Article(id=1196101745072976046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196101740056593123, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230439, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1719158400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763102478521, onlineDateStr=2025-11-14, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763102478521, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763102478521, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102478521, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196101740056593123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763102477325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102749153, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196102880244576759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196101740056593123, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196102880244576760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196101740056593123, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196101747115602096, articleId=1196101745072976046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research on AEB Performance Improvement Method of Electric Two-Wheelers in Accident Scene, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve performance of automatic emergency braking (AEB) system, this article firstly analyzes the data from road traffic accidents, and concludes that the collision frequency and accident fatality rate are higher when the electric two-wheeler drives head-on when the motor vehicle turns left, then summarizes this accident scene as a typical application scenario of AEB system. The PreScan-MATLAB-CarSim active safety simulation test model is built using real vehicle parameters and the technical parameters of the sensor, and the type, number of the sensors and cameras needed and reasonable range of emergency braking parameters are determined by simulation. Finally, driving robot and small-sized bearing robot are employed to build an accident test scene, and the AEB parameter matching and simulation parameter verification are completed. The results show that the parameters can satisfy the requirement of development.

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为提高自动紧急制动(AEB)系统的性能,通过道路交通事故数据分析得出机动车左转条件下电动两轮车迎面行驶发生碰撞事故的频率和伤亡率较高,将该场景归纳为AEB系统的典型应用场景,使用实车参数和传感器自身技术参数搭建PreScan-MATLAB-CarSim主动安全仿真测试模型,通过仿真确定所需传感器及摄像头类型、数量以及合理的紧急制动参数范围,最后,使用驾驶机器人及小型超平承载机器人搭建实车测试场景,完成AEB参数匹配及仿真参数验证,结果表明,该参数满足开发要求。

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路口类型 事故数量
/起
事故数量
占比/%
路口平均
宽度/m
W0 94 34 4.8
W1 64 23 7.9
W2 25 9 11.7
W2T 16 6 11.0
B2 16 6 16.3
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各事故路口类型信息

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路口类型 事故数量
/起
事故数量
占比/%
路口平均
宽度/m
W0 94 34 4.8
W1 64 23 7.9
W2 25 9 11.7
W2T 16 6 11.0
B2 16 6 16.3
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虚拟车道宽/m 紧急制动时刻/s
0.8 0.9 1.0
3.6 碰撞 碰撞 碰撞
3.7 碰撞 相距0.1 m 相距0.24 m
3.8 相距0.15 m 相距0.25 m 相距0.4 m
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不同参数下车辆紧急制动表现

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虚拟车道宽/m 紧急制动时刻/s
0.8 0.9 1.0
3.6 碰撞 碰撞 碰撞
3.7 碰撞 相距0.1 m 相距0.24 m
3.8 相距0.15 m 相距0.25 m 相距0.4 m
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速度
/km·h-1
曲线1 曲线2 曲线3
起始半径
/m
结束半径
/m
角度
/(°)
起始半径
/m
结束半径
/m
角度
/(°)
起始半径
/m
结束半径
/m
角度
/(°)
10 1 500 10 20.65 10 10 48.62 10 1 500 20.65
20 1 500 16 21.85 16 16 46.42 16 1 500 21.85
30 1 500 29 22.92 29 29 44.08 29 1 500 22.92
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不同车速测试车辆路径参数

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速度
/km·h-1
曲线1 曲线2 曲线3
起始半径
/m
结束半径
/m
角度
/(°)
起始半径
/m
结束半径
/m
角度
/(°)
起始半径
/m
结束半径
/m
角度
/(°)
10 1 500 10 20.65 10 10 48.62 10 1 500 20.65
20 1 500 16 21.85 16 16 46.42 16 1 500 21.85
30 1 500 29 22.92 29 29 44.08 29 1 500 22.92
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电动两轮车事故场景下自动紧急制动系统性能提升方法研究
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闫龙威 , 吴志国 , 林松 , 江志双 , 赵文博 , 胡睿楠
汽车工程师 | 2025,(4): 29-35
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汽车工程师 | 2025, (4): 29-35
电动两轮车事故场景下自动紧急制动系统性能提升方法研究
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闫龙威, 吴志国, 林松, 江志双, 赵文博, 胡睿楠
作者信息
  • 一汽-大众汽车有限公司,长春 130011
Research on AEB Performance Improvement Method of Electric Two-Wheelers in Accident Scene
Longwei Yan, Zhiguo Wu, Song Lin, Zhishuang Jiang, Wenbo Zhao, Ruinan Hu
Affiliations
  • FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd., Changchun 13001
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230439
