Article(id=1194598947630059655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194598945172201672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240294, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1728921600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762744183689, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762744183689, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762744183689, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762744183689, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194598945172201672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762744183102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762744758303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194601357807166200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194598945172201672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194601357807166201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194598945172201672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194598948171124875, articleId=1194598947630059655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research on Intended Functionality Safety of Scenario-Oriented Automated Valet Parking, columnId=1194598945935565002, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Issue on Autonomous Vehicle Testing Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the Autonomous Valet Parking (AVP) system including its behavioral limitations, and to ensure its Safety Of The Intended Function (SOTIF), the paper proposes the SOTIF analysis process for AVP systems. This procedure synthesizes the ISO 21448 and the System Theory Process Analysis (STPA) method, and elaborates on system safety and triggering conditions, layers triggering conditions and combines with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to build SOTIF scenarios. The evaluation employs collision distance risk, collision time risk and braking deceleration risk as key performance indicators. The Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods are utilized for index weighting and evaluation. Finally, SOTIF scores of AVP systems under different scenarios are obtained through real vehicle testing, clarifying unsafe scenarios and providing targeted guidance for product optimization.

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为正确理解自主代客泊车(AVP)系统及其局限性,确保其预期功能安全(SOTIF),结合ISO 21448和系统理论过程分析(STPA)方法,提出AVP系统SOTIF分析流程。阐述了系统安全与触发条件,并将触发条件分层,结合模糊综合评价模型搭建SOTIF场景;以碰撞距离风险、碰撞时间风险和制动减速度风险为评价指标,采用基于指标相关性的指标权重确定方法(CRITIC)和优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)完成指标赋权及评价;最后,通过实车测试获得不同场景下AVP系统的SOTIF得分,明确不安全场景,以期针对性地指导产品优化。

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编号 损失
L-1 与车辆发生碰撞
L-2 与弱势交通参与者发生碰撞
L-3 与障碍物发生碰撞
L-4 未碰撞但动态驾驶任务失败
L-5 未碰撞但使其他交通参与者心理恐慌
L-6 未发生碰撞但降低通行效率,引发其他交通
参与者抱怨
L-7 任务完成但使用户失去满意度和信心
), ArticleFig(id=1194696228115031022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AVP系统的损失

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 损失
L-1 与车辆发生碰撞
L-2 与弱势交通参与者发生碰撞
L-3 与障碍物发生碰撞
L-4 未碰撞但动态驾驶任务失败
L-5 未碰撞但使其他交通参与者心理恐慌
L-6 未发生碰撞但降低通行效率,引发其他交通
参与者抱怨
L-7 任务完成但使用户失去满意度和信心
), ArticleFig(id=1194696228240860143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 整车级危害 相关损失
H-1 自车与行驶路径上其他交通参与者、障碍物之间没有保持最小的安全距离 L-1、L-2、L-3、L-4、L-5、L-7
H-2 自车驶离规划路线 L-1、L-2、L-3、L-4、L-5、L-6
H-3 自车超速行驶或紧急制动 L-1、L-2、L-3、L-5
H-4 自车影响正常交通通行 L-6、L-7
H-5 任务完成度较差 L-7
), ArticleFig(id=1194696228333134832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

AVP系统整车级危害

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 整车级危害 相关损失
H-1 自车与行驶路径上其他交通参与者、障碍物之间没有保持最小的安全距离 L-1、L-2、L-3、L-4、L-5、L-7
H-2 自车驶离规划路线 L-1、L-2、L-3、L-4、L-5、L-6
H-3 自车超速行驶或紧急制动 L-1、L-2、L-3、L-5
H-4 自车影响正常交通通行 L-6、L-7
H-5 任务完成度较差 L-7
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控制行为 不安全控制行为
减速 UCA1-当车辆行驶路径上出现特殊目标物或目标物特殊姿态时,自车未提供制动(H-1)
转向 UCA2-在车辆行驶路径上出现静止目标物时,自车未转向避让(H-1、H-2、H-5)
加速 UCA3-上坡路段,在车辆行驶路径上出现目标物时,自车提供错误加速(H-1、H-3、H-5)
…… ……
), ArticleFig(id=1194696228500906994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

AVP系统不安全控制行为

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控制行为 不安全控制行为
减速 UCA1-当车辆行驶路径上出现特殊目标物或目标物特殊姿态时,自车未提供制动(H-1)
转向 UCA2-在车辆行驶路径上出现静止目标物时,自车未转向避让(H-1、H-2、H-5)
加速 UCA3-上坡路段,在车辆行驶路径上出现目标物时,自车提供错误加速(H-1、H-3、H-5)
…… ……
), ArticleFig(id=1194696228572210163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 内容 系统类型 类别 内容 系统类型
PeS PoS DeS CS PeS PoS DeS CS
V L M U V L M U
传感器特征 尘埃覆盖传感器表面 环境条件 其他目标干扰
雨滴覆盖传感器表面 信号屏蔽
雾滴覆盖传感器表面 雨、雪、雾、霾
雪覆盖传感器表面 光照条件 傍晚、早晨等昏黄条件
传感器附近存在振动源(共振) 地面噪声干扰
低温环境 驶入地库
高温环境 太阳光直射
黑色袋子覆盖视觉传感器表面 夜晚、阴天等低光照环境
落叶、纸覆盖视觉传感器表面 远光灯直射激光雷达
缺失高精地图 障碍物反射光线干扰
由于大坡度路面导致感知功能不足 目标物特征 特殊交通参与者类型(儿童、婴儿、购物车等)
由于装配不当导致感知功能不足 交通参与者特殊行为(横穿、靠近车辆、泊车、前方驶过、转弯、违规停车等)
由于自车不稳定运动导致感知功能不足 极限场景(紧急制动、盲区、目标物极限切入、弯道会车、窄路会车、转弯会车等)
环境条件 不良路面 多个交通参与者(≥2个)
电磁干扰 交通参与者特殊穿着(光线较差时行人身着黑色服装)
多路径反射干扰 特殊障碍物(电线杆、花坛石、路缘石、限位杆、限位块等)
复杂路径
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AVP系统整车级危害触发条件

