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Article(id=1196101744263475370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196101740056593123, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240265, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1726588800000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763102478327, onlineDateStr=2025-11-14, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763102478327, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763102478327, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102478327, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196101740056593123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763102477325, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102749153, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196102880244576759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196101740056593123, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196102880244576760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196101740056593123, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196101744435441836, articleId=1196101744263475370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research on the Effects of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Air Conditioning on Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions under Different Temperature Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the additional fuel consumption and pollutant emissions caused by heavy-duty vehicle air conditioning, this paper analyzes the effects of turning on or off air conditioning on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions under different temperature conditions. Dynamometer test is performed based on China Heavy-duty commercial vehicle Test Cycle (CHTC). The test results show that the additional fuel consumption of the air conditioning is about 7% under high temperature, 5% higher than that under normal temperature. The larger the weight of a heavy-duty vehicle, the smaller the impact of the air conditioning system on fuel consumption. Turning on the air conditioning can reduce NOx emission, and NOx emission under high temperature is lower than that under normal temperature. Turning on the air conditioning will cause an increase of Particle Number (PN) and CO2 emissions.

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针对重型车辆车载空调引起的附加油耗和污染物排放问题，分析不同温度条件下重型车辆车载空调开启和关闭对油耗及污染物排放的影响，并基于中国重型商用车辆行驶工况（CHTC）进行了转毂测试，结果表明：高温条件下空调附加油耗为7%左右，较常温条件下空调附加油耗（5%左右）更高；重型车辆质量越大，空调系统对总体油耗的影响越小；空调开启可降低NOx排放量，且高温条件下的NOx排放量较常温条件下低；空调开启会造成粒子数量（PN）和CO2排放量提高。

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车辆编号 A B C
车辆类型 载货汽车 载货汽车 牵引车
最大总质量/t 7.3 33 49
试验载荷 满载 满载 满载
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试验车辆参数

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车辆编号 A B C
车辆类型 载货汽车 载货汽车 牵引车
最大总质量/t 7.3 33 49
试验载荷 满载 满载 满载
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设备名称 制造商 测量范围 精度
转毂 AVL 0~160 km/h ±0.1 km/h
油耗仪 AVL 0.35~150 L/h ±1%
排放分析仪 HORIBA 常规污染物
环境舱 Intech 5~60 ℃ ±1 ℃
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试验设备参数

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设备名称 制造商 测量范围 精度
转毂 AVL 0~160 km/h ±0.1 km/h
油耗仪 AVL 0.35~150 L/h ±1%
排放分析仪 HORIBA 常规污染物
环境舱 Intech 5~60 ℃ ±1 ℃
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温度 车辆
编号		 百公里油耗/L 附加百公里油耗/L 附加油耗增幅/%
空调
关闭		 空调
开启
常温 A 15.06 15.90 0.84 5.58
B 36.76 38.69 1.93 5.25
C 42.64 44.81 2.17 5.09
高温 A 15.41 16.53 1.12 7.27
B 38.34 41.06 2.72 7.09
C 43.93 47.15 3.22 7.33
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常温和高温条件下的油耗试验数据

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温度 车辆
编号		 百公里油耗/L 附加百公里油耗/L 附加油耗增幅/%
空调
关闭		 空调
开启
常温 A 15.06 15.90 0.84 5.58
B 36.76 38.69 1.93 5.25
C 42.64 44.81 2.17 5.09
高温 A 15.41 16.53 1.12 7.27
B 38.34 41.06 2.72 7.09
C 43.93 47.15 3.22 7.33
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温度 车辆编号 空调状态 CO排放量/g·km-1 NOx排放量/g·km-1 PN/个·km-1 CO2排放量/g·km-1
常温 A 关闭 0.19 0.17 3.12×1010 398.33
开启 0.20 0.16 3.48×1010 420.86
B 关闭 1.01 0.18 6.65×1011 971.38
开启 1.01 0.16 7.46×1011 1 024.91
C 关闭 0.60 0.02 1.64×1011 1 130.83
开启 0.59 0.02 1.97×1011 1 186.42
高温 A 关闭 0.43 0.12 4.51×1010 409.37
开启 0.40 0.11 5.04×1010 436.72
B 关闭 1.16 0.02 7.23×1011 1 015.49
开启 1.15 0.02 8.27×1011 1 086.88
C 关闭 1.39 0.02 1.68×1011 1 145.52
开启 1.45 0.02 2.08×1011 1 230.17
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常温和高温条件下的污染物排放试验数据

