Article(id=1194603978513158840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194603976973849262, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20250040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1744300800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762745383146, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762745383146, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762745383146, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762745383146, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194603976973849262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762745382776, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762746633526, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194609223049913145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194603976973849262, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194609223049913146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194603976973849262, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194603978777399994, articleId=1194603978513158840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=EMC Modeling and Simulation Prediction of DC/DC Converter, columnId=1194603977787544242, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Topic on Key Technologies of Power Devices and Power Electronics Systems for New Energy Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order To evaluate and predict the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) performance of DC/DC converter in the early stage of design, the mainstream electromagnetic compatibility “three elements” method is first used to analyze the main interference source and propagation path of DC/DC converter. Secondly, based on the high-frequency parameter theory of transformer, the parasitic parameter theory of Printed-Circuit Board (PCB) and the parameter extraction method of common mode chokes, the common mode interference of transformer, PCB wiring and common mode chokes are analyzed separately. The high-frequency equivalent model of transformer and PCB, experimental environment test benches and high-voltage filtering modules are established using Maxwell, HFSS, SIwave, and Q3D software in the ANSYS simulation platform. Finally, the integration of each module of DC/DC converter and the simulation analysis of conduction and radiation emission are completed in Simplorer software. The results indicate that the conducted and radiated interference exceeds the standard more severely in the Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency band and its harmonics of the main interference source. The model simulation results are basically consistent with theoretical analysis and actual experimental results, and the simulation model has high accuracy.

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为在设计初期对DC/DC电源变换器的电磁兼容性(EMC)进行预测,利用较为主流的电磁兼容“三要素”法分析了DC/DC电源变换器的主要干扰源和干扰传播路径,根据变压器高频参数理论、印制电路板(PCB)寄生参数理论、共模扼流圈参数提取方法等分别对变压器、PCB走线、共模扼流圈的共模干扰和差模干扰进行分析,并利用ANSYS仿真平台中Maxwell、HFSS、SIwave、Q3D软件分别建立了变压器和PCB的高频等效模型、试验环境测试台架、高压滤波模块,最后在Simplorer软件中完成DC/DC电源变换器各模块的整合及传导、辐射发射的仿真分析。结果表明,在主要干扰源的金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)开关频段及其倍频处,传导、辐射干扰超标情况较为严重,模型仿真结果与理论分析、试验结果基本一致,仿真模型精度较高。

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网络序号 分布电容/pF 网络序号 分布电容/pF
1 6.06 5 1.55
2 3.19 6 1.54
3 1.40 7 1.86
4 1.36 8 1.17
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PCB与壳体间分布电容

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1 6.06 5 1.55
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3 1.40 7 1.86
4 1.36 8 1.17
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DC/DC电源变换器电磁兼容性建模与仿真预测
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孔繁磊 , 王玲辉 , 蔡明浩 , 朱占山 , 李敏
汽车工程师 | 新能源汽车功率器件与电力电子系统关键技术专题 2025,(7): 18-23
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汽车工程师 | 新能源汽车功率器件与电力电子系统关键技术专题 2025, (7): 18-23
DC/DC电源变换器电磁兼容性建模与仿真预测
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孔繁磊, 王玲辉, 蔡明浩, 朱占山, 李敏
作者信息
  • 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
EMC Modeling and Simulation Prediction of DC/DC Converter
Fanlei Kong, Linghui Wang, Minghao Cai, Zhanshan Zhu, Min Li
Affiliations
  • Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20250040
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为在设计初期对DC/DC电源变换器的电磁兼容性(EMC)进行预测,利用较为主流的电磁兼容“三要素”法分析了DC/DC电源变换器的主要干扰源和干扰传播路径,根据变压器高频参数理论、印制电路板(PCB)寄生参数理论、共模扼流圈参数提取方法等分别对变压器、PCB走线、共模扼流圈的共模干扰和差模干扰进行分析,并利用ANSYS仿真平台中Maxwell、HFSS、SIwave、Q3D软件分别建立了变压器和PCB的高频等效模型、试验环境测试台架、高压滤波模块,最后在Simplorer软件中完成DC/DC电源变换器各模块的整合及传导、辐射发射的仿真分析。结果表明,在主要干扰源的金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)开关频段及其倍频处,传导、辐射干扰超标情况较为严重,模型仿真结果与理论分析、试验结果基本一致,仿真模型精度较高。

直流变换器  /  电磁兼容  /  三要素法  /  仿真建模  /  干扰分析

In order To evaluate and predict the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) performance of DC/DC converter in the early stage of design, the mainstream electromagnetic compatibility “three elements” method is first used to analyze the main interference source and propagation path of DC/DC converter. Secondly, based on the high-frequency parameter theory of transformer, the parasitic parameter theory of Printed-Circuit Board (PCB) and the parameter extraction method of common mode chokes, the common mode interference of transformer, PCB wiring and common mode chokes are analyzed separately. The high-frequency equivalent model of transformer and PCB, experimental environment test benches and high-voltage filtering modules are established using Maxwell, HFSS, SIwave, and Q3D software in the ANSYS simulation platform. Finally, the integration of each module of DC/DC converter and the simulation analysis of conduction and radiation emission are completed in Simplorer software. The results indicate that the conducted and radiated interference exceeds the standard more severely in the Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency band and its harmonics of the main interference source. The model simulation results are basically consistent with theoretical analysis and actual experimental results, and the simulation model has high accuracy.

