Article(id=1196100422676038006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196100421094781769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240193, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1719936000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763102163237, onlineDateStr=2025-11-14, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763102163237, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763102163237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102163237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196100421094781769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763102162860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102929825, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196103638025289814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196100421094781769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196103638025289815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196100421094781769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196100422877364600, articleId=1196100422676038006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Study on Non-Contact Injury of Occupant in Wide-Angle Sitting Posture, columnId=1196108900442354451, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Issue on Automotive Passive Safety and Injury Biomechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the non-contact injury of occupant in front collision in wide-angle sitting, the sled tests is conducted by adjusting the backrest angle and seat cushion angle, and using the airbag inflation delay and the enveloping type airbag. The results show that the risk of brain tissue shear failure, neck bending moment injury, heart aorta rupture and thoracic vertebral compression rupture increases in the occupants in wide-angle sitting,which cannot be effectively solved by timely inflation of airbag and enveloping airbag. It is further pointed out that it is a research direction to adopt the combination of timely inflation of front airbag and knee airbag according to the occupant's sitting posture sitting in front seat for the occupant in wide-angle sitting.

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为研究正面碰撞工况大角度坐姿条件下乘员非接触损伤,通过调整靠背角度、座垫角度等条件,以及采用气囊起爆延时和环抱式气囊,进行了滑台试验。试验结果表明:大角度坐姿下的乘员,脑部组织剪切失效、颈部弯曲弯矩损伤、心脏主动脉拉断、胸椎挤压断裂风险均有所提高,且通过气囊适时起爆和采用环抱式气囊均不能有效解决。进而指出,对于前排大角度坐姿乘员,采用根据乘员坐姿适时起爆正面气囊与膝部气囊的组合方式进行保护是一种研究方向。