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类别 内容 系统类型 类别 内容 系统类型
PeS PoS DeS CS PeS PoS DeS CS
V L M U V L M U
传感器特征 尘埃覆盖传感器表面 环境条件 其他目标干扰
雨滴覆盖传感器表面 信号屏蔽
雾滴覆盖传感器表面 雨、雪、雾、霾
雪覆盖传感器表面 光照条件 傍晚、早晨等昏黄条件
传感器附近存在振动源(共振) 地面噪声干扰
低温环境 驶入地库
高温环境 太阳光直射
黑色袋子覆盖视觉传感器表面 夜晚、阴天等低光照环境
落叶、纸覆盖视觉传感器表面 远光灯直射激光雷达
缺失高精地图 障碍物反射光线干扰
由于大坡度路面导致感知功能不足 目标物特征 特殊交通参与者类型(儿童、婴儿、购物车等)
由于装配不当导致感知功能不足 交通参与者特殊行为(横穿、靠近车辆、泊车、前方驶过、转弯、违规停车等)
由于自车不稳定运动导致感知功能不足 极限场景(紧急制动、盲区、目标物极限切入、弯道会车、窄路会车、转弯会车等)
环境条件 不良路面 多个交通参与者(≥2个)
电磁干扰 交通参与者特殊穿着(光线较差时行人身着黑色服装)
多路径反射干扰 特殊障碍物(电线杆、花坛石、路缘石、限位杆、限位块等)
复杂路径
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场景要素 一级指标 二级指标 指标分值
静态要素 天气情况 晴天 0.8~1.0
雨天 0~0.6
雪天 0~0.4
雾天 0~0.4
阴天 0.4~0.8
多云 0.5~1.0
光照情况 光照强 0.8~1.0
光照中 0.5~0.7
光照弱 0.1~0.4
温度情况 低温 0~0.7
高温 0~0.7
温度适宜 0.8~1.0
交通情况 直道 1.0
坡道 0.3~0.7
弯道 0.2~0.6
动态要素 交通参与者 行人 0~0.4
乘用车 0.4~0.7
购物车 0.7~1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1194696228853228534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

场景要素指标分值

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场景要素 一级指标 二级指标 指标分值
静态要素 天气情况 晴天 0.8~1.0
雨天 0~0.6
雪天 0~0.4
雾天 0~0.4
阴天 0.4~0.8
多云 0.5~1.0
光照情况 光照强 0.8~1.0
光照中 0.5~0.7
光照弱 0.1~0.4
温度情况 低温 0~0.7
高温 0~0.7
温度适宜 0.8~1.0
交通情况 直道 1.0
坡道 0.3~0.7
弯道 0.2~0.6
动态要素 交通参与者 行人 0~0.4
乘用车 0.4~0.7
购物车 0.7~1.0
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层级 特征要素
第1层:
道路特征
1.1道路结构(纵断面) 1.5车道方向
1.2坡度 1.6车道线描述
1.3道路结构(水平面) 1.7车道数量
1.4车道宽度 1.8道路表面
第2层:
交通基础设施
2.1类型 2.3位置
2.2几何形状
第3层:
交通参与者
3.1类型 3.5与自车的距离
3.2尺寸 3.6运动状态
3.3所处位置(相对自车) 3.7运动速度
3.4相对自车的空间位置 3.8外观颜色
第4层:
气候环境
4.1天气 4.3是否存在视觉干扰
4.2光照度 4.4干扰源描述
第5层:
通信状态
5.1 V2X 5.2高精地图
第6层:
自车状态
6.1运动状态 6.2速度
第7层:
车位信息
7.1车位类型 7.10其他特征项
7.2车位形状、角度 7.11保护区宽度
7.3车位线斜列角度 7.12纵向坡度
7.4车位尺寸(长×宽) 7.13横向坡度
7.5车位面材质 7.14前边界类型
7.6车位线材质 7.15左边界类型
7.7车位线形 7.16后边界类型
7.8车位线颜色 7.17右边界类型
7.9车位线是否清晰
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驾驶场景中的特征要素