DC converter  /  Electromagnetic compatibility  /  Three-element method  /  Simulation modeling  /  Interference analysis
孔繁磊, 王玲辉, 蔡明浩, 朱占山, 李敏. DC/DC电源变换器电磁兼容性建模与仿真预测. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (7) : 18 -23 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20250040
Fanlei Kong, Linghui Wang, Minghao Cai, Zhanshan Zhu, Min Li. EMC Modeling and Simulation Prediction of DC/DC Converter[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (7) : 18 -23 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20250040
DC/DC电源变换器的开关器件工作在高压和高频环境中,在开通和关断时会产生强烈的电磁干扰[1],影响汽车安全性和可靠性。通过搭建DC/DC电源变换器电磁兼容仿真模型,能够在设计初期对DC/DC电源变换器的电磁兼容性(Electromagnetic Compatibility,EMC)进行预测,尽早发现和解决问题,对于降低后期测试和优化成本及缩短产品研发周期具有重要意义[2]
目前,国内外对于EMC的建模和预测研究主要围绕电磁干扰机理、仿真模型搭建展开。文献[3]按照EMC的“三要素”思路,分别进行干扰源和干扰路径建模,分析了Boost电路共模干扰的传播路径;文献[4]通过“场-路”联合,提取印制电路板(Printed-Circuit Board,PCB)及变压器的寄生参数,根据电路拓扑和开关电源工作原理搭建了开关电源传导电磁干扰(Electromagnetic Interference,EMI)和辐射EMI的仿真模型,分析了分布参数对干扰信号的影响;文献[5]和文献[6]通过提取系统中各元件的寄生参数,基于仿真软件分别建立了线路阻抗稳定网络(Line Impedance Stabilization Networks,LISN)、线缆、滤波器和变换器模块的高频等效电路模型,最后集合成系统仿真预测模型;文献[7]通过构建PCB问题复现仿真模型,改变传导、辐射发射路径及PCB谐振频率,确定了EMC问题来源,并通过增加去耦电容消除了干扰噪声;文献[8]提取线束、探头等高频等效模型搭建车载CD机大电流注入抗扰度试验等效模型,通过调整CD机滤波器、PCB布线等方式进行EMC优化,提升了CD机的抗扰能力。
本文以全桥同步整流DC/DC电源变换器主功率部分为研究对象,从干扰源和耦合路径的角度出发,基于ANSYS 2024R1软件建立开关管与关键磁性器件模型、PCB的散射参数(S参数)模型、试验环境测试台架、高压滤波器等仿真模型,在ANSYS Simplorer软件中完成DC/DC电源变换器的系统集成仿真分析,并将仿真结果与样机测试结果进行对比,验证所建立仿真模型的准确性和可靠性。
DC/DC电源变换电路主要由滤波电路、开关器件、电感和变压器组成,如图1所示,其核心在于通过开关管的高频开关动作实现能量的转换和传输。在DC/DC电源变换电路中,功率开关管高频通断的瞬间往往会产生较大的电压变化率(dv/dt)和电流变化率(di/dt)。其产生的脉冲波形中包含丰富的高频谐波分量且频带较宽,与电路结构中的分布寄生参数相互作用,会带来较为严重的电磁干扰。文献[9]采用小波变换分解EMI信号的方法计算干扰信号在频域内的特征参数,发现开关管的上升/下降沿波形在中高频范围内对整个振荡波形的累积能量贡献较大,表明开关器件是电磁干扰的主要来源。因此,本文将原、副边的金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor,MOSFET)视为仿真模型的主要干扰源。
原边开关管产生电磁干扰的主要原因是其负载为高频变压器的初级线圈,该线圈是感性负载,在开关管导通的瞬间,线圈上产生浪涌电流,两端的浪涌尖峰电压较高。在开关管关断瞬间,由于初级线圈存在漏磁通,会产生反电动势:
$E=-L\cdot \frac{di}{dt}$
