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Significance

As semiconductor manufacturing progresses towards sub-Xnm nodes and adopts 3D device architectures, such as gate-all-around field-effect transistors and 3D-NAND, wafer structures now feature extremely high aspect ratios and complex heterogeneous integration. This development imposes strict requirements on optical inspection and metrology, which are crucial for process control. Traditional inspection methods, which regard illumination as a static and passive source and mainly rely on backend algorithmic processing, are becoming increasingly insufficient. Their drawbacks, including instability in dynamic environments, substantial signal-to-noise issues in detecting nanoscale defects, and limited three-dimensional awareness, highlight the necessity for a revolutionary change. Therefore, next-generation optical inspection systems should transform into intelligent, integrated platforms based on the synergy of two key technologies: dynamic light field manipulation and multidimensional information fusion perception. This reconfigures the system from a passive observer to an active probe, where lighting and sensing are dynamically coupled to optimize detection from the physical signal generation stage.

Progress

The application of light field shaping in engineering clearly and logically evolved to cope with ever more challenging demands of semiconductor inspection. The first generation was called static light field shaping, addressing the fundamental need of converting an inherently Gaussian profile output from most lasers into useful, uniform profiles required by scanning applications. This was done using passive optical elements such as a diffractive optical element and a microlens array that were able to create a flat-top line illumination or flat-top spot illumination, thus establishing a fundamental hardware framework. With increasing complexity in inspection conditions and the need for flexibility, it evolved into active light field control: active, programmable devices, such as digital micromirror devices or liquid-crystal spatial light modulators. All of these contributed to a vital capability: the ability to shift quickly from one type of light to another, or to generate complex, programmable, structured light patterns in real-time and thus match the light field to particle inspection tasks. However, only achieving dynamic control did not ensure stable, high-fidelity performance for multiple tools and over time. This realization gave rise to step three: adaptive light field correction. We now looked inwards at compensating for the intrinsic flaws of our systems and their variations. With tools such as wavefront correctors, integrated beam pre-processing modules, and computational algorithms that enabled active measurement and correction of the static aberrations due to component tolerances or assembly stresses. This “ pre-standardization” of the input beam ensured that downstream modulation stages received a consistent, high-quality light field, which is critical for tool-to-tool matching and long-term stability. The ultimate stage in this progression is closed-loop light field self-calibration, which looks outward to combat real-time environmental perturbations. To build a high-bandwidth “ sense-analyze-act” feedback loop—using fast sensors and smart processors (usually augmented with artificial intelligence), and fast actuators—whereby the system has the capability of sensing and correcting in real time, transient disturbances such as vibration or thermal drift, transforming into an autonomous adaptive agent. Based on such a four-phase evolutionary process, with the principle of “ multi-dimensional fusion and collaborative control”, we develop a three-layer engineering application architecture for addressing the critical challenges in contemporary examination. It should be noted that this design can be viewed as a natural combination of these three levels: the physical execution layer forms its foundation, including devices such as spatial light modulators or digital micromirror devices, which directly shape the light field’s phase, amplitude, and pattern. The physical principal layer is the strategy layer that turns physical principles into practical strategies for breaking through conventional barriers. It applies techniques like structured illumination microscopy to obtain super-resolution images, active noise immunity and polarization engineering to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and quantitative phase imaging for 3D topography sensing. Computational algorithm layer is an intelligent decision maker that drives the whole system by solving inverse problems, conducting AI-based defect classification, and allowing for adaptive optimization and closed-loop control, which ties everything together. There is a tight coupling between all three of those layers—with instructions guiding how they are implemented on hardware, and software refining both—that constitute an integrated smart system that is ready to tackle any challenging inspection task.

Conclusions and Prospects

We have traced the evolution of light field control from a passive element into that which forms the heart of an active intelligent probing system for semiconductor optical inspection. Logical progression of the ideas, starting from static shaping and moving towards closed-loop self-calibration, paves the way forward towards realizing dynamic, resilient optical systems. Our suggested three-tiered application architecture provides an overall systematic approach for designing the next generation of inspection tools, effectively channeling advances in hardware, physics, and algorithms to overcome the intertwined problem of resolution, accuracy, speed, and three-dimensional vision. In the future, further development in this direction depends on closer integration with state-of-the-art computer intelligence and new optical materials. Highlights of the frontier include generative artificial intelligence driven inverse design that promises to discover non-intuitive, high-efficiency photonic architectures beyond human’s intuition; development of deep learning enhanced expert system, which is a hybridization between data driven learning and structured physics knowledge for robust and efficient optimization; and research on large model-based autonomous agent to perceive and make decisions about a whole scene in complicated inspection environment. Meanwhile, with the emergence of new hardware such as dynamic metasurface integrated photonic circuits, we may be able to make even more compact and flexible modulators for controlling light fields. We believe that this combination of smart software (algorithms) and hardware devices would enable autonomous and powerful light field manipulation, consolidating its position as the essential “eyes” for precision manufacturing of the semiconductor industry and beyond.

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当前半导体制造工艺已经进入先进制程节点,传统光学检测技术在面对高深宽比、三维异质等复杂结构场景时,面临严峻的挑战。光场调控技术作为光学检测的核心支撑技术,成为工程应用领域关注的重点。本文介绍了光场调控技术工程化应用的发展历程,系统性地总结了从静态整形、动态调整、自适应校正到闭环自校准的四阶段,揭示了内在的技术逻辑和发展趋势。此外,本文还以“多维融合,协同调控”为核心理念,构建了一个由物理执行层、物理原理层与计算算法层构成的三位一体的工程应用体系,展望光场调控技术与人工智能及新一代光场调制器件相结合的未来发展方向,为新一代智能光学检测仪器的设计与研发提供了系统化的理论框架与技术蓝图。

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作者贡献

张龙、张稷:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;黄有为、陈鲁、田晓俊:指导论文选题、论文修改。

张龙 (1988-),男,硕士,精密仪器专业,深圳中科飞测科技股份有限公司研发总监,长期致力于无图形晶圆表面缺陷检测设备的研究与产业化。E-mail:

黄有为 (1983-),男,博士,深圳中科飞测科技股份有限公司研发总监、首席科学家,广东省劳动模范,多年精密光学检测技术及设备研发经历,带领项目团队完成多项精密光学检测技术攻关和多款高端光学检测设备的研发与量产。E-mail:

陈鲁 (1977-),男,博士,研究员,深圳中科飞测科技股份有限公司董事长兼总经理,国家级人才工程项目入选者、深圳市孔雀A类人才,集成电路质量控制设备资深专家,负责多项国家、省/市级重大研发专项、重点研发计划等。E-mail:

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(a) Schematic diagram of minute defects below the diffraction limit; (b) Schematic diagram of extremely weak scattering signals corresponding to minute defects; (c) Schematic diagram of increasingly complex modern three-dimensional architectures; (d–f) The physical principle layer: (d) schematic diagram of super-resolution imaging methods[81], (e) schematic diagram of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement methods[82], (f) schematic diagram of three-dimensional topography perception methods[81]; (g) The computational algorithm layer: schematic diagram of key step algorithms[84-86]; (h) The physical implementation layer: schematic diagram of hardware equipment[87], figureFileSmall=XYuc5lECdEdZh0NJo6V6WQ==, figureFileBig=/Ba2Ixjpb0rmH1ol5sVjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955375558865343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955367128314241, language=CN, label=图3, caption=光场调控系统的工程应用体系及其重点突破的瓶颈方向。 (a)衍射极限之下的微小缺陷示意图; (b)微小缺陷对应极其微弱散射信号示意图; (c)现代日益复杂的立体结构示意图;(d~f)物理原理层: (d)超分辨成像手段示意图[81], (e)信噪比增强手段示意图[82];(f)三维形貌感知手段示意图[81];(g)计算算法层:关键步骤算法示意图[84-86];(h)物理执行层:硬件设备示意图[87], figureFileSmall=XYuc5lECdEdZh0NJo6V6WQ==, figureFileBig=/Ba2Ixjpb0rmH1ol5sVjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955375625974208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955367128314241, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Components and inherent relationships of the engineering application architecture, figureFileSmall=wFAJEa/3hWXo5NuxnVzl4Q==, figureFileBig=/ofB8tTjHLYXov3AndWVRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955375688888769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955367128314241, language=CN, label=图4, caption=工程应用体系构成成分及内在关系, figureFileSmall=wFAJEa/3hWXo5NuxnVzl4Q==, figureFileBig=/ofB8tTjHLYXov3AndWVRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319955375751803330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1278651732997652489, articleId=1319955367128314241, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of core development directions for light field manipulation technology. 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光场调控技术在晶圆检测领域的工程应用研究
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张龙 , 黄有为 *, * , 陈鲁 *, * , 张稷 , 田晓俊
光电工程 | 综述 2026,53(3): 250324-1
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光场调控技术在晶圆检测领域的工程应用研究
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张龙 , 黄有为*, * , 陈鲁*, * , 张稷, 田晓俊
作者信息
  • 深圳中科飞测科技股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518110
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献

张龙、张稷:研究资料的收集、分析,论文写作;黄有为、陈鲁、田晓俊:指导论文选题、论文修改。

张龙 (1988-),男,硕士,精密仪器专业,深圳中科飞测科技股份有限公司研发总监,长期致力于无图形晶圆表面缺陷检测设备的研究与产业化。E-mail:

黄有为 (1983-),男,博士,深圳中科飞测科技股份有限公司研发总监、首席科学家,广东省劳动模范,多年精密光学检测技术及设备研发经历,带领项目团队完成多项精密光学检测技术攻关和多款高端光学检测设备的研发与量产。E-mail:

陈鲁 (1977-),男,博士,研究员,深圳中科飞测科技股份有限公司董事长兼总经理,国家级人才工程项目入选者、深圳市孔雀A类人才,集成电路质量控制设备资深专家,负责多项国家、省/市级重大研发专项、重点研发计划等。E-mail:

Engineering applications of light field manipulation in wafer inspection
Long Zhang , Youwei Huang , Lu Chen , Ji Zhang, Xiaojun Tian
Affiliations
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250324
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当前半导体制造工艺已经进入先进制程节点,传统光学检测技术在面对高深宽比、三维异质等复杂结构场景时,面临严峻的挑战。光场调控技术作为光学检测的核心支撑技术,成为工程应用领域关注的重点。本文介绍了光场调控技术工程化应用的发展历程,系统性地总结了从静态整形、动态调整、自适应校正到闭环自校准的四阶段,揭示了内在的技术逻辑和发展趋势。此外,本文还以“多维融合,协同调控”为核心理念,构建了一个由物理执行层、物理原理层与计算算法层构成的三位一体的工程应用体系,展望光场调控技术与人工智能及新一代光场调制器件相结合的未来发展方向,为新一代智能光学检测仪器的设计与研发提供了系统化的理论框架与技术蓝图。

光场调控技术  /  多维信息融合感知技术  /  工程应用体系  /  人工智能
Significance

As semiconductor manufacturing progresses towards sub-Xnm nodes and adopts 3D device architectures, such as gate-all-around field-effect transistors and 3D-NAND, wafer structures now feature extremely high aspect ratios and complex heterogeneous integration. This development imposes strict requirements on optical inspection and metrology, which are crucial for process control. Traditional inspection methods, which regard illumination as a static and passive source and mainly rely on backend algorithmic processing, are becoming increasingly insufficient. Their drawbacks, including instability in dynamic environments, substantial signal-to-noise issues in detecting nanoscale defects, and limited three-dimensional awareness, highlight the necessity for a revolutionary change. Therefore, next-generation optical inspection systems should transform into intelligent, integrated platforms based on the synergy of two key technologies: dynamic light field manipulation and multidimensional information fusion perception. This reconfigures the system from a passive observer to an active probe, where lighting and sensing are dynamically coupled to optimize detection from the physical signal generation stage.

