Article(id=1196100421677790025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196100421094781769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1715270400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763102162996, onlineDateStr=2025-11-14, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763102162996, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763102162996, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102162996, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196100421094781769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763102162860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763102929825, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196103638025289814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196100421094781769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196103638025289815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1196100421094781769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196100421887505227, articleId=1196100421677790025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=A Review on Biomechanical Testing Methods and Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue, columnId=1196108900442354451, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Issue on Automotive Passive Safety and Injury Biomechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This review aims to delve deeply into biomechanical properties, biomechanical testing methods and injury biomechanics of brain tissue, it aggregates the research contributions of scholars worldwide to analyze the material mechanical testing approaches and biomechanical features of brain tissue. Also, the constitutive models and material properties used for brain tissue simulation of the head finite element model in the published literatures are summarized in this paper. These insights serve as a valuable reference on development of head finite element models, and also provide a certain basis for investigating of the injury mechanism and prediction of brain tissue.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yejie Jiang, Shujing Wang, Jinhui Ma, Guanjun Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1196100755494055977, articleId=1196100421677790025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=CN, title=脑组织生物力学试验方法及力学特性综述*, columnId=1196108900622709524, journalTitle=汽车工程师, columnName=汽车被动安全与损伤生物力学专刊, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为深入了解脑组织生物力学特性、生物力学试验方法和脑部损伤生物力学的研究现状,基于国内外学者对脑组织的生物力学研究成果,针对脑组织材料力学试验方法及生物力学特性的分析进行综述,并归纳现有文献的头部有限元模型中用于模拟脑组织的本构模型及材料属性,为脑组织损伤的有限元建模提供参考,并为研究脑组织的损伤机理和损伤预测提供依据。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张冠军(1981—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全与人体损伤生物力学等,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=a2ZAh19ihD/rwDK4Z989Cg==, magXml=vsu2704HLXnxli5JyLuPaA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=fG1Ap8IXQS2eRPcE2uzydA==, pdfFileSize=3589830, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=PBt/oSSrpUIJTPFH+rDkWA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=a5aGIb6nSJSk0mbKVxiLyQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=姜叶洁, 王淑婧, 马巾慧, 张冠军)}, authors=[Author(id=1196112036087247086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1196112036179521777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, authorId=1196112036087247086, language=EN, stringName=Yejie Jiang, firstName=Yejie, middleName=null, lastName=Jiang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Research & Design Center, Guangzhou Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511434, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1196112036288573682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, authorId=1196112036087247086, language=CN, stringName=姜叶洁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 511434, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1196112035772674278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035781062887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035772674278, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Research & Design Center, Guangzhou Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511434), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035789451496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035772674278, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 511434)])]), Author(id=1196112036426985716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1196112036565397750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, authorId=1196112036426985716, language=EN, stringName=Shujing Wang, firstName=Shujing, middleName=null, lastName=Wang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 State Key Lab of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1196112036728975607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, authorId=1196112036426985716, language=CN, stringName=王淑婧, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1196112035911086313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035919474922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035911086313, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Key Lab of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University, Changsha 410082), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035932057835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035911086313, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082)])]), Author(id=1196112036867387641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1196112037022576891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, authorId=1196112036867387641, language=EN, stringName=Jinhui Ma, firstName=Jinhui, middleName=null, lastName=Ma, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 State Key Lab of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1196112037110657276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, authorId=1196112036867387641, language=CN, stringName=马巾慧, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1196112035911086313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035919474922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035911086313, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Key Lab of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University, Changsha 410082), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035932057835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035911086313, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082)])]), Author(id=1196112037181960446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zgjhuda@hnu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1196112037274235136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, authorId=1196112037181960446, language=EN, stringName=Guanjun Zhang, firstName=Guanjun, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 State Key Lab of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1196112037358121217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, authorId=1196112037181960446, language=CN, stringName=张冠军, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1196112035911086313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035919474922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035911086313, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Key Lab of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University, Changsha 410082), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035932057835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035911086313, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1196112037492338946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Brain tissue), Keyword(id=1196112037576225027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=Biomechanical testing), Keyword(id=1196112037735608580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=Biomechanical properties), Keyword(id=1196112037848854789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=Mechanical constitutive model), Keyword(id=1196112037978878214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=脑组织), Keyword(id=1196112038113095943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=生物力学试验), Keyword(id=1196112038310228232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=生物力学特性), Keyword(id=1196112039383970057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=力学本构模型)], refs=[Reference(id=1196112044991754535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=32, issue=5, pageStart=531, pageEnd=537, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=MILLER K, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MILLER K. Constitutive Model of Brain Tissue Suitable for Finite Element Analysis of Surgical Procedures[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 1999, 32(5): 531-537., articleTitle=Constitutive Model of Brain Tissue Suitable for Finite Element Analysis of Surgical Procedures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112045130166568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=30, issue=11, pageStart=1115, pageEnd=1121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=MILLER K, CHINZEI K, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MILLER K, CHINZEI K. Constitutive Modelling of Brain Tissue: Experiment and Theory[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 1997, 30(11): 1115-1121., articleTitle=Constitutive Modelling of Brain Tissue: Experiment and Theory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112045222441257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=35, issue=4, pageStart=483, pageEnd=490, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=MILLER K, CHINZEI K, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MILLER K, CHINZEI K. Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue in Tension[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2002, 35(4): 483-490., articleTitle=Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue in Tension, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112045360853290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=33, issue=11, pageStart=1369, pageEnd=1376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=MILLER K, CHINZEI K, ORSSENGO G, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MILLER K, CHINZEI K, ORSSENGO G. Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue in-Vivo: Experiment and Computer Simulation[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2000, 33(11): 1369-1376., articleTitle=Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue in-Vivo: Experiment and Computer Simulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112045461516587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=2, issue=3, pageStart=115, pageEnd=126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=TAMURA A, HAYASHI S, journalName=Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAMURA A, HAYASHI S. Mechanical Characterization of Brain Tissue in High-Rate Compression[J]. Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering, 2007, 2(3): 115-126., articleTitle=Mechanical Characterization of Brain Tissue in High-Rate Compression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112045587345708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=王立强, journalName=脑组织力学特性与取材器械研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王立强. 脑组织力学特性与取材器械研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112045704786221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=WANG L Q, journalName=Brain Tissue Mechanical Properties and Drawing Material Machinery Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG L Q. Brain Tissue Mechanical Properties and Drawing Material Machinery Research[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112045859975470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1970, volume=3, issue=2, pageStart=211, pageEnd=221, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=GALFORD J E, MCELHANEY J H, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GALFORD J E, MCELHANEY J H. A Viscoelastic Study of Scalp, Brain, and Dura[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 1970, 3(2): 211-221., articleTitle=A Viscoelastic Study of Scalp, Brain, and Dura, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112045989998895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=汪建军, journalName=创伤性脑损伤大鼠有限元模型生物力学研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪建军. 创伤性脑损伤大鼠有限元模型生物力学研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112046199714096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=WANG J J, journalName=Biomechanics Research of Rat Finite Element Model in Traumatic Brain Injury, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG J J. Biomechanics Research of Rat Finite Element Model in Traumatic Brain Injury[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112046371680561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=882, pageEnd=886, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=张昭, journalName=中国生物医学工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张昭. 冲击过程中脑组织力学行为的数值模拟[J]. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2008, 27(6): 882-886., articleTitle=冲击过程中脑组织力学行为的数值模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112046501703986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=883, pageEnd=886, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=ZHANG Z, journalName=Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Z. Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Behaviors of Brain Tissue in Impact Process[J]. Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2008, 27(6): 883-886., articleTitle=Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Behaviors of Brain Tissue in Impact Process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112046694641971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=12, authorNames=官凤娇, journalName=冲击载荷下的生物组织材料参数反求及损伤研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=官凤娇. 冲击载荷下的生物组织材料参数反求及损伤研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112046883385652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=13, authorNames=GUAN F J, journalName=A Study on Material Parameters Identification and Injuryevaluation of Biologic Tissues under Impact Loading, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUAN F J. A Study on Material Parameters Identification and Injuryevaluation of Biologic Tissues under Impact Loading[D]. Changsha: Hunan University, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112047005020469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=9, issue=5, pageStart=255, pageEnd=257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=14, authorNames=王以进, 郭宝良, journalName=中华创伤杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王以进, 郭宝良. 人颅脑在静动态载荷下应力分析和创伤研究[J]. 中华创伤杂志, 1993, 9(5): 255-257., articleTitle=人颅脑在静动态载荷下应力分析和创伤研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112047176986934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=9, issue=5, pageStart=255, pageEnd=257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=15, authorNames=WANG Y J, GUO B L, journalName=Chinese Journal of Trauma, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y J, GUO B L. Research of Stress Analysis and Trauma During Static and Dynamic Loading on the Haman Brain Skull[J]. Chinese Journal of Trauma, 1993, 9(5): 255-257., articleTitle=Research of Stress Analysis and Trauma During Static and Dynamic Loading on the Haman Brain Skull, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112050238828855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=23, issue=3, pageStart=298, pageEnd=302, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=16, authorNames=陈兴武, 王慧君, 赵卫东, journalName=中国临床解剖学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈兴武, 王慧君, 赵卫东, 等. 人头部力锤冲击试验的生物力学研究[J]. 中国临床解剖学杂志, 2005, 23(3): 298-302., articleTitle=人头部力锤冲击试验的生物力学研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112050448544056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=23, issue=3, pageStart=298, pageEnd=302, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=17, authorNames=CHEN X W, WANG H J, ZHAO W D, journalName=Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN X W, WANG H J, ZHAO W D, et al. Biomechanical Study on the Impact Tests Conducted on Human Head with Hammer[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy, 2005, 23(3): 298-302., articleTitle=Biomechanical Study on the Impact Tests Conducted on Human Head with Hammer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112050591150393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=37, issue=1, pageStart=147, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=18, authorNames=WU J Z, DONG R G, SCHOPPER A W, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU J Z, DONG R G, SCHOPPER A W. Analysis of Effects of Friction on the Deformation Behavior of Soft Tissues in Unconfined Compression Tests[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2004, 37(1): 147-155., articleTitle=Analysis of Effects of Friction on the Deformation Behavior of Soft Tissues in Unconfined Compression Tests, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112050733756730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=29, issue=1, pageStart=85, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=19, authorNames=赵玮, 阮世捷, 李海岩, journalName=医用生物力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵玮, 阮世捷, 李海岩, 等. 脑组织本构模型及其生物力学特性分析[J]. 医用生物力学, 2014, 29(1): 85-92., articleTitle=脑组织本构模型及其生物力学特性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112050867974459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=29, issue=1, pageStart=85, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=20, authorNames=ZHAO W, RUAN S J, LI H Y, journalName=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO W, RUAN S J, LI H Y, et al. Analysis on Constitutive Models and Biomechanical Properties of Brain[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2014, 29(1): 85-92., articleTitle=Analysis on Constitutive Models and Biomechanical Properties of Brain, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112050993803580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1977, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=351, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=21, authorNames=FUNG Y C, journalName=Englewood Cliffs, NJ, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FUNG Y C. A First Course in Continuum Mechanics[M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 1977: 351., articleTitle=A First Course in Continuum Mechanics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112051077689661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1991, volume=113, issue=3, pageStart=276, pageEnd=283, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=22, authorNames=RUAN J S, KHALIL T, KING I, journalName=Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RUAN J S, KHALIL T, KING I. Human Head Dynamic Response to Side Impact by Finite Element Modeling[J]. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1991, 113(3): 276-283., articleTitle=Human Head Dynamic Response to Side Impact by Finite Element Modeling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112051199324478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=23, authorNames=CLAESSENS M H A, journalName=Finite Element Modeling of the Human Head under Impact Conditions, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CLAESSENS M H A. Finite Element Modeling of the Human Head under Impact Conditions[D]. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology, 1997., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112051367096639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=45, issue=11, pageStart=369, pageEnd=394, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=24, authorNames=ZHANG L, YANG K H, DWARAMPUDI R, journalName=Stapp Car Crash Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG L, YANG K H, DWARAMPUDI R, et al. Recent Advances in Brain Injury Research: A New Human Head Model Development and Validation[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2001, 45(11): 369-394., articleTitle=Recent Advances in Brain Injury Research: A New Human Head Model Development and Validation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112051501314368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=47, issue=null, pageStart=79, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=25, authorNames=TAKHOUNTS E G, CRANDALL J R, KUROSH D, journalName=Stapp Car Crash Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAKHOUNTS E G, CRANDALL J R, KUROSH D. On the Importance of Nonlinearity of Brain Tissue under Large Deformations[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2006, 47: 79-92., articleTitle=On the Importance of Nonlinearity of Brain Tissue under Large Deformations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112051677475137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=48, issue=null, pageStart=239, pageEnd=258, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=26, authorNames=STEPHANE N, MOURAD L, REMY W, journalName=Stapp Car Crash Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STEPHANE N, MOURAD L, REMY W. Shear Properties of Brain Tissue over a Frequency Range Relevant for Automotive Impact Situations: New Experimental Results[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2007, 48: 239-258., articleTitle=Shear Properties of Brain Tissue over a Frequency Range Relevant for Automotive Impact Situations: New Experimental Results, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112051790721346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=117, issue=3, pageStart=279, pageEnd=285, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=27, authorNames=MENDIS K K, STALNAKER R L, ADVANI S H, journalName=Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENDIS K K, STALNAKER R L, ADVANI S H. A Constitutive Relationship for Large Deformation Finite Element Modeling of Brain Tissue[J]. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1995, 117(3): 279-285., articleTitle=A Constitutive Relationship for Large Deformation Finite Element Modeling of Brain Tissue, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112052960932163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=198, pageEnd=206, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=28, authorNames=李海岩, 赵玮, 阮世捷, journalName=医用生物力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李海岩, 赵玮, 阮世捷, 等. 第95百分位中国人头部颅脑相对位移的有限元评估[J]. 医用生物力学, 2012, 27(2): 198-206., articleTitle=第95百分位中国人头部颅脑相对位移的有限元评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112053032235332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=198, pageEnd=206, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=29, authorNames=LI H Y, ZHAO W, RUAN S J, journalName=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI H Y, ZHAO W, RUAN S J, et al. Finite Element Evaluation on Skull-Brain Relative Displacement of the 95th Percentile Chinese Human Head[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2012, 27(2): 198-206., articleTitle=Finite Element Evaluation on Skull-Brain Relative Displacement of the 95th Percentile Chinese Human Head, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112053212590405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=51, issue=null, pageStart=81, pageEnd=144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=30, authorNames=SVEIN K, journalName=Stapp Car Crash Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SVEIN K. Predictors for Traumatic Brain Injuries Evaluated through Accident Reconstructions[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2008, 51: 81-144., articleTitle=Predictors for Traumatic Brain Injuries Evaluated through Accident Reconstructions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112053359391046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=119, pageEnd=130, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=31, authorNames=CLOOTS R J H, VAN DOMMELEN J A W, KLEIVEN S, journalName=Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference. Hanover, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CLOOTS R J H, VAN DOMMELEN J A W, KLEIVEN S, et al. Traumatic Brain Injury at Multiple Length Scales: Relating Diffuse Axonal Injury to Discrete Axonal Impairment[C]// Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference. Hanover, Germany: IRCOBI, 2010: 119-130., articleTitle=Traumatic Brain Injury at Multiple Length Scales: Relating Diffuse Axonal Injury to Discrete Axonal Impairment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112053493608775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=295, pageEnd=300, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=32, authorNames=RASHID B, DESTRADE M, GILCHRIST M D, journalName=Computational Materials Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RASHID B, DESTRADE M, GILCHRIST M D. Inhomogeneous Deformation of Brain Tissue during Tension Tests[J]. Computational Materials Science, 2012, 64: 295-300., articleTitle=Inhomogeneous Deformation of Brain Tissue during Tension Tests, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112053627826504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=5, issue=1, pageStart=53, pageEnd=61, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=33, authorNames=VELARDI F, FRATERNALI F, ANGELILLO M, journalName=Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VELARDI F, FRATERNALI F, ANGELILLO M. Anisotropic Constitutive Equations and Experimental Tensile Behavior of Brain Tissue[J]. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, 2006, 5(1): 53-61., articleTitle=Anisotropic Constitutive Equations and Experimental Tensile Behavior of Brain Tissue, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112053745267017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=48, issue=null, pageStart=319, pageEnd=340, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=34, authorNames=BUDDAY S, SOMMER G, BIRKL C, journalName=Acta Biomaterialia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BUDDAY S, SOMMER G, BIRKL C, et al. Mechanical Characterization of Human Brain Tissue[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2017, 48: 319-340., articleTitle=Mechanical Characterization of Human Brain Tissue, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112053858513226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=46, issue=16, pageStart=2795, pageEnd=2801, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=35, authorNames=JIN X, ZHU F, MAO H J, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIN X, ZHU F, MAO H J, et al. A Comprehensive Experimental Study on Material Properties of Human Brain Tissue[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2013, 46(16): 2795-2801., articleTitle=A Comprehensive Experimental Study on Material Properties of Human Brain Tissue, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112054034673995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1970, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=36, authorNames=ESTES M, MCELHANEY J, journalName=American Society Mechanical Engineering. New York, NY, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ESTES M, MCELHANEY J. Response of Brain Tissue to Compressive Loading[C]// American Society Mechanical Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ASME, 1970., articleTitle=Response of Brain Tissue to Compressive Loading, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112054164697420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=114, pageEnd=121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=37, authorNames=FINAN J D, journalName=Clinical Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FINAN J D. Biomechanical Simulation of Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat[J]. Clinical Biomechanics, 2019, 64: 114-121., articleTitle=Biomechanical Simulation of Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112054286332237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=28, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=38, authorNames=李晓阳, 刘二喜, 周竞学, journalName=北京工业大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李晓阳, 刘二喜, 周竞学, 等. 