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温度 车辆编号 空调状态 CO排放量/g·km-1 NOx排放量/g·km-1 PN/个·km-1 CO2排放量/g·km-1
常温 A 关闭 0.19 0.17 3.12×1010 398.33
开启 0.20 0.16 3.48×1010 420.86
B 关闭 1.01 0.18 6.65×1011 971.38
开启 1.01 0.16 7.46×1011 1 024.91
C 关闭 0.60 0.02 1.64×1011 1 130.83
开启 0.59 0.02 1.97×1011 1 186.42
高温 A 关闭 0.43 0.12 4.51×1010 409.37
开启 0.40 0.11 5.04×1010 436.72
B 关闭 1.16 0.02 7.23×1011 1 015.49
开启 1.15 0.02 8.27×1011 1 086.88
C 关闭 1.39 0.02 1.68×1011 1 145.52
开启 1.45 0.02 2.08×1011 1 230.17
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不同温度条件下重型车辆车载空调对油耗及污染物排放的影响研究
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李璜 , 王帅滨 , 肖伟 , 田刚
汽车工程师 | 2025,(4): 44-48
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汽车工程师 | 2025, (4): 44-48
不同温度条件下重型车辆车载空调对油耗及污染物排放的影响研究
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李璜, 王帅滨, 肖伟, 田刚
作者信息
  • 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司，重庆 401122
Research on the Effects of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Air Conditioning on Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions under Different Temperature Conditions
Huang Li, Shuaibin Wang, Wei Xiao, Gang Tian
Affiliations
  • China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401122
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240265
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摘要
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针对重型车辆车载空调引起的附加油耗和污染物排放问题，分析不同温度条件下重型车辆车载空调开启和关闭对油耗及污染物排放的影响，并基于中国重型商用车辆行驶工况（CHTC）进行了转毂测试，结果表明：高温条件下空调附加油耗为7%左右，较常温条件下空调附加油耗（5%左右）更高；重型车辆质量越大，空调系统对总体油耗的影响越小；空调开启可降低NOx排放量，且高温条件下的NOx排放量较常温条件下低；空调开启会造成粒子数量（PN）和CO2排放量提高。

重型车辆车载空调  /  油耗  /  污染物排放  /  温度  /  中国重型商用车辆行驶工况

For the additional fuel consumption and pollutant emissions caused by heavy-duty vehicle air conditioning, this paper analyzes the effects of turning on or off air conditioning on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions under different temperature conditions. Dynamometer test is performed based on China Heavy-duty commercial vehicle Test Cycle (CHTC). The test results show that the additional fuel consumption of the air conditioning is about 7% under high temperature, 5% higher than that under normal temperature. The larger the weight of a heavy-duty vehicle, the smaller the impact of the air conditioning system on fuel consumption. Turning on the air conditioning can reduce NOx emission, and NOx emission under high temperature is lower than that under normal temperature. Turning on the air conditioning will cause an increase of Particle Number (PN) and CO2 emissions.