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层级 特征要素
第1层:
道路特征
1.1道路结构(纵断面) 1.5车道方向
1.2坡度 1.6车道线描述
1.3道路结构(水平面) 1.7车道数量
1.4车道宽度 1.8道路表面
第2层:
交通基础设施
2.1类型 2.3位置
2.2几何形状
第3层:
交通参与者
3.1类型 3.5与自车的距离
3.2尺寸 3.6运动状态
3.3所处位置(相对自车) 3.7运动速度
3.4相对自车的空间位置 3.8外观颜色
第4层:
气候环境
4.1天气 4.3是否存在视觉干扰
4.2光照度 4.4干扰源描述
第5层:
通信状态
5.1 V2X 5.2高精地图
第6层:
自车状态
6.1运动状态 6.2速度
第7层:
车位信息
7.1车位类型 7.10其他特征项
7.2车位形状、角度 7.11保护区宽度
7.3车位线斜列角度 7.12纵向坡度
7.4车位尺寸(长×宽) 7.13横向坡度
7.5车位面材质 7.14前边界类型
7.6车位线材质 7.15左边界类型
7.7车位线形 7.16后边界类型
7.8车位线颜色 7.17右边界类型
7.9车位线是否清晰
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场景类别 整合后场景数量
入场
阶段
巡航
阶段
泊入
阶段
泊出
阶段
出场
阶段
总计
驾驶场景 10 27 14 11 10 72
事故场景 2 32 29 8 2 73
失效场景 0 20 0 0 0 20
标准场景 3 139 11 14 1 168
总计 15 218 54 33 13 333
), ArticleFig(id=1194696229171995642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

AVP系统场景数量统计 项

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场景类别 整合后场景数量
入场
阶段
巡航
阶段
泊入
阶段
泊出
阶段
出场
阶段
总计
驾驶场景 10 27 14 11 10 72
事故场景 2 32 29 8 2 73
失效场景 0 20 0 0 0 20
标准场景 3 139 11 14 1 168
总计 15 218 54 33 13 333
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场景类别 场景描述 场景安全评价值 场景图片
入场-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过高,弯道下坡过减速带,有成年行人在车前横穿 0.015
入场-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,路口巡航,有成年行人在路口斑马线横穿 0.018
巡航-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过高,弯道巡航,有儿童横穿道路 0.012
巡航-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,坡道巡航,有成年行人在车前横穿 0.014
泊入车位-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,车位两侧有静止车辆,且泊入过程中有儿童横穿车位 0.009
泊入车位-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,泊入过程中有成年行人在右侧车位前横穿 0.012
泊出车位-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,泊出倒车时有成年行人横穿车位 0.015
泊出车位-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,车位两侧有静止车辆,泊出时有儿童在车前静止 0.010
出场-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,车辆向前上坡转弯出场时,转弯路径上出现成年行人 0.016
出场-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,车辆向前上坡转弯,侧向行人靠近车辆 0.020
), ArticleFig(id=1194696229352350716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

场景安全评价值

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场景类别 场景描述 场景安全评价值 场景图片
入场-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过高,弯道下坡过减速带,有成年行人在车前横穿 0.015
入场-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,路口巡航,有成年行人在路口斑马线横穿 0.018
巡航-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过高,弯道巡航,有儿童横穿道路 0.012
巡航-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,坡道巡航,有成年行人在车前横穿 0.014
泊入车位-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,车位两侧有静止车辆,且泊入过程中有儿童横穿车位 0.009
泊入车位-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,泊入过程中有成年行人在右侧车位前横穿 0.012
泊出车位-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,泊出倒车时有成年行人横穿车位 0.015
泊出车位-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,车位两侧有静止车辆,泊出时有儿童在车前静止 0.010
出场-1 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,车辆向前上坡转弯出场时,转弯路径上出现成年行人 0.016
出场-2 AVP停车场,光照弱,温度过低,车辆向前上坡转弯,侧向行人靠近车辆 0.020
), ArticleFig(id=1194696229423653885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景类别 Dlo Dla tTTC/s ${a}_{s}^{lo}$/m·s-2 ${a}_{s}^{la}$/m·s-2
入场-1 1.16 0.98 1.94 0.54 0.33
入场-2 1.08 0.95 1.76 0.68 0.27
巡航-1 0.87 0.79 1.58 0.79 0.41
巡航-2 0.94 0.97 1.68 0.72 0.35
泊入车位-1 0.80 0.94 1.65 0.47
泊入车位-2 0.83 0.97 0.90 0.31
泊出车位-1 1.20 1.05 0.50 0.35
泊出车位-2 1.00 0.89 0.65 0.23
出场-1 0.83 0.73 1.55 0.81 0.38
出场-2 0.90 0.66 1.63 0.75 0.31
), ArticleFig(id=1194696229507539966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

试验数据各指标值

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场景类别 Dlo Dla tTTC/s ${a}_{s}^{lo}$/m·s-2 ${a}_{s}^{la}$/m·s-2
入场-1 1.16 0.98 1.94 0.54 0.33
入场-2 1.08 0.95 1.76 0.68 0.27
巡航-1 0.87 0.79 1.58 0.79 0.41
巡航-2 0.94 0.97 1.68 0.72 0.35
泊入车位-1 0.80 0.94 1.65 0.47
泊入车位-2 0.83 0.97 0.90 0.31
泊出车位-1 1.20 1.05 0.50 0.35
泊出车位-2 1.00 0.89 0.65 0.23
出场-1 0.83 0.73 1.55 0.81 0.38
出场-2 0.90 0.66 1.63 0.75 0.31
), ArticleFig(id=1194696229578843135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 指标对比强度 指标冲突性 信息量 权重
Dlo 0.358 5 4.338 3 1.555 3 0.240 5
Dla 0.321 0 3.494 2 1.121 5 0.173 4
tTTC 0.330 8 4.232 5 1.400 3 0.216 5
${a}_{s}^{lo}$ 0.280 4 4.248 1 1.191 3 0.184 2
${a}_{s}^{la}$ 0.286 3 4.187 2 1.198 8 0.185 4
), ArticleFig(id=1194696229675312128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

