Article(id=1194412795648246415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, issueId=1194434043442856754, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240331, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1720108800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762699801599, onlineDateStr=2025-11-09, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762699801599, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762699801599, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762699801599, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194434043442856754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, year='2025', volume='', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='48', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762704867468, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762704867468, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194412795887321745, articleId=1194412795648246415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189918454225211397, language=EN, title=Research on Noise Analysis and Optimization of Power Battery Relays for New Energy Vehicles, columnId=1194412794398339736, journalTitle=Automotive Engineer, columnName=Journey of Serenity and Comfort: Special Issue on Advanced Control Technologies for Vehicle NVH, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The noise generated during the relays pick-up and disconnection of the power battery for a new energy vehicle is significant. To address the issue, the contribution of the relay noise transfer path is tested and analyzed in a semi anechoic chamber, and the results show that the contribution of the structural transfer path is higher than 70%. The paper proposes to reduce the hardness of the rubber vibration isolation pad at the Battery Distribution Unit (BDU) mounting point and past the damping material on the cover plate of the power battery. Vehicle verification results show that the sound pressure level of the optimized relay pick-up and disconnection noise is reduced by 3.9 dB(A) and 4.1 dB(A) respectively, and the noise of relays in the vehicle is improved significantly.

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针对某新能源汽车动力电池继电器吸合、断开过程中噪声较大的问题,在半消声室内对继电器噪声的传递路径进行贡献量测试分析,结果显示,结构传递路径贡献量高于70%,并提出降低电池配电单元(BDU)安装点橡胶隔振垫硬度和在动力电池上盖板粘贴阻尼材料的优化方案,实车验证结果表明,优化后继电器吸合、断开噪声声压级分别降低3.9 dB(A)、4.1 dB(A),车内继电器噪声问题明显改善。

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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 63.6 63.9
第2次 64.4 64.7
第3次 64.1 64.8
第4次 63.4 63.2
第5次 63.1 63.7
平均值 63.7 64.1
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继电器声压级 dB(A)

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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 63.6 63.9
第2次 64.4 64.7
第3次 64.1 64.8
第4次 63.4 63.2
第5次 63.1 63.7
平均值 63.7 64.1
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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 58.0 58.5
第2次 57.9 58.2
第3次 57.0 58.2
第4次 56.6 58.0
第5次 56.8 57.4
平均值 57.3 58.1
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断开结构传递路径时继电器噪声声压级 dB(A)

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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 58.0 58.5
第2次 57.9 58.2
第3次 57.0 58.2
第4次 56.6 58.0
第5次 56.8 57.4
平均值 57.3 58.1
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测试结果 继电器吸合 继电器断开
总声压级/dB(A) 63.7 64.1
结构传递路径声压级/dB(A) 62.6 62.8
空气传递路径声压级/dB(A) 57.3 58.1
结构传递路径贡献量/% 77.6 74.1
空气传递路径贡献量/% 22.4 25.9
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断开结构传递路径时各传递路径噪声及贡献量

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测试结果 继电器吸合 继电器断开
总声压级/dB(A) 63.7 64.1
结构传递路径声压级/dB(A) 62.6 62.8
空气传递路径声压级/dB(A) 57.3 58.1
结构传递路径贡献量/% 77.6 74.1
空气传递路径贡献量/% 22.4 25.9
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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 62.9 62.6
第2次 62.9 62.8
第3次 63.5 63.7
第4次 62.1 63.5
第5次 63.2 62.9
平均值 62.9 63.1
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断开空气传递路径时继电器噪声声压级 dB(A)

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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 62.9 62.6
第2次 62.9 62.8
第3次 63.5 63.7
第4次 62.1 63.5
第5次 63.2 62.9
平均值 62.9 63.1
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测试结果 继电器吸合 继电器断开
总声压级/dB(A) 63.7 64.1
结构传递路径声压级/dB(A) 62.9 63.1
空气传递路径声压级/dB(A) 56.0 57.2
结构传递路径贡献量/% 83.2 79.4
空气传递路径贡献量/% 16.8 20.6
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断开空气传递路径时各传递路径噪声及贡献量

