume on performance was studied through the checked model, and it was found that the larger opening help the compressor to exert greater capacity and obtain greater heating capacity. Under high inlet air temperature and high outlet pressure condition, the triangular cycle has greater heating capacity. Finally, the paper proposed a triangular cycle control map covering 2 000 ~ 6 500 r/min compressor speed and -20~-10 ℃ inlet air temperature.

Electric vehicle  /  Low-temperature heat pump  /  Triangular cycle  /  Control strategy
戴恩乾, 易丰收, 穆景阳, 刘旗. 电动汽车低温热泵三角循环的性能及控制策略研究. 汽车工程师, 2023 , (12) : 18 -24 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230408
Enqian Dai, Fengshou Yi, Jingyang Mu, Qi Liu. Research on Performance and Control Strategy of Low-Temperature Heat Pump Triangular Cycle for Electric Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2023 , (12) : 18 -24 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230408
电动汽车在冬季续驶里程衰减严重,除电池因素外,热管理系统在低温下效率低也是重要原因之一。正温度系数(Positive Temperature Coefficient,PTC)电加热器具有发热量高、升温速率快、控制简单等特点[1],曾经是应用最广泛的制热方式,但基于电-热效率的原理,其采暖效率永远小于100%,严重削减冬季的续驶里程,据美国汽车工程师学会(Society of Automotive Engineers,SAE)的研究,冬季采暖工况PTC加热器制热约占整车能源消耗的33%[2]。热泵可以将低品位热能转化为高品位热能,获得200%~300%的采暖效率,应用于电动汽车能够大幅降低能耗,提高续驶里程[3]。但热泵在低温(<-10 ℃)条件下制热量不足,故目前在售车型基本均搭载热泵系统,却仍无法取消PTC加热器。
PTC加热器的替代路径主要有性能系数(Coefficient of Performance,COP)>1的补气增焓和COP<1的热气旁通2种。补气增焓技术可扩大热泵系统的运行温度区间,王超等[4]研究表明,补气增焓技术在-15 ℃环境温度下制热量可提升约20%。刘旗等[5]开发了电动汽车用带中间换热器的补气增焓热泵空调系统,该系统可有效拓宽热泵在低温环境下的适用范围,台架测试结果表明,该系统制热功耗降低了2 169 W,整车续驶里程提升了16.9%。刘明康等[6]验证了补气增焓热泵在低温下的制热性能,-20 ℃时制热量达到2.56 kW,COP达到1.88。热气旁通是指制冷系统压缩机排气管和蒸发器与膨胀阀之间设置的旁通管路,已应用于家用、商用空调的除霜过程[7-8]。特斯拉(Tesla)[9]提出了一种含热气旁通支路的电动汽车热泵系统,该支路直接连通压缩机排气管和吸气管,能够实现压缩机电功制热。
为将压缩机电功转化为热量,以在整车热管理中替代PTC加热器,本文提出一种三角循环,通过试验研究其制热性能,基于试验数据建立可靠的仿真模型分析电子膨胀阀开度、进风温度和进风风量对循环性能的影响,并提出全工况范围内的控制策略。
图1所示为三角循环的架构和压焓图,压缩机出口的高温高压冷媒直接进入液冷冷凝器(Water Cooled Condenser,WCC),冷媒在WCC内加热防冻液,自身成为两相态流出WCC进入电子膨胀阀(Electronic eXpansion Valve,EXV)等焓节流,成为饱和气体后,经过气液分离器回到压缩机,进行压缩从而形成循环。与逆卡诺循环不同,三角循环没有蒸发器,只有压缩机、冷凝器、电子膨胀阀和气液分离器;与热气旁通循环相比,三角循环不需要额外增加电子膨胀阀,结构更简单,成本更低。本文采用二次换热的架构,冷媒侧的热量通过WCC传递给防冻液,再通过防冻液传递给空气侧。