Progress

The application of light field shaping in engineering clearly and logically evolved to cope with ever more challenging demands of semiconductor inspection. The first generation was called static light field shaping, addressing the fundamental need of converting an inherently Gaussian profile output from most lasers into useful, uniform profiles required by scanning applications. This was done using passive optical elements such as a diffractive optical element and a microlens array that were able to create a flat-top line illumination or flat-top spot illumination, thus establishing a fundamental hardware framework. With increasing complexity in inspection conditions and the need for flexibility, it evolved into active light field control: active, programmable devices, such as digital micromirror devices or liquid-crystal spatial light modulators. All of these contributed to a vital capability: the ability to shift quickly from one type of light to another, or to generate complex, programmable, structured light patterns in real-time and thus match the light field to particle inspection tasks. However, only achieving dynamic control did not ensure stable, high-fidelity performance for multiple tools and over time. This realization gave rise to step three: adaptive light field correction. We now looked inwards at compensating for the intrinsic flaws of our systems and their variations. With tools such as wavefront correctors, integrated beam pre-processing modules, and computational algorithms that enabled active measurement and correction of the static aberrations due to component tolerances or assembly stresses. This “ pre-standardization” of the input beam ensured that downstream modulation stages received a consistent, high-quality light field, which is critical for tool-to-tool matching and long-term stability. The ultimate stage in this progression is closed-loop light field self-calibration, which looks outward to combat real-time environmental perturbations. To build a high-bandwidth “ sense-analyze-act” feedback loop—using fast sensors and smart processors (usually augmented with artificial intelligence), and fast actuators—whereby the system has the capability of sensing and correcting in real time, transient disturbances such as vibration or thermal drift, transforming into an autonomous adaptive agent. Based on such a four-phase evolutionary process, with the principle of “ multi-dimensional fusion and collaborative control”, we develop a three-layer engineering application architecture for addressing the critical challenges in contemporary examination. It should be noted that this design can be viewed as a natural combination of these three levels: the physical execution layer forms its foundation, including devices such as spatial light modulators or digital micromirror devices, which directly shape the light field’s phase, amplitude, and pattern. The physical principal layer is the strategy layer that turns physical principles into practical strategies for breaking through conventional barriers. It applies techniques like structured illumination microscopy to obtain super-resolution images, active noise immunity and polarization engineering to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and quantitative phase imaging for 3D topography sensing. Computational algorithm layer is an intelligent decision maker that drives the whole system by solving inverse problems, conducting AI-based defect classification, and allowing for adaptive optimization and closed-loop control, which ties everything together. There is a tight coupling between all three of those layers—with instructions guiding how they are implemented on hardware, and software refining both—that constitute an integrated smart system that is ready to tackle any challenging inspection task.

Conclusions and Prospects

We have traced the evolution of light field control from a passive element into that which forms the heart of an active intelligent probing system for semiconductor optical inspection. Logical progression of the ideas, starting from static shaping and moving towards closed-loop self-calibration, paves the way forward towards realizing dynamic, resilient optical systems. Our suggested three-tiered application architecture provides an overall systematic approach for designing the next generation of inspection tools, effectively channeling advances in hardware, physics, and algorithms to overcome the intertwined problem of resolution, accuracy, speed, and three-dimensional vision. In the future, further development in this direction depends on closer integration with state-of-the-art computer intelligence and new optical materials. Highlights of the frontier include generative artificial intelligence driven inverse design that promises to discover non-intuitive, high-efficiency photonic architectures beyond human’s intuition; development of deep learning enhanced expert system, which is a hybridization between data driven learning and structured physics knowledge for robust and efficient optimization; and research on large model-based autonomous agent to perceive and make decisions about a whole scene in complicated inspection environment. Meanwhile, with the emergence of new hardware such as dynamic metasurface integrated photonic circuits, we may be able to make even more compact and flexible modulators for controlling light fields. We believe that this combination of smart software (algorithms) and hardware devices would enable autonomous and powerful light field manipulation, consolidating its position as the essential “eyes” for precision manufacturing of the semiconductor industry and beyond.