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测试结果 继电器吸合 继电器断开
总声压级/dB(A) 63.7 64.1
结构传递路径声压级/dB(A) 62.9 63.1
空气传递路径声压级/dB(A) 56.0 57.2
结构传递路径贡献量/% 83.2 79.4
空气传递路径贡献量/% 16.8 20.6
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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 62.2 60.6
第2次 62.3 62.2
第3次 60.5 61.8
第4次 61.3 60.9
第5次 61.1 61.1
平均值 61.5 61.3
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更换隔振垫后继电器噪声声压级 dB(A)

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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 62.2 60.6
第2次 62.3 62.2
第3次 60.5 61.8
第4次 61.3 60.9
第5次 61.1 61.1
平均值 61.5 61.3
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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 60.3 60.2
第2次 59.8 59.4
第3次 59.4 59.7
第4次 60.0 60.1
第5次 59.5 60.6
平均值 59.8 60.0
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最终优化方案继电器声压级 dB(A)

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测试次序 吸合噪声声压级 断开噪声声压级
第1次 60.3 60.2
第2次 59.8 59.4
第3次 59.4 59.7
第4次 60.0 60.1
第5次 59.5 60.6
平均值 59.8 60.0
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新能源汽车用动力电池继电器噪声分析与优化研究
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李基芳 , 季祥 , 孙守富
汽车工程师 | 静谧舒适之旅:车辆NVH先进控制技术专刊 2025,(1): 32-36
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汽车工程师 | 静谧舒适之旅:车辆NVH先进控制技术专刊 2025, (1): 32-36
新能源汽车用动力电池继电器噪声分析与优化研究
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李基芳, 季祥, 孙守富
作者信息
  • 中汽研新能源汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司, 天津 300300
Research on Noise Analysis and Optimization of Power Battery Relays for New Energy Vehicles
Jifang Li, Xiang Ji, Shoufu Sun
Affiliations
  • CATARC New Energy Vehicle Test Center (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240331
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针对某新能源汽车动力电池继电器吸合、断开过程中噪声较大的问题,在半消声室内对继电器噪声的传递路径进行贡献量测试分析,结果显示,结构传递路径贡献量高于70%,并提出降低电池配电单元(BDU)安装点橡胶隔振垫硬度和在动力电池上盖板粘贴阻尼材料的优化方案,实车验证结果表明,优化后继电器吸合、断开噪声声压级分别降低3.9 dB(A)、4.1 dB(A),车内继电器噪声问题明显改善。

动力电池  /  继电器  /  噪声  /  传递路径  /  隔振  /  阻尼材料

The noise generated during the relays pick-up and disconnection of the power battery for a new energy vehicle is significant. To address the issue, the contribution of the relay noise transfer path is tested and analyzed in a semi anechoic chamber, and the results show that the contribution of the structural transfer path is higher than 70%. The paper proposes to reduce the hardness of the rubber vibration isolation pad at the Battery Distribution Unit (BDU) mounting point and past the damping material on the cover plate of the power battery. Vehicle verification results show that the sound pressure level of the optimized relay pick-up and disconnection noise is reduced by 3.9 dB(A) and 4.1 dB(A) respectively, and the noise of relays in the vehicle is improved significantly.