软组织力学实验装置的研究[J]. 北京工业大学学报, 1996, 22(1): 28-31., articleTitle=软组织力学实验装置的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112054445715790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=28, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=39, authorNames=LI X Y, LIU E X, ZHOU J X, journalName=Journal of Beijing University of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI X Y, LIU E X, ZHOU J X, et al. The Study of Mechanical Experiment Device for Soft Tissue[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 1996, 22(1): 28-31., articleTitle=The Study of Mechanical Experiment Device for Soft Tissue, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112054567350607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=51, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=40, authorNames=GARO A, HRAPKO M, VAN DOMMELEN J A W, journalName=Biorheology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GARO A, HRAPKO M, VAN DOMMELEN J A W, et al. Towards a Reliable Characterisation of the Mechanical Behaviour of Brain Tissue: The Effects of Post-Mortem Time and Sample Preparation[J]. Biorheology, 2007, 44(1): 51-58., articleTitle=Towards a Reliable Characterisation of the Mechanical Behaviour of Brain Tissue: The Effects of Post-Mortem Time and Sample Preparation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112054709956944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=48, issue=null, pageStart=239, pageEnd=258, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=41, authorNames=NICOLLE S, LOUNIS M, WILLINGER R, journalName=Stapp Car Crash Journl, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NICOLLE S, LOUNIS M, WILLINGER R. Shear Properties of Brain Tissue over a Frequency Range Relevant for Automotive Impact Situations: New Experimental Results[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journl, 2004, 48: 239-258., articleTitle=Shear Properties of Brain Tissue over a Frequency Range Relevant for Automotive Impact Situations: New Experimental Results, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112054881923409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=26, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=42, authorNames=黄燕平, 郑永平, journalName=中国医疗设备, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄燕平, 郑永平. 离体软组织弹性的常用测试方法和应用[J]. 中国医疗设备, 2011, 26(6): 1-9+27., articleTitle=离体软组织弹性的常用测试方法和应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112055041306962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=26, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=43, authorNames=HUANG Y P, ZHENG Y P, journalName=China Medical Devices, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Y P, ZHENG Y P. Measurement of Soft Tissue Elasticity in Vitro-Common Methods and Applications[J]. China Medical Devices, 2011, 26(6): 1-9+27., articleTitle=Measurement of Soft Tissue Elasticity in Vitro-Common Methods and Applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112055162941779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=44, authorNames=MEULMAN J H, journalName=An Experimental Investigation to the Constitutive Behaviour of Brain Tissue, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MEULMAN J H. An Experimental Investigation to the Constitutive Behaviour of Brain Tissue[D]. Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology, 1996., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112055297159508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=7, issue=1, pageStart=83, pageEnd=95, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=45, authorNames=PREVOST T P, BALAKRISHNAN A, SURESH S, journalName=Acta Biomaterialia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PREVOST T P, BALAKRISHNAN A, SURESH S, et al. Biomechanics of Brain Tissue[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2011, 7(1): 83-95., articleTitle=Biomechanics of Brain Tissue, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112055443960149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=28, issue=null, pageStart=71, pageEnd=85, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=46, authorNames=RASHID B, DEATRADE M, GILCHRIST M D, journalName=Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RASHID B, DEATRADE M, GILCHRIST M D. Mechanical Characterization of Brain Tissue in Simple Shear at Dynamic Strain Rates[J]. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2013, 28: 71-85., articleTitle=Mechanical Characterization of Brain Tissue in Simple Shear at Dynamic Strain Rates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112055578177878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=45, issue=3, pageStart=434, pageEnd=439, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=47, authorNames=SANBORN B, NIE X, CHEN W, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SANBORN B, NIE X, CHEN W, et al. Inertia Effects on Characterization of Dynamic Response of Brain Tissue[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2012, 45(3): 434-439., articleTitle=Inertia Effects on Characterization of Dynamic Response of Brain Tissue, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112055741755735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=731, pageEnd=735, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=48, authorNames=PERVIN F, CHEN W W, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PERVIN F, CHEN W W. Dynamic Mechanical Response of Bovine Gray Matter and White Matter Brain Tissues under Compression[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2009, 42(6): 731-735., articleTitle=Dynamic Mechanical Response of Bovine Gray Matter and White Matter Brain Tissues under Compression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112055846613336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=152, issue=null, pageStart=300, pageEnd=304, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=49, authorNames=JIANG B H, CAO L B, ZHU F, journalName=Composites Part B-Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG B H, CAO L B, ZHU F. Dynamic Tensile Behavior of Polypropylene with Temperature Effect[J]. Composites Part B-Engineering, 2018, 152: 300-304., articleTitle=Dynamic Tensile Behavior of Polypropylene with Temperature Effect, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112055922110809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1973, volume=40, issue=4, pageStart=838, pageEnd=842, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=50, authorNames=HARDY C H, MARCAL P V, journalName=Journal of Applied Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HARDY C H, MARCAL P V. Elastic Analysis of a Skull[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1973, 40(4): 838-842., articleTitle=Elastic Analysis of a Skull, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112056098271578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Livermore Software Technology Corporation, journalName=Livermore, California, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Livermore Software Technology Corporation. LS-DYNA Keyword User's Manual[R]. Livermore, California, United States: Livermore Software Technology Corporation, 2002., articleTitle=LS-DYNA Keyword User's Manual, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112056207323483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=31, issue=10, pageStart=4704, pageEnd=4712, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=52, authorNames=ZHU F, JIN X, GUAN F J, journalName=Materials & Design, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU F, JIN X, GUAN F J, et al. Identifying the Properties of Ultra-Soft Materials Using a New Methodology of Combined Specimen-Specific Finite Element Model and Optimization Techniques[J]. Materials & Design, 2010, 31(10): 4704-4712., articleTitle=Identifying the Properties of Ultra-Soft Materials Using a New Methodology of Combined Specimen-Specific Finite Element Model and Optimization Techniques, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112056345735516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=53, authorNames=AL-BSHARAT A S, HARDY W N, YANG K H, journalName=Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. San Diego, California, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AL-BSHARAT A S, HARDY W N, YANG K H, et al. Brain/Skull Relative Displacement Magnitude Due to Blunt Head Impact: New Experimental Data and Model[C]// Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. San Diego, California, USA: SAE, 1999., articleTitle=Brain/Skull Relative Displacement Magnitude Due to Blunt Head Impact: New Experimental Data and Model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112057528529245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=54, authorNames=ZHANG L, YANG K H, DWARAMPUDI R, journalName=Proceedings of the 45th STAPP Car Crash Conference. San Antonio, Texas, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG L, YANG K H, DWARAMPUDI R, et al. Recent Advances in Brain Injury Research: A New Human Head Model Development and Validation[C]// Proceedings of the 45th STAPP Car Crash Conference. San Antonio, Texas, USA: SAE, 2001., articleTitle=Recent Advances in Brain Injury Research: A New Human Head Model Development and Validation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112057692107102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=135, issue=11, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=55, authorNames=MAO H J, ZHANG L Y, JIANG B H, journalName=Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAO H J, ZHANG L Y, JIANG B H, et al. Development of a Finite Element Human Head Model Partially Validated with Thirty Five Experimental Cases[J]. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 135(11)., articleTitle=Development of a Finite Element Human Head Model Partially Validated with Thirty Five Experimental Cases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112057826324831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=151, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=56, authorNames=许伟, 杨济匡, journalName=汽车工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许伟, 杨济匡. 用于交通伤评估的头部有限元模型的虚拟实验验证[J]. 汽车工程, 2008(2): 151-155., articleTitle=用于交通伤评估的头部有限元模型的虚拟实验验证, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196112057973125472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=151, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=57, authorNames=XU W, YANG J K, journalName=Automotive Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU W, YANG J K. Virtual Test Validation of Human Head Model for Injury Assessment in Traffic Accidents[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2008(2): 151-155., articleTitle=Virtual Test Validation of Human Head Model for Injury Assessment in Traffic Accidents, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1196112044656210214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, awardId=72275006, language=CN, fundingSource=* 整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室自主研究课题(72275006), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1196112035772674278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035781062887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035772674278, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Research & Design Center, Guangzhou Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511434), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035789451496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035772674278, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 511434)]), AuthorCompany(id=1196112035911086313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035919474922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035911086313, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Key Lab of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University, Changsha 410082), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196112035932057835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, companyId=1196112035911086313, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1196112039706931466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mN9khlIQhOJPIKJXorW1hw==, figureFileBig=wpQkM581P/VDlNLtz5OOvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112039832760587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图1, caption=脑组织典型拉伸试验与材料特性[25], figureFileSmall=mN9khlIQhOJPIKJXorW1hw==, figureFileBig=wpQkM581P/VDlNLtz5OOvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112039979561228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BmVm++wJCXnEOOmD/vbfGA==, figureFileBig=NLV4JI/Ty0xtbReAPReyLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112040159916301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图2, caption=人体脑组织在单轴压缩下的工程应力-应变曲线[28-29], figureFileSmall=BmVm++wJCXnEOOmD/vbfGA==, figureFileBig=NLV4JI/Ty0xtbReAPReyLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112040227025166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=z4yBkagwQPTr2HmvefOCFw==, figureFileBig=QZMFBrHNrBi/AUNH8GUIYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112040310911247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图3, caption=脑组织典型剪切应力应变曲线示意[6], figureFileSmall=z4yBkagwQPTr2HmvefOCFw==, figureFileBig=QZMFBrHNrBi/AUNH8GUIYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112040453517584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2ZXiSITkJTae49OLi88ELw==, figureFileBig=AaYllT35s4oDeyD9DuxdvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112040562569489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图4, caption=猪脑组织循环载荷-位移关系曲线[6], figureFileSmall=2ZXiSITkJTae49OLi88ELw==, figureFileBig=AaYllT35s4oDeyD9DuxdvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112040692592914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pW+v4pkCsxz8ogs7mikOPA==, figureFileBig=ZDK7vBH3cI2c13qRzyXpBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112040818422035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图5, caption=猪脑组织应力松弛关系曲线[6], figureFileSmall=pW+v4pkCsxz8ogs7mikOPA==, figureFileBig=ZDK7vBH3cI2c13qRzyXpBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112040948445460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XnqG2ClN0hGKX7ZVLBuBaA==, figureFileBig=2XUChaL0xFwh+dSMxkShDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112041086857493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图6, caption=人体灰质和白质在50%应变下对应的平均应力与应变率的关系

注:**表示灰质与白质间有显著差异(p<0.001)

, figureFileSmall=XnqG2ClN0hGKX7ZVLBuBaA==, figureFileBig=2XUChaL0xFwh+dSMxkShDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112041187520790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Vh6Oj/E6jgVA9q7Bz2upeQ==, figureFileBig=L2U64OJjks7RaLvk61E0DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112041338515735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Jin等[28]开展的脑组织拉伸试验, figureFileSmall=Vh6Oj/E6jgVA9q7Bz2upeQ==, figureFileBig=L2U64OJjks7RaLvk61E0DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112041476927768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=//NhYut9pyTa3bS0BTvgdw==, figureFileBig=/N2E9KekH/6YAApojIS6TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112041627922713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Jin等[28]的脑组织剪切试验, figureFileSmall=//NhYut9pyTa3bS0BTvgdw==, figureFileBig=/N2E9KekH/6YAApojIS6TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112041732780314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QlVFECRy+CXU1f5Pmq7LYQ==, figureFileBig=0Qicxhf9P4RTlyvciK6sSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112041862803739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图9, caption=Meulman开展的脑组织动态扭转试验示意[35], figureFileSmall=QlVFECRy+CXU1f5Pmq7LYQ==, figureFileBig=0Qicxhf9P4RTlyvciK6sSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112042055741724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lGLon15aZJldx6q01l3HMw==, figureFileBig=+PwqUidQcijM3C+W+/H3Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112042177376541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图10, caption=霍普金森压杆试验示意[39], figureFileSmall=lGLon15aZJldx6q01l3HMw==, figureFileBig=+PwqUidQcijM3C+W+/H3Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112042311594270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=529DfQuTLvdNYCQPeXI88A==, figureFileBig=qidFpQ+p499qSnmouK4awQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112042491949343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图11, caption=入射杆和透射杆上的应变片信号[40], figureFileSmall=529DfQuTLvdNYCQPeXI88A==, figureFileBig=qidFpQ+p499qSnmouK4awQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112042642944288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MkGtFttoiF1d7UzrtPWguQ==, figureFileBig=x+Nw279wyj/TpbwIkixIPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112042764579105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=图12, caption=牛脑灰质和白质在高应变率下(1 000 s-1以上)的力学特性[39], figureFileSmall=MkGtFttoiF1d7UzrtPWguQ==, figureFileBig=x+Nw279wyj/TpbwIkixIPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196112043897041186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者 本构模型 弹性模量
/kPa
泊松比
γ
瞬时剪切模量G0/kPa 长期剪切模量
G/kPa
衰减常数
β/s-1
Ruan等[16] 线弹性 66.7
Claessens[17] 1 000
Zhang等[18] 线性黏弹性 10 2 80
官凤娇[10] 约3G 0.5 [10.9,12.5] [2.23,2.371] [560.7,754.7]
Fung[15] 准线性黏弹性 49 16.2 145
Takhounts等[19]
Nicolle等[20]
Mendis等[21] Mooney-Rivlin
黏滞超弹性
Miller等[2]
张昭[9] 0.21
李海岩等[22] 0.499 9
王立强[6] [70,1 000]
Svein[23] Ogden黏滞超弹性
Cloots等[24]
), ArticleFig(id=1196112044077396259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

脑组织材料本构模型汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者 本构模型 弹性模量
/kPa
泊松比
γ
瞬时剪切模量G0/kPa 长期剪切模量
G/kPa
衰减常数
β/s-1
Ruan等[16] 线弹性 66.7
Claessens[17] 1 000
Zhang等[18] 线性黏弹性 10 2 80
官凤娇[10] 约3G 0.5 [10.9,12.5] [2.23,2.371] [560.7,754.7]
Fung[15] 准线性黏弹性 49 16.2 145
Takhounts等[19]
Nicolle等[20]
Mendis等[21] Mooney-Rivlin
黏滞超弹性
Miller等[2]
张昭[9] 0.21
李海岩等[22] 0.499 9
王立强[6] [70,1 000]
Svein[23] Ogden黏滞超弹性
Cloots等[24]
), ArticleFig(id=1196112044236779812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者 脑材料 体积模量
/GPa
瞬时剪切模量
/kPa
长期剪切模量
/kPa
衰减常数
/s-1
Al-Bsharat等[44] 白质 2.19 43 8 500
Al-Bsharat等[44] 灰质 2.19 33 6 500
Zhang等[45] 白质、小脑 2.19 10 2 80
Zhang等[45] 灰质 2.19 12.5 2.5 80
Mao等[46] 脑灰质、小脑、丘脑、脑干、基底核 2.19 6.0 1.2 80
Mao等[46] 脑脊液、第三脑室、侧脑室 2.19 0.5 0.1 80
Mao等[46] 胼胝体、大脑白质 2.19 7.5 1.5 80
许伟、
杨济匡[47]
大脑 2.19 10 2 80
许伟、
杨济匡[47]
大脑 2.19 12.5 2.5 80
许伟、
杨济匡[47]
脑脊液 1.05 1 0.9 80
许伟、
杨济匡[47]
脑干 2.19 22.5 4.5 80
), ArticleFig(id=1196112044358414629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1196100421677790025, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

有限元模型中脑组织材料本构参数总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者 脑材料 体积模量
/GPa
瞬时剪切模量
/kPa