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为提高自动紧急制动(AEB)系统的性能,通过道路交通事故数据分析得出机动车左转条件下电动两轮车迎面行驶发生碰撞事故的频率和伤亡率较高,将该场景归纳为AEB系统的典型应用场景,使用实车参数和传感器自身技术参数搭建PreScan-MATLAB-CarSim主动安全仿真测试模型,通过仿真确定所需传感器及摄像头类型、数量以及合理的紧急制动参数范围,最后,使用驾驶机器人及小型超平承载机器人搭建实车测试场景,完成AEB参数匹配及仿真参数验证,结果表明,该参数满足开发要求。

紧急制动  /  事故场景  /  仿真测试  /  实车验证

In order to improve performance of automatic emergency braking (AEB) system, this article firstly analyzes the data from road traffic accidents, and concludes that the collision frequency and accident fatality rate are higher when the electric two-wheeler drives head-on when the motor vehicle turns left, then summarizes this accident scene as a typical application scenario of AEB system. The PreScan-MATLAB-CarSim active safety simulation test model is built using real vehicle parameters and the technical parameters of the sensor, and the type, number of the sensors and cameras needed and reasonable range of emergency braking parameters are determined by simulation. Finally, driving robot and small-sized bearing robot are employed to build an accident test scene, and the AEB parameter matching and simulation parameter verification are completed. The results show that the parameters can satisfy the requirement of development.

Emergency braking  /  Accident scenario  /  Simulation test  /  Real vehicle verification
闫龙威, 吴志国, 林松, 江志双, 赵文博, 胡睿楠. 电动两轮车事故场景下自动紧急制动系统性能提升方法研究. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (4) : 29 -35 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230439
Longwei Yan, Zhiguo Wu, Song Lin, Zhishuang Jiang, Wenbo Zhao, Ruinan Hu. Research on AEB Performance Improvement Method of Electric Two-Wheelers in Accident Scene[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (4) : 29 -35 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230439
自动紧急制动(Autonomous Emergency Braking,AEB)系统是最早的主动安全功能之一。在AEB系统功能测试中,需重点关注测试目标物、测试场景以及驾驶员在危险状态下对车辆的输入[1-3]。整车制造商大多基于欧洲新车安全评鉴协会(European New Car Assessment Programme,Euro NCAP)的评价标准进行主动安全功能算法开发,导致算法在中国的部分道路场景中会出现场景不识别或反应迟滞的问题。因此,需要改进相关算法并提升对我国道路目标物的识别能力。例如,从中国交通事故深度调查(China In-Depth Accident Study,CIDAS)事故案例中提取典型的开发场景,提升车辆在该类场景中的性能表现。
在各事故类型中,电动两轮车与摩托车参与的事故数量约占事故总数量的43%[4],自2016年起,电动汽车事故数量已占据各事故类型的榜首,并呈现快速上升趋势[5]。由于AEB功能开发过程中电动汽车目标物场景较少且相对单一[6-8],主动安全功能在电动汽车事故中很难发挥作用。同时,很多整车制造商按照法规将目标物为车辆和行人的危险场景作为主要开发场景,也是该类事故多发的原因之一。
