Article(id=1194598945952342220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194598945172201672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240378, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1731859200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762744183289, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762744183289, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762744183289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762744183289, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194598945172201672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762744183102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762744758303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1194601357807166200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194598945172201672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1194601357807166201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194598945172201672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194598946623430868, articleId=1194598945952342220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Design of Testing Scheme for Autonomous Driving Transportation System for Mainline Logistics, columnId=1194598945935565002, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Special Issue on Autonomous Vehicle Testing Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the safety and reliability of autonomous driving in mainline logistics, this paper summarizes the testing requirements for the mainline logistics autonomous driving system from three aspects including equipment operation, system functionality and overall performance testing. Additionally, a testing plan for the mainline logistics autonomous driving transportation system is designed, encompassing four key stages: preliminary testing, Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) testing, system basic functionality and performance testing and system operational efficiency testing and evaluation. The preliminary testing serves as the foundational task of the testing plan, verifying the basic operational conditions of the trunk logistics autonomous driving transportation system. Following the completion of preliminary testing, SIL testing will be conducted in specific scenarios. System testing will then realize the integrated system’s functionality and performance test in actual operational scenarios. Finally, the system operational efficiency testing and evaluation framework will guide the assessment of the system’s efficiency during real-world operations.

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为提高干线物流自动驾驶运输的安全性和可靠性,从设备运行、系统功能和整体效果测试3个方面总结干线物流自动驾驶系统的测试需求,并从前置测试、系统软件在环测试、系统基本功能及性能测试、系统运行效能测试与评估4个方面进行测试方案设计。前置测试完成系统的基本运行条件确认,软件在环测试开展具体场景下的软件功能测试,系统测试实现实际运行场景下的集成系统功能和性能测试,最后,通过系统运行效能测试与评估体系指导完成系统实际运营中的效能评估。

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面向干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的测试方案设计*
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王淼 , 王舒帆 , 张子健
汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车测试技术专刊 2025,(5): 43-48
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汽车工程师 | 自动驾驶汽车测试技术专刊 2025, (5): 43-48
面向干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的测试方案设计*
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王淼, 王舒帆, 张子健
作者信息
  • 中交投资有限公司, 中交集团绿色智慧交通未来研发中心, 北京 100020
Design of Testing Scheme for Autonomous Driving Transportation System for Mainline Logistics
Miao Wang, Shufan Wang, Zijian Zhang
Affiliations
  • CCCC Investment Company Limited, Research and Development Center on Green and Intelligent Future Transportation, CCCC, Beijing 100020
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240378
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为提高干线物流自动驾驶运输的安全性和可靠性,从设备运行、系统功能和整体效果测试3个方面总结干线物流自动驾驶系统的测试需求,并从前置测试、系统软件在环测试、系统基本功能及性能测试、系统运行效能测试与评估4个方面进行测试方案设计。前置测试完成系统的基本运行条件确认,软件在环测试开展具体场景下的软件功能测试,系统测试实现实际运行场景下的集成系统功能和性能测试,最后,通过系统运行效能测试与评估体系指导完成系统实际运营中的效能评估。

干线物流  /  自动驾驶  /  运输系统  /  测试方案

To enhance the safety and reliability of autonomous driving in mainline logistics, this paper summarizes the testing requirements for the mainline logistics autonomous driving system from three aspects including equipment operation, system functionality and overall performance testing. Additionally, a testing plan for the mainline logistics autonomous driving transportation system is designed, encompassing four key stages: preliminary testing, Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) testing, system basic functionality and performance testing and system operational efficiency testing and evaluation. The preliminary testing serves as the foundational task of the testing plan, verifying the basic operational conditions of the trunk logistics autonomous driving transportation system. Following the completion of preliminary testing, SIL testing will be conducted in specific scenarios. System testing will then realize the integrated system’s functionality and performance test in actual operational scenarios. Finally, the system operational efficiency testing and evaluation framework will guide the assessment of the system’s efficiency during real-world operations.