指标权重

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指标 指标对比强度 指标冲突性 信息量 权重
Dlo 0.358 5 4.338 3 1.555 3 0.240 5
Dla 0.321 0 3.494 2 1.121 5 0.173 4
tTTC 0.330 8 4.232 5 1.400 3 0.216 5
${a}_{s}^{lo}$ 0.280 4 4.248 1 1.191 3 0.184 2
${a}_{s}^{la}$ 0.286 3 4.187 2 1.198 8 0.185 4
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场景类别 ${D}_{i}^{+}$ ${D}_{i}^{-}$ SOTIF得分/分
入场-1 0.898 4 1.137 9 70.35
入场-2 0.979 6 0.781 5 77.75
巡航-1 1.193 8 0.546 0 72.55
巡航-2 1.016 9 0.685 9 76.11
泊入车位-1 1.039 2 1.123 8 80.78
泊入车位-2 1.214 8 0.603 6 73.28
泊出车位-1 1.224 6 0.906 1 77.01
泊出车位-2 1.318 0 0.482 1 70.71
出场-1 1.297 9 0.449 9 70.30
出场-2 1.268 7 0.352 6 68.70
), ArticleFig(id=1194696229830500353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, articleId=1194598947630059655, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

AVP系统SOTIF得分

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场景类别 ${D}_{i}^{+}$ ${D}_{i}^{-}$ SOTIF得分/分
入场-1 0.898 4 1.137 9 70.35
入场-2 0.979 6 0.781 5 77.75
巡航-1 1.193 8 0.546 0 72.55
巡航-2 1.016 9 0.685 9 76.11
泊入车位-1 1.039 2 1.123 8 80.78
泊入车位-2 1.214 8 0.603 6 73.28
泊出车位-1 1.224 6 0.906 1 77.01
泊出车位-2 1.318 0 0.482 1 70.71
出场-1 1.297 9 0.449 9 70.30
出场-2 1.268 7 0.352 6 68.70
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面向场景的自主代客泊车预期功能安全研究
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姜文义 , 高婷婷 , 乔永禄 , 汤一飞 , 郑建明 , 金鉴
汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车测试技术专刊 2025,(5): 13-22
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汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车测试技术专刊 2025, (5): 13-22
面向场景的自主代客泊车预期功能安全研究
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姜文义, 高婷婷, 乔永禄, 汤一飞, 郑建明, 金鉴
作者信息
  • 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
Research on Intended Functionality Safety of Scenario-Oriented Automated Valet Parking
Wenyi Jiang, Tingting Gao, Yonglu Qiao, Yifei Tang, Jianming Zheng, Jian Jin
Affiliations
  • Global R&D Institute, China FAW Group Corporation, Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240294
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为正确理解自主代客泊车(AVP)系统及其局限性,确保其预期功能安全(SOTIF),结合ISO 21448和系统理论过程分析(STPA)方法,提出AVP系统SOTIF分析流程。阐述了系统安全与触发条件,并将触发条件分层,结合模糊综合评价模型搭建SOTIF场景;以碰撞距离风险、碰撞时间风险和制动减速度风险为评价指标,采用基于指标相关性的指标权重确定方法(CRITIC)和优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)完成指标赋权及评价;最后,通过实车测试获得不同场景下AVP系统的SOTIF得分,明确不安全场景,以期针对性地指导产品优化。

智能交通  /  自主代客泊车  /  模糊综合评价  /  预期功能安全

In order to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the Autonomous Valet Parking (AVP) system including its behavioral limitations, and to ensure its Safety Of The Intended Function (SOTIF), the paper proposes the SOTIF analysis process for AVP systems. This procedure synthesizes the ISO 21448 and the System Theory Process Analysis (STPA) method, and elaborates on system safety and triggering conditions, layers triggering conditions and combines with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to build SOTIF scenarios. The evaluation employs collision distance risk, collision time risk and braking deceleration risk as key performance indicators. The Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods are utilized for index weighting and evaluation. Finally, SOTIF scores of AVP systems under different scenarios are obtained through real vehicle testing, clarifying unsafe scenarios and providing targeted guidance for product optimization.