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试验序号 类型 气囊点火时刻 靠背角度
/(°)
座垫角度
/(°)
座垫类型 备注
A0 白车身 第20 ms 25 13 普通
A1 座椅 45 13 普通 预紧限力式安全带,上固定点位于靠背上,限力值3 kN;安全带及座垫气囊第14 ms点火
A2 座椅 65 33 普通
A3 白车身 第30 ms 45 27 普通
A4 白车身 第50 ms 65 27 带气囊
B1 座椅 第12 ms 25 10 普通 B2试验中座椅靠背角度和座垫角度由B1试验中座椅绕y轴旋转形成
B2 座椅 第12 ms 45 30 普通
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假人大角度坐姿下滑台试验矩阵

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试验序号 类型 气囊点火时刻 靠背角度
/(°)
座垫角度
/(°)
座垫类型 备注
A0 白车身 第20 ms 25 13 普通
A1 座椅 45 13 普通 预紧限力式安全带,上固定点位于靠背上,限力值3 kN;安全带及座垫气囊第14 ms点火
A2 座椅 65 33 普通
A3 白车身 第30 ms 45 27 普通
A4 白车身 第50 ms 65 27 带气囊
B1 座椅 第12 ms 25 10 普通 B2试验中座椅靠背角度和座垫角度由B1试验中座椅绕y轴旋转形成
B2 座椅 第12 ms 45 30 普通
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指标 高性能限值 低性能限值 极限值
剪切力Fx 1.90 kN@0 ms
1.20 kN@25~35 ms
1.10 kN@45 ms
3.10 kN@0 ms
1.50 kN@25~35 ms
1.10 kN@45 ms
3.10 kN@0 ms
1.50 kN@25~35 ms
1.10 kN@45 ms
张力Fz 2.70 kN@0 ms
2.30 kN@35 ms
1.10 kN@60 ms
3.30 kN@0 ms
2.90 kN@35 ms
1.10 kN@60 ms
3.30 kN@0 ms
2.90 kN@35 ms
1.10 kN@60 ms
伸张弯矩My 42.00 N·m 57.00 N·m 57.00 N·m
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正面100%碰撞前排假人颈部评价指标

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指标 高性能限值 低性能限值 极限值
剪切力Fx 1.90 kN@0 ms
1.20 kN@25~35 ms
1.10 kN@45 ms
3.10 kN@0 ms
1.50 kN@25~35 ms
1.10 kN@45 ms
3.10 kN@0 ms
1.50 kN@25~35 ms
1.10 kN@45 ms
张力Fz 2.70 kN@0 ms
2.30 kN@35 ms
1.10 kN@60 ms
3.30 kN@0 ms
2.90 kN@35 ms
1.10 kN@60 ms
3.30 kN@0 ms
2.90 kN@35 ms
1.10 kN@60 ms
伸张弯矩My 42.00 N·m 57.00 N·m 57.00 N·m
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大角度坐姿下乘员非接触损伤研究
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商恩义 1, 2 , 李卫冬 1, 2 , 习波波 1, 2 , 李月明 1, 2
汽车工程师 | 汽车被动安全与损伤生物力学专刊 2025,(3): 12-19
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汽车工程师 | 汽车被动安全与损伤生物力学专刊 2025, (3): 12-19
大角度坐姿下乘员非接触损伤研究
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商恩义1, 2, 李卫冬1, 2, 习波波1, 2, 李月明1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司,宁波 315336
  • 2 全省智能汽车全域安全重点实验室,宁波 315336
Study on Non-Contact Injury of Occupant in Wide-Angle Sitting Posture
Enyi Shang1, 2, Weidong Li1, 2, Bobo Xi1, 2, Yueming Li1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315336
  • 2 Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Comprehensive Defense System, Ningbo 315336
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240193