长期剪切模量
/kPa
衰减常数
/s-1
Al-Bsharat等[44] 白质 2.19 43 8 500
Al-Bsharat等[44] 灰质 2.19 33 6 500
Zhang等[45] 白质、小脑 2.19 10 2 80
Zhang等[45] 灰质 2.19 12.5 2.5 80
Mao等[46] 脑灰质、小脑、丘脑、脑干、基底核 2.19 6.0 1.2 80
Mao等[46] 脑脊液、第三脑室、侧脑室 2.19 0.5 0.1 80
Mao等[46] 胼胝体、大脑白质 2.19 7.5 1.5 80
许伟、
杨济匡[47]
大脑 2.19 10 2 80
许伟、
杨济匡[47]
大脑 2.19 12.5 2.5 80
许伟、
杨济匡[47]
脑脊液 1.05 1 0.9 80
许伟、
杨济匡[47]
脑干 2.19 22.5 4.5 80
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189918244568731652, delFlag=0, nameCn=汽车工程师, nameEn=Automotive Engineer, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1674-6546, eissn=null, cn=22-1432/U, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=+bJsKkKt/pjz9u6EwhnksQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761628217121, updatedTime=1761735708780, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=Engineering, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=+bJsKkKt/pjz9u6EwhnksQ==, picEn=O3Sn3tnYYrh/jm6emnnMWA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369097415233706, language=CN, name=汽车工程师, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735708812, updatedTime=1761735708812, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://tjqc.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://tjqc.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://tjqc.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369097553645739, language=EN, name=Automotive Engineer, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735708845, updatedTime=1761735708845, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://tjqc.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://tjqc.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://tjqc.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189918454225211397, websiteList=[Website(id=1189918982430847716, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189918454225211397, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761628393037, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761628422913, updateBy=18614031015, name=汽车工程师-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=汽车工程师, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189919800185917791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761628588005, updateTime=1761628588005, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919800164946268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761628588000, updateTime=1761628588000, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919800211083618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761628588011, updateTime=1761628588011, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919800156557659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/CN/file/pic?fileId=yiZ96RYoYcnGnRMuWdmkWA==, createTime=1761628587998, updateTime=1761628587998, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919800223666532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761628588014, updateTime=1761628588014, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919800181723486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761628588004, updateTime=1761628588004, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919800215277923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761628588012, updateTime=1761628588012, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919800173334877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761628588002, updateTime=1761628588002, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919800194306400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761628588007, updateTime=1761628588007, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919800202695009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982430847716, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761628588009, updateTime=1761628588009, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189918982527316711, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189918454225211397, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761628393061, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761628543075, updateBy=18614031015, name=汽车工程师-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Automotive Engineer, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189919837561352952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761628596916, updateTime=1761628596916, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919837540381429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761628596911, updateTime=1761628596911, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919837582324475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761628596921, updateTime=1761628596921, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919837527798516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/EN/file/pic?fileId=yiZ96RYoYcnGnRMuWdmkWA==, createTime=1761628596908, updateTime=1761628596908, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919837594907389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761628596924, updateTime=1761628596924, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919837557158647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761628596915, updateTime=1761628596915, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919837586518780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761628596922, updateTime=1761628596922, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919837548770038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761628596913, updateTime=1761628596913, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919837569741561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761628596918, updateTime=1761628596918, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189919837573935866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189918982527316711, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761628596919, updateTime=1761628596919, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=汽车工程师, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://tjqc.cbpt.cnki.net/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Automotive Engineer, journalPhotoCn=+bJsKkKt/pjz9u6EwhnksQ==, journalPhotoEn=O3Sn3tnYYrh/jm6emnnMWA==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/CN/10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/EN/10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/CN/PDF/10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/EN/PDF/10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
脑组织生物力学试验方法及力学特性综述*
收藏切换
PDF下载
姜叶洁 1 , 王淑婧 2 , 马巾慧 2 , 张冠军 2
汽车工程师 | 汽车被动安全与损伤生物力学专刊 2025,(3): 1-11
收起
收藏切换
汽车工程师 | 汽车被动安全与损伤生物力学专刊 2025, (3): 1-11
脑组织生物力学试验方法及力学特性综述*
全屏
姜叶洁1, 王淑婧2, 马巾慧2, 张冠军2
作者信息
  • 1 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 511434
  • 2 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082

通讯作者:

张冠军(1981—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全与人体损伤生物力学等,
A Review on Biomechanical Testing Methods and Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue
Yejie Jiang1, Shujing Wang2, Jinhui Ma2, Guanjun Zhang2
Affiliations
  • 1 Research & Design Center, Guangzhou Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511434
  • 2 State Key Lab of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University, Changsha 410082
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154
文章导航
收藏切换

为深入了解脑组织生物力学特性、生物力学试验方法和脑部损伤生物力学的研究现状,基于国内外学者对脑组织的生物力学研究成果,针对脑组织材料力学试验方法及生物力学特性的分析进行综述,并归纳现有文献的头部有限元模型中用于模拟脑组织的本构模型及材料属性,为脑组织损伤的有限元建模提供参考,并为研究脑组织的损伤机理和损伤预测提供依据。

脑组织  /  生物力学试验  /  生物力学特性  /  力学本构模型

This review aims to delve deeply into biomechanical properties, biomechanical testing methods and injury biomechanics of brain tissue, it aggregates the research contributions of scholars worldwide to analyze the material mechanical testing approaches and biomechanical features of brain tissue. Also, the constitutive models and material properties used for brain tissue simulation of the head finite element model in the published literatures are summarized in this paper. These insights serve as a valuable reference on development of head finite element models, and also provide a certain basis for investigating of the injury mechanism and prediction of brain tissue.

Brain tissue  /  Biomechanical testing  /  Biomechanical properties  /  Mechanical constitutive model
姜叶洁, 王淑婧, 马巾慧, 张冠军. 脑组织生物力学试验方法及力学特性综述*. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (3) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154
Yejie Jiang, Shujing Wang, Jinhui Ma, Guanjun Zhang. A Review on Biomechanical Testing Methods and Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (3) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154
随着汽车工业的发展,汽车安全性越来越受到重视。交通事故中,头部损伤因其高发率和高致命率成为最严重的损伤。脑组织在外力载荷下展现的力学特性逐渐成为生物力学领域研究和关注的热点。脑组织材料力学试验是获取其力学响应及力学特性的重要手段,而基于材料本构模型及其参数的脑组织数学模型则成为研究脑组织损伤的重要方法。尤其是近年来,随着无人驾驶技术的发展,智能汽车中的驾驶员及乘员姿态相比于传统汽车发生了极大改变,给传统的依赖于几种典型特殊物理碰撞工况的汽车安全测试带来了极大的挑战。包括美国、欧洲、中国、日本在内的多个国家和地区的高校、科研及测试机构均在大力发展人体数字模型,用于开展基于CAE仿真的虚拟测评技术研究,以应对上述挑战。高精度人体数字模型的开发极大依赖于精确的人体组织力学响应和力学特性数据,以及准确的材料本构模型。因而,对脑组织生物力学试验方法及力学特性进行综述将有助于汽车安全虚拟测试用数字人体模型的开发。
目前,国内外研究人员针对不同动物(如人、猪、猴、大鼠、牛、羊等)的脑组织开展了不同载荷条件(加载方式、应变率)下的材料力学试验,如压缩、拉伸、剪切、扭转及冲击试验,通过试验记录数据或后期数据处理获得脑组织力学响应曲线,如接触力-位移、接触力-时间以及应力-应变曲线等[1-13],并开展了脑组织本构模型及其参数识别等方面的研究,为建立高生物逼真度的脑组织数学模型、研究脑组织损伤机理和损伤准则奠定了基础[2,9-10,14-24]。由于试验方法不同、试样个体差异及保存方法差异、计算方法不同等原因,各文献中脑组织材料参数虽大致在同一区间内,但相互间仍存在差异。
考虑上述问题的存在,本文主要基于文献中脑组织的生物力学特性研究成果,对脑组织材料力学试验、本构模型及其参数进行总结,从而为后续脑组织的生物力学试验研究提供参考,并为人体脑组织建模提供相应的数据支持。