Intelligent transportation  /  Automated valet parking  /  Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation  /  Safety Of The Intended Functionality (SOTIF)
姜文义, 高婷婷, 乔永禄, 汤一飞, 郑建明, 金鉴. 面向场景的自主代客泊车预期功能安全研究. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (5) : 13 -22 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240294
Wenyi Jiang, Tingting Gao, Yonglu Qiao, Yifei Tang, Jianming Zheng, Jian Jin. Research on Intended Functionality Safety of Scenario-Oriented Automated Valet Parking[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (5) : 13 -22 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240294
基于已知停车场静态环境地图,自主代客泊车(Automated Valet Parking,AVP)系统能够快速高效地规划出面向场景的可行路径,成为解决自动驾驶“最后一公里问题”的有效手段。王恒凯等[1]从市场需求、政策环境等角度对AVP系统发展趋势进行预测,并提出建议。目前,AVP系统对车辆安全提出了诸多挑战,具备该功能的车辆难以在任何场景下都能保证自身及周围交通参与者的安全,这与AVP系统的预期功能安全(Safety Of The Intended Functionality,SOTIF)有关。SOTIF是ISO 26262: 2018《道路车辆 功能安全》[2]对自动驾驶功能安全的补充,Leveson[3]基于系统理论过程分析(System Theoretic Process Analysis,STPA)方法,将SOTIF定义为控制问题,将危害的原因归结为控制器和被控制过程之间的相互作用失效,识别出可能导致危害发生的不安全控制行为及其原因;张玉新等[4]将STPA与故障树等传统安全分析方法进行对比,从自动驾驶功能安全、预期功能安全等维度阐述了STPA方法的优势,提出基于STPA的综合安全分析方法。ISO 21448: 2022《道路车辆 预期功能安全》[5]标准立足于对自动驾驶安全影响更广泛的非故障安全领域,重点关注自动驾驶系统的行为安全,解决因自身设计不足或性能局限在遇到一定触发条件时导致的危害。
AVP系统SOTIF相关风险的主要来源为已知不安全和未知不安全场景,为评估AVP系统不安全场景的预期功能安全,行业当前主要采用基于里程的评价和基于场景的评价两类方法。主流车辆测试方法采用长里程道路测试来覆盖更多的驾驶场景,如美国公路交通安全管理局[6]定义了预碰撞场景,欧盟[7]在总结真实事故场景与特征的基础上明确了人工和自动驾驶关键场景,Menzel等[8]以本体论作为基础理论,建立了包含5个层次的高速公路具体测试场景自动生成方法,陈浩等[9]考虑自动驾驶车辆SOTIF场景的不同测试标定要求及侧重方向,提出了一种基于行车安全场理论的SOTIF场景风险评估方法,王荣等[10]将信息熵和引力模型耦合后对自动驾驶车辆道路测试场景进行评价和分类,并采用实车测试验证场景评价方法的合理性,中国汽车工程学会[11]发布《自主代客泊车系统总体技术要求》团体标准,填补了国内在AVP行业标准及场景方面的空白。更多学者关注基于自动驾驶系统场景的评价方法,季中豪等[12]提出增加碰撞时间、制动减速度峰值和制动停止后距离等评价参数以全面评价自动紧急制动(Autonomous Emergency Braking,AEB)系统的性能,Riedmaier等[13]总结了基于场景的自动驾驶安全评估方法,朱冰等[14]基于高斯模型对多维度逻辑场景下的测试危险参数结果进行聚类,提出危险域离散度、危险域范围两个评价指标并耦合形成场景危险率以实现更为全面的评价,白先旭等[15]采用STPA方法对AEB系统控制模块进行安全分析,并建立了AEB系统SOTIF评价体系。上述研究更多集中于对自动驾驶功能的评价,相关方法虽能分析系统的性能不足和可能导致的危害行为,但不能量化由于性能不足导致的危害行为风险大小和系统SOTIF性能优劣。
本文针对车辆AVP系统SOTIF的量化问题,首先,结合ISO 21448: 2022和STPA方法提出AVP系统SOTIF分析流程,进行系统安全与触发条件分析,其次,将触发条件分层,形成AVP系统SOTIF场景静态要素和动态要素,建立AVP系统SOTIF场景模型,明确场景模糊等级,应用模糊综合评价模型抽取AVP系统SOTIF不安全场景,最后,构建包含碰撞距离风险、碰撞时间风险及制动减速度风险的评价指标,利用基于指标相关性的指标权重确定方法(Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation,CRITIC)和优劣解距离法(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution,TOPSIS)综合量化评价指标,并通过实车测试更全面地了解AVP系统的性能特点和安全风险。
本文结合ISO 21448: 2022和STPA方法提出一种AVP系统SOTIF分析流程,如图1所示。
AVP系统集合感知、决策、控制、执行、交互多个子系统配合完成系列动态任务,其结构如图2所示。
AVP系统可实现用户在停车场指定下客点下车后,通过手机应用程序下达泊车指令,车辆无需用户操纵和监控即可自动行驶到停车场开始泊车,AVP功能流程如图3所示。
AVP系统的主要功能是实现全自动代客泊车,泊车过程中可能发生车辆与人员、周围车辆、障碍物碰撞等情况,因此,定义AVP系统损失如表1所示。