系统工质为R134a,压缩机排量为45 cm3,最大转速为12 000 r/min;WCC为板式换热器,板片有效尺寸为180 mm×70 mm,共72片,高度为91 mm,防冻液与冷媒逆流设计,冷媒侧和防冻液侧均为单流程;EXV的制冷功率为12 kW,有效内径为2.6 mm;气液分离器容积为150 mL;暖芯的迎风面积为145 mm×190 mm,单流程,36排扁管,扁管厚度为27 mm;水泵的功率为50 W。
图1b可知,液冷冷凝器内冷媒从过热态转变为两相态,离开冷凝器时冷媒的干度由系统的吸气压力决定,吸气压力升高则等焓节流线向右移动,吸气压力降低则等焓节流线向左移动,压缩机内的状态与带气液分离器的制冷系统类似。从压焓图上分析,三角循环对零部件有2个要求:冷凝器内冷媒两相段缩短;电子膨胀阀入口是两相流,密度比饱和液体小,常用的3.5~7.0 kW的EXV无法满足系统流量需求。因此,本文采用高效的板式换热器作为液冷冷凝器。
本文采用AHRI 10系数模型对压缩机的性能进行拟合,系数参考文献[10]。
假设制冷剂流经电子膨胀阀的过程为绝热过程,制冷剂比焓维持不变,则电子膨胀阀的制冷剂质量流量为:
$m={C}_{D}A\sqrt{2{\rho }_{in}\Delta P}$
其中:
${C}_{D}=0.02 005\sqrt{{\rho }_{in}}+0.634/{\rho }_{out}$
式中,m为制冷剂质量流量;CD为流量系数;A为EXV的流通截面积;ρinρout分别为EXV进口、出口冷媒的密度;ΔP为阀前、后的压差。
本文建立了换热器的分布参数模型,将换热器划分为若干个控制体,通过采用整体传热系数和牛顿冷却定律对每个控制体进行建模:
$\frac{1}{U{A}_{spec}}=\frac{1}{{\alpha }_{hot}{A}_{spec,hot}}+\frac{{\delta }_{w}}{{k}_{w}{A}_{spec}}+\frac{1}{{\alpha }_{cold}{A}_{spec,cold}}$
式中,U为综合传热系数;αhotαcold分别为热流体侧和冷流体侧的对流换热系数;kw为导热系数;δw为壁面厚度;Aspec为换热面积;Aspec,hotAspec,cold分别为热流体侧和冷流体侧的换热面积。
模型的计算在AMESim平台上实现,图2所示为建立的仿真模型,本文的理论分析均基于此模型开展。
由于三角循环结构简单,本文借用间接式热泵的台架开展测试,包含压缩机、WCC、水冷蒸发器、经济器、EXV,试验中控制经济器的EXV全程关闭,水冷蒸发器侧不通入防冻液,使系统架构等效为三角循环,台架实物如图3所示。测点布置如图4所示:防冻液循环侧,在WCC的进、出口布置温度传感器和流量计;冷媒循环侧,在压缩机吸气口布置低压温度压力传感器,排气口布置高压温度压力传感器,WCC出口布置高压温度压力传感器。
制冷制热量和COP是热泵系统最重要的性能参数,但三角循环的原理是将压缩机的功耗转化为热能,COP恒小于1,因此,本文不关注COP,只讨论制热量Qh
${Q}_{h}={C}_{p}{m}_{p}\left({T}_{WCC,out}-{T}_{WCC,in}\right)$
式中,Cp为体积分数为50%的乙二醇水溶液的比热容;mp为体积分数为50%的乙二醇水溶液的质量流量;TWCC,inTWCC,out分别为WCC进、出口温度。
采用R1234yf工质,分别研究不同压缩机转速(4 000 r/min、7 000 r/min、9 500 r/min)、不同排气压力(1.5 MPa、1.8 MPa、2.2 MPa)工况下的制热量,吸气压力控制在0.1~0.2 MPa,测试结果如图5所示:当排气压力不变时,制热量随着转速的提高而增大;当转速不变时,制热量随着排气压力的升高而增大。高转速和大压比能够激发更多的压缩机功耗,因此,转速越高、排气压力越高,制热量越大。制热量最大值为5 954 W,此时转速为9 500 r/min,排气压力为2.2 MPa。
同时,对理论计算模型进行了校核,结果如表1所示,制热量的相对误差小于20%,绝对误差小于830 W,仿真模型可靠。
本文基于上述仿真模型研究电子膨胀阀开度、进风温度和进风风量对三角循环性能的影响,为控制策略的制定提供依据。