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为研究正面碰撞工况大角度坐姿条件下乘员非接触损伤,通过调整靠背角度、座垫角度等条件,以及采用气囊起爆延时和环抱式气囊,进行了滑台试验。试验结果表明:大角度坐姿下的乘员,脑部组织剪切失效、颈部弯曲弯矩损伤、心脏主动脉拉断、胸椎挤压断裂风险均有所提高,且通过气囊适时起爆和采用环抱式气囊均不能有效解决。进而指出,对于前排大角度坐姿乘员,采用根据乘员坐姿适时起爆正面气囊与膝部气囊的组合方式进行保护是一种研究方向。

大角度坐姿  /  气囊适时起爆  /  环抱式气囊  /  膝部气囊  /  非接触损伤

In order to study the non-contact injury of occupant in front collision in wide-angle sitting, the sled tests is conducted by adjusting the backrest angle and seat cushion angle, and using the airbag inflation delay and the enveloping type airbag. The results show that the risk of brain tissue shear failure, neck bending moment injury, heart aorta rupture and thoracic vertebral compression rupture increases in the occupants in wide-angle sitting,which cannot be effectively solved by timely inflation of airbag and enveloping airbag. It is further pointed out that it is a research direction to adopt the combination of timely inflation of front airbag and knee airbag according to the occupant's sitting posture sitting in front seat for the occupant in wide-angle sitting.

Reclined sitting  /  Timely inflation of airbag  /  Enveloping airbag  /  Knee airbag  /  Non-contact injury
商恩义, 李卫冬, 习波波, 李月明. 大角度坐姿下乘员非接触损伤研究. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (3) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240193
Enyi Shang, Weidong Li, Bobo Xi, Yueming Li. Study on Non-Contact Injury of Occupant in Wide-Angle Sitting Posture[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (3) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240193
汽车碰撞事故中的人体损伤除了由直接接触、碰撞、外部挤压造成的外部损伤外,还包括由非接触性的、惯性导致的内部变形等,如头部快速转动造成的脑部组织剪切失效、颈部损伤,心脏因惯性产生的移动使心脏主动脉拉断等。对于直接接触造成的头部、颈部、胸部、膝部等部位损伤,损伤容限研究相对成熟,法规中已有针对性评价。对于头部和胸部的非接触性损伤,当前还主要处于有限元仿真研究阶段,欧盟新车评价规程正面碰撞工作组(Frontal Impact Working Group, FIWG)和脑损伤工作组(Brain Injury Working Group, BIWG)通过头部有限元模型研究了头部被动转动造成的损伤的衡量标准[1]。孙浩等[2]通过仿真研究获得了撞击力、颅内加速度、颅内典型碰撞位置的应力和压力变化规律。栗志杰等[3]研究了脑组织挫裂伤损伤机理。郑佳佳[4]、唐亮等[5]研究发现正面碰撞中胸椎轴向冲击速度与乘员胸椎损伤具有显著的相关性。张振军等[6]总结了有限元法在腰椎生物力学应用中的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。陈吉清等[7]研究获得了胸腹部钝性撞击试验中肝脏动力学响应和损伤风险较高位置的压力分布特点,指出胸部响应指标与肝脏损伤程度(用应力、应变峰值表示)的相关性随加载条件的差异而变化。兰凤崇等[8]指出人体胸部和腹部的损伤在汽车交通事故中占比很大,并通过建立人体胸-腹部生物力学有限元仿真模型反映损伤程度。
当前,汽车座椅、约束系统等相关技术发展迅速,如零重力座椅的靠背角度可调节至45°以上,为乘员提供大角度坐姿,顶置气囊、环抱式气囊为乘员提供了多样化的保护。新技术在解决乘员舒适性、局部安全性的同时,也改变了汽车事故中乘员的损伤方式和机理。如乘员在大角度坐姿下,由于头部与汽车内饰间距离增大,当前约束系统无法提供有效保护。根据乘员坐姿适时起爆安全气囊、采用环抱式气囊等保护方案虽在不断研究,但其可行性仍基于直接接触损伤相关法规进行评价,很少考虑碰撞中的非接触损伤。因此,依托当前中国新车评价规程( China-New Car Assessment Program, C-NCAP),本文针对坐姿角度适时起爆安全气囊和采用环抱式气囊进行滑台试验,对大角度坐姿下乘员非接触损伤进行探索性研究。