人体头部在外界冲击载荷,如碰撞、跌落及爆炸等的作用下,脑组织受外力、不同脑组织之间连接及脑脊液等的共同作用,力学载荷较为复杂,表征脑组织材料在不同载荷下的力学响应特性是开展脑组织生物力学研究的基础。
脑组织属于人体中典型的软组织,其拉伸加载下的力学响应通常会偏软。脑组织的拉伸力学响应过程分为3个阶段:弹性阶段,应力与应变呈线性关系;强化阶段,应力与应变为非线性关系;变形阶段,试样出现颈缩现象,直至试样完全断裂。脑组织样本处理及拉伸下的工程应力-应变曲线[25]图1所示。此外,多项研究报道了脑组织在拉伸试验中表现出明显的线性、滞后和松弛特征[3,26-27]
2013年,Jin等[28]对人体脑组织开展了全面的试验研究,其中包括不同应变率下的脑组织压缩试验,获得的典型脑组织压缩应力-应变曲线如图2所示。从图2中可以看出,脑组织的压缩力学响应特性同样存在明显的弹性阶段和强化阶段,且应变率效应对压缩力学响应影响显著。除此之外,Jin等[28]在研究中明确指出,不同的脑组织区域在拉伸和压缩载荷下的力学特性差异明显,具体表现为压缩和拉伸试验中的辐射冠区域脑组织明显强于皮质区域、丘脑区域和胼胝体区域脑组织。
活体生物组织在力学运动中所受的应力除轴向压缩或拉伸外,还伴随着剪切形变,在大脑组织上可以经常观察到因剪切产生的创伤。典型的脑组织剪切应力-应变曲线如图3所示。剪切过程中极限曲线分为4个阶段[6]:第1个阶段为初始阶段,脑组织受到较低的剪切压力后发生变形;第2个阶段为非线性阶段,其临近组织发生相互作用,致使曲线出现高度非线性特征;第3个阶段与第1个阶段相同,也为线性阶段,但此时曲线的斜率明显增大,发生弹性形变,刚度逐渐增大;第4个阶段为破坏阶段。脑组织在剪切试验中表现出显著的非线性特征。另外,猪脑组织在剪切时比拉伸时强度大1个数量级左右[6]。同时,Jin等[28]在试验中还发现,在拉伸和压缩试验工况下,脑组织的力学特性受纤维方向的影响较小,而在剪切试验中沿神经纤维方向的剪切应力显著偏高。
脑组织作为人体组织中一种典型的软组织,具有明显的黏弹性特性。若脑组织样本承受加载-卸载的循环载荷,则其应力-应变关系曲线在加载时会表现为明显的直线型,而在卸载时表现为明显的“J”型,如图4所示为王立强在设置最大循环载荷为0.4 N工况下获得的猪脑组织的力学响应[6]。由图4可知,脑组织在加载-卸载过程中的迟滞现象非常明显,也反映出其黏弹性特征较为突出。
脑组织的应力松弛现象也十分明显。脑组织在维持恒定变形时,应力会随时间延长而降低,体现出应力松弛现象,如图5所示。依据应力松弛关系曲线可以构建归一化应力松弛函数[6]
属于黏弹性材料的脑组织力学性能对应变率(加速度、应变速率)非常敏感,应变率的增加会导致应力水平的明显提高[2],如图6所示为Jin等[28]对人体脑组织的灰质和白质开展拉伸、压缩、剪切试验时的应变率效应。随着应变率增大,颅内接近最大应力值的持续时间更长,损伤加剧[9]
脑组织是一种十分复杂的复合材料,富含大量的弹性纤维和胶原纤维,其中70%的质量为水,10%~12%属于脂类,8%为蛋白质和无机盐、有机物和碳水化合物。较高的水含量使得脑组织的体积模量几乎等于水的体积模量,但其他物质又导致脑组织的剪切模量较水高出4~5个数量级,尤其是脑组织中的两种纤维对此影响显著,如Jin等[28]指出,纤维方向对脑组织剪切试验工况下的剪切应力影响显著。总体而言,两种纤维影响着脑组织力学性能,且存在很大的差异性,其中弹性纤维、胶原纤维分别表现出显著的线性和非线性。脑组织中胶原纤维所占比例更高[6],所以脑组织整体表现为非线性。
由于脑组织的物理特性较为特殊,其制备及试验面临较多挑战,本文针对脑组织材料试验中的试样制备以及不同试验类型的实施方案进行总结及分析。
人类尸体脑组织样本可最大限度地还原人体脑组织在外载荷作用下的力学响应[9-12],但由于伦理等方面的原因,新鲜样本难以获取。因此,一些研究采用与人脑组织性能相近的猪脑[1-6]、猴脑[7]和大鼠脑组织[8,30]等动物样本代替。无论以何种生物的脑组织为样本,为尽可能地保持样本活性或制造与体内相似生理环境,需要在样本离体后尽快开展试验,并在试验前对样本喷洒人工脑脊髓液[10],或使样本保持在生理盐水槽中进行力学试验[31]。此外,部分文献指出,死亡后取样时间对脑组织力学响应也存在一定的影响[32-33]
脑组织样本(除以整个颅脑为试验对象外)形状一般为规则的圆柱体或矩形体,具体形状根据试验类型而定,如无约束,压缩或拉伸试验可采用矩形体样本[10]或圆柱形样本[2,13],剪切试验中的样本采用矩形体较多[6,28],扭转试验常需要圆柱体样本[34]
常见的脑组织试验包括压缩、拉伸、剪切、扭转以及高速霍普金森杆冲击等力学试验,其中压缩、拉伸、剪切试验最常用。
非受限单轴压缩试验将外形规则的标本置于2个夹板之间加载,在横向使组织自由膨胀,然后测量组织在小形变情况下的应力应变关系。Estes和McElhaney[29]早在1970年就开展了有关人体脑组织的压缩试验。此外,Wu等[13]、Miller和Chinzei[2]、Jin等[28]以及王立强[6]均开展了脑组织压缩试验。在Wu等[13]、Miller和Chinzei[2]的试验中均采用圆柱形脑组织样本,且均考虑了不同应变率下的试验工况。而Jin等[28]的试验中采用矩形脑组织样本,在考虑了应变率效应的同时,考察了不同脑组织区域以及神经纤维方向与加载方向对脑组织力学特性的影响。上述试验均为非受限单轴压缩试验,在横向上使组织自由膨胀,测得脑组织在压缩位移下的力响应,仅考虑加载方向时轴向应力σ和应变ε的计算公式分别为:
σ=F/A0
ε=l/l0
式中:F为被测量的样本力响应,A0为样本的横截面积,l0为样本的原始高度,l为样本的轴向变形量。
小应变(弹性)范围的应力和应变关系可以利用组织的弹性模量E描述:
E=σ/ε=Fl0/(A0l)
单向拉伸试验相比于单向压缩试验除加载方向相反之外,拉伸试验中,脑组织样本的上、下表面还需要通过胶水分别粘贴在上、下加载的夹板表面。拉伸试验可以测量材料在静载荷作用下的多种弹性参数,如泊松比、弹性模量、屈服强度和抗拉强度等,且利用试验数据处理分析应力-应变响应时的力学公式与压缩试验相似。如王立强[6]将立方体猪脑组织试样在常温、静载下固定在试验机上进行单轴拉伸试验,采用1 mm/min的加载速度将其拉断。同样利用式(1)和式(2),可以获得拉伸试验条件下的脑组织工程应力-应变关系以及脑组织在拉断时刻的应力和应变强度极限。
在压缩和拉伸试验条件下,均可以进行脑组织的应力松弛测试,而脑组织材料的循环载荷测试则更便于在拉伸试验工况下进行。在承受循环载荷时,应力-应变关系会出现滞后现象,为保证拉伸试验结果的准确性,在正式试验前需进行必要的“预调制”过程[6]。王以进和郭宝良[11]也在压缩试验前对样本进行预加载,以消除蠕变、应力松弛等时间效应的影响。Jin等[28]开展的脑组织拉伸和压缩试验中均进行了预加载,如图7所示为Jin等[28]开展人体脑组织拉伸试验的情况。
脑组织的剪切力学性能通常通过剪切测试获得,双面剪切是较为常用的剪切试验方法,王立强[6]的双剪切试验是沿着垂直于立方体试样长度方向进行的,剪切力的方向在脑组织的冠状面方向上,将剪切刀的上端和试验机上方夹具固定连接,设置剪切速度为5 mm/min,再将试样置于试验夹具的剪切孔中,直至将其剪断,分析脑组织的剪切特性[6]。Jin等[28]也采用相似的剪切试验方法对人体脑组织开展了测量,如图8所示。对于采用矩形样本的纯剪切试验,组织的剪切应力和剪切应变同样可以通过类似于式(1)和式(2)的方式获得,选取小变形范围的剪切应力、剪切应变,材料的剪切模量为[34]
G = σ x y ε x y = F x y / A 1 d x y / l 1 = F x y l 1 A 1 d x y
式中:σxyεxy分别为样本在圆周处的剪切应力、剪切应变,Fxy为脑组织表面所受剪切力,A1为剪切力作用面积,dxy为剪切方向位移,l1为脑组织的剪切厚度。
此外,静态扭转测试也是生物组织剪切力学特性的常用测试手段之一。静态扭转测试通常适用于硬度相对较大的生物软组织,如软骨和韧带等,而用于脑组织测试时需要避免加载速度导致的样本内扭转角度差。在扭转测试中,需要将脑组织样本制成圆柱体。设样本截面半径为r、长度为L,则样本在扭转测试中圆周处的剪切应力σxy为:
σ x y = M r I = 2 M π r 3
式中:M为施加的扭矩,Ir4/2为圆柱样本对应的极惯性矩。
若在扭矩M作用下,脑组织样本的转动角度为θ,则样本圆周处的剪切应变εxy为:
εxy=/L
脑组织的剪切模量为:
G = σ x y ε x y = 2 M L π r 4 θ
动态高频扭转试验也是获得材料剪切力学特性的一种常用力学试验方法。不同于静态扭转试验,动态高频扭转试验直接考虑了软组织在加载过程中的角度差。人体头部快速转动时,脑组织承受了转动带来的动态剪切应变,因而Meulman[35]在1996年开展了频率为0.015 9~15.9 Hz(加载时间0.06~6 s)、应变为1%的扭转测试。在该试验中,脑组织被加工为半径5~6 mm、高度1~2 mm的圆柱形试验样本。样本固定在2个平面之间,通过流变流体光谱仪(Rheometrics Fluids Spectrometer II,RFS II)进行扭转加载,如图9所示。
在上述试验中,距下底板高度为z的任一平面的转动角度φ(z,t)可以描述为[35]
φ z ,   t = α ( t ) H - z z
式中:α(t)为加载的下底板随加载时间t转动的角度,H为试验样本的厚度。
对于以一定的角度频率ω往复扭转的试验,该角度可以表述为[35]
α(t)=Re(α0exp(iωt))
式中:α0为加载的下底板的扭转幅度。
同样,扭转试验中测得的转矩M(t)可以描述为[35]
M(t)=Re(MHexp(iωt+δ))
式中:MH为扭矩的幅度,δ为测量扭矩和加载角度的相位差。
几何线性条件下,试验样本中的储能模量G1和损耗模量G2(可分别用于描述脑组织材料的弹性变形和黏性行为)分别描述为[35]
G 1 = 2 H M H π R 4 α 0 c o s δ ( ω )
G 2 = 2 H M H π R 4 α 0 s i n δ ( ω )
式中:R为试验样本的半径。
Meulman[35]通过式(11)和式(12)测得了脑组织样本在应变幅度为0.2%~2.0%、频率为15.9 Hz条件下的储能模量G1和损耗模量G2分布。
脑组织作为典型的黏弹性材料,其力学特性受应变率影响显著。而动态冲击导致的脑损伤占主要部分,如交通事故中导致的脑损伤往往属于典型的动态冲击损伤。在这类动态冲击损伤中,脑组织遭受数十以上数量级的应变率。此外,在爆炸冲击损伤中,脑组织遭受的应变率更是高达千以上数量级。数十以下应变率的力学特性测量可以通过拉/压材料试验实现[28,36-37],如Jin等[36]开展的高应变率拉伸、压缩及剪切试验中的最高应变率达到30 s-1。数百、数千及以上数量级应变率影响下的脑组织力学特性测试则依赖霍普金森杆试验。利用不同类型的霍普金森杆可以开展高应变率下压缩、拉伸、剪切等不同类型的脑组织试验[38-39]。尽管霍普金森拉/压/剪切杆的试验类型存在差异,但基本原理均为一维应力波理论。以Pervin和Chen[39]开展的牛脑灰质和白质的脑组织霍普金森压缩试验为例,霍普金森压杆试验如图10所示。
利用入射杆和透射杆上的应变片可获得入射杆上的入射波和反射波,以及透射杆上的透射波,如图11所示。
基于一维弹力应变波理论,试验样件中的应力σ(t)、应变ε(t)及应变率 ε ˙(t)分别为:
σ t = A b A s E h ε t ( t )
ε t = 2 C 0 l s 0 t ε r ( t ) d t
ε ˙ t = 2 C 0 l s ε r ( t )
式中:C0为弹性波在霍普金森杆内的传播速度,Eh为霍普金森杆的弹性模量,Ab为霍普金森杆的截面积,As为测试样本的截面积,ls为测试样本的长度,εi(t)、εt(t)、εr(t)分别为在杆上测得的入射、反射及透射应变波。
图12所示为Pervin和Chen[39]在2009年通过霍普金森压杆测得的牛脑灰质和白质在高应变率下的力学特性。从图12中可看出,脑的灰质和白质的力学特性受应变率影响均十分显著。
从1971年开始开发人体头部有限元模型[41]以来,部分国内外学者采用不同的脑组织材料本构模型和材料属性来模拟脑组织,如表1所示。应用于脑组织的本构模型主要有线弹性材料、线性黏弹性材料、准线性黏弹性材料以及黏滞超弹性材料等。
由于脑组织位于密闭的颅脑腔内,且含水量高,具有明显的不可压缩特性,加之整个颅脑腔内充满了不可压缩的脑脊液,在大多数事故工况中,脑组织的变形不会很大,可认为位于脑组织的弹性变形范围内。因而,早期开发的头部模型中的脑组织采用简单的线弹性材料本构模型,如Ruan等[16]于1991年发布的头部模型。该本构模型符合胡克定律,因而只需要定义材料的弹性模量、泊松比等力学参数。
通常认为黏弹性材料在承受变形的同时体现黏性和弹性2种力学特性。生物力学研究中常用的线性黏弹性本构模型是Zener模型[14],它由一个Maxwell模型和一个弹性体并联而成。2001年,Zhang等[10,18]开发的人体头部模型中的脑组织采用了该材料本构模型。在该本构模型中,材料的剪切松弛模量G(t)可描述为[42]
G(t)=G+(G0-G)e-βt
式中:G0G分别为瞬时和长期剪切模量,β为衰减常数,均需在材料参数中定义。
脑组织材料大应变情况下表现出明显的非线性力学特性,因而采用线弹性或线性黏弹性材料本构均难以准确模拟脑组织在大变形情况下的力学行为[15,19-20]。为了准确描述脑组织在较大应变率范围内的生物力学特性,Fung等[15]提出了由一系列开尔文体组合而成的准线性黏弹性本构模型,考虑了时间特征,且其特征时间跨度很宽。其体积应力松弛方程σV(t)将材料应变ε(τ)的正则函数G(t)和非线性函数σε(ε)描述为[42]
σ V t = 0 t G ( t - τ ) σ ε [ ε ( τ ) ] ε ε τ d τ
G t = i = 1 n G i e - β t
σ ε ε = i = 1 k C i ε i
为考虑脑组织大变形条件下的非线性力学特性,黏滞超弹性材料被用于脑组织力学特性的建模[2,6,9,21-24]。超弹性模型是一种应用于应力-应变关系、由应变能方程决定的理想弹性材料的本构模型。但脑组织具有黏性,在超弹性材料加入黏性因子转化成黏滞超弹性材料后,才能模拟脑组织的黏弹性行为。常用于脑组织模拟的黏滞超弹性材料本构有MOONEY-RIVLIN超弹性材料本构和Ogden超弹性材料本构。在这2种超弹性材料本构中,通常认为超弹性材料在外载荷作用下的功与载荷路径无关,并且具有完全可恢复性,其应力可以通过应变能方程描述。MOONEY-RIVLIN超弹性材料本构和Ogden超弹性材料本构的主要差别在于应变能方程差异。以LS-DYNA中的Ogden超弹性结合线性黏弹性材料本构为例,材料的应变能W描述为[42]
W ( J 1 , J 2 , J ) = p , q = 0 n C p q J 1 - 3 p J 2 - 3 q + W H ( J )
其中:
J 1 = I 1 I 3 - 1 / 3
J 2 = I 2 I 3 - 2 / 3
式中:I1I2I3为应变不变量,在脑组织为高度不可压缩特性条件下,可认为I3=1;J为材料的体积变形比率;WH为初始应变能。
用上述应变能密度来表示应力张量,可以描述为[42]
S i j = 1 2 ( W E i j + W E j i )
式中:W为应变能,Sij为应力,Eij为格林应变张量。
在上述超弹材料本构中融入考虑应变率影响的力学特性,即通过卷积积分引入线性黏弹性因子[42]
σ i j = 0 t g i j l m ( t - τ ) ε l m τ d τ
式中:gijlm(t-τ)为松弛方程,εlm为应变张量。
松弛方程可按Maxwell模型由系列弹簧和阻尼组成的形式给出[42]
g t = i = 0 n G i e - β i t
式中:Gi为系列剪切模量,βi为系列衰减常数。
要建立高生物逼真度的有限元模型,更精确地预测大脑损伤,需要设定准确的脑组织材料参数。目前,研究人员对脑组织的材料参数选择依据主要有:方法1,已有相关文献提供的数据;方法2,通过力学试验数据计算获得;方法3,采用智能优化反求的方法获取准确度更高的材料参数。方法1快捷高效,但参考其他模型中的材料参数时,可能由于2个模型之间的几何设置存在差异而影响模型验证的准确性;方法2相比于方法3更为简单和快捷,但由于人体脑组织的几何特性,制成的试验样本的形状往往存在较大的不规则性,大多数力学试验的计算理论在用于不规则试验样本时的精度较低;方法3精度高,但难度和耗时也较高。以Zhu等[43]和官凤娇[10]将基于特定样本的有限元仿真和智能优化算法(序列响应面和遗传算法)相结合的方法为例,方法3的主要流程包括:通过三维扫描仪扫描试验样本表面获取脑组织详细三维几何结构[10];通过摄像机获取试验中脑组织样本的变形过程[8];利用数据采集系统记录试验中样本的力-位移响应曲线[10];利用有限元软件和三维扫描几何结构建立试验样本的有限元模型[6,8,10];利用智能优化算法自动调整模型中材料各参数直至模型预测的力学响应与试验测量数据相吻合,最终实现对脑组织材料参数最优解的反求[8,12]。通常,头部有限元模型中会将脑组织进行详细区分(灰质、白质、小脑、脑干等),并定义不同的脑组织材料参数,如表2所示。
人体脑组织是一种极其复杂的复合材料,不仅存在结构上的复合,也存在基体材料的复合,其力学特性复杂且难以在有限元模型中复现。本文概述了脑组织材料的典型力学特性、常用的脑组织材料力学试验方法,以及有限元模型中模拟脑组织生物力学特性的材料本构模型等。同时,在人体脑组织力学特性相关研究工作中可考虑如下建议:
a. 人体脑组织材料由多种材料和复杂结构复合而成,其每种基体材料和复杂结构的破坏限度仍不十分清楚,尤其是这种复合材料的力学特性与加载方向、加载速度等均密切相关,因而还需要利用体外或新鲜尸体体内人体脑组织样本开展更为复杂和细致的力学试验,从而便于制定更切合实际的脑组织损伤限度标准;
b. 需开发各向异性的黏滞超弹性材料本构模型,由于脑组织,尤其是白质具有明显的各项异性特点,而目前常用的脑组织材料本构中均未考虑该特点,尤其是白质中的神经轴索损伤被认为与神经轴索方向、载荷方向等密切相关,因而精确的脑组织各项异性材料本构模型是研究此类损伤机理的重要前提和基础。
  • * 整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室自主研究课题(72275006)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
MILLER K. Constitutive Model of Brain Tissue Suitable for Finite Element Analysis of Surgical Procedures[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 1999, 32(5): 531-537.
[2]
MILLER K, CHINZEI K. Constitutive Modelling of Brain Tissue: Experiment and Theory[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 1997, 30(11): 1115-1121.
[3]
MILLER K, CHINZEI K. Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue in Tension[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2002, 35(4): 483-490.
[4]
MILLER K, CHINZEI K, ORSSENGO G. Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue in-Vivo: Experiment and Computer Simulation[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2000, 33(11): 1369-1376.
[5]
TAMURA A, HAYASHI S. Mechanical Characterization of Brain Tissue in High-Rate Compression[J]. Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering, 2007, 2(3): 115-126.
[6]
王立强. 脑组织力学特性与取材器械研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2015.
WANG L Q. Brain Tissue Mechanical Properties and Drawing Material Machinery Research[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2015.
[7]
GALFORD J E, MCELHANEY J H. A Viscoelastic Study of Scalp, Brain, and Dura[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 1970, 3(2): 211-221.
[8]
汪建军. 创伤性脑损伤大鼠有限元模型生物力学研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2011.