危害指的是一种系统状态或一系列条件,在特定的最不利环境条件下,会导致事故、造成损失。危害应包括系统、不安全条件及导致的损失等内容,由此定义AVP系统整车级危害如表2所示,并将危害与AVP系统的损失关联。
为避免AVP系统出现SOTIF问题,建立控制结构模型,如图4所示。
根据STPA的4个预定义分类,提出4类不恰当的控制类型:没有提供所需的控制行为,或者提供了控制行为却没有被很好地实施;提供了错误的或不安全的控制行为;控制行为出现在错误的时间(过早或过晚);正确的控制行为停止得过早或持续过久。由此识别出AVP系统不安全控制行为(Unsafe Control Action,UCA),如表3所示。
表3中每个UCA都可能对应单个或多个触发条件,触发条件的产生主要来源于软、硬件设备的性能局限,因此可从感知、定位、决策及控制系统维度进行分析,从传感器特征、环境条件、光照条件、目标物特征4个方面细化感知系统(Perception System,PeS)、定位系统(Positioning System,PoS)、决策系统(Decision-making System,DeS)及控制系统(Control System,CS)可能的触发条件。感知系统包括视觉传感器(Visual Sensor,V)、激光雷达(LiDAR,L)、毫米波雷达(Millimeter-wave Radar,M)及超声波雷达(Ultrasonic Radar,U),64个AVP整车级危害的诱因(其中31个为重复诱因)如表4所示。
基于STPA方法开展AVP系统预期功能安全分析,识别出导致系统危害事件发生的触发条件,并将与场景相关的触发条件进行分层,如图5所示。
触发条件分层中的静态要素和动态要素指标为:
U={u1,u2,u3,u4,u5}
式中:u1为天气情况,u2为光照情况,u3为温度情况,u4为交通情况,u5为交通参与者。
根据以上5个指标建立安全场景判据:若天气情况好、光照情况好、温度情况好、交通情况好、无交通参与者,场景非常安全;若天气情况好、光照情况好、交通情况好、交通参与者均静止,场景很安全;若天气情况好、温度情况好、交通情况好、光照条件较差、交通参与者为动态车辆,场景安全;若光照情况、交通情况均比较差时,交通参与者为动态行人,场景不安全。
将以上场景转换为评价集合:
V={v1,v2,v3,v4}
式中:v1v2v3v4分别为场景非常安全、场景很安全、场景安全和场景不安全。
根据专家经验法确定5个场景要素的权重:
Q=(q1,q2,q3,q4,q5)
式中:q1q2q3q4q5分别为天气情况、光照情况、温度情况、交通情况和交通参与者的权重。
综合评判后某场景从UV的模糊关系如下:
${R}_{nm} =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{r}_{11}& \cdots & {r}_{1m}\\ ⋮& & ⋮\\ {r}_{n1}& \cdots & {r}_{nm}\end{array}\right]$
式中:Rnm为某场景从UV的模糊关系矩阵,rnmU×V上每个有序对的指定隶属度。
场景评价涉及多个指标、属性权重及要素间的耦合关系,是多要素决策问题。现实场景各方面要素信息具有复杂性和不确定性,各要素不是刚性可测的值,智能汽车的感知系统往往无法得到各要素的安全阈值,导致最终判断失误,造成预期功能不足。相比之下,人类驾驶员能够凭借其丰富的感知能力,运用语气算子对接收到的信息要素进行模糊化处理,作出更为贴切的评价与决策。因此,本文采用专家经验法选取驾驶经验丰富的驾驶员对场景要素打分,如表5所示,从而解决在判断与决策复杂信息因素时可能遇到的局限性,提升评价的准确性和实用性。
在此基础上,场景安全评价值M为:
M=Q1×5·R5×5
以标准场景为基础,以驾驶场景为依托,以事故场景为预期,以失效场景为补充,搭建AVP系统场景库,提升场景的可测试性。驾驶场景中的特征要素如表6所示,场景数量统计如表7所示。
对场景库所有场景进行安全评价,因不可能枚举所有典型场景,仅按顺序选取各阶段2个评分最低的场景作为典型场景,如表8所示。
场景模型计算可知,上述10个场景的安全评价值均不超过0.034,属于场景不安全集合,用于后续AVP预期功能安全的评价。
AVP系统不安全控制行为的产生源于AVP系统在执行车辆动态任务过程时是否能够保证自车与周围交通参与者在横向与纵向维度处于安全状态,及时响应环境的变化,以及提供的控制行为是否符合预期设计。本文从碰撞距离风险、碰撞时间风险和制动减速度风险3个维度设计AVP系统评价指标。
碰撞距离风险通过计算当前时刻自车与周围交通参与者的纵、横向相对距离和纵、横向安全距离(指反应时间内车辆行驶的距离),判断自车的碰撞风险:
ds,lo=trvlo
ds,la=trvlat
Dlo=dlo/ds,lo
Dla=dla/ds,la
式中:ds,lads,lo分别为横、纵向安全距离,tr为反应时间,vlavlo分别为横、纵向行驶速度,dladlo分别为自车与目标车的横、纵向距离,DlaDlo分别为自车横、纵向碰撞风险。
碰撞时间(Time To Collision,TTC)风险能够检测自车与同车道距离最近交通参与者的纵向碰撞时距及存在横向速度时相应方向的非同车道距离最近交通参与者的横向碰撞时距。TTC越大,表明自车与周围交通参与者距离越远,碰撞风险越小。具体公式为:
${t}_{x}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{{X}_{t}-{X}_{e}}{{v}_{t}-{v}_{e}}, {v}_{e}{v}_{t}\mathrm{且}{X}_{e}{X}_{t}\mathrm{且}\left|{Y}_{e}-{Y}_{t}\right|\le w\\ \frac{{X}_{e}-{X}_{t}}{{v}_{t}-{v}_{e}}, {v}_{e}{v}_{t}\mathrm{且}{X}_{e}{X}_{t}\mathrm{且}\left|{Y}_{e}-{Y}_{t}\right|\le w\end{array}\right.$