Mainline logistics  /  Autonomous driving  /  Transportation system  /  Test Scheme
王淼, 王舒帆, 张子健. 面向干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的测试方案设计*. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (5) : 43 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240378
Miao Wang, Shufan Wang, Zijian Zhang. Design of Testing Scheme for Autonomous Driving Transportation System for Mainline Logistics[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (5) : 43 -48 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240378
随着以大数据、人工智能为代表的新一代信息技术的迅猛发展,智能网联汽车行业发展迅速[1],自动驾驶技术应用场景不断丰富。在自动驾驶技术应用的众多场景中,干线物流被认为是仅次于自动驾驶出租车的第二大商业化应用场景。干线物流的运输线路以高速公路为主,运输车型以重型载货汽车、牵引车为主。但当前行业存在较多痛点,包括成本高、驾驶员短缺、交通事故频发等,因此,综合高速公路相对规范的道路环境和公路自动驾驶货运需求,干线物流场景被认为是最有可能推广落地的自动驾驶场景之一,干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的概念应运而生。干线物流自动驾驶运输系统是以提升物流运输质量为目标,利用自动驾驶及信息通信技术等构建的新型物流运输系统。
为保证智能网联汽车在各种道路交通、气象条件下都能安全、可靠地运行,需要进行大量的测试验证,经历复杂的演进过程[2]。因此,测试评价是智能网联汽车技术、自动驾驶技术发展和应用不可或缺的环节[3]。针对高等级(L3级别及以上)自动驾驶汽车,自动驾驶系统和整车制造商将作为车辆的驾驶主体和责任主体[4],因此,构建科学、完善的测试评价体系和方案是保证整个干线物流自动驾驶运输系统安全、可靠、稳定的关键环节,也是实现干线物流自动驾驶运输系统标准化、可复制、可推广的必要手段。近年来,自动驾驶汽车技术已经成为众多学者的研究热点。朱冰[5]等对自动驾驶汽车测试技术进行了系统梳理,归纳和分析了典型测试方法。邓伟文[6]等对测试场景生成、多要素耦合的测试建模进行了重点研究。Wang[7]等开展网联测试方法研究,提出了耦合车路模型事件的触发框架。周文帅[8]提出了一种基于典型测试场景的自动驾驶紧急制动测试评价方法。这些研究为自动驾驶汽车测试技术的发展和应用作出了重要贡献,但现有研究多聚焦常规交通场景,相关车辆多为一般客运车型(如出租车、公交汽车等)。在干线物流自动驾驶场景下,由于其涉及物流运输场站调度、货运编队等特殊货运场景,且货运车辆的载质量、轴距等均存在特殊性,部分场景下甚至采用双挂车运输方式,故面向干线物流自动驾驶运输场景的测试方法和理论仍相对空白。
因此,本文面向干线物流自动驾驶场景进行测试需求分析和方案设计,以期为后续干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的落地与系统测试评价提供参考。
车路云一体化即智能网联汽车、智慧道路和云控平台的有机结合。在车路云一体化技术路线下,干线物流自动驾驶运输系统是面向干线物流运输场景,以运输效率、质量和安全为目标,自下而上地以公路、场站、路侧设施、融合通信网为物理载体,以自动驾驶重型商用车为核心运载装备,以云控平台为指挥调度决策中心,实现“聪明的车”“智慧的路”“协同的云”三者相互配合,赋能干线物流自动驾驶运输品质提升,实现道路运行监控、物流运输组织管理、车路协同自动驾驶,以及运营养护与资产管理等核心业务应用。
干线物流自动驾驶运输系统架构如图1所示,在该系统中,路侧设施、云控平台为自动驾驶车辆提供辅助信息,三者之间信息融合共享,充分发挥信息协同交互的优势,将单车智能升级为群体智能,保障自动驾驶货运车辆安全、高效运行。车路云深度融合具有特殊性和复杂性,其研究、开发、实施涉及多学科、多领域的跨界融合,且在干线物流场景下,货运车辆的特殊性决定了其系统测试需求和方案设计也存在一定特殊性。
在干线物流自动驾驶场景下,测试需求主要包括:设备测试需求,主要指对不同设备的功能和性能进行测试,如路侧通信单元、定位基站、路侧感知与计算设备,该类测试的目的是保障未来部署的所有设施设备达到其标称值和干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的设计要求;系统测试需求,是指对由不同设备(或模块)组成的系统进行功能和性能测试,需要确保每一部分的功能和性能满足干线物流自动驾驶应用场景的实际需求;运行效果测试需求,主要评估干线物流自动驾驶运输系统在实际运行过程中对交通安全、运行效率、生态环保的具体影响。