Heavy-duty vehicle air conditioning  /  Fuel consumption  /  Pollutant emissions  /  Temperature  /  China Heavy-duty commercial vehicle Test Cycle (CHTC)
李璜, 王帅滨, 肖伟, 田刚. 不同温度条件下重型车辆车载空调对油耗及污染物排放的影响研究. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (4) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240265
Huang Li, Shuaibin Wang, Wei Xiao, Gang Tian. Research on the Effects of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Air Conditioning on Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions under Different Temperature Conditions[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (4) : 44 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240265
正文
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1 前言
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车载空调能够调节驾驶室内的温、湿度，提高乘员的舒适性，但其带来的油耗增加及污染物排放问题越来越受到重视。
国外相关标准、法规在车载空调系统的油耗和排放测试方面主要分为两个方向：一是直接对车载空调系统的制冷剂泄漏进行检测，以国际自动机工程师学会制定的J2763-2015《移动空气调节系统产生的制冷排放物测定用试验规程》[1]及欧盟委员会制定的（EC）No.706/2007《空调系统泄漏量实验条例》[2]为代表；二是采用间接油耗和排放测试方法对由空调系统启动引起的车辆附加油耗和污染物排放进行检测，以《美国联邦法典》（U.S. Code of Federal Regulations）第40册中的AC17空调测试循环[3]和联合国欧洲经济委员会制定的《移动空调测试程序》（Mobile Air-Conditioning Test Procedure）[4]为代表。我国国家标准GB/T 40711.3—2021《乘用车循环外技术/装置节能效果评价方法 第3部分：汽车空调》[5]为乘用车车载空调节能效果提供了评价方法，该方法采用中国轻型汽车测试循环-乘用车（China Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle-Passenger，CLTC-P）工况检测车载空调的附加油耗和CO2排放量。
研究成果方面，张旭阳等[6]研究了车载空调对轻型乘用车油耗的影响，对比了新欧洲驾驶循环（New European Driving Cycle，NEDC）、全球统一轻型车辆测试循环（Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle，WLTC）和中国轻型汽车测试循环（China Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle，CLTC）3种工况下的空调附加油耗，发现CLTC工况下空调附加油耗增幅最大。李腾腾等[7]研究了车辆载荷及空调对重型车辆实际道路污染物排放的影响，发现开启空调会降低NOx的排放量，但会造成粒子数量（Particle Number，PN）增加。赵伟等[8]在转毂上运行NEDC工况对轻型车辆车载空调进行研究，发现开启空调会导致车辆部分污染物排放量及油耗不同程度增加。
上述标准和研究的对象多为轻型车辆，近年来，我国重型车辆保有量持续增加，其油耗及污染物排放量相对较高，因此亟需补充完善重型车辆车载空调的相关标准。本文对满足国家第六阶段机动车污染物排放标准的3辆不同类型的重型车辆进行车载空调间接油耗及排放测试，在转毂上运行中国重型商用车辆行驶工况（China Heavy-duty commercial vehicle Test Cycle，CHTC），研究不同温度条件下重型车辆车载空调对油耗及污染物排放的影响，以期为重型车辆车载空调能耗管控政策、标准的建立提供数据基础。
2 油耗及污染物排放试验
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2.1 试验方案
本文选取满足国六排放标准的3款不同整车质量的重型柴油车，在环境舱内进行转毂试验，分别在空调开启和关闭状态下测量油耗及污染物排放量。试验车辆参数如表1所示，各车辆的后处理系统方案均为柴油机氧化型催化器（Diesel Oxidation Catalyst，DOC）+选择性催化还原（Selective Catalytic Reduction，SCR）+氨逃逸催化器（Ammonia Slip Catalyst，ASC）+柴油机颗粒捕集器（Diesel Particulate Filter，DPF）。