${t}_{y}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{{Y}_{t}-{Y}_{e}}{{u}_{e}-{u}_{t}}, {u}_{e}{u}_{t}\mathrm{且}{Y}_{e}{Y}_{t}\mathrm{且}\left|{X}_{e}-{X}_{t}\right|\le L\\ \frac{{Y}_{e}-{Y}_{t}}{{u}_{t}-{u}_{e}}, {v}_{e}{v}_{t}\mathrm{且}{Y}_{e}{Y}_{t}\mathrm{且}\left|{X}_{e}-{X}_{t}\right|\le L\end{array}\right.$
式中:txty分别为横、纵向碰撞时间,XeYe分别为其他交通参与者的横、纵坐标,XtYt分别为自车的横、纵坐标,veue分别为其他交通参与者的横、纵向速度,vtut分别为自车的横、纵向速度,L为交通参与者长度与自车长度之和的1/2,w为车道宽度。
碰撞时间tTTC取两者中的最小值:
tTTC=min{tx,ty}
制动减速度风险关注不同条件下当前时刻自车需要的制动减速度,保证车辆在碰撞发生前完全静止或与周围交通参与者保持相对静止。因此,以车辆在每个阶段减速度的变化率作为评价指标:
${\delta }_{lo}=\left|\frac{{a}_{s}^{lo}-{a}_{e}^{lo}}{{a}_{s}^{lo}}\right|$
${\delta }_{la}=\left|\frac{{a}_{s}^{la}-{a}_{e}^{la}}{{a}_{s}^{la}}\right|$
式中:δlaδlo分别为横、纵向减速度变化率,${a}_{s}^{lo}$${a}_{e}^{lo}$分别为某阶段开始和结束时的纵向减速度,${a}_{s}^{la}$${a}_{e}^{la}$分别为某阶段开始和结束时的横向减速度。
CRITIC法是一种客观赋权方法,兼顾指标变异性大小和指标间的相关性,完全基于数据自身的客观属性进行权重确定,可避免主观判断的影响。
假设有n个待评价样本、p项评价指标,形成原始指标数据矩阵:
$X=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{x}_{11}& \cdots & {x}_{1p}\\ ⋮& & ⋮\\ {x}_{n1}& \cdots & {x}_{np}\end{array}\right]$
式中:xij为第i组测试第j项评价指标的数值。
本文构建的评价指标均为正向指标,归一化处理后为:
${x}_{ij}^{\text{'}}=\frac{{x}_{ij}-max\left({x}_{j}\right)}{max\left({x}_{j}\right)-min\left({x}_{j}\right)}$
式中:max(xj)、min(xj)分别为数值矩阵X中第j列的最大值、最小值。
转换后的数值矩阵为:
${X}^{\text{'}}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{x}_{11}^{\text{'}}& \cdots & {x}_{1p}^{\text{'}}\\ ⋮& & ⋮\\ {x}_{n1}^{\text{'}}& \cdots & {x}_{np}^{\text{'}}\end{array}\right]$
标准差用于表征AVP系统各评价指标取值的差异波动情况,标准差越大,表示该指标本身的评价强度越强,指标权重也越大:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\overline{{x}_{ij}^{\text{'}}}=\frac{1}{n}{\sum }_{i=1}^{n}{x}_{ij}^{\text{'}}\\ {S}_{j}=\sqrt{\frac{{\sum }_{i=1}^{n}({x}_{ij}^{\text{'}}{-\overline{{x}_{ij}^{\text{'}}})}^{2}}{n-1}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\overline{{x}_{ij}^{\text{'}}}$为转换后的数值矩阵中n个数值的平均值,Sj为第j项评价指标的波动性。
相关系数用于表征指标间的相关性,相关性越强,所能体现的评价内容的重复性就越强,一定程度上削弱了该指标的评价强度:
${R}_{j}={\sum }_{i=1}^{n}(1-{r}_{ij})$
式中:Rj为第j项评价指标的冲突性,rij为评价指标ij之间的相关系数。
j项评价指标的信息量Cj是指标波动性与指标冲突性的乘积,指标信息量越大,指标在整个评价体系中的作用越大,应为其分配更大的权重:
Cj=Sj×Rj
j个指标的客观权重Wj为:
${W}_{j}=\frac{{C}_{j}}{\sum _{j=1}^{p}{C}_{j}}$
选取TOPSIS法进行SOTIF量化评价,AVP系统的评价指标均为正向指标,正向指标归一化处理为:
${z}_{ij}=\frac{{x}_{ij}-min\left({x}_{ij}\right)}{max\left({x}_{ij}\right)-min\left({x}_{ij}\right)}$
标准化处理表达式为:
${z}_{ij}^{\text{'}}=\frac{{x}_{ij}}{\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{n}{x}_{ij}^{2}}}$
标准化数值矩阵表达式为:
$Z=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{z}_{11}^{\text{'}}& \cdots & {z}_{1p}^{\text{'}}\\ ⋮& & ⋮\\ {z}_{n1}^{\text{'}}& \cdots & {z}_{np}^{\text{'}}\end{array}\right]$
正理想解为矩阵Z中各指标所有数据中的最大值:
$\begin{array}{l}{z}^{+}=\left[{z}_{1}^{+},{z}_{2}^{+},\dots,{z}_{n}^{+}\right]\\ =max\left[\left({z}_{11}^{\text{'}},{z}_{21}^{\text{'}},\dots,{z}_{n1}^{\text{'}}\right),\dots,\left({z}_{n1}^{\text{'}},{z}_{n2}^{\text{'}},\dots,{z}_{np}^{\text{'}}\right)\right]\end{array}$
负理想解为矩阵Z中各指标所有数据中的最小值:
$\begin{array}{l}{z}^{-}=\left[{z}_{1}^{-},{z}_{2}^{-},\dots,{z}_{n}^{-}\right]\\ =min\left[\left({z}_{11}^{\text{'}},{z}_{21}^{\text{'}},\dots,{z}_{n1}^{\text{'}}\right),\dots,\left({z}_{n1}^{\text{'}},{z}_{n2}^{\text{'}},\dots,{z}_{np}^{\text{'}}\right)\right]\end{array}$
各评价对象与正、负理想解的欧式距离分别为:
${D}_{i}^{+}=\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{p}{W}_{j}{\left({z}_{j}^{+}-{z}_{ij}\right)}^{2}}$
${D}_{i}^{-}=\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{p}{W}_{j}{\left({z}_{j}^{-}-{z}_{ij}\right)}^{2}}$
最后,计算各组测试数据的分数:
${S}_{i}=100\times \frac{0.6{D}_{i}^{+}+{D}_{i}^{-}}{{D}_{i}^{+}+{D}_{i}^{-}}$
式中:Si为第i组测试数据的得分,取值范围为60~100。
Si越大,表明该测试数据与正理想解的距离越小,Si越小,表明该测试数据与负理想解的距离越小。
通过开展实车试验,搭建测试环境、采集并分析试验数据,验证场景构建方法和评价方法的合理性。测试车辆选用搭载AVP系统的某智能网联汽车,在测试车辆上安装英泰斯特数据采集器、高精度惯性导航系统、摄像头等设备,试验场地选择某地下停车场,交通参与者行人选择成年假人和儿童假人。测试车辆及设备如图6所示。
试验数据主要采集自车横纵坐标、横向速度、纵向速度、横向加速度、纵向加速度、AVP系统状态等,测试车辆在10 km/h的车速下开启AVP系统,试验场景如图7所示,试验数据示例如图8所示。
AVP系统实车测试数据如表9所示,在此基础上对某智能网联汽车AVP系统SOTIF进行量化评价。
表9可获得数值矩阵,利用式(18)对各指标值进行归一化处理,根据式(19)~式(23)确定各指标权重,如表10所示。
利用式(24)~式(26)对原始数值矩阵进行正向化和标准化处理,获得标准化后的数值矩阵,通过式(27)和式(28)确定各指标的正理想值和负理想值。利用式(29)和式(30)分别计算每组测试数据与正、负理想解的欧氏距离,根据式(31)计算每组测试数据的SOTIF评价得分,如表11所示。
表11可直观看出该车AVP各阶段SOTIF的性能表现:入场-1、巡航-1、泊入车位-1和泊出车位-2场景得分较低,原因在于该车对弯道巡航与坡道巡航的耦合控制及对两侧存在车辆时的横向控制较差,以及未识别或识别儿童过晚;入场-2、巡航-2、泊出车位-1场景得分较高,原因在于该车对弯道、坡道、路口巡航单独控制较好,并能较容易地识别成年行人。
综上,将评价结果与客观表现进行对比,发现两者基本一致,充分验证了本文所提出的评价方法的有效性。因此,可以在AVP系统SOTIF场景下对该系统进行准确且合理的评价。
本文结合ISO 21448和STPA方法设计AVP系统SOTIF分析流程,对AVP系统进行安全分析,定义损失与危害,识别出不安全控制行为,分析导致危害发生的触发条件,并将触发条件分为静态要素和动态要素,应用模糊综合评价模型构建AVP系统场景,抽取预期功能安全场景,最后,构建考虑碰撞距离风险、碰撞时间风险和制动减速度风险的安全评价指标,利用CRITIC法确定各指标的权重,采用TOPSIS法对评价指标进行SOTIF量化。
通过实车测试对各指标试验数据进行SOTIF量化评价,获得了在不同场景中AVP系统各阶段的SOTIF得分。评价结果表明,该车AVP系统对弯道、坡道、路口巡航单独控制较好,并能较容易地识别成年行人,但对弯道和坡道的耦合控制、两侧均存在车辆时的横向控制能力较差,且对儿童识别能力较弱。
因此,建议该车型进一步优化横向控制算法和感知系统对儿童的识别,强化AVP系统的SOTIF性能。此外,面对未来更复杂的测试场景,需进一步耦合更多的场景要素以构建更丰富的预期功能安全场景。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240294
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
补充材料
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  • 修回日期:2024-10-15
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    中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcs/CN/10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240294
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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