Article(id=1194598947420344454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194598945172201672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240266, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1725897600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762744183638, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762744183638, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762744183638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762744183638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194598945172201672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762744183102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762744758303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194601357807166200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194598945172201672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194601357807166201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194598945172201672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194598948129181833, articleId=1194598947420344454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Performance Testing and Verification of Multi-Mode IoV Communication in a Closed Proving Ground, columnId=1194598945935565002, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Issue on Autonomous Vehicle Testing Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Three types of IoV communication network test platforms of the 5th Generation mobile communication technology (5G), Enhanced Ultra High Throughput (EUHT) and Long-Term Evolution-Vehicle to Everything (LTE-V2X) are constructed based on the closed test field. And four test scenarios are designed, including the full-field performance test, dynamic and static performance test, Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication performance test and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication performance test. Communication delay, data packet delivery rate and throughput are used as evaluation metrics to verify and comparatively analyze the performance of the above three communication networks in typical application scenarios, such as varying communication distances, different vehicle speeds, V2I communication uplink, downlink and hybrid transmission, and end-to-end V2V communication in real-vehicle tests. Test results indicate that the three above networks generally satisfy the requirements of IoV applications in dynamic traffic environment, among which 5G demonstrates the superior performance, followed by EUHT, but in terms of deployment cost and complexity, LTE-V2X has a significant advantage.

