Article(id=1196100423577813374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196100421094781769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240219, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1721232000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763102163451, onlineDateStr=2025-11-14, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763102163451, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763102163451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102163451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196100421094781769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763102162860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102929825, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196103638025289814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196100421094781769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196103638025289815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196100421094781769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=20, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196100423753974144, articleId=1196100423577813374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research on the Protection Function of Seat Cushion Restraint to Occupant in Wide-Angle Sitting Posture, columnId=1196108900442354451, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Issue on Automotive Passive Safety and Injury Biomechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the protective effect of seat cushion restraint for occupant in reclined sitting in front impact,the sled tests were carried out with 10° and 27° seat cushion, seat cushion with airbag respectively to. The results show that the cushion airbag has no protective effect on occupant in reclined sitting. When the seat cushion angle is increased from 10° to 27°, the thoracic axial force of the 12th thoracic vertebrae (T12) in the rear occupant in reclined sitting can decrease by about 40%. The maximum chest deflection is located on the buckle side, and it transfers to bottom and increases with the increase of the seat cushion angle. When the seat cushion angle reaches 27°, the maximum deflection can exceed the high performance limit by 16.9%. Therefore the seat cushion angle should be selected between 10° and 27° to balance the thoracic and chest injuries for the rear zero gravity seat. The angle should be increased when the T12 axial force is too large, and the angle should be reduced when the chest deflection is too large.