WANG J J. Biomechanics Research of Rat Finite Element Model in Traumatic Brain Injury[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2011.
[9]
张昭. 冲击过程中脑组织力学行为的数值模拟[J]. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2008, 27(6): 882-886.
ZHANG Z. Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Behaviors of Brain Tissue in Impact Process[J]. Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2008, 27(6): 883-886.
[10]
官凤娇. 冲击载荷下的生物组织材料参数反求及损伤研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2011.
GUAN F J. A Study on Material Parameters Identification and Injuryevaluation of Biologic Tissues under Impact Loading[D]. Changsha: Hunan University, 2011.
[11]
王以进, 郭宝良. 人颅脑在静动态载荷下应力分析和创伤研究[J]. 中华创伤杂志, 1993, 9(5): 255-257.
WANG Y J, GUO B L. Research of Stress Analysis and Trauma During Static and Dynamic Loading on the Haman Brain Skull[J]. Chinese Journal of Trauma, 1993, 9(5): 255-257.
[12]
陈兴武, 王慧君, 赵卫东, 等. 人头部力锤冲击试验的生物力学研究[J]. 中国临床解剖学杂志, 2005, 23(3): 298-302.
CHEN X W, WANG H J, ZHAO W D, et al. Biomechanical Study on the Impact Tests Conducted on Human Head with Hammer[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy, 2005, 23(3): 298-302.
[13]
WU J Z, DONG R G, SCHOPPER A W. Analysis of Effects of Friction on the Deformation Behavior of Soft Tissues in Unconfined Compression Tests[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2004, 37(1): 147-155.
[14]
赵玮, 阮世捷, 李海岩, 等. 脑组织本构模型及其生物力学特性分析[J]. 医用生物力学, 2014, 29(1): 85-92.
ZHAO W, RUAN S J, LI H Y, et al. Analysis on Constitutive Models and Biomechanical Properties of Brain[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2014, 29(1): 85-92.
[15]
FUNG Y C. A First Course in Continuum Mechanics[M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall, 1977: 351.
[16]
RUAN J S, KHALIL T, KING I. Human Head Dynamic Response to Side Impact by Finite Element Modeling[J]. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1991, 113(3): 276-283.
[17]
CLAESSENS M H A. Finite Element Modeling of the Human Head under Impact Conditions[D]. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology, 1997.
[18]
ZHANG L, YANG K H, DWARAMPUDI R, et al. Recent Advances in Brain Injury Research: A New Human Head Model Development and Validation[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2001, 45(11): 369-394.
[19]
TAKHOUNTS E G, CRANDALL J R, KUROSH D. On the Importance of Nonlinearity of Brain Tissue under Large Deformations[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2006, 47: 79-92.
[20]
STEPHANE N, MOURAD L, REMY W. Shear Properties of Brain Tissue over a Frequency Range Relevant for Automotive Impact Situations: New Experimental Results[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2007, 48: 239-258.
[21]
MENDIS K K, STALNAKER R L, ADVANI S H. A Constitutive Relationship for Large Deformation Finite Element Modeling of Brain Tissue[J]. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1995, 117(3): 279-285.
[22]
李海岩, 赵玮, 阮世捷, 等. 第95百分位中国人头部颅脑相对位移的有限元评估[J]. 医用生物力学, 2012, 27(2): 198-206.
LI H Y, ZHAO W, RUAN S J, et al. Finite Element Evaluation on Skull-Brain Relative Displacement of the 95th Percentile Chinese Human Head[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2012, 27(2): 198-206.
[23]
SVEIN K. Predictors for Traumatic Brain Injuries Evaluated through Accident Reconstructions[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2008, 51: 81-144.
[24]
CLOOTS R J H, VAN DOMMELEN J A W, KLEIVEN S, et al. Traumatic Brain Injury at Multiple Length Scales: Relating Diffuse Axonal Injury to Discrete Axonal Impairment[C]// Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference. Hanover, Germany: IRCOBI, 2010: 119-130.
[25]
RASHID B, DESTRADE M, GILCHRIST M D. Inhomogeneous Deformation of Brain Tissue during Tension Tests[J]. Computational Materials Science, 2012, 64: 295-300.
[26]
VELARDI F, FRATERNALI F, ANGELILLO M. Anisotropic Constitutive Equations and Experimental Tensile Behavior of Brain Tissue[J]. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, 2006, 5(1): 53-61.
[27]
BUDDAY S, SOMMER G, BIRKL C, et al. Mechanical Characterization of Human Brain Tissue[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2017, 48: 319-340.
[28]
JIN X, ZHU F, MAO H J, et al. A Comprehensive Experimental Study on Material Properties of Human Brain Tissue[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2013, 46(16): 2795-2801.
[29]
ESTES M, MCELHANEY J. Response of Brain Tissue to Compressive Loading[C]// American Society Mechanical Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ASME, 1970.
[30]
FINAN J D. Biomechanical Simulation of Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat[J]. Clinical Biomechanics, 2019, 64: 114-121.
[31]
李晓阳, 刘二喜, 周竞学, 等. 软组织力学实验装置的研究[J]. 北京工业大学学报, 1996, 22(1): 28-31.
LI X Y, LIU E X, ZHOU J X, et al. The Study of Mechanical Experiment Device for Soft Tissue[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 1996, 22(1): 28-31.
[32]
GARO A, HRAPKO M, VAN DOMMELEN J A W, et al. Towards a Reliable Characterisation of the Mechanical Behaviour of Brain Tissue: The Effects of Post-Mortem Time and Sample Preparation[J]. Biorheology, 2007, 44(1): 51-58.
[33]
NICOLLE S, LOUNIS M, WILLINGER R. Shear Properties of Brain Tissue over a Frequency Range Relevant for Automotive Impact Situations: New Experimental Results[J]. Stapp Car Crash Journl, 2004, 48: 239-258.
[34]
黄燕平, 郑永平. 离体软组织弹性的常用测试方法和应用[J]. 中国医疗设备, 2011, 26(6): 1-9+27.
HUANG Y P, ZHENG Y P. Measurement of Soft Tissue Elasticity in Vitro-Common Methods and Applications[J]. China Medical Devices, 2011, 26(6): 1-9+27.
[35]
MEULMAN J H. An Experimental Investigation to the Constitutive Behaviour of Brain Tissue[D]. Eindhoven, The Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology, 1996.
[36]
PREVOST T P, BALAKRISHNAN A, SURESH S, et al. Biomechanics of Brain Tissue[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2011, 7(1): 83-95.
[37]
RASHID B, DEATRADE M, GILCHRIST M D. Mechanical Characterization of Brain Tissue in Simple Shear at Dynamic Strain Rates[J]. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2013, 28: 71-85.
[38]
SANBORN B, NIE X, CHEN W, et al. Inertia Effects on Characterization of Dynamic Response of Brain Tissue[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2012, 45(3): 434-439.
[39]
PERVIN F, CHEN W W. Dynamic Mechanical Response of Bovine Gray Matter and White Matter Brain Tissues under Compression[J]. Journal of Biomechanics, 2009, 42(6): 731-735.
[40]
JIANG B H, CAO L B, ZHU F. Dynamic Tensile Behavior of Polypropylene with Temperature Effect[J]. Composites Part B-Engineering, 2018, 152: 300-304.
[41]
HARDY C H, MARCAL P V. Elastic Analysis of a Skull[J]. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1973, 40(4): 838-842.
[42]
Livermore Software Technology Corporation. LS-DYNA Keyword User's Manual[R]. Livermore, California, United States: Livermore Software Technology Corporation, 2002.
[43]
ZHU F, JIN X, GUAN F J, et al. Identifying the Properties of Ultra-Soft Materials Using a New Methodology of Combined Specimen-Specific Finite Element Model and Optimization Techniques[J]. Materials & Design, 2010, 31(10): 4704-4712.
[44]
AL-BSHARAT A S, HARDY W N, YANG K H, et al. Brain/Skull Relative Displacement Magnitude Due to Blunt Head Impact: New Experimental Data and Model[C]// Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. San Diego, California, USA: SAE, 1999.
[45]
ZHANG L, YANG K H, DWARAMPUDI R, et al. Recent Advances in Brain Injury Research: A New Human Head Model Development and Validation[C]// Proceedings of the 45th STAPP Car Crash Conference. San Antonio, Texas, USA: SAE, 2001.
[46]
MAO H J, ZHANG L Y, JIANG B H, et al. Development of a Finite Element Human Head Model Partially Validated with Thirty Five Experimental Cases[J]. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 135(11).
[47]
许伟, 杨济匡. 用于交通伤评估的头部有限元模型的虚拟实验验证[J]. 汽车工程, 2008(2): 151-155.
XU W, YANG J K. Virtual Test Validation of Human Head Model for Injury Assessment in Traffic Accidents[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2008(2): 151-155.
2025年第卷第3期
PDF下载
327
137
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154
  • 首发时间:2025-11-14
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 修回日期:2024-05-10
基金
* 整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室自主研究课题(72275006)
作者信息
    1 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 511434
    2 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082

通讯作者:

张冠军(1981—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全与人体损伤生物力学等,
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/CN/10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240154
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