C-NCAP指定的正面100%重叠刚性壁障碰撞试验和正面50%重叠移动渐进变形壁障(Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier, MPDB)碰撞试验中,分别使用Hybrid III 50th 假人和THOR 50th 假人,评价方法成熟。THOR AV假人是THOR 50th 假人的升级版,虽未完全定型,但可参考THOR 50th 假人的评价在研究工作中使用。综合标准规定及座椅调节能力,本文采用Hybrid III 50th 假人和THOR AV假人。
建立假人加速度和载荷坐标系[9]x向为前后方向,y向为左右方向,z向为上下方向。对于加速度,x向前为正、y向右为正、z向下为正。对于假人颈部载荷:Fx为头向后、胸向前为正;Fy为头向左、胸向右为正;Fz为受拉为正;My为头向前、胸向后为正,正向称为弯曲弯矩,负向称为伸张弯矩;Mz为下颌扭向左肩为正,称为扭矩。对于胸椎T12-Fz和大腿轴向力Fzf,受拉为正,受压为负。
当前C-NCAP标准的正面碰撞速度为50 km/h,未来将提升至56 km/h。某车型已完成正面约束系统开发,以该车型50 km/h和56 km/h正面碰撞试验中B柱下x向加速度作为滑台试验加速度,分别进行A组、B组滑台试验,加速度曲线如图1所示。
以碰撞速度为50 km/h的约束系统开发试验A0作为基础试验。A组采用THOR AV假人进行4次试验。考虑到该款车后排无气囊,设计座椅滑台试验A1、A2。考虑前排乘员处于大角度坐姿,设计白车身滑台试验A3、A4,前方气囊依据座椅靠背角度延时起爆。B组试验模拟后排乘员使用情况,采用Hybrid III 50th 假人基于座椅进行2次试验。试验工况如表1所示。
A组试验录像截屏如图2所示。A1试验中假人运动姿态正常;A2试验中座椅安装支架在第49 ms时开始发生溃缩,即在假人下潜过程中座垫角度逐渐减小;A3和A4试验中未出现头部触底等现象。
B组试验采用环抱式气囊,该气囊由左、右两片组成,分别固定在座椅靠背两侧。两片气囊上均有带孔,限位带穿过带孔。气囊展开后,左侧气囊覆盖乘员左侧,右侧气囊前端转至胸前,与左侧气囊在限位带的约束下共同对乘员形成包裹。B组试验录像截屏如图3所示。本文试验中,右侧气囊左端处于悬臂状态,假人头部与其接触后发生扭转,且大角度坐姿下头部扭转幅度相对较大。另外,气囊对头顶没有约束作用。
在《C-NCAP管理规则(2024年版)》[10]正面碰撞试验中,通过头部合成加速度计算头部伤害指数(HIC15)对头部伤害进行评价,HIC15高性能限值为500,低性能限值为700。
A0~A2试验中,假人头部HIC15分别为220(第70~85 ms)、318(第98~113 ms)和138(第121~136 ms)。与A0试验相比,A1试验中HIC15略有提高,A2试验由于座椅支架的变形缓冲作用,HIC15略有下降。
A1和A2试验中,假人头部加速度如图4所示,合成加速度均以az为主,即无安全气囊保护下头部的损伤主要来自前向挥鞭。
假人头部伤害来源为内力和外力,外力由头部与安全气囊或其他内饰碰撞产生,内力为头部向前离心运动、颈部回拉时向头部施加的载荷。当头部加速度与头部质量(4.54 kg)的乘积等于颈部上部载荷时,可以确认该加速度为内力作用产生[11-13],其大小也反映了非接触损伤的程度。A1和A2试验中,假人头部az与颈部上Fz基于时域的对比如图5所示,当力的纵坐标范围是加速度纵坐标范围的4.5倍时,2次试验中假人头部az与对应颈部上Fz在主体部分基本吻合,在头部向前挥鞭幅度较大的情况下,后颈部钢索拉扯作用增强。这说明大角度坐姿下,HIC15增大是由头部惯性作用下前向挥鞭增强造成的。
A3和A4试验中,HIC15分别为304(第98~113 ms)和388(第112~127 ms),与A0试验相比,分别增大了38%和76%。
正面碰撞头部ay较小,可将其忽略。A0、A3和A4试验中假人头部axaz图6所示,在安全气囊的作用下,头部合成加速度均以ax为主,但大角度坐姿下,az幅值和脉宽与ax接近,且坐姿角度越大,az越大。
A3和A4试验中,假人头部az与颈部上Fz图7所示,当力与加速度的比值与头部质量相当时,2次试验中假人头部az与对应颈部上Fz基本吻合,HIC15增大依然是内力增强造成,适时起爆安全气囊方案作用有限。
B1和B2试验中,假人头部HIC15分别为207(第75.5~95.5 ms)和471(第83.3~98.3 ms),B1试验与A0试验的伤害值接近,B2试验相对B1试验提高了128%。
2次试验中假人头部加速度如图8所示,头部合成加速度均以az为主,ax幅值均约为300 m/s2,而az幅值则分别达到370 m/s2和590 m/s2。与A0试验假人头部加速度对比,气囊对头部x向的约束作用及对z向的限制均减弱。B2试验中HIC15偏大的主要因素依然是az增大。
B1和B2试验中,假人头部加速度az与颈部上Fz基于时域对比如图9所示,当力与加速度的比值与头部质量相当时,2次试验中假人头部az与对应上颈部Fz全程接近,可确认2次试验中的az主要由Fz作用产生,只是B2试验中Fzaz较大,造成HIC15相对B1试验有较大增幅。
2组试验结果对比,大角度坐姿下,适时起爆安全气囊,乘员头部HIC15产生在第120 ms前后,相对正常坐姿有约40 ms的延时。采用包裹式气囊,假人头部HIC15产生的时间变化不大。两种约束方式相比,适时起爆气囊对乘员头部x向约束较好,但因头部与安全气囊接触前挥鞭作用时间相对较长,导致Fz增大。环抱式气囊作用下,乘员头部与气囊接触较早,但气囊缺少支撑,对头部x向的保护较弱,同时,又因其对头顶缺少限制,其颈部Fz作用也较强。综合分析表明,大角度坐姿下,乘员头部前向挥鞭惯性作用增强,将导致脑部组织因拉扯、剪切造成严重损伤的风险增加,且当前的2种保护方式均无法完全避免。