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针对不同类型车联网通信技术在典型交通环境下的应用需求,基于封闭测试场完成了第五代移动通信技术(5G)、增强型超高吞吐(EUHT)、基于长期演进的车联网(LTE-V2X)3种车联网通信网络测试平台的搭建,设计了全场性能测试、动静态性能测试、车路通信性能测试、车车通信性能测试4种测试方案,以通信时延、数据包投递率、吞吐量为评价指标,对各种车联网通信网络在不同通信距离、不同行驶车速、车路通信上行、下行、上下行混合传输、端到端车车通信等典型应用场景下的性能表现开展了实车测试验证与对比分析。测试结果表明,3种网络均能满足一般动态交通环境下的车联网应用需求,其中5G性能最好,EUHT次之,但在部署成本与难度方面,LTE-V2X具有较大的优势。

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设备 长度×宽度×高度
/mm×mm×mm
标准支持 射频 频段
5G基站 468×373.5×113.8 5GNR/双模Wi-Fi 6 20 W/40 W 5GNR:
3 300~3 600 MHz/4 800~5 000 MHz
Wi-Fi 6:5.6 GHz
EUHT基站 374×263×98 Wi-Fi 6 18 dBm 5 150~5 850 MHz
LTE-V2X车载设备 205×127×38 IEEE 802.11b Frequency 2.4 GHz/
LTE 3GPP Re.9
23 dBm 5.905~9.925 GHz
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设备规格参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备 长度×宽度×高度
/mm×mm×mm
标准支持 射频 频段
5G基站 468×373.5×113.8 5GNR/双模Wi-Fi 6 20 W/40 W 5GNR:
3 300~3 600 MHz/4 800~5 000 MHz
Wi-Fi 6:5.6 GHz
EUHT基站 374×263×98 Wi-Fi 6 18 dBm 5 150~5 850 MHz
LTE-V2X车载设备 205×127×38 IEEE 802.11b Frequency 2.4 GHz/
LTE 3GPP Re.9
23 dBm 5.905~9.925 GHz
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封闭测试场条件下多模式车联网通信性能测试与验证*
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何佳浚 , 胡明川 , 石茂恒
汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车测试技术专刊 2025,(5): 36-42
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汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车测试技术专刊 2025, (5): 36-42
封闭测试场条件下多模式车联网通信性能测试与验证*
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何佳浚, 胡明川, 石茂恒
作者信息
  • 长安大学, 车联网教育部中国移动联合实验室, 西安 710018
Performance Testing and Verification of Multi-Mode IoV Communication in a Closed Proving Ground
Jiajun He, Mingchuan Hu, Maoheng Shi
Affiliations
  • Chang’an University, Ministry of Education, China Mobile Joint Laboratory of Internet of Vehicles, Xi'an 710018
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240266
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针对不同类型车联网通信技术在典型交通环境下的应用需求,基于封闭测试场完成了第五代移动通信技术(5G)、增强型超高吞吐(EUHT)、基于长期演进的车联网(LTE-V2X)3种车联网通信网络测试平台的搭建,设计了全场性能测试、动静态性能测试、车路通信性能测试、车车通信性能测试4种测试方案,以通信时延、数据包投递率、吞吐量为评价指标,对各种车联网通信网络在不同通信距离、不同行驶车速、车路通信上行、下行、上下行混合传输、端到端车车通信等典型应用场景下的性能表现开展了实车测试验证与对比分析。测试结果表明,3种网络均能满足一般动态交通环境下的车联网应用需求,其中5G性能最好,EUHT次之,但在部署成本与难度方面,LTE-V2X具有较大的优势。

车联网  /  封闭测试场  /  通信测试  /  第五代移动通信技术  /  增强型超高吞吐  /  基于长期演进的车联网

Three types of IoV communication network test platforms of the 5th Generation mobile communication technology (5G), Enhanced Ultra High Throughput (EUHT) and Long-Term Evolution-Vehicle to Everything (LTE-V2X) are constructed based on the closed test field. And four test scenarios are designed, including the full-field performance test, dynamic and static performance test, Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication performance