light field manipulation  /  multidimensional information fusion and perception  /  engineering application architecture  /  artificial intelligence
张龙, 黄有为, 陈鲁, 张稷, 田晓俊. 光场调控技术在晶圆检测领域的工程应用研究. 光电工程, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250324 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250324
Long Zhang, Youwei Huang, Lu Chen, Ji Zhang, Xiaojun Tian. Engineering applications of light field manipulation in wafer inspection[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2026 , 53 (3) : 250324 -1 . DOI: 10.12086/oee.2026.250324
现代半导体技术朝着更小的特征尺寸发展,以满足更高性能、低功耗和小型化芯片的需求,现已进入先进制程节点。随着环栅场效应晶体管 (gate-all-around FET, GAAFET)、三维垂直闪存 (3D-NAND)等新型器件架构的广泛应用[1],晶圆结构呈现出高深宽比极端化、三维异质集成形貌复杂化的发展趋势。这种演变对作为过程工艺控制核心环节的光学检测与量测技术提出了前所未有的挑战[2]。面对日益精密的器件结构,检测系统必须在保持高通量的同时,实现更高的缺陷捕获率、更强的三维结构感知能力以及对微弱信号的极致分辨力。
在半导体晶圆光学量测与检测领域,光场调控器件的传统优化设计方法依靠人工经验或先验知识,通常无法实现系统结构的全局优化[3]。在传统设计范式中,照明系统通常被视为一个静态、均匀且理想化的背景光源,仅需提供足够的光子,保证样品表面是光源频谱面即可[4]。系统量检测性能提升的压力完全被转移至后端和图像处理算法。面对二维平面结构的检测任务时,该工作模式曾卓有成效。但器件进入三维时代,局限日益突出,首要局限在于系统的静态特性与脆弱性。传统系统对真实环境中的动态扰动 (如热漂移[5]和机械振动[6])极为敏感,导致检测性能不稳定,量测结果甚至出现难以复现的情形。其次,系统面临严峻的信噪比瓶颈[7]。根据瑞利散射理论,微小缺陷的散射信号强度与尺寸的6次方成正比。当面对高密度周期性图形时,微小缺陷的微弱信号极易被强大的背景衍射噪声淹没。更为致命的问题是三维感知能力的缺失[2]。传统的二维强度投影成像模式,在物理上丢失了深度信息,无法对鳍式场效应晶体管(fin field-effect transistor, FinFET)鳍片高度、垂直侧壁裂纹等关键三维缺陷进行有效、精确地表征,导致漏检率升高,严重影响芯片良率,并给后续的失效分析带来巨大挑战。
为应对上述挑战,并适应半导体光学检测现代工程化应用的需求,新一代光场调控系统需实现“动态光场调控”与“多维信息融合感知”两大技术主线的深度融合。这意味着“照明”与“感知”不应再被视为独立单元,而应构建为一个动态响应、智能交互的一体化系统。该整合系统的核心内涵首先体现于动态光场调控能力的实现。借助先进的光场调制技术,构建具备自适应与自校准功能的“智能光控系统”[8]。实时感知并主动补偿由环境与系统内部扰动引起的失准,从而在时空维度上保持系统的高保真性、稳定性和一致性。为实现这一高保真光场调控目标,并最终精确感知缺陷信息,系统需进一步具备多维信息融合感知能力。其技术路径在于,在成像系统的关键空间位置提前部署多个传感器[9],确保单次扫描中同步获取来自样品不同维度、多尺度的散射信号[10],并通过多路信息的融合算法[11],实现对缺陷三维空间位置与形态的精确解析与重建。通过光场与感知的深度耦合,检测系统的性能瓶颈从后端的算法挑战 (“如何从噪声中提取信号”),前移至前端的物理优化 (“如何从源头生成一个高保真、低噪声的信号”),这种根本性转变,系统性提升了检测的极限灵敏度和可靠性。在此耦合架构下,光学检测技术正逐步完成从“被动观察”到“主动探测”的演进[12]。相应地,照明系统也从原本仅提供背景辐射的被动“光源”,升级为具备自适应能力[13]、可与检测环境交互的光场智能调控系统。该系统能够生成定制化光场[14],以特定方式增强与目标物 (如微小缺陷)的相互作用,同时抑制或规避背景结构 (如周期性图形)的干扰,从而实现更精准、高效的缺陷检测。
人工智能 (AI)的深度融合为这类动态协同、智能感知的整合系统注入了新的动力。通过深度学习等技术,可基于感知信息辅助缺陷的诊断与分类[15],也可通过晶圆表面反射率的微差异反馈协助调控光场或光谱[16]。这一系列的技术变革[17]深刻地重塑半导体量检测行业的市场格局与技术发展路径。
根据不同时期的半导体检测的工程应用需求,本文将光场调控技术的演进过程归类划分为四个阶段,并以“多维融合,协同调控”为核心理念,构建了一个由物理执行层、物理原理层与计算算法层组成的工程应用体系。此外,本文还论述未来产业化进程中可能面临的挑战,以及与人工智能、新型光场调制器件深度融合的未来发展方向,并展望先进光子技术在这一关键领域的商业化进程与工程应用落地[18]。
现代工业要求将照明系统从被动的“背景光源”提升为主动高保真的“智能光控系统”。该过程反映了半导体检测行业中,光学系统设计的转变,即“从追求单一性能最优状态,到动态自适应且具备韧性的全局最优状态”。本文将光场调控技术演进的过程划分为四个逻辑递进的阶段:静态光场整形、动态光场调整、自适应光场校正、闭环光场自校准。如图1所示,分别展示了四个阶段的框架以及应用效果。首先以静态光场整形作为技术演进的起始阶段,此阶段致力于解决特定光束形态从无到有的基本问题。图1(a)表明系统通过确定的物理装置将激光器输出的原生光束 (通常具有能量集中的高斯分布)转换为更适合扫描应用的特定形态 (如能量分布均匀的平顶光斑),实现光场的静态整形。在此基础上,技术演进到动态光场调整阶段,赋予系统面向任务的可调控能力,在图1(b)中系统通过数字微镜器件(digital micromirror device,DMD)等元件构成的系统实现输出不同形状光斑的切换。随后,随着调控能力的增强,技术进一步聚焦于补偿系统缺陷,进入自适应光场校正阶段,图1(c)通过构建波前传感与自适应光学系统,校正波前畸变并提升光场的稳定性和精度。接下来,为应对真实世界中的动态扰动,技术发展到闭环光场自校准阶段,图1(d)通过闭环反馈调控系统,实时自主抵抗干扰,对比受干扰和校准后的光斑,论证系统在复杂环境下的自适应鲁棒性。下文将对这四个阶段进行具体的介绍。
光学检测系统设计对照明系统输出的最基本要求,是将激光器输出的原生光束转换为更适合扫描应用的特定形态。静态光场整形技术通过在光路中引入固定的无源光学元件,对入射波前进行相位或振幅重塑,是工业光学检测中广泛应用的一项基础技术。如以色列Holoor公司基于衍射光学原理开发的光束整形器[21],能够将激光转换为圆形、方形、线形等多种形状的平顶光斑,或生成单环、多环及涡旋形光斑。这一阶段奠定后续高级调控技术的基础,其核心物理原理涵盖衍射光学与几何光学,主要的实现手段包括衍射光学元件 (diffractive optical element, DOE)、折射式光束整形器以及微透镜阵列等。三者的选择本质上是在光的相干性控制精度、能量利用效率和光谱适应性之间寻求最佳平衡。DOE 基于衍射效应,可实现对光场的像素级相位调控,适用于生成高锐度结构光或复杂图案,但其存在明显色差与零级衍射噪声,光谱适应性较弱。微透镜阵列(Microlens array, MLA) 依赖几何光学中的光束分割与叠加原理,消散斑效果良好且光谱兼容性高,虽然图案自由度有限,却仍是明场检测与大视场照明的常用方案。自由曲面光学借助非对称曲面实现高效光场映射,能量利用率高,尤其适用于光子预算紧张的极紫外线(extreme ultraviolet, EUV)等波段,尽管加工检测难度大,但在复杂像差校正与特殊照明中具有不可替代的优势。以下是该阶段核心技术手段的详细介绍:
DOE通过在基底材料上刻蚀亚波长或微米级的浮雕结构,构建出一个复杂的纯相位掩模。当相干光束通过DOE时,其波前会受到精确的相位调制,并在远场经由衍射与干涉效应,重构为预先设计好的目标光强分布[22]。近年来超构表面技术,利用平面化的纳米结构阵列,以更小的体积实现对光场更为精细的调控[23]。
DOE及超构表面技术对于半导体检测至关重要,可高效地将原始高斯光束转换为具有极高均匀性的线形或矩形光斑。这种转换满足了系统大面积扫描对照明一致性的严苛要求,确保检测灵敏度在整个扫描区域内保持一致。同时,该技术也是生成特定结构光图案与实现超分辨成像的关键,有力推动检测系统光学引擎的小型化与集成化,直接关系检测的精度与设备的集成水平。这些元件的调控能力催生了多种创新性的检测方法。以结构光照明为例,Gustafsson[24]利用静态光栅生成周期性结构光图案,通过捕获样品与光栅叠加产生的摩尔条纹,提升传统光学系统对精细结构的捕捉能力。在半导体晶圆检测领域,该技术面临可见光照明下深亚波长缺陷难以探测的挑战,受限于光学衍射极限及缺陷低信噪比的困境。张劲松等[25]自定义优化结构光场进行照明,成功实现了密集周期纳米图案中亚λ/14(λ, 波长)宽缺陷的精确定位与分类,解决先进工艺节点下有图形晶圆的无标记、非破坏超分辨检测难题。Jing等[26]设计构建了一种用于产生矢量光场的单层“发射-接收”一体化的超结构材料,用于高精度地检测并重建晶圆的深度与横向尺寸,尤其适用于非接触、高精度要求的场景,是一种可靠的三维晶圆检测工具。同样地,波前编码技术也体现了DOE对系统性能的优化作用。Dowski等[27]通过在系统光瞳处插入一个非对称的立方相位掩模,对系统传递函数进行编码,使成像系统对离焦不敏感。通过“先编码、后解码”策略,该技术把景深扩展的职责从光学设计转移至光-机联合优化层面,使得FinFET、3D NAND等复杂三维半导体器件无需反复调焦,即可在单次成像中清晰呈现不同高度特征,极大提升了检测效率。超构表面的发展则推动了光学元件在综合集成与技术融合的突破。例如,Metalenz[28]将超构光学技术与半导体晶圆制造工艺深度融合,助力在12英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)晶圆代工厂内实现批量化生产应用;Tunoptix[29]超构光学平台依托晶圆级制造方案解决传统高光谱成像局限,该方案可实现可见光至近红外波段30余个光谱通道的实时快照采集,光谱分辨率优于20 nm,且单通道有效分辨率约720 pixel×480 pixel,有效支持高通量制造场景下的实时缺陷检测与材料分类;复享光学[30]基于超构透镜设计原理,开发AR-Meta光学检测系统,实现三维光场与相位分布的全方位检测,目前已形成面向前沿科学研究及晶圆级检测的系列产品,并构建“超构透镜光学检测智能化平台”。综上,以超构表面为核心光场调控结构,通过半导体工业场景的具体技术融合,持续拓展光场调控的产业应用边界与功能深度。
微透镜阵列 (MLA)是由大量微小透镜单元周期性排列构成的光学元件,其核心工作是将入射光束分割为子光束,经各单元聚焦后在焦平面叠加,最终在特定工作距离形成高均匀化光斑[31]。这一结构特性奠定了精密光学领域的应用基础。在半导体检测领域,通过优化微透镜排布参数,可精准匹配不同缺陷 (如微小划痕、颗粒污染、刻蚀残留)的散射光场特征,显著增强缺陷信号的信噪比,解决传统明场检测中弱信号关键缺陷低抓取率的问题[32]。该技术大幅提升晶圆缺陷覆盖能力,为复杂缺陷检测提供高效工具。MLA对光场信息的深度捕捉能力,为半导体缺陷的智能化分类开辟新路径。参考光场相机领域的研究,Yoon等[33]通过结合稀疏分解算法,可从MLA获取的冗余光场数据中高效提取动态信息,实现高速三维追踪。这一原理迁移至半导体检测时,不仅能捕获缺陷的散射光场分布 (即四维光场信息),还可依托人工智能算法对缺陷形态、散射特性进行深度分析,推动检测从“有无判断”向“精准分类”跨越,显著提升质量控制水平。综上,MLA凭借其光场均匀化、鲁棒性强及信息捕捉丰富等特性,从基础照明到复杂检测逐步渗透,为半导体制造的高效化、低成本化与智能化提供了关键技术支撑。
折射式整形器基于几何光学原理,通过精确控制光线在特殊设计表面的折射路径实现光束能量重分配。在早期研究中,Frieden等[34]利用位相移动非球面透镜组完成高斯光束向平顶光束的高效转换。Laskin等[35]指出此类整形器的理论设计原理,核心在于高精度计算非球面透镜折射面形,通过建立输入输出光线路径的确定性映射,精准重塑光束能量分布形态。除经典设计外,折射式整形器的具体实现形式亦被不断拓展。俞建杰等[36]系统地归纳该领域典型结构,涵盖自聚焦透镜阵列、微柱透镜阵列、棱镜组合、光学玻璃板片堆及分束堆置折射器等类型。此类结构虽形式不同,但均基于折射调控能量基本原理,通过几何单元组合或排列实现折射路径多样化调控,为不同场景光束整形需求提供灵活方案。凭借原理普适性与设计多样性,折射式整形器在工业检测领域不可替代。此技术广泛应用于半导体检测环节,是获取高质量、高稳定性均匀照明光源的可靠技术路径。通过精准能量重分配,有效解决传统光源能量分布不均对检测精度的影响,为晶圆缺陷识别、尺寸测量等关键工序提供稳定光学支撑。
静态整形技术虽能生成固定模式的高质量照明,但模式单一的特征难以适配半导体复杂检测场景对灵活性的需求。例如,实际应用中常需在大面积区域快速扫描 (需长线光斑)与特定可疑缺陷精细复查 (需小圆光斑)间快速切换。针对此现状,动态光场调整技术通过在光路中集成有源可电控的光场调制器件,使光学系统具备面向多任务的动态调控能力。动态光场整形技术已广泛应用于工业领域,例如,炬光科技制备300 mm玻璃微光学晶圆及纳米级精度透镜元件,实现对激光光束在点、线、面维度的精准调控[37];而轻蜓光电的Spectra-3000A检测设备支持明场、暗场、光致发光及透射等多种照明模式,满足复杂应用需求[38]。动态光场调控常见核心技术手段包括DMD与液晶空间光调制器 (liquid crystal spatial light modulator, LC-SLM)。DMD基于微镜机械偏转,实现高速二元强度调制,具备微秒级响应与高激光损伤阈值,适用于大视场高速扫描。LC-SLM依赖液晶分子电光效应,可进行高精度连续相位调制,尽管响应较慢,却在波前精细整形与系统像差校正方面具有不可替代的优势。二者结合可构建复合光学系统,由DMD实现通量保障,LC-SLM负责波前精密调控,从而在系统层面实现速度与精度的平衡,满足从缺陷普查到高分辨率精确检测的多层级需求。以下是该阶段核心技术手段的详细介绍。
DMD由数百万个可独立高速偏转的微米级反射镜构成,是一种超高速的二值振幅型空间光调制器[39-40]。通过向DMD加载不同的二值掩模图像,以数十千赫兹的刷新率,动态地“裁剪”出目标光斑形状或生成复杂的结构光图案。DMD的高速切换能力完美契合了半导体检测高通量、多任务的需求,使得检测系统在一个扫描周期内,实时地在“大面积快速扫描模式” (生成均匀线形光斑)和“高精度缺陷复查模式” (生成小尺寸光斑或结构光图案)之间无缝切换,极大提升检测效率。
DMD通过生成结构化照明图案,显著提升半导体检测分辨率。魏鑫等[41]基于DMD的结构光照明显微系统可灵活选取光源波长与物镜数值孔径,通过调节样品表面干涉角,实现141.9 nm分辨率,满足成熟工艺掩模缺陷检测需求。中国科学技术大学的Biophotonics Lab团队[42]基于DMD开发实现动态光场调控技术,并通过优化Lee方法引入误差扩散算法,显著提升了二值化全息图的编码精度,在保持高空间分辨率的同时实现了对光场振幅和相位分布的精确调控。在应用稳定性方面,Xu等[43]提出利用DMD进行动态空间编码采样,并通过深度学习的方式动态校正因DMD与探测器对准误差而造成图像质量下降的问题。该方法为抑制硬件偏差引发的光场畸变、提升调控系统鲁棒性与长期运行一致性提供了技术方案,有助于保障晶圆缺陷检测中高精度光场调控的持续性,降低对频繁硬件校准的依赖,为产线级高稳定检测的技术实现提供了参考依据。
与DMD的二值振幅调制不同,LC-SLM可对光场的相位或振幅进行高分辨率的模拟式 (多灰阶)调制。通过在LC-SLM上加载计算全息图,可以动态生成任意复杂的波前,实现光束整形、光束偏转、像差校正乃至涡旋光束等特殊结构光场的生成[44]。作为波前动态调控的光学器件,LC-SLM已在光学检测领域获得重要应用。周源等[45]介绍了LC-SLM在空间光场调控的优势以及具体的原理,指出LC-SLM凭借高分辨率、可编程实时调控光场相位与振幅的能力,在半导体检测中发挥关键作用;邹鑫等[46]系统阐述了液晶光控取向技术的最新进展,该技术可对光场的相位、偏振及振幅等多维度实现动态、可编程的精确调控,生成艾里光束、贝塞尔光束等特殊光场,为半导体检测中高精度光学测量与缺陷识别提供了关键支撑;中科微星[47]TSLM07U-A透射式空间光调制器可对光场的相位与振幅进行高精度、可编程的动态调控,通过加载特定全息图,定制化生成用于晶圆缺陷检测的光场,为高精度光学检测系统提供灵活可靠的光场支撑。
LC-SLM的精细相位控制能力使其在需要精确波前调控的高级检测技术中扮演着不可或缺的角色。例如,在傅里叶叠层显微成像 (Fourier ptychographic microscopy, FPM)中,它用于实现精确的角度扫描照明[48];在自适应光学中,它作为波前校正器补偿像差[49];在矢量光学测量中,它则用于生成具有特定偏振态的探测光束[50-51],以探测更精细的材料或结构特性。LC-SLM在波前整形领域的应用尤为突出,特别是在补偿散射方面。Yu等[52]综述了利用波前整形技术补偿光散射的应用,其独特之处在于通过空间光调制器(spatial light modulator, SLM)产生一个与散射介质引入的相位畸变相共轭的波前,使光束重新聚焦。对于具有多层金属和介电质薄膜的半导体器件,光散射会严重影响底层电路的成像质量,而这项技术为实现对被半透明薄膜覆盖的下层结构进行高精度缺陷检测提供了重要潜力。针对传统的向列相LC-SLM响应速度较慢 (毫秒量级),Rocha等[53]的研究展示了一种基于微机电系统的相位调制器,其独特性在于利用机械形变实现相位调制,响应速度远快于液晶偏转。该器件的响应时间可达微秒量级,接近DMD的速度,同时保持了模拟相位调控能力,为需要高速实时校正动态像差或进行快速光束扫描的应用场景,提供了兼顾速度与精度的理想选择。
除DMD和LC-SLM外,一系列由电机驱动的光学组件也被广泛应用于光场的动态调整。这些组件技术成熟、稳定可靠,是实现光场参数宏观动态调整的重要手段。例如,电动扩束镜是动态光场调控的核心组件,新特光电[54]的S6EZM0940-574支持紫外波段 (355 nm)纳米量级光场调控,采用双电机驱动架构,实现<1 s的极速调焦与±30 μm定位精度,集成绝对编码器与智能控制器,通过USB/RS232协议实现多维度光参实时调控,为半导体晶圆缺陷检测、薄膜测量等场景提供高可靠性动态光场解决方案,显著提升检测精度与产线自动化水平;除电动扩束镜外,光阑也是半导体光学检测系统的关键组件,其位置对光场动态调控十分重要。东方晶源公司[55]研发光阑位置可调装置通过双轴协同调节机制实现高精度光场控制,可动态匹配SEM/EBI等设备的成像需求,显著提升晶圆缺陷检测的光强均匀性与空间分辨率。除直接参与光场调控的器件外,系统的整体性能在光学检测中同样关键。例如,Jing等[26]在应用新型材料的三维测量系统中,集成校准分析系统,通过采集光谱响应数据以适应不同应用场景;晶圆光学检测系统需要精密位移台[56]配合光场调整的状态执行测试任务。机电一体化应强调整体性,并非单纯叠加各子系统,需要机械结构、驱动控制、传感检测与信息处理等单元间的深度融合与协同优化。
随着业界对检测精度和设备间一致性要求的不断提高,由激光源和光学元件自身固有缺陷 (如光斑不对称、波前畸变)引入的误差,已成为限制系统性能的关键瓶颈。自适应光场校正技术旨在解决这一问题,它通过一个“预处理”模块,将来自不同初始状态的“原始”光束校正为一个统一、高质量的“标准”光束,再送入后续的整形或调制系统。目前,自适应光场校正技术在相关工业产品中已有成熟应用。例如,鑫图TDI相机[57]借助高精度参数校正功能,可显著降低图像传感器的暗信号不均一性与光响应不均一性,从而有效提升背景均一性。本阶段的核心技术手段从实时精密校正、工程标准化预处理及算法层面着手,分为:自适应光学、集成化光束预处理模块与计算校正技术。自适应光学通过波前传感器与可变形镜的实时闭环控制,主动感知并校正动态波前畸变。集成化预处理模块则侧重于工程稳定性,采用紧凑硬件对光束进行扩束、准直、指向稳定等标准化处理,为系统提供稳定光源基础,确保设备间一致性与重复性。计算校正通过算法或深度学习模型进行缺陷补偿,具有高度灵活性。以下是该阶段核心技术手段的详细介绍:
针对复杂的成像条件,Wang等[58]基于偏振分布矢量光场的方法实现低信噪比环境下的成像,并建立广义矢量光场反射模型,确定“发射—接收”的最佳照明角度与矢量态,大幅提升激光回波的信噪比并抑制混叠。在此类前沿成像技术的实现中,自适应光学 (AO)发挥了关键作用。其基本原理是通过波前传感器 (如Shack-Hartmann传感器)精确测量光束的波前畸变,然后驱动可变形反射镜 (DM)或SLM产生一个与畸变共轭的相位分布,将扭曲的波前“抚平”为理想的平面波[49]。在半导体制造环境中,AO系统是提升光场质量、实现多台设备性能一致的核心技术。它能有效补偿由光学元件制造公差、装配应力以及缓变热效应引起的静态或准静态像差,确保多台检测设备即便存在硬件差异,也能输出性能一致的光斑。这对于消除因设备差异导致的测量误差,保证大规模生产中检测结果的高精度与高稳定性至关重要。格创东智晶圆自动目检仪[59]集成多光源协同照明与偏振光动态调制技术,支撑系统波前像差补偿和多维度光场调控能力,实现自适应成像配置 (亮度/焦距自动调节),助力晶圆的高效检测。YAMADA山田光学半导体标准光源箱[60]具备多模式照明配置与自适应调节功能,支持预设照明方案与远程参数配置,适配半导体光学检测系统的场景交互需求,为表面缺陷检测提供高稳定性光学支撑。法国Phasics波前传感器SID4[61]通过动态波前校正实现焦斑形态优化与光束空间分布优化,为晶圆表面形貌检测及薄膜特性分析提供高精度光场调控支持。
在自适应光学关键技术的基础上,Guo等[62]进一步提出矢量数字智能光学概念,该理念通过反馈算法对激光光斑的偏振态与波前相位进行协同优化与自适应控制,实现复杂场景下的高分辨率非视距成像,并逐步发展形成“矢量数智光学”这一系统方法论。在此背景下,集成化光束预处理模块作为实现光场“标准化”的工程化措施而得以发展。该技术路线通过将可变倍扩束、光束旋转、指向稳定等多种校正功能集成在一个紧凑的模块中,主动测量并补偿激光器光斑直径的公差、能量分布的非对称性以及光束指向的漂移等[63-64],为后续光路提供一个与激光源自身波动“解耦”的稳定光源,确保送入下游精密元件的输入光场是高度稳定和标准的。在半导体晶圆检测领域中,已采用预处理方式对入射光场进行预先调制,例如王敏军等[65]针对半导体晶圆检测光源研发了一种高精度动态光谱调制方法,该方法集成自适应闭环反馈调整的光束预处理模块,基于偏振态、空间相位及光谱带宽等多维参数调控光场,并结合缺陷数据库动态划分检测区域,同步优化光谱调制;刘卉等[66]构建了一种应用于半导体检测的光场调控方法及装置,通过集成化光束预处理模块,对激光器出射光束进行准直、偏振控制与扩束。调制后的光场经散射介质形成散斑,由波前成像系统获取其复振幅信息。基于元启发式优化算法,以入射光场与目标光场的相关度评估调控质量,通过反馈优化入射波前,最终实现散射介质的光场振幅与相位二维调控,支撑半导体检测中的精确光场操控。这类模块对于半导体设备的大规模量产和机群匹配至关重要,其典型性能可将光束指向漂移稳定在微弧度量级,为光学系统提供高稳定性的工作基础。
计算校正是一种基于软件或算法的校正方法,为硬件缺陷的补偿提供了极大的灵活性,无需增加额外的光学硬件即可提升系统性能。该方法在SLM或DMD的系统中尤其有效,例如,通过在加载到SLM的相位图中预先叠加一个补偿相位,抵消系统固有的像差。随着人工智能技术的发展,基于深度学习的计算校正方法正变得日益强大,成为实现高精度和高稳定性的有效补充手段。例如,吕洋等[67]探讨了基于计算光场信息的自适应光学技术,通过一次性捕获四维光场信息,在后处理中以计算方式自适应地补偿复杂的波前像差,为提升成像精度提供了新思路。同样,Wu等[68]提出的“紧聚焦全息网络”则通过物理信息神经网络,一步到位地生成三维光场整形和系统像差校正的复合全息图,实现了毫秒量级的实时精确光场调制。在应用层面,Zhang等[49]将深度学习用于结构光照明显微成像 (structured illumination microscopy, SIM),利用神经网络从少量、低光照的原始图像中重建出高质量的超分辨图像,在实现高精度检测的同时,极大降低对敏感样品的光损伤。
在高通量的检测系统中,机械振动、声学噪声、空气扰动以及瞬态热效应等动态干扰无时无刻不在发生,导致光斑在微秒至毫秒尺度内发生位置抖动、能量起伏和形态畸变。闭环光场自校准技术构建了一个“感知-分析-决策-执行”的实时反馈循环,旨在将照明系统从一个被动的实体,转变为一个可实时感知自身状态并主动抵抗干扰的、高度自主的智能系统。部分厂商在光场调控领域已实现闭环自校准能力并成功应用于产品中,比如肖特AG (Schott AG)推出的KL 1500 HAL光纤耦合卤素光源,采用高频驱动技术并集成闭环参数监控系统,可提供均匀度高、无频射的稳定照明,其核心光学参数经专项优化,能够满足高精度测量需求[69]。部分厂商更进一步,在晶圆检测领域推出成熟的一体化应用方案,可有效提升检测效率,比如KLA(美国科磊公司)的Micro-SR系统[70]。该系统具备高分辨率成像与多模式照明功能,支持大批量半导体生产,通过高通量图像采集能力可实现快速自动缺陷复检,显著缩短工艺决策时间。闭环光场自校准技术应用需兼顾“硬件实时性”与“算力精确性”。对于实时状态感知,物理传感器反馈可直接测量像差,实现百赫兹级高带宽控制,有效保障高数值孔径系统的焦面稳定,但会因分光光路增加硬件复杂度与成本。在高速分析与决策中,计算反馈技术基于图像评价函数或深度学习,无需外加传感器,通过清晰度分析或相位恢复反推光瞳误差,具备高灵敏度与低改造成本,适用于EUV等极短波长场景,但因依赖多帧迭代计算,实时性较弱,常用于补偿热漂移或周期性机台匹配。为在全时域维持检测性能一致,在高带宽闭环执行过程中需综合考虑二者优缺点:以物理传感器实现毫秒级动态稳像,辅以计算成像完成长周期亚纳米级校准。以下是该阶段核心技术手段的详细介绍。
闭环控制实现的前提是对系统状态的精确、实时感知。在靠近晶圆平面的关键位置部署高速传感器,实时监测工作光斑的关键性能指标,为反馈控制提供精确的检测依据。此类先进传感技术,如超灵敏矢量位移传感器[71],基于快速线偏振调控的高分辨率、快响应偏振成像系统[72],能够有效捕捉传统开环系统难以察觉的瞬态偏振态变化,为系统实现更高水平的稳定性与精度提供重要支持。针对晶圆缺陷检测场景,Metrology Sensors GmbH公司[73]研发LAF5S-HB激光自动对焦传感器等产品,具备实时监测能力,在高速扫描过程中可同步完成表面形貌重构与缺陷识别,确保检测过程与晶圆制造工艺的深度协同有效克服了复杂曲面晶圆的非均匀反射干扰,为半导体检测提供高可靠性的在线计量支持。“鸿鹄”显微自动对焦成像系统[74]集成同轴激光追焦模块,基于激光场特征监测实现晶圆面形动态追踪,通过实时反馈调节Z轴位移完成高精度对焦,适配高速运动场景下的动态追焦需求,同时扩展有效观测视场降低晶圆表面扫描频次,提升检测效率。
传感器采集的原始数据被送入实时处理单元,通过高速算法,将光斑的实际状态与预设的“黄金标准”进行比对,瞬时计算出偏差量并生成控制指令。近年来,AI与机器学习 (ML)算法越来越多地被引入这一环节,极大地提升了从复杂、高维度的传感器数据中提取特征、预测趋势和生成最优控制策略的能力,是实现智能决策和实时校正的核心。Liu等[75]利用机器学习算法取代传统模型匹配库来求解逆问题,将耗时的物理模型计算转变为快速的神经网络前向推理,使得关键尺寸 (CD)的实时、高精度测量成为可能。爱为视[76]AOI设备具备高速分析与决策能力,基于AI的自学习算法能自动识别产品特征变化,动态调整检测参数,提升了产线效率。复享光学[77]晶圆级衍射光波导光学检测系统Metrondie-SRG基于先进人工智能算法,将物理模型与多维光谱信息深度耦合,支持海量模型构建与优化,并依托光场调控技术与高效分析与决策能力,可实时输出衍射光波导光栅关键形貌参数,为晶圆量测提供技术支撑。
基于高速分析与决策单元计算出的偏差,控制系统驱动高带宽的执行器进行精确的补偿调节。这些执行器,如压电陶瓷快速反射镜、声光/电光偏转器,直接利用SLM/DMD的高速刷新能力,在下一个采样周期到来之前将光斑的性能恢复至目标状态。高带宽执行器是闭环控制的“双手”,其响应速度和精度直接决定系统有效抑制的干扰频率上限和校正精度,是实时、高精度光场稳定的物理基础。Saathof等[78-79]构建集成波前传感器的自适应光学系统,可实时探测并校正因热弹性效应引起的光学误差,在硬件层面实现光路的动态闭环自校准,进一步增强系统在实时工作条件下的抗干扰能力和成像质量。摇橹船科技[80]依托自主研发的“光+AI”技术体系,构建了实时感知、动态追踪、高速并行分析决策等核心能力,成功研发出Micro LED晶圆检测设备。该设备搭载无监督缺陷发现算法,可通过反向推演精准定位晶圆外观缺陷,实现了从高速图像采集、多维度特征解析到亚像素级定位的全流程闭环控制。
光场调控技术从“静态整形”到“闭环自校准”的演进,不仅是技术的增量改进,更是逐步演化出一套完整的、具备自主特性的光场智能调控系统。本文总结了这一演进过程的各阶段的特性,如图2所示,系统性地展示了光场调控技术随“智能程度”从被动到自主递升的四阶段发展脉络。在静态光场整形阶段,技术聚焦基本光场形状生成,依托DOE实现光场形态的初始构建,其特性为静态固化,仅能满足早期刚性需求。伴随产业对灵活性需求的提升,技术演进至动态光场调节阶段,目标升级为任务需求与几何参数的自适应匹配,通过引入SLM等主动组件,实现调节过程的自动化与可调性,但受开环控制架构限制,系统对未知扰动的响应存在时滞。当技术重心转向系统固有缺陷补偿时,技术演进至自适应光场校正阶段,该阶段以光学像差、机械误差等内生问题补偿为目标,借助光束预处理模块构建标准化校正机制,在开环框架内实现有限调整能力。闭环光场自校准阶段,聚焦温度、振动等漂移的实时补偿,通过图像感知、算法决策与执行器的闭环联动,构建“感知-分析-调控”自主体系,特性表现为“自主运行且抗干扰”,完成被动响应到主动适应的技术范式跃迁,为复杂场景下的高精度光场调控提供保障。
以上光场调控技术各阶段的演进呈现出清晰的逻辑递进轨迹,其发展既源于技术体系内部的突破动力,也受制于半导体制造外部需求的持续牵引,二者交织形成“问题驱动-技术突破-需求升级-再突破”的螺旋上升路径。
静态光场整形的核心目标是解决特定光束形态从无到有的基本问题,其诞生直接源于半导体检测底层