本文以电动两轮车的典型事故为例,进行主动安全事故场景开发。首先,归纳整理事故发生时的环境、照明情况、电动两轮车驾驶员受伤情况、车辆运动轨迹、两轮车运动轨迹等数据,得到发生频率较高及碰撞伤害较严重的事故场景作为工况开发基础。其次,使用车辆及传感器自身技术参数搭建PreScan-MATLAB-CarSim主动安全仿真测试模型,测试传感器探测范围,确认传感器配置需求[9-10],通过仿真测试得到制动参数的合理范围。最后,利用驾驶机器人及小型超平承载机器人搭建实车测试场景,验证AEB系统的性能。
典型事故类型的筛选需要从事故发生频率高、参与者重伤率及死亡率高的类型中选取。根据2020年至2023年中国乘用车事故数据统计[11],电动汽车事故发生概率最高的前10种事故类型及其伤亡率如图1图2所示。
在十字路口中,机动车左转时电动两轮车对向直行(221)和机动车直行时电动两轮车右侧横穿(321)的事故占电动两轮车事故总量的37%。机动车左转时电动两轮车右侧直行(322)和机动车追尾电动两轮车(601)的事故数量虽然不多,但人员伤亡率很高。
图2中,上述4类典型场景发生的事故数量占全部电动汽车事故数量的49%,且在事故过程中人员伤亡率超过35%。本文选取321事故类型作为搭建AEB功能开发场景的基础,通过对关键参数仿真测试及实车验证提升车辆AEB系统性能。
确定电动汽车典型事故类型后,仍需获得更多参数以搭建AEB系统开发所需场景,从试验场地环境和试验可重复性角度分析,所需参数可分为环境参数、本车参数、目标车参数。环境参数包含光照情况及主要道路特征,主车、目标车参数包含相应车速、车辆运动轨迹以及碰撞时的相对姿态。
十字路口作为机动车左转时电动汽车迎面行驶事故的主要道路特征,需要清晰定义其参数。如图3所示,十字路口的主要参数为车辆与目标物侧向距离a、转弯车辆路径到路边的横向距离b、中央绿化隔离带宽度cacb以及非机动车道绿化带宽度d
根据有、无道路中央绿化带,可将路口分为2类,共16种[12],如图4所示,可覆盖约95%的中国路口特征。
将电动两轮车十字路口事故中的道路特征与上述16种路口对应后发现,电动两轮车事故发生频率较高的前5种路口分别为W0、W1、W2、W2T及B2,如表1所示,此类路口平均宽度为4.8 m。
W0路口事故类型为主车在左转时与相邻直行车道电动两轮车相撞,此类事故发生频率最高,故本文选取W0类型路口的道路特征进行研究。
主车的运动参数可分解为车速和十字路口左转时的转弯半径。如图5所示,定义当主车转向角速率大于5 (°)/s时车辆对应的位置坐标为转弯弧线起点P1,碰撞时车辆对应的位置坐标为转弯弧线终点P2,中间时刻车辆对应的位置坐标为转弯弧线中点P3。根据CIDAS数据库中记录的事故类型及事故相关车辆及人员信息等,通过数据筛选处理得到101起乘用车撞击电动两轮车事故,对数据进行分析后,重建案例得出车辆转弯半径的平均值为20 m,事故车辆左转平均车速为20 km/h。由于车辆左转速度不会高于30 km/h,本场景3个速度点处主车车速分别设置为10 km/h、20 km/h、30 km/h,其他速度点的参数通过线性插值得出,使该功能可满足10~30 km/h的所有速度点。
由于电动两轮车骑行者运动状态十分复杂,事故数据中无法体现骑行者的初始速度和碰撞速度。但交通法规要求电动自行车车速不得超过25 km/h,故设定骑行者的速度为20 km/h,分别分析骑行者前方有遮挡和无遮挡的场景[13]
在主动安全系统开发前期,通过虚拟仿真对场景识别、算法逻辑进行测试和优化,可提高开发效率,节约开发成本。本文利用主动安全场景仿真软件PreScan搭建电动汽车典型事故场景,并通过摄像头角度及雷达探测范围仿真,得出所需传感器类型及数量[14-15]
利用PreScan建立十字路口机动车左转时电动汽车迎面直行无遮挡场景,场景运动模型和主车驾驶员视觉模型如图6图7所示。在主车整个运动过程中,驾驶员虽然可以裸眼观测到目标物的行驶情况,但仍需要获得传感器探测的精确距离信息,才能保证目标物始终在传感器的探测范围内。建模过程中通常需要设置传感器类型、数量以及不同类型传感器的探测角度。
AEB功能主要依靠前主雷达和前视摄像头实现。首先对1个主雷达和1个主摄像头进行仿真,需要在仿真过程中确认是否可以探测到目标物以及探测到的时机是否满足功能要求。若仿真过程中传感器在碰撞前3 s内不能持续探测到目标物,则需要增加更多传感器进行目标物的探测。
主车配置1颗77 Hz毫米波主雷达和1个探测角度为52°的主摄像头作为AEB的传感器,在仿真过程中,电动两轮车始终在主雷达和主摄像头探测范围内,如图8所示,因此当前配置可以满足该事故场景的需求。
确定AEB功能所需传感器数量及角度后,需要通过仿真确定该功能在电动两轮车十字路口场景中的关键参数。场景的测试仿真需要根据车辆参数及测试数据建立车辆动力学模型,在车辆紧急制动过程中,准确的动力学模型是保证车辆状态和仿真测试的功能触发时刻准确的前提。本文使用CarSim进行参数方式建模[16]
在电动汽车十字路口场事故景中,主要通过紧急制动功能避免碰撞。在紧急制动场景仿真测试过程中,通过控制车辆建压时间来控制车辆的制动性能。参数包含制动迟滞时间、制动建压时间以及前、后制动卡钳压力,该参数会影响AEB控制器制动请求的响应时间。通过控制轮胎参数和簧上质量来控制车辆响应的减速度。通过修改轮胎型号、轮胎侧偏特性、轮胎纵滑特性、轮胎侧倾特性来控制车辆制动过程中的性能。车辆的质量、尺寸需要与实车一致,否则在仿真过程中会影响车辆减速的计算。
在确定车辆参数后,通过仿真触发车辆制动,减速度分别为-9 m/s2、-6 m/s2、-3 m/s2,观察仿真响应曲线与实车响应曲线是否一致,从而确认制动参数是否准确,调试制动参数使2条曲线高度拟合后,即完成了紧急制动车辆动力学模型的基本搭建,如图9所示。