设定压缩机转速为7 000 r/min,WCC流量为12 L/min,暖芯进风温度为10 ℃,进风风量为200 m3/h,不同电子膨胀阀开度条件下仿真结果如图6所示。由图6可知,随着电子膨胀阀开度从60%增加到100%,吸气压力由0.12 MPa提高至0.24 MPa,排气压力由1.06 MPa提高至1.28 MPa。三角循环制热量和暖芯出风温度同样是先较快上升,之后上升趋势逐渐平缓,原因是随着电子膨胀阀开度增大,压缩机的吸气压力提高,吸气密度随之上升,系统内冷媒的质量流量增大,同时,由于低压提高导致等焓节流线向右移动,WCC内冷媒的焓差减小,而制热量是系统内冷媒的质量流量与WCC内冷媒焓差的乘积,因此呈现先显著上升而后上升趋势减缓的现象。
总体而言,电子膨胀阀开度增大有助于压缩机发挥出更大的能力,获得更多的制热量,其中最大制热量可以达到2.4 kW,此时出风温度为42.2 ℃,吸气压力和排气压力分别为0.24 MPa、1.31 MPa。
设置压缩机转速为7 000 r/min,WCC流量为12 L/min,暖芯进风风量为160 m3/h,设进风温度的变化范围为-20~10 ℃,几乎覆盖了所有环境温度下的冷起动和稳态工况,仿真结果如图7所示。与传统热泵循环不同,随着进风温度上升,制热量逐渐增大且呈现加速的趋势。压缩机的吸、排气压力均随着进风温度的提高而上升。需要注意的是,进风温度为-20~-10 ℃时,尽管电子膨胀阀已达到最大开度,但此时吸气压力均在表压以下,不适合压缩机运行,在实际控制中,需采取措施避免吸气负压。
可见,只有压缩机排气压力较高或进风温度较高的情况下,三角循环才能提供较大的制热量,但整车冷起动阶段进风温度和排气压力均处于较低的水平,而此时对制热量的需求最大,三角循环的特性与冷起动阶段的矛盾将提升其控制难度。
由前文的分析可知,三角循环在排气压力较高或进风温度较高时制热能力较强,因此在冷起动阶段需采取较小风量,与现有的冷起动策略(先大风量,而后逐渐降低)相悖。为了定量研究小风量对三角循环制热能力的影响,设置压缩机转速为7 000 r/min、WCC流量为12 L/min、暖芯进风温度为10 ℃、电子膨胀阀全开,风量为150~300 m3/h条件下的稳态特性如图8所示。
图8可知,随着进风风量下降,吸气压力、排气压力、制热量、出风温度均上升。降低风量对提升制热量具有显著作用,因此,三角循环的控制策略中需要重点关注空调箱风量。
本文基于仿真模型计算不同进风温度和压缩机转速下对应的风量可调节范围,超过风量可调节范围将触发压缩机高压保护或低压保护(高压保护2.5 MPa,低压保护0.12 MPa),如图9所示。
例如,环境温度为-20 ℃的冷起动工况,暖芯进风温度为-20 ℃,压缩机转速为6 500 r/min,则此时鼓风机的风量、制热量、出风温度见图9a,且风量越小,制热量越大,若风量超过给定范围,会触发压缩机高压保护或低压保护。当乘员舱内获得一定的温升,风量越小,制热量越大。当乘员舱内温度达到20 ℃左右时,暖芯进风温度约为10 ℃,假设压缩机控制目标为5 000 r/min,那么风量的可调节范围为123 m3/h到最大值之间。
本文通过试验和仿真的方式研究了三角循环的性能和控制策略,主要结论如下:
a. 在零部件选型方面,由于冷凝段焓差减小,三角循环对冷凝器要求更高,由于电子膨胀阀入口为两相流,三角循环对电子膨胀阀要求更高。
b. 台架测试显示,三角循环制热量能够达到6 kW,在大多数情况下足以满足整车制热需求,此时压缩机转速为9 500 r/min,高压为2.2 MPa,低压为0.2 MPa。
c. 电子膨胀阀开度增大有助于压缩机发挥更大的能力,从而获得更多的制热量,但增益递减。
d. 三角循环在高进风温度或高排气压力工况下具有较大的制热量,因此冷起动阶段需采用小风量的控制策略。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230408
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2023-12-15
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  • 修回日期:2023-09-15
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    1 空调国际(上海)有限公司, 上海 201108
    2 奥特佳新能源科技股份有限公司, 南京 211111
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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