test and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication performance test. Communication delay, data packet delivery rate and throughput are used as evaluation metrics to verify and comparatively analyze the performance of the above three communication networks in typical application scenarios, such as varying communication distances, different vehicle speeds, V2I communication uplink, downlink and hybrid transmission, and end-to-end V2V communication in real-vehicle tests. Test results indicate that the three above networks generally satisfy the requirements of IoV applications in dynamic traffic environment, among which 5G demonstrates the superior performance, followed by EUHT, but in terms of deployment cost and complexity, LTE-V2X has a significant advantage.

Internet of Vehicle (IoV)  /  Closed proving ground  /  Communication testing  /  5th Generation mobile communication technology (5G)  /  Enhanced Ultra High Throughput (EUHT)  /  Long-Term Evolution-Vehicle to Everything (LTE-V2X)
何佳浚, 胡明川, 石茂恒. 封闭测试场条件下多模式车联网通信性能测试与验证*. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (5) : 36 -42 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240266
Jiajun He, Mingchuan Hu, Maoheng Shi. Performance Testing and Verification of Multi-Mode IoV Communication in a Closed Proving Ground[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (5) : 36 -42 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240266
车联网的本质是利用现代无线通信技术实现人、车、路、云之间的协同,基于车联网技术的典型应用,如自动驾驶、辅助驾驶、多媒体信息服务等,可以有效提升交通效率、减少交通事故。车联网技术并非在蜂窝时代诞生,国际上较早前就能够利用基于IEEE 802.11p协议的专用短程通信(Dedicated Short Range Communication,DSRC)技术实现车辆间的信息交互,然而,基于DSRC技术研发的车联网应用受制于传输距离和基础设施投入等因素,因此车联网技术逐渐转变为由基于第三代合作伙伴计划(3rd Generation Partnership Project,3GPP)(R14、R16)协议的蜂窝车联网(Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything,C-V2X)技术支持[1],包括基于长期演进的车联网(Long-Term Evolution-Vehicle to Everything,LTE-V2X)和基于第五代移动通信技术的车联网(5th Generation mobile communication technology-Vehicle to Everything,5G-V2X)。此外,基于IEEE 802.11ac网络协议的增强型超高吞吐(Enhanced Ultra High Throughput,EUHT)技术因具备高可靠、低时延、大容量和高速移动适应性的特性,在我国轨道交通、机场沿线等场景中发挥着重要的通信支撑作用[2]。为了促进基于车联网技术研发的基础设施、装备应用在智能网联汽车领域进行大规模部署,以及保证智能网联汽车在各种交通环境下均能安全、可靠、高效运行,对车联网通信性能进行多模式测试与验证是不可或缺的重要环节[3]
现有研究针对采用不同通信协议的车联网技术的通信性能开展了仿真测试、实车测试、对比测试。王润民[4]、Abdulhamid[5]、Mir[6]、Chen等[7]采用Veins、NS-2、MATLAB等仿真软件对DSRC技术的通信性能进行了仿真测试。Murray等[8]针对LTE-V在车辆协同服务类应用上的表现开展了仿真测试研究。刘丁贝等[9]基于封闭测试场构建了丰富且典型的车联网应用场景,实车分析了速度、距离、遮蔽物等因素对DSRC技术通信性能的影响。Wang等[10]基于封闭测试场设计了一种针对V2X功能性的测试系统及方法。张心睿等[11]开展了实车测试并对比分析了DSRC技术、LTE-V2X在多场景下的性能表现和对不同典型应用的承载效果。由于DSRC技术开发较早,针对其开展的大量研究和测试都得到了非常成熟的结论,伴随LTE向5G的平滑演进,5G-V2X将随着5G商业化而激发出更多场景价值[12]。但目前针对5G、EUHT、LTE-V2X的联合多场景、实车对比测试研究较少。