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为研究正面碰撞中座垫约束对大角度坐姿乘员的保护作用,针对后排座椅靠背倾角45°坐姿乘员,分别采用10°、27°座垫角度、带气囊座垫进行了滑台试验,结果表明:正面碰撞中,座垫气囊对大角度坐姿乘员没有保护作用;座垫角度由10°增大至27°时,处于大角度坐姿的后排乘员第十二胸椎(T12)的轴向力可下降约40%;最大胸部变形量位于带扣侧,随着座垫角度增大,最大胸部变形部位向下方移动且最大胸部变形量增大,当座垫角度达到27°时,最大变形量可超出高性能限值16.9%。因此,对于后排零重力座椅,座垫角度应在10°~27°范围内选择以平衡胸椎和胸部损伤,胸椎轴向力偏大时增大角度,胸部变形量偏大时减小角度。

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试验
序号
座垫角度/(°) 靠背倾角
/(°)
点火时刻
座垫气囊 安全带 带扣
1 10 45 第14 ms 第22 ms
2 10 45 第14 ms 第14 ms 第22 ms
3 27 45 第14 ms 第14 ms 第22 ms
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试验
序号
座垫角度/(°) 靠背倾角
/(°)
点火时刻
座垫气囊 安全带 带扣
1 10 45 第14 ms 第22 ms
2 10 45 第14 ms 第14 ms 第22 ms
3 27 45 第14 ms 第14 ms 第22 ms
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座垫约束对大角度坐姿乘员的保护功能研究*
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商恩义 , 李琨 , 习波波 , 李月明
汽车工程师 | 汽车被动安全与损伤生物力学专刊 2025,(3): 20-26
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汽车工程师 | 汽车被动安全与损伤生物力学专刊 2025, (3): 20-26
座垫约束对大角度坐姿乘员的保护功能研究*
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商恩义, 李琨, 习波波, 李月明
作者信息
  • 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司,浙江省全省智能汽车全域安全重点实验室,宁波 315336
Research on the Protection Function of Seat Cushion Restraint to Occupant in Wide-Angle Sitting Posture
Enyi Shang, Kun Li, Bobo Xi, Yueming Li
Affiliations
  • Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Comprehensive Safety, Ningbo 315336
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240219
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为研究正面碰撞中座垫约束对大角度坐姿乘员的保护作用,针对后排座椅靠背倾角45°坐姿乘员,分别采用10°、27°座垫角度、带气囊座垫进行了滑台试验,结果表明:正面碰撞中,座垫气囊对大角度坐姿乘员没有保护作用;座垫角度由10°增大至27°时,处于大角度坐姿的后排乘员第十二胸椎(T12)的轴向力可下降约40%;最大胸部变形量位于带扣侧,随着座垫角度增大,最大胸部变形部位向下方移动且最大胸部变形量增大,当座垫角度达到27°时,最大变形量可超出高性能限值16.9%。因此,对于后排零重力座椅,座垫角度应在10°~27°范围内选择以平衡胸椎和胸部损伤,胸椎轴向力偏大时增大角度,胸部变形量偏大时减小角度。

大角度坐姿  /  座垫角度  /  座垫气囊  /  胸椎T12  /  胸部变形量

In order to study the protective effect of seat cushion restraint for occupant in reclined sitting in front impact,the sled tests were carried out with 10° and 27° seat cushion, seat cushion with airbag respectively to. The results show that the cushion airbag has no protective effect on occupant in reclined sitting. When the seat cushion angle is increased from 10° to 27°, the thoracic axial force of the 12th thoracic vertebrae (T12) in the rear occupant in reclined sitting can decrease by about 40%. The maximum chest deflection is located on the buckle side, and it transfers to bottom and increases with the increase of the seat