式中:E为反电动势,与电流变化率和漏感成正比;L为线圈电感;di/dt为电流变化率。
同时,漏感与电路结构中的寄生参数相互作用,形成带有尖峰的电压脉冲并伴有丰富的高频分量,与关断电压叠加,形成电磁干扰。副边整流回路开关管产生干扰的机理类似。
对于传导干扰,在干扰信号频率较高时,MOSFET开通和关断形成的电磁干扰不仅会沿着系统部件和线路传播,变压器也是干扰信号传播的主要路径[10]。实际电路中开关器件开通、关断引起的电位跳变也会施加于变压器的端口[11],变压器原副边耦合电容为高频EMI信号传播提供了低阻抗路径,从而将原边的干扰传递至副边,为共模干扰提供耦合路径。
此外,由于DC/DC电源变换电路工作在高频状态下,MOSFET与散热器间也存在EMI传播路径。如图2所示,在实际电路安装时,变换器的功率开关管通常会通过导热硅脂或绝缘衬垫等与散热器紧贴,开关管与散热器间的电容效应导致二者之间存在寄生电容Cp。在高频条件下工作时,该寄生电容是共模电流传导的主要路径[12],高频电流通过该电容流经散热片、外壳接地,从而产生共模干扰。
开关管高频通断产生的电流和电压突变本质上是电介质电荷和电流密度的变化,这些变化会向外辐射电磁波,影响电路正常工作[13]
辐射干扰主要依靠电磁场向外发射,由于工程中电源器件均在PCB上,当电流在器件和PCB上流动并形成环路时,部分电磁能量由PCB向外辐射,形成辐射干扰。另外,由于变压器等器件在工作过程中会产生漏磁,通过磁芯或壳体直接向外辐射电磁能量,电流流过线束时也会向外辐射干扰信号,进一步加剧了辐射干扰。
本文PCB上主要包括滤波电路、功率变换电路及整流电路。PCB间的电子器件和电源走线等会导致电磁能量通过传导和辐射发射的方式传递干扰信号。为了提取PCB中线间的寄生参数,使用ANSYS SIwave和ANSYS Q3D软件进行PCB处理和静态电磁场仿真。
实际工程中PCB布线较为灵活,故应根据所需仿真部分对PCB板的网络进行筛选,并将布局模型导出至Q3D进行PCB三维/二维静态电磁场仿真,提取S参数,如图3所示。
由于平板存在电容耦合效应,PCB上的铜线与外壳体间存在分布电容,共模干扰信号经由分布电容通过地流回原边。同时根据文献[3],MOSFET开关器件与散热器间寄生电容为pF量级,传导干扰信号幅值不会随寄生电容的大小而改变,通过对MOSFET所连接铜线相对壳体的电容进行抽取,也可将这部分通路表征出来,因此需要在Q3D中对PCB进行联合仿真分析。Q3D抽取寄生电容仿真结果如图4所示,求解后PCB与壳体间的分布电容如表1所示。
变压器对DC/DC电源变换器的EMI影响主要体现在漏感、并联等效电容与寄生参数的相互作用;原副边耦合电容为共模干扰提供了耦合途径。因此需要对变压器进行仿真和实测确定寄生参数,进而建立准确的变压器等效电路模型。
本文主要使用ANSYS Maxwell对变压器数模进行仿真,确定励磁电感和漏感。励磁电感仿真时,直流状态即接近0 kHz频率下的电感仿真结果可认为是励磁电感,漏感仿真时,需在正常工作状态即65 kHz频率下,将漏感副边引脚短路,故需设置2个仿真频率。励磁电感与漏感的仿真结果分别为3.55 mH、3.71 mH。
变压器绕组层数较多,受等效电容效应影响,在绕组层间及原、副边绕组间会形成电场,从而不可避免地产生分布电容,即绕组并联的等效电容和原副边耦合电容。
原副边耦合电容将共模干扰信号由原边传递到副边,经由副边对地电容由LISN回流至原边,需要使用网络分析仪对变压器原副边耦合电容进行测量。原副边耦合电容测试原理如图5所示,通过测试得到变压器高频下插入损耗曲线[14],然后计算得到其电容值。对线性段,电容计算公式为:
${C}_{Q}=\frac{1}{2\pi f·\sqrt{{10}^{(40-P)/10}-{10}^{4}}}$
式中:CQ为原副边耦合电容,f为测量值频率,P为插入损耗,V2为电位差。
插入损耗测试结果如图6所示,将其带入式(2)计算可得耦合电容约为159 pF。
在MOSFET开通和关断时,等效电容会与变压器漏感及电路中的其他寄生参数发生谐振,形成带有尖峰的电压脉冲并含有丰富的高频分量,加大电磁干扰。为建立精准的变压器高频等效模型,本文选择使用阻抗分析仪对并联等效电容进行测试,结果如图7所示,电容为85.248 85 pF,电感为2.783 859 mH。
根据仿真和测试结果,在Simplorer中建立变压器的高频等效模型,如图8所示,其中,Lm为励磁电感,Lk为漏感,C11为绕组并联等效电容,C12为原副边耦合电容。