在正面碰撞试验中,乘员颈部通常为非接触损伤,《C-NCAP管理规则(2024年版)》评价指标如表2所示。另外,图2中假人头部在环抱式气囊作用下发生扭转,因此,本文针对颈部上Fz、伸张弯矩My和扭矩Mz研究乘员颈部伤害。
A0~A4、B1、B2试验中,假人颈部上Fz图10所示。A0试验最大轴向力为0.65 kN,对应的时刻为第65 ms。A1、A2试验最大轴向力分别为2.66 kN和2.07 kN,对应的时刻分别为第130 ms和第139 ms。A3、A4、B1和B2试验最大轴向力依次为1.45 kN、1.68 kN、2.0 kN和2.5 kN,对应的时刻分别为第98 ms、第113 ms、第83 ms和第88 ms,即所有最大值均发生在头部与气囊接触过程中。7次试验结果对比表明,碰撞中大角度坐姿将加重乘员颈部轴向拉伸损伤,且正面气囊和环抱式气囊不能起到有效保护作用。
通常,在正面碰撞初期,乘员头部会在胸部带动下抬起,颈部表现为伸张。7次试验颈部弯矩My图11所示,A1~A4试验最大伸张弯矩均低于20 N·m,且A0试验中的伸张弯矩最大,为13.8 N·m。B1和B2试验中伸张弯矩也较小,B2试验中较大,但仅为20.8 N·m,远低于标准规定的高性能限值。该结果表明,大角度坐姿下,胸部前倾带起头部的强度减弱,但在环抱式气囊作用下,由于包裹式气囊及其定位带对胸部产生的约束作用,弯曲弯矩将显著增大,B2试验中在第99 ms时刻My达到115 N·m,其是否会造成非接触损伤需要关注。
在环抱气囊的作用下,假人头部发生扭转。B1、B2和A3试验中假人颈部扭矩Mz图12所示,正常坐姿的B1试验中,Mz幅值达到33 N·m;对于靠背角同为45°的A3和B2试验,A3试验中Mz幅值仅为3 N·m,但B2试验中Mz幅值则达到57 N·m。扭转与伸张均为颈部易损伤方式,当前标准针对Mz没有限制,但如参照伸张弯矩My限值,45°坐姿下Mz已达极限值。
C-NCAP针对胸部的评价指标包括压缩变形量和粘性指数,主要考虑对肋骨的挤压损伤进行评价。事实上,心脏主动脉破裂在事故中属于致命损伤,生还率极低。另外,当乘员发生下潜时,上躯干对胸椎过度挤压也会导致胸椎错位、碎裂。正面碰撞事故中,大角度坐姿下的乘员下潜趋势显著增加,当骨盆受阻,胸椎受挤压的强度及心脏沿z向惯性下坠的强度都将增加。
7次试验中假人骨盆加速度如图13所示,综合幅值和曲线所围面积,正常坐姿A0和B1试验中骨盆axp大于azp,大角度坐姿的5次试验中azp大于axp。A0和B1试验中azp幅值分别为250 m/s2、420 m/s2,B1试验相对A0试验增大了68%。A1~A4试验中,azp幅值分别为496 m/s2、424 m/s2、476 m/s2、490 m/s2,平均值为471.5 m/s2,比A0试验中结果增大了88.6%;B2试验中azp幅值为640 m/s2,相对A0试验增大了156%。该结果表明,在56 km/h正面碰撞试验中,正常坐姿下,环抱式气囊造成的心脏大动脉拉伤风险将提升60%以上。大角度坐姿下,相对正常坐姿,心脏大动脉拉伤风险将提升80%以上,且靠背角度越大,伤害风险越高,环抱式气囊较正面气囊高。
THOR假人在胸椎T12位置安装有T12-Fz传感器。某车型25°坐姿下MPDB滑台试验与A1~A4试验中假人胸椎T12-Fz对比如图14所示。滑台试验中,T12-Fz表现为前期受压、后期受拉,最大压力为0.87 kN,最大拉力为1.55 kN。A1~A4试验中,胸椎T12-Fz均表现为受压,最大压力分别为6.83 kN、6.72 kN、2.36 kN和3.72 kN。该结果表明,假人下潜及翻起初期胸椎T12-Fz变化趋势相似,角度越大,压力越趋于增大。碰撞后期前方无约束试验中胸椎T12-Fz有明显增强过程,有约束试验中胸椎T12-Fz趋于平台化,即后排大角度乘员损伤风险会翻倍增加;胸椎T12位置的受压程度也反映了胸腔内部器官相对胸腔的相对运动强度,因此,大角度坐姿下心脏大动脉受拉扯损伤风险也将成倍增加。
本文通过滑台试验研究,指出大角度坐姿下的乘员在碰撞过程中非接触损伤风险增加:脑部组织因拉扯、剪切造成的损伤将更加严重;颈部弯曲弯矩损伤有加重风险;乘员长时间近似水平下潜造成心脏向腹腔运动的强度增加,提高了心脏主动脉拉断风险;胸椎受躯干挤压断裂风险成倍增长。对于大角度坐姿下乘员的非接触损伤,通过适时起爆气囊和环抱式气囊均不能有效解决,采用正面气囊适时起爆并配以膝部气囊进行保护是一种研究方向。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240193
  • 首发时间:2025-11-14
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 修回日期:2024-07-03
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    1 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司,宁波 315336
    2 全省智能汽车全域安全重点实验室,宁波 315336
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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