cushion angle. When the seat cushion angle reaches 27°, the maximum deflection can exceed the high performance limit by 16.9%. Therefore the seat cushion angle should be selected between 10° and 27° to balance the thoracic and chest injuries for the rear zero gravity seat. The angle should be increased when the T12 axial force is too large, and the angle should be reduced when the chest deflection is too large.

Reclined sitting  /  Seat cushion angle  /  Seat cushion airbag  /  Thoracic T12  /  Chest deflection
商恩义, 李琨, 习波波, 李月明. 座垫约束对大角度坐姿乘员的保护功能研究*. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (3) : 20 -26 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240219
Enyi Shang, Kun Li, Bobo Xi, Yueming Li. Research on the Protection Function of Seat Cushion Restraint to Occupant in Wide-Angle Sitting Posture[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (3) : 20 -26 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240219
伴随着汽车的智能化快速转型,可将座椅靠背调节至45°或60°等大角度,使乘员处于放松状态的零重力座椅开始陆续在部分乘用车上配置,但整车制造商仅建议乘员在停车休息的情况下采用大角度坐姿,主要原因是大角度坐姿下乘员在碰撞过程中的损伤机理、保护方案等研究还不成熟,相关的法规还不完善[1]。如正面碰撞过程中,相对于25°靠背倾角坐姿下的乘员主要表现为前扑,大角度坐姿下的乘员将发生严重下潜,而下潜造成的损伤及保护措施仍处在研究中。
针对不同坐姿下乘员的乘坐舒适性及碰撞损伤,黄青阳[2]等研究了自动驾驶等级提高条件下驾驶人驾驶姿势的变化规律,陈满[3]等研究了座椅靠背倾角对人体振动的响应,指出适度增大靠背倾角可以降低座椅对振动的传递率和总加权吸收功率,但过多增大靠背倾角会导致座椅的振动传递率出现不规则上升而降低舒适性。陆剑雄[4]等研究了坐姿理论与座椅设计原则,指出良好坐姿的必要条件是将最适当的压力分布于各脊椎骨之间的椎间盘上。Pankoke等[5]通过仿真研究了与振动相关的脊柱载荷。李琨等[6]通过THOR AV假人有限元模型研究了不同坐姿下乘员的损伤,指出大角度坐姿下第十二胸椎(胸椎T12)轴向压缩力对乘员安全产生较大威胁。
对于正面碰撞中乘员下潜问题,目前的解决方案之一是增大安全带腰带的作用强度,但同时将对腹部器官造成严重挤压损伤,且骨盆减速过快也将导致胸椎受躯干挤压加重。其他解决方案还包括采用座垫气囊或增大座垫角度来缓解或避免后排乘员下潜,故针对后排大角度坐姿乘员,本文通过座椅滑台试验,从乘员运动姿态和所受伤害两方面探讨座垫角度变化及座垫气囊对乘员的保护作用。
THOR AV假人是全球首款为自动驾驶汽车开发的大角度坐姿假人,虽然法规试验中尚未正式采用,但可参考THOR第50百分位假人应用。THOR AV假人头部、胸部、骨盆均安装有三向加速度传感器,胸部变形量通过4只IR-TRACC(Infra-Red Telescoping Rod for the Assessment of Chest Compression)传感器进行测量,颈部和胸椎T12位置安装有载荷传感器。建立假人加速度和载荷坐标系[7]x向为纵向,y向为横向,z向为垂向。对于加速度,x向向前为正,y向向右为正,z向向下为正。受拉时假人颈部载荷Fz为正;头向前、胸向后时弯矩My为正,称为弯曲弯矩,反之称为伸张弯矩。对于胸部变形量,胸骨远离胸椎为正。对于胸椎T12载荷,受拉时FzT12为正,骨盆不动胸部向前时弯矩MyT12为正。
制定试验方案,以开发中的某款车型为研究平台,滑台加速度采用该车50 km/h正面碰撞试验中B柱下x向加速度,座椅采用该车后排座椅,安全带均采用预紧限力式安全带,型号为LL-59 N·m,安全带上固定点位于座椅靠背上,其他配置方案如表1所示。
试验过程如图1图2所示,座垫角度为10°时的试验1和试验2中,第60 ms前,头部与头枕相对位置关系表明假人下潜幅度大,第80 ms时安全带肩带已滑向带扣侧肩部,第120 ms时假人发生扭转。座垫角度为27°的试验3中假人胸部抬起幅度偏大。
THOR AV假人骨盆加速度的变化反映了骨盆减速过程,FzT12反映躯干与臀部间的拉伸与挤压,MyT12反映躯干相对臂部的翻转强度。因此,通过骨盆加速度和胸椎T12载荷可以研究座垫角度差异对乘员运动姿态的影响。
试验过程假人骨盆加速度如图3所示,带有座垫气囊的试验2和试验3中,骨盆x向加速度axp在座垫气囊展开过程中均有正向加速过程,且两条曲线全程趋于平缓,试验3中axp强度相对更低。与x向相对应,试验2和试验3中骨盆z向加速度azp均大于试验1中的azp。试验结果表明,座垫气囊在展开过程存在明显的抬腿拉扯骨盆过程,且能缓解约束过程中骨盆受到的冲击,但对骨盆下潜的阻止作用偏弱。座垫角度抬升对假人下潜的限制作用较强,其作用下azp较大,axp相对较小,假人躯干翻转时间较早。