EMC实验室需要在稳定的电磁环境中运行,同时使周遭设备不会受到其运行时产生的电磁干扰影响。这既需要设备在常规运行时向周围环境释放的电磁干扰必须维持在限定的阈值以下,同时要求设备具备一定的抗电磁干扰能力。根据以上要求,同时参照CISPR 25标准,可以在ANSYS HFSS软件中建立包括测试台架、LISN、绝缘垫、壳体的辐射发射和传导发射仿真环境,如图9所示。
高压滤波器是降低电磁干扰的主要手段之一,它通过滤波、衰减和反射等方式消除电磁干扰噪声。本文使用的滤波器主要由共模滤波电容、共模扼流圈、差模滤波电容构成。共模和差模滤波电容对干扰信号的抑制作用较为简单,只需测试其高频参数即可。但由于共模扼流圈对共模干扰和差模干扰均有抑制作用,同时磁芯材料特性随频率变化,且受绕组漏感和寄生电容等因素影响[15],模型较为复杂。因此,本文需要分别对其建立高频差模和共模模型。
传导干扰信号电磁波长远大于共模扼流圈尺寸,因此可以使用集总模型表示共模扼流圈的差模和共模模型,如图10所示。
在差模模型中,Ld为漏感,Rd为磁损等效阻抗,C2为绕组间电容,Rw为铜损等效阻抗,Cd为原/副边匝间电容,由于绕组过少,可以忽略C2及铜损等效阻抗;在共模模型中,Lc为单个绕组的电感,且与差模模型不同,2个绕组Lc是相互耦合的,Rc为磁损等效阻抗,C1为绕组电容。
利用阻抗分析仪测得差模模型和共模模型高频参数如图11所示。差模模型中,电容为1.278 099 pF,电感为406.785 4 nH,电阻为6.776 252 mΩ;共模模型中,电容为33.985 95 pF,电感为103.310 8 μH,电阻为6.217 291 mΩ。同时构建滤波器高频等效模型,如图12所示。
在Simplorer中搭建DC/DC电源变换器主电路进行场-路协同仿真。模型集成了高压滤波器、主功率电路部分、HFSS传导和辐射发射测试台架模型、PCB自身寄生参数及其与壳体间寄生电容和变压器高频等效模型。功率回路输入电压为430 V,使用脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)开环控制策略控制MOSFET通断,频率为65 kHz,占空比为0.5。DC/DC电源变换器仿真模型如图13所示。
DC/DC电源变换器输出电压、电流如图14所示,输出电流稳定在105 A左右,输出电压稳定在13 V左右,满足正常工作要求。
干扰主要来自MOSFET高频通断产生的电压、电流信号变化,因此干扰的频率应集中于MOSFET开关频段及其倍频处。传导发射仿真和试验结果如图15所示,传导干扰主要集中在65 kHz及其各倍频处,同时在130 kHz下干扰超标情况较为严重。该仿真模型能够较好地体现传导干扰信号随频率升高先增大后减小的趋势,也能较好地体现干扰发生的各频点,与理论分析和测试结果基本一致。
辐射发射仿真中主要关注线缆上的干扰在空间中的辐射场强。仿真和试验结果如图16所示,对于在测试中干扰较严重的130 kHz和260 kHz频点,该仿真模型均能体现,在辐射发射干扰超标严重的130 kHz处,仿真频点能够很好地进行拟合。
本文通过理论分析说明了DC/DC电源变换器干扰的产生机理,以及干扰源在变换器中的2种耦合路径,并提出了一种PCB、变压器和共模扼流圈的高频参数仿真建模方法,通过仿测结合的方式确定模型中的相关参数,能够较为准确地表达共模、差模信号的产生源和耦合路径。基于ANSYS仿真平台中SIwave、Q3D、Maxwell、Simplorer、HFSS等仿真软件搭建了DC/DC电源变换器场-路耦合的传导和辐射发射EMI仿真模型,并将仿真结果与EMI试验结果进行对比,发现传导和辐射发射仿真的重要干扰频点拟合较为精准,证明了理论分析和仿真模型搭建的正确性。
后续将在变换器干扰源的抑制、切断干扰源的传播途径以及对敏感器件的干扰保护等方面针对DC/DC电源变换器EMC的优化理论及措施进行深入研究。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20250040
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 修回日期:2025-04-11
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    中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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