设备测试是保证干线物流自动驾驶运输系统运行的基础工作,包括对构成该系统的路侧设备、车载设备和相关系统或平台的设备的测试。测试指标通常包含安全性、环境适应性、接口要求、可靠性、兼容性等类别。具体指标需体现车路云一体化的特点,如通信性能、数据处理性能等,同时,应涉及多种测试装备,如射频测试装备、信息交互设备、硬件在环测试装备。设备测试可在室内或室外环境开展。
系统测试是保证干线物流自动驾驶运输系统实用性和可用性的支撑工作,应从实际应用的角度出发,确保系统稳定性、实用性,以实现干线物流运输质量的全方位保障。应根据行业标准规定的典型应用场景和实际应用中的特殊场景,对每一个应用系统的具体测评方法和步骤进行研究。除单一系统测试外,还应开展集成测试,以保证多系统集成的可靠性。
运行效果测试主要对整个干线物流自动驾驶运输系统实施前、后交通指标的变化情况进行测试,通过对比系统运行前、后的道路运行效果,量化评估干线物流自动驾驶运输系统对道路运输的影响。如:在效率方面,可利用平均速度、平均通行时间、通行能力、服务水平以及路网状态进行量化评估;在安全方面,可利用事件发生率、事件响应及处理时间等进行量化评估。此外,面向物流运输场景,还要进行运输效率方面的测试,可利用车辆空载率、货运场站拥堵程度、货物运输平均时长等进行量化评估。
考虑干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的测试需求,本文方案主要包括前置测试、系统软件在环测试、系统基本功能与性能测试、系统运行效能测试与评估4个部分,以保证整个系统测试的全面性与完整性,总体思路如图2所示。前置测试完成干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的基本运行条件确认,软件在环测试完成具体场景下的软件功能测试,系统测试完成实际运行场景下的集成系统功能和性能测试,系统运行效能测试与评估完成系统实际运营中的效能评估。
前置测试是自动驾驶车辆和支持自动驾驶的智慧道路是否满足基本运行条件的测试,主要包括云控平台安全性测试、自动驾驶车辆和路侧关键设施的入围测试,前文提到的设备测试的部分需求可以通过前置测试完成。
前置测试应全部在封闭测试场或者第三方检测机构进行,不涉及开放道路运行和用户测试。前置测试只针对车辆的单车智能能力进行测试,不涉及网联智能和车路协同性能。
在基于仿真的系统软件在环测试中,需要基于“用户需求→场景→功能→物理设备→信息交互”逻辑链完成系统测试。软件在环测试中,需要构建面向用户需求的场景库,开展基于可重复、高覆盖度的海量场景的原型系统测试,通过模拟不同的工况和环境,对系统软件的功能和性能进行全面验证。最后,根据测试结果和评价指标,对干线物流自动驾驶运输系统进行优化。
随着自动驾驶应用规模的扩大,测试数据源将不断丰富,后续在测试场景生成方面将更依赖数据驱动的方法[9]。在本系统测试需求下,场景库构建一般利用3种数据源:路网基础数据、高速公路事件和事故数据、车辆驾驶数据。通过对这3种数据进行聚类分析和主成分分析,提取出场景的基本要素。在此基础上,进行场景解构和重构,将解构后的场景基元按照一定的规则和逻辑组合成完整的场景。最后,通过覆盖度和冗余度的优化,剔除重复或无效的场景,保留典型、危险和边缘的场景,得到面向多尺度空间、多用户主体、多维度目标的应用场景库。场景库构建流程如图3所示。在场景库构建方面,众多学者进行了深入研究,在具体应用中,可根据实际情况选择不同的构建方法[10-11]
考虑干线物流自动驾驶运输系统应用的安全性、高效性、舒适性和生态友好性等,基于构建的场景库,搭载软、硬件展开仿真在环测试。利用仿真结果研究各测试场景与验证平台的适应性与安全性要求匹配程度,根据交通运行仿真数据计算综合测试评价指标,以分析干线物流自动驾驶运输系统对不同场景下交通效率的影响程度。
为了验证系统中各设备之间的信息交互能力,需要测试面向设备集成的场景数据流、信息流和逻辑流的正确性、实时性以及可靠性:正确性是指数据流、信息流和逻辑流是否与预期一致;实时性是指数据流、信息流和逻辑流是否能够在规定的时间内完成;可靠性是指数据流、信息流和逻辑流是否能够在不同的工况和环境下稳定运行。通过对这些指标进行测试和评估,可以检验系统中各设备之间的信息交互是否达到预期效果,为系统的优化和改进提供依据。
对干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的事件驱动机制进行测试,以验证其在各种复杂场景下的事件响应能力和稳定性。事件驱动机制是指软件系统根据事件的发生来执行相应的逻辑或操作,从而实现预期的功能或效果。测试内容包括事件响应时间、事件响应准确性、事件响应稳定性等,目的是验证软件系统是否能够正确地响应各种事件,并按照预期的场景运行。这种测试方法可以提高测试的覆盖率、有效性和可维护性,同时也可以促进开发者和测试者之间的沟通和协作。
基本功能与性能测试面向实际运行场景进行干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的感知、通信、边缘计算和车路云协同控制的实际运行能力测试。