在电动两轮车十字路口场景中,影响车辆AEB功能的主要参数是虚拟车道宽度和主车紧急制动触发时刻。行业内主要使用碰撞时间(Time To Collision,TTC)作为紧急制动触发参数。若在各种场景下,不同触发时间车辆能够避免碰撞,则认为功能参数匹配。
触发时刻和减速度需相互配合,以满足不同场景下紧急制动的性能要求。目前,根据目标物的不同,车辆减速度分为-3 m/s2、-6 m/s2和-9 m/s2 3个等级。当目标物为车辆时,根据目标车与主车的相对速度触发不同的减速度。当目标物为行人、自行车时,为保护弱势群体,车辆紧急制动减速度为一级减速度,即-9 m/s2
通过毫米波雷达可得到主车与目标车的相对距离和偏移角度,计算可得两车的横向和纵向偏移量,从而判断目标车辆是否在主车虚拟车道范围内。在得到两者某时刻的相对位置后,根据航偏角将速度分解成X向、Y向速度,其中X向为正东方,Y向为正北方,以此为标准建立直角坐标系,根据Y向相对速度ΔVy与相对距离可得碰撞时间Δtl,根据碰撞时间计算两车的横向偏移量dl,偏移量达到阈值后则将目标锁定为预制动目标并进行实时计算,判断在AEB制动过程中两车是否会碰撞,如图10所示。
相对横向速度、相对纵向速度、纵向碰撞时间、横向偏移量计算如下:
$\Delta V_{x}=V_{1} \cos \theta_{1}+V_{2} \cos \theta_{2} $
$\Delta V_{y}=V_{1} \sin \theta_{1}-V_{2} \sin \theta_{2} $
$\Delta t_{1}=\frac{Y_{\mathrm{dis}}}{\Delta V_{y}}$
$d_{1}=\Delta t_{1} \Delta V_{x} $
式中:ΔVx为相对横向速度,V1为主车速度,θ1为主车与X方向的夹角,V2为目标车速度,θ2为目标车与X方向的夹角,ΔVy为相对纵向速度,Ydis为两车纵向距离,Δtl为纵向碰撞时间,dl为横向偏移量。
通过MATLAB/Simulink搭建仿真数据测试模块。虚拟车道宽度分别设置为3.6 m、3.7 m、3.8 m,在预计碰撞时间为0.8 s、0.9 s、1.0 s条件下检测车辆是否碰撞以及车辆停车时与目标物的距离。仿真测试结果如表2所示,根据场景要求,以制动时刻为1.0 s、虚拟车道宽度为3.8 m作为实车测试匹配的基础。后续通过实车测试验证参数是否正确,如果测试结果不理想,可在此基础上修改,以提高匹配试验的效率。
为保证测试过程中主车行驶轨迹与仿真场景一致,使用驾驶机器人驾驶车辆,如图11所示。
测试过程中的车辆速度、路径均由驾驶机器人控制,如图12所示。测试过程中,首先通过卫星惯性导航设备建立测试场地坐标系,然后通过设置车辆行驶路径、车速、驾驶机器人控制及退出阈值,控制测试车辆在预定路径上行驶[17]
在电动自行车十字路口实车测试场景中,测试车辆车速分别为10 km/h、20 km/h、30 km/h。车辆行驶路径分别为直线、定半径曲线、直线,其中定半径曲线由3个部分组成,如图13所示,参数如表3所示。将测试路径及速度输入驾驶机器人,由驾驶机器人驾驶车辆完成测试。
测试使用定制的电动两轮车作为目标物,电动两轮车安装在小型超平承载机器人上,由机器人完成目标物的速度和路径控制。在电动自行车十字路口实车测试场景中,目标电动汽车的速度为20 km/h,路径为直线。测试前需要在机器人控制软件中建立相同坐标系,并在目标物控制端输入测试车辆行驶轨迹和目标物行驶轨迹以及碰撞点,由软件计算出目标物的出发时刻。目标物的运动轨迹以及目标物与主车的碰撞点如图14所示。
测试电动两轮车十字路口典型工况如图15所示,在实车测试过程中,首先测试仿真基本参数。将车辆紧急制动功能在该场景中的参数修改为当碰撞时间为1.2 s时开始报警,当碰撞时间为1 s时开始制动,虚拟车道宽修改为3.8 m。测试结果显示,车辆通过紧急制动功能避免碰撞,车辆制动后与目标物最近距离为0.45 m,满足该场景开发要求。
为提升车辆紧急制动系统的性能,本文通过分析2020年至2023年道路交通事故的数据,以机动车左转时电动两轮车迎面行驶为典型事故类型,并根据环境、主车及目标车参数搭建了AEB系统开发测试场景矩阵。使用PreScan仿真测试软件搭建雷达、摄像头模型,通过仿真得出单摄像头单雷达方案可满足电动汽车该场景的传感器需求。
建立PreScan-Simulink-CarSim参数仿真模型,针对关键参数进行仿真分析,得出当虚拟车道宽度阈值为3.8 m、碰撞时间为1 s时车辆全力制动满足要求调试要求。最后利用驾驶机器人及小型超平承载机器人完成实车调试验证测试,证明该参数满足开发要求。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20230439
  • 首发时间:2025-11-14
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 修回日期:2024-06-24
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    一汽-大众汽车有限公司,长春 130011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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