Power battery  /  Relay  /  Noise  /  Transfer path  /  Vibration isolation  /  Damping material
李基芳, 季祥, 孙守富. 新能源汽车用动力电池继电器噪声分析与优化研究. 汽车工程师, 2025 , (1) : 32 -36 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240331
Jifang Li, Xiang Ji, Shoufu Sun. Research on Noise Analysis and Optimization of Power Battery Relays for New Energy Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineer, 2025 , (1) : 32 -36 . DOI: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240331
噪声、振动与声振粗糙度(Noise, Vibration, Harshness,NVH)是影响车辆舒适性的重要性能之一。与传统汽车相比,新能源汽车噪声、振动较小,但是发动机噪声的掩蔽作用消失后,乘员更容易感受到其他噪声[1]
动力电池继电器是新能源汽车的关键安全器件[2],用于连接或断开动力电池与电机控制器之间的直流高压电路,当高压电路过载时切断电路,以保证乘员和车辆的安全。针对继电器吸合与断开过程中产生的噪声问题,文献[3]介绍了电磁继电器机械噪声产生的主要原因是动簧卡座与卡环相互撞击,通过缓冲撞击和减小撞击幅度可以降低继电器机械噪声。文献[4]针对高压电磁继电器耐压值低、振动噪声大等缺点,从整体设计、局部优化等方面进行了深入研究。文献[5]通过改进继电器振动的传递路径降低了电池包噪声,但未考虑电池包壳体对辐射噪声的影响。
本文通过分别断开继电器噪声的结构传递路径和空气传递路径,测试、计算得到两种路径对应的噪声和贡献量,并制定相应的噪声优化方案,最后通过实车试验对方案的有效性进行验证。
动力电池继电器一般由线圈、铁芯、衔铁和触点组成[6],其结构如图1所示。
继电器具有控制电路和工作电路。控制电路的低压电源接通后,线圈中会产生励磁电流,在电磁效应作用下衔铁被铁芯吸引,使触点吸合。控制电路的低压电源断开后,线圈中的励磁电流消失,铁芯与衔铁之间的电磁吸引力消失,衔铁在弹簧拉力作用下使触点分离。继电器噪声由衔铁带动触点吸合或断开时的碰撞产生。
某新能源汽车动力电池继电器包括主正继电器、主负继电器、快充继电器、预充继电器、升压继电器等,均集成在电池配电单元(Battery Distribution Unit,BDU)中。继电器吸合或断开时车内可听到撞击声,需要对继电器噪声进行优化。
动力电池继电器噪声测试在半消声室内进行,动力电池放置在地面上,在BDU正上方布置传声器(Mic 1),传声器与动力电池上表面的距离为1 m且垂直指向BDU中心,如图2所示。试验设备主要包括Siemens SCM2E05数据采集前端、GRAS 46AE传声器、Simcenter Testlab测试分析软件等。
连接动力电池的低压控制电路,使用上位机控制继电器的吸合、断开,测试时仅控制一个继电器动作,按照吸合-等待15 s-断开-等待15 s的顺序重复5次。本文以某个继电器测试数据为例,该继电器噪声声压级测试结果图3所示。
图3可知,继电器吸合或断开时会产生瞬时冲击噪声,5次吸合(断开)声压级之间存在一定偏差,因此以5次吸合(断开)的声压级平均值表示该继电器的吸合(断开)噪声。该继电器5次吸合、断开噪声声压级及其平均值如表1所示。
为便于提出合理的继电器噪声优化方案,首先应确定噪声的传递路径及每条传递路径的贡献量。该动力电池继电器均集成在BDU内,BDU通过螺栓与动力电池内壳体连接,因此噪声的传递路径包括两方面:结构传递路径,触点的撞击通过BDU螺栓引起动力电池壳体振动并向外辐射噪声;空气传递路径,触点吸合或断开时撞击产生的噪声通过BDU与动力电池壳体间的孔隙直接向外辐射。
设测得的继电器吸合(断开)声压级为L,经结构传递路径、空气传递路径至测点的声压级分别为L1L2,基于不相干噪声的声能叠加原理[7],三者之间存在如下关系:
100.1L=100.1L1+100.1L2
结构传递路径贡献量ε1、空气传递路径贡献量ε2分别为:
${\epsilon }_{1}=\frac{{10}^{0.1{L}_{1}}}{{10}^{0.1L}}\times 100$%
${\epsilon }_{2}=\frac{{10}^{0.1{L}_{2}}}{{10}^{0.1L}}\times 100$%
本文针对结构传递路径和空气传递路径设计了两种测试方案。
BDU通过4颗螺栓与动力电池连接,如图4所示。
为研究结构传递路径对噪声的影响,首先拆除BDU的4颗安装螺栓,再使用泡棉[8]将BDU与动力电池隔离,如图5所示。