本阶段测试应包含子系统功能测试、全系统关键场景功能性能测试、自动驾驶车辆运行效能测试,构成“子系统保通验证-关键场景效能-关键车路设备效能-车辆运行效能”技术路线及“保通测试-功能效能测试-车路运行能力测试”三级测试架构。
在子系统功能测试中,通过前序测试对感知、计算、通信等各类设备进行集成后的系统级功能测试,以验证系统的接入能力、计算能力与管控能力等系统级指标。
基于达标的车路云一体化系统,以关键场景为核心进行功能性能测试,包括车车/车路信息发布及其自动驾驶响应测试和车车/车路协同决策与控制测试,前者主要验证安全类车车/车路信息的感知、处理、发布、提示与执行响应,后者主要验证车车/车路协同条件下自动驾驶车辆队列运行能力及其他核心协同控制决策能力。核心场景测试内容将为后续系统级测试确定标准化测试场景。
完成上述核心场景测试后,开展关键场景虚拟变设备测试与自动驾驶车辆运行效能测试。在关键场景虚拟变设备测试中,通过虚拟改变路侧/车载设备感知能力和设备密度设置测试环境,通过前序标准化测试场景验证变设备等级与布设条件下的系统运行效能,为后续设备的优化布设提供依据。自动驾驶车辆运行效能测试通过能效、系统效能与长距控制效能测试,提供车辆运行与运载能力数据,支撑车辆大规模购置选型和运行道路结构设计。
面向实际应用进行干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的各类业务应用测试,系统运行测试主要场景和测试内容如图4所示,主要包括:交通管理与控制、自动驾驶安全员核减测试以及应急救援测试,以评价自动驾驶长时间、长距离运行时的管理与控制效果;养护作业施工区管控测试,主要开展车辆在施工作业区的应对能力,测试系统的有效性;运输场站关键场景下的车路云协同测试。
在前序测试基础上,对系统的运行数据进行统计分析,开展综合评价,建立多维度主、客观量化指标集及打分评价体系。主要测试评估内容包括安全性、交通效率、运输效率和智能性。
安全性评估指标包括接管率η、事故率α、碰撞时间tTTC,分别用于衡量自动驾驶系统“解放双手”的程度、危险事件发生频率和车辆在某一时刻的危险程度:
η=t/T
α=n/N
tTTC=x/v
式中:tT分别为人类驾驶员驾驶时间、车辆行驶总时间,主要来源于干线物流自动驾驶运输系统中对自动驾驶的计时器;nN分别为事故数量、交通总量,来源于云控平台所记录的数据;xv分别为车间距离、车辆相对速度,来源于车辆与路侧单元。
交通效率评估指标包括通行效率、道路利用率、行驶时间等,可参考行业内通用的交通效率评估方法与计算公式。
运输效率评估指标包括车辆空载率、货运场站平均等待时长、单次货运平均时长等,可参考运输系统通用的计算公式,需要对干线物流自动驾驶运输系统运行前、后的数据进行对比。
智能性评估指标包括车车交互成功率和交通适应性。
车车交互成功率为:
g=k/K
式中:kK分别为车车交互成功次数和交互总次数,数据来源主要为车载通信单元的通信记录。
交通适应性是指车辆能够根据不同的道路和环境条件,自动调整其驾驶行为和策略,以适应交通规则、交通流量、路况变化等,从而提高车辆的运行效率和安全性。这是一个综合指标,一般结合具体场景,为车辆事故率、交通拥堵程度、交通流稳定性等指标分配不同权重,综合计算得出。
现阶段,自动驾驶汽车的测试体系和技术基本成型,但依旧缺乏面向具体场景的具象化测试方案。本文聚焦干线物流自动驾驶场景,对干线物流自动驾驶运输系统测试的具体需求进行梳理和归类,并根据一般测试时序和干线物流自动驾驶运输系统的具体功能开展系统的测试方案设计。
本文方案将主要测试工作分为前置测试、软件在环测试、系统基本功能与性能测试以及实际运行测试与效果评估4个部分,较为全面地响应了干线物流自动驾驶运输场景下的测试需求。但干线物流自动驾驶运输系统是涉及车-路-云-环境的复杂系统,系统运行过程中存在诸多不可控因素,随着系统持续运行,相关数据、场景会得到进一步完善。未来,需对系统测试场景库进行持续升级、对系统测试评估的相关指标体系进行动态优化。
  • *国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB2604600)
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2025年第卷第5期
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240378
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 修回日期:2024-11-18
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*国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB2604600)
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    中交投资有限公司, 中交集团绿色智慧交通未来研发中心, 北京 100020
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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