试验环境温度为常温25 ℃和高温40 ℃，在每种温度条件下，车辆在空调开启、关闭时分别运行2个完整循环，3辆车共完成24次循环试验。试验车辆均由同一驾驶员操作，车载空调开启时均设置为制冷模式最大挡位，均关闭车辆门窗保持内循环模式，转毂阻力设置为对应的滑行阻力。处理数据时，对每2个相同工况循环的数据结果取平均值。试验环境舱如图1所示。
2.2 试验工况
转毂测试循环采用GB/T 38146.2—2019《中国汽车行驶工况 第2部分：重型商用车辆》[9]规定的CHTC循环。根据试验车辆的不同类型选取相应的曲线，车辆A、车辆B采用中国重型货车行驶工况（China Heavy-duty commercial vehicle Test Cycle for Heavy Truck，CHTC-HT），车辆C采用中国半挂牵引车行驶工况（China Heavy-duty commercial vehicle Test Cycle for Tractor-Trailer，CHTC-TT），如图2所示。
2.3 试验设备
采用油耗仪测量瞬时油耗及百公里油耗等数据，使用排放分析仪记录发动机数据、测量污染物瞬时排放量，试验时环境舱可设置为恒温。试验设备参数如表2所示。
3 试验结果分析
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3.1 空调开启对油耗的影响
车辆空调开启、关闭时的油耗数据如表3所示。
空调开启条件下，测试车辆在高温下的油耗较常温高，车辆A、车辆B、车辆C的增幅分别为3.96%、6.13%、5.22%，发动机做功的增幅分别为3.82%、5.83%、4.99%，油耗增幅与发动机做功增幅基本一致。
空调关闭条件下，测试车辆在高温下的油耗较常温高，这是因为发动机冷却系统在高温环境下需要更多能量来维持发动机的正常工作温度。
计算测试车辆在常温和高温条件下空调运行时单位整车质量的附加油耗，如图3所示。可以看出，随着车型质量的增加，空调运行时单位整车质量带来的附加油耗呈递减趋势，说明重型车量质量越大，车载空调系统对车辆总体的油耗影响越小。
3.2 空调开启对污染物排放的影响
按照国家标准GB 17691—2018《重型柴油车污染物排放限值及测量方法（中国第六阶段）》[10]监测的污染物（CO、NOx、粒子、CO2），对试验车辆的污染物排放情况进行分析，常温和高温条件下车辆空调开启、关闭时的污染物排放数据如表4所示。
由表4可知，空调开启、关闭会造成污染物排放量的差异：
a. 空调开启后NOx排放量出现降低趋势，但降幅不明显，高温条件下NOx排放量较常温条件下低。导致该现象的原因可能是NOx催化还原反应需要在较高的温度下才能进行，而开启空调与环境温度升高都能使SCR系统更快达到反应温度，从而降低NOx排放量。以车辆A为例，不同条件下排气温度随时间的变化情况如图4所示。常温空调开启状态、常温空调关闭状态、高温空调开启状态、高温空调关闭状态下的平均排气温度分别为230.4 ℃、228.7 ℃、243.4 ℃和237.3 ℃，由此可知，空调开启与环境温度升高都会使排气温度升高，使SCR系统更快达到反应温度。
b. 空调开启会造成PN和CO2排放量升高，且高温条件下排放量较常温条件下高。不同温度条件下PN和CO2排放量的增幅如图5所示。
c. PN、CO2排放量与油耗紧密相关，排放量变化规律与油耗变化规律一致。其中，CO2排放量增幅与油耗增幅十分接近，粒子经过DPF过滤，吸附效率差异导致增幅规律存在差异。
d. 空调开启对CO排放量无明显影响，但高温条件下的CO排放量较常温条件下高。
4 结束语
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本文研究了不同温度条件下3款重型车辆车载空调开启和关闭对整车油耗和污染物排放的影响，结论如下：
a. 常温条件下空调附加油耗在5%左右，高温条件下空调附加油耗在7%左右，高温条件下空调附加油耗更高。
b. 重型车辆整车质量越大，空调系统对总体的油耗影响越小。
c. 空调开启使NOx排放量出现降低的趋势，高温条件下NOx排放量较常温条件下低；空调开启还会造成PN和CO2排放量升高，CO2排放量增幅与油耗增幅具有一致性，受DPF影响，PN增幅存在差异；空调开启造成的CO排放量差异无明显规律，但高温条件下CO排放量较常温条件下高。
为进一步分析和验证引起油耗和污染物排放差异的原因，后续还需引入驾驶室尺寸、空调功率等条件。
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240265
  • 首发时间：2025-11-14
  • 出版时间：2025-04-15
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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