BDU底部和侧面加入厚度为1.5 cm的泡棉后,BDU安装点位置与动力电池之间无接触,继电器吸合、断开产生的撞击力经泡棉衰减后均匀地作用于动力电池。断开结构传递路径状态下继电器噪声的测试结果如表2所示,即经空气路径传递的噪声。
根据式(1)计算可得,由结构传递路径引起的继电器吸合噪声声压级为62.6 dB(A)、继电器断开噪声声压级为62.8 dB(A),进而由式(2)、式(3)分别计算得到结构传递路径噪声和空气传递路径噪声的贡献量,如表3所示。由此可见,该动力电池继电器噪声主要由结构传递路径辐射,继电器吸合、断开时结构传递路径噪声的贡献量分别为77.6%和74.1%。
通过断开空气传递路径的方式测试分析两条路径的贡献量,并与3.1节的结果相互验证。
首先将BDU安装方式恢复为设计状态,用橡皮泥封堵BDU与动力电池壳体间的孔隙,然后在BDU表面包覆一层厚度为2 mm的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate copolymer,EVA),最后包裹一层吸音棉。噪声测试结果如表4所示,结构传递路径噪声和空气传递路径噪声的贡献量计算结果如表5所示。
对比表3表5中的数据可以发现,两种方法得到的结构传递路径噪声、空气路径传递噪声及其贡献量并不相同,这是因为3.1节中采用的方案在断开传递路径后仍然会有部分撞击力经泡棉衰减后作用于动力电池,引起动力电池壳体振动并向外辐射噪声。因此,3.1节中经测试得到的空气传递路径噪声声压级偏大,计算得到的结构传递路径噪声声压级偏小。同理,本节得到的结构传递路径噪声声压级偏大、空气传递路径噪声声压级偏小。
综上,表3表5中数据存在差异,但都表明结构传递路径贡献量远大于空气传递路径贡献量。
本文针对结构传递路径开展继电器噪声优化。降低继电器吸合或断开时的撞击力可以通过调整弹簧刚度、触点形状、继电器时间参数等实现。由于这些参数与继电器的控制、保护性能密切相关,继电器参数的设计往往更注重安全性和可靠性,因此本文暂不对继电器自身参数进行调整。
该动力电池BDU安装点位置已使用橡胶隔振垫减振,如图6所示。因此可通过降低橡胶隔振垫硬度增大隔振量,但隔振垫硬度偏低会对其承载、疲劳寿命等性能带来不利影响。综合考虑对隔振、承载、寿命等性能的影响,本文试制了一套硬度为原设计方案硬度的70%的橡胶隔振垫。
更换橡胶隔振垫后重新测试继电器噪声,测试结果如表6所示。与表1数据相比,继电器吸合噪声声压级降低2.2 dB(A)、继电器断开噪声声压级降低2.8 dB(A),表明本方案对继电器噪声具有一定优化效果。
结构传递路径的噪声最终通过动力电池表面的振动向外辐射,因此抑制动力电池表面振动同样可以降低继电器噪声。该动力电池上盖板由片状模塑料(Sheet Molding Compound,SMC)制成,因其面积较大、厚度较小,理论上极易被激发振动并辐射噪声,属于典型的板类结构声辐射问题,阻尼处理通常是解决此类问题的有效方式[9]。阻尼材料应粘贴在振动剧烈的部位,既能达到减振降噪的目的,又能尽量降低成本。本文在动力电池上盖板处布置了6个振动传感器,测试继电器动作时盖板的振动分布情况,根据振动测试结果确定了阻尼材料的粘贴位置,如图7所示。
更换BDU安装点隔振垫并在电池上盖板处粘贴阻尼材料后,继电器噪声测试结果如表7所示,对比原始状态测试数据,继电器吸合噪声声压级降低3.9 dB(A)、继电器断开噪声声压级降低4.1 dB(A),其他继电器噪声声压级降低幅度均在3.0 dB(A)以上。
经验证,最终优化方案在实车上同样具有明显的降噪效果,车内继电器噪声降低2.4~3.1 dB(A),该问题得以解决。
本文以某新能源汽车用动力电池继电器噪声为研究对象,对其传递路径进行分析和测试,可知结构传递路径是继电器噪声的主要传递路径,其贡献量在70%以上。通过降低BDU安装点橡胶隔振垫硬度、动力电池上盖板增加阻尼材料的优化措施,各继电器吸合、断开时产生的噪声声压级降低幅度均在3.0 dB(A)以上,并经过实车试验验证了优化方案有效。
后续可以对方案进行多目标最优设计,如:综合考虑隔振、承载、疲劳等性能,对BDU安装点隔振垫的硬度、结构进行优化;对动力电池上盖板进行拓扑优化,提高局部刚度以减小辐射噪声;阻尼材料、阻尼位置的优化;多方案的组合优化等。
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doi: 10.20104/j.cnki.1674-6546.20240331
  • 首发时间:2025-11-09
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 修回日期:2024-07-05
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    中汽研新能源汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司, 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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