在上述背景下,本文依托长安大学车联网与智能汽车试验场完成5G、EUHT、LTE-V2X 3种车联网通信网络测试平台的搭建,并设计全场性能测试、动静态性能测试、车路通信性能测试、车车通信性能测试,以时延、数据包投递率、吞吐量为评价指标,基于封闭测试场,在典型交通应用场景下对3种车联网技术开展实车测试与比较。
本文测试均在如图1所示的长安大学车联网与智能汽车试验场进行,该试验场具有安全性高、设备安装方便、场景集成能力强等特点,涵盖了高速环城道路、城乡道路、隧道、建筑遮蔽、树木遮蔽等绝大部分真实交通场景中的道路条件和道路环境设施,可以在保证安全性的前提下开展车道保持、车辆跟随、会车场景、十字路口通信等20余项车联网与智能汽车测试。
前期在长安大学车联网与智能汽车试验场建立了面向智能网联交通应用的模块化测试平台,如图2所示。
本文开展的功能测试工作均在该平台基础上完成,平台分为V2X应用层、数据传输层和测试管理层。其中V2X应用层为测试互联交通应用提供天气、道路、车辆运动关系等环境变量,且提供5G、EUHT和LTE-V2X 3种车联网无线通信技术以满足不同距离、不同类型的通信需求。数据传输层上传测试数据并接受来自测试管理层的任务,利用Wi-Fi和光纤网络进行高效的信息互换并记录测试日志信息。测试管理层负责处理实时测试数据及测试场道路信息、测试车辆信息和测试设备信息的记录与处理。
本文选取的5G基站、EUHT基站和LTE-V2X车载设备的参数和规格如表1所示。
测试场中部署的5G和EUHT基站如图3所示。需要说明的是,后文提到的5G客户端设备(Customer Premise Equipment,CPE)和EUHT CPE是指对应通信网络的路由器设备。
LTE-V2X车载设备和CPE都需要部署在测试车辆上,如图4所示,其中设备天线置于车辆顶部,测试计算机与设备连接并部署在测试车辆内。
本文使用通信时延TDE、数据包投递率Pdr和吞吐量作为评价指标分析3种车联网技术的通信性能。
在计算通信时延时,如果考虑单向传输时间,需要考虑时钟同步问题,所以一般通过计算往返时间来解决时钟同步不精确的问题。往返时间是指数据包从源节点到目的节点,再从目的节点返回源节点所需要的时间[13]。在测试中,记源节点发包时间为TS1、目标节点接收到数据包的时间为TS2、目标节点将数据包返回的时间为TS3、源节点收到数据包的时间为TS4,则往返时间TRTT和通信时延TDE分别为:
TRTT=(TS4-TS1)-(TS3-TS2)
TDE=TRTT/2
数据包投递率Pdr是对成功传输数据包的统计度量,其计算方法为:
Pdr=Pr/Ps
式中:Pr为目标节点接收到的数据包数量,Ps为源节点发送数据包数量。
吞吐量用于衡量单位时间内数据成功传输的速率,分为上行传输吞吐量、下行传输吞吐量和混合传输吞吐量:上行传输吞吐量指从客户端设备上传数据到基站或云端时的速率;下行传输吞吐量指客户端设备从基站或云端下载数据时的速率;混合传输吞吐量指客户端设备与基站或云服务器同时进行双向传输数据时的速率。
选取图1中整个测试场外环进行全场性能测试,测试步骤如下:
a. 5G全场时延测试。将搭载5G CPE的测试车辆停放在图1A点处,测试开始后,测试车辆以10 Hz的频率向5G核心网服务器发送基本安全信息(Basic Safety Message,BSM)数据包,同时以30 km/h的速度行驶于测试场外环,核心网服务器在收到数据包后将其回传给测试车辆,部署在车辆上的高精度GPS设备以10 Hz的频率记录车辆位置信息。待测试车辆行驶一周后,结束数据包收发程序,保存数据包传输日志,确保完成3次有效测试后结束本轮测试。
b. 5G下行传输吞吐量测试。测试车辆以30 km/h的速度绕测试场外环行驶,核心网服务器同时以10 Hz的频率对测试车辆进行传输控制协议(Transmission Control Protocol,TCP)文件传输,待测试车辆行驶一周后结束文件传输程序,保存文件传输日志,确保完成3次有效测试后结束本轮测试。
c. 将5G CPE更换为EUHT CPE,5G核心网服务器更换为EUHT核心网服务器,以相同的测试方案完成EUHT全场时延、下行传输吞吐量测试。由于LTE-V2X可以采取PC5直连通信模式,故不对LTE-V2X进行全场性能测试。
在进行全场性能测试时由于开启了场内所有5G、EUHT基站,信号能够基本覆盖到测试场地,后续测试为避免基站覆盖范围产生的影响,只开启1个5G基站和1个EUHT基站。
静态性能测试:在图1中测试场北侧直车道、中间直车道、南侧直车道上分别对5G、LTE-V2X、EUHT进行静态性能测试,图1BCD点分别为5G基站、LTE-V2X路端设备和EUHT基站位置。首先将搭载5G CPE的测试车辆停放在距基站100 m处,测试车辆以10 Hz的频率向核心网服务器发送200个BSM数据包,核心网服务器在收到数据包后将数据包回传给测试车辆,待测试车辆完成发送后结束测试程序,保存数据包传输日志,确保完成3次有效测试后结束本轮测试。然后将测试车辆分别停放在距基站200 m、300 m、400 m、500 m、600 m、700 m、800 m、900 m、1 000 m处,重复上述测试流程。针对LTE-V2X与EUHT的测试只需使用相同的测试方法,更改测试位置与对应车载设备即可。
动态性能测试:为避免通信距离对测试结果产生影响,动态性能测试中的测试车辆均在距基站400 m范围内进行,测试位置与静态测试时相同,首先对5G进行动态性能测试。测试开始后,测试车辆在对应测试道路上首先以相对于基站20 km/h的速度行驶,同时以10 Hz的频率向核心网服务器发送50个BSM数据包,核心网服务器在收到数据包后将数据包回传给测试车辆,待50个数据包发送完毕后结束测试程序,保存数据包传输日志,确保完成5次有效测试后结束本轮测试。然后分别将测试车辆相对于基站的速度提升至40 km/h、60 km/h、80 km/h、100 km/h,重复上述测试步骤。同理,对EUHT和LTE-V2X的动态性能测试只需更改测试位置并更换车载设备后按照相同的测试方法开展即可。
车路通信性能测试的目的是探索3种车联网通信技术在信号正常覆盖情况下的上行、下行及上下行混合传输吞吐量,从而了解其未来对不同网络信息服务类应用的承载效果。为了避免通信距离、车辆速度对测试结果的影响,车路通信测试均在信号覆盖良好的环境下展开。