图4所示,FzT12基本全程为负,即T12位置全程受压,其中:试验1最大压力达到8.2 kN,且为双峰;试验2中增加座垫气囊后,最大压力为7.8 kN,略有缓解;试验3在试验2基础上将座垫角度调整为27°后,压力下降至4.8 kN,降低约40%。如图5所示,试验1和试验2中MyT12接近,试验3中MyT12全程高于试验1和试验2约50 N·m。试验结果表明,座垫气囊对臀部的约束不足以影响乘员躯干的翻转动作,而座垫角度越大,乘员躯干翻转越快,越有利于缓解大角度坐姿造成的下潜。
后排乘员的主要损伤部位是头部、颈部和胸部,本文针对上述部位对乘员保护的影响进行探讨。
在《C-NCAP管理规则(2024年版)》[8]的正面碰撞试验中,通过头部合成加速度计算头部伤害指数HIC15。在头部发生二次碰撞的情况下,通过HIC15对头部伤害进行评价,高性能限值为500,低性能限值为700。3次试验假人头部的HIC15分别为338(第98.8~113.8 ms)、271(第98.1~113.1 ms)和161(第91.7~106.7 ms),伤害值均较小,且依次减小。
正面碰撞中假人头部横向加速度ay较小,可忽略,纵向加速度ax和垂向加速度az图6所示,az幅值相对较大,而试验3中axaz幅值均偏低。假人头部伤害来自内力和外力,外力由头部与安全气囊或其他内饰碰撞产生,内力由颈部施加[9-11]。3次试验中假人头部与外部无任何接触,伤害均由头部在惯性作用下前向挥鞭作用产生的内力造成,HIC15依次递减表明座垫气囊及增大座垫角度缓解了乘员头部的前向挥鞭幅度,其中,增大座垫角度对挥鞭的缓解作用较大。
《C-NCAP管理规则(2024年版)》中颈部载荷Fz高性能限值为2.7 kN,3次试验中假人Fz图7所示,最大值依次为2. 55 kN、2.54 kN和1.83 kN,均小于高性能限值,且座垫角度越大,颈部Fz越小,试验3颈部载荷相对试验1和试验2颈部载荷平均下降了28%。座垫气囊对颈部轴向力没有影响。
在《C-NCAP管理规则(2024年版)》中,颈部弯矩只评价伸张弯矩。乘员在正常坐姿下,在正面碰撞初期,头部平动,胸部翻起前扑,颈部表现为伸张。滑台试验假人颈部弯矩My图8所示,均较小,试验3最大伸张弯矩为3.8 N·m,高性能限值为42 N·m,仅为高性能限值的9%。3次试验最大弯曲弯矩分别为40.1 N·m、31.8 N·m和32.8 N·m。试验结果表明,后排乘员大角度坐姿下,相对于座椅靠背倾角为25°时的坐姿,碰撞初期乘员下潜缓解了胸部前扑强度,伸张弯矩较小,整个碰撞过程中,颈部弯矩主要表现为弯曲弯矩。
C-NCAP正面碰撞试验胸部评价中,胸部压缩变形量为主要失分点,高性能限值为35 mm,低性能限值为60 mm。THOR AV假人胸部4个变形量测量位置如图9所示,评价针对最大压缩变形量进行[12]
试验中假人胸部变形量如图10所示,试验1和试验2中最大压缩变形量分别为34.8 mm和38.4 mm,位于带扣侧上方,试验2相对试验1增加了10.3%,但变形趋势一致。试验3最大压缩变形量为40.9 mm,位于带扣侧下方,相对试验1和试验2平均增加了11.7%,超出高性能限值16.9%。相对试验1和试验2,试验3中座垫角度由10°调整为27°后,乘员下潜幅度减小,前期胸部压缩变形量减小,而后在骨盆回撤、躯干加速前扑过程中,随着安全带腰带松弛上拉,在带扣侧下方胸部位置出现更强的压缩过程。
考察试验结果稳定性及乘坐位置兼容性,按照试验3约束条件开展试验4,试验3中采用乘员侧后排座椅,试验4中采用驾驶员侧后排座椅。试验4录像截屏如图11所示,试验4与试验3对应时刻假人姿态基本一致。
试验4与试验3的数据对比如图12所示,所有曲线均基本吻合,即2次试验具有较好的一致性,滑台试验研究的结果真实反映了座垫角度变化对后排大角度坐姿乘员的保护功能。
本文通过分别对10°、27°座垫角度及带座垫气囊的大角度座椅进行滑台试验,对后排座椅靠背倾角45°下座垫对乘员的约束功能进行了研究,结果表明:后排乘员处于座椅靠背倾角45°的大角度坐姿时,头部和颈部伤害均较小;座垫气囊对乘员保护无改善作用;胸椎压力普遍较高,应关注;座垫角度由10°增大至27°,乘员胸椎T12最大压力由8 kN左右可下降约40%;随着座垫角度增大,胸部最大变形位置由带扣侧胸部上方转移至下方且胸部最大变形量增大,座垫角度由10°提升至27°时增大约11.7%,超出高性能限值16.9%。综上,座垫角度应根据可接受的胸椎及胸部变形损伤在10°~27°范围内选择。
  • * 浙江省全省智能汽车全域安全重点实验室开放基金项目(ZKLIVCS-202401)
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240219
  • 首发时间:2025-11-14
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
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* 浙江省全省智能汽车全域安全重点实验室开放基金项目(ZKLIVCS-202401)
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    吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司,浙江省全省智能汽车全域安全重点实验室,宁波 315336
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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