将搭载5G CPE的测试车辆停放在图1E点处,该位置5G信号覆盖良好,测试开始后核心网服务器以10 Hz的频率向测试车辆进行TCP文件下行传输,以30 s为周期,待周期结束并传输完毕后结束测试程序,保存文件传输日志,确保完成5次有效测试后结束本轮测试。然后以相同步骤与核心网服务器进行TCP文件上行传输。结束上、下行吞吐量测试后,在测试车辆上搭载车载摄像头,将视频信息实时上传到核心网服务器,同时核心网服务器以30 s为周期、10 Hz的频率对测试车辆进行TCP文件下行传输,保存文件传输日志,确保完成5次有效测试后,结束本轮测试。针对EUHT和LTE-V2X采用相同的测试方法,在图1AF点处分别开展车路通信上、下行、混合传输吞吐量测试。
考虑到5G CPE与EUHT CPE无法同与其有直接物理关系的车载终端进行端到端通信,信息需要通过基站转发,所以车车通信测试的目的是探索5G、EUHT能否在对时效性、可靠性要求均较高的交通安全类应用上发挥作用,并将测试结果与可以进行直连通信的LTE-V2X进行对比。本次测试均在信号正常覆盖范围内进行测试。
首先对5G开展车车通信测试,将2台搭载5G CPE的测试车辆停放在图1中北侧同方向同车道的AG点处,两车间隔100 m,测试开始后,A点处的测试车辆以10 Hz的频率向G点处的测试车辆发送200个BSM数据包,待完成200个数据包的往返后,结束测试程序,保存数据包传输日志,确保完成5次有效测试后结束本轮测试。以相同的测试方法,在图1IH点处对EUHT进行车车通信测试,在FJ点处对LTE-V2X进行车车通信测试。
选取连续有效的整圈测试数据,根据测试数据结合GPS信息构建获得的性能测试结果如图5所示。
5G和EUHT全场测试结果表明,在正常信号覆盖情况下,5G下行传输吞吐量为200~600 Mbit/s左右,EUHT的下行传输吞吐量为20~60 Mbit/s左右。5G和EUHT的单向通信时延基本稳定在5~6 ms,5G通信时延最优可达到4 ms,所以本文基于封闭测试场构建的网络测试平台能够满足典型交通应用及测试的需求。
本文以Pdr达到95%以上为有效通信距离。静态测试结果如图6所示:5G、EUHT和LTE-V2X的有效通信距离分别为900 m、600 m和500 m,3种通信网络的Pdr随距离变化不明显;5G和EUHT的时延随着距离的增加变化不大,而LTE-V2X的时延随着距离的增加变化明显,在有效通信距离内,5G、EUHT和LTE-V2X的平均时延分别为5.2 ms、5.8 ms和14.5 ms。动态测试结果如图7所示,在不同车辆行驶速度下,3种网络的Pdr随车速变化趋势不明显,说明车速对3种网络的性能影响不大。需要注意的是,由于3种网络的基站部署高度差异较大,部署高度也可能对有效通信距离产生影响,其影响程度有待进一步测试研究。
车路通信测试结果如图8图9所示,可以看出:5G、EUHT和LTE-V2X的上行传输吞吐量可分别达到270 Mbit/s、23 Mbit/s和10 Mbit/s,平均可分别达到240 Mbit/s、20 Mbit/s和7 Mbit/s;下行传输吞吐量可分别达到480 Mbit/s、48 Mbit/s和14 Mbit/s,平均可分别达到452 Mbit/s、44 Mbit/s和11.5 Mbit/s;混合传输吞吐量可分别达到350 Mbit/s、37 Mbit/s和3.8 Mbit/s,平均可分别达到270 Mbit/s、31 Mbit/s和2 Mbit/s。与EUHT和LTE-V2X相比,5G在吞吐量方面具有很大的优势。
车车通信测试结果如图10所示,可以看出:在网络状态良好的情况下,5G、EUHT、LTE-V2X的车车通信端到端时延分别约为11 ms、12 ms、15 ms,5G具有最低的端到端延迟。5G和EUHT虽然需要通过基站实现端到端互联,但仍具有良好的时延传输优势。
本文基于封闭测试场,在典型交通场景下对5G、EUHT、LTE-V 3种车联网通信技术进行了实车测试与比较,主要结论包括:
a. 在本文构建的测试条件下,与EUHT和LTE-V2X相比,5G在典型的交通环境下具有更好的性能,特别是在吞吐量方面。5G上行、下行和混合传输的吞吐量分别是EUHT的11倍、10倍和9倍,是LTE-V2X的27倍、34倍和135倍。然而,5G吞吐量性能随着时间的推移存在较大起伏。
b. 在无信号遮蔽的情况下,5G、EUHT和LTE-V2X的有效通信距离分别约为900 m、600 m和500 m,3种网络的端到端时延差距较小,分别为11 ms、12 ms和15 ms左右,车速对3种网络的性能影响不大。因此,可以认为3种网络均可满足一般动态流量环境下的应用需求,5G表现出较强的技术优势。
c. 在设备部署难度方面,由于5G和EUHT都需要搭建基站实现端到端通信,而LTE-V2X可以采用直连技术实现端到端通信,所以LTE-V在成本和部署难度上均有很大的优势。
需要注意的是,本文测试结果与设备制造商提供的设备性能说明存在性能差距,这可能是由于设备部署方法和部署位置的影响造成的。因此,研究不同的网络部署方式对网络性能的影响是下一步的重点工作。此外,在特定的交通应用环境如高密度、有遮挡的情况下,上述无线通信网络的性能是否存在较大差异,同样有待进一步验证。
  • *国家自然科学基金项目(52232015)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021LLRH-04-01-03)
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240266
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 修回日期:2024-09-10
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*国家自然科学基金项目(52232015)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021LLRH-04-01-03)
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    长安大学, 车联网教育部中国移动联合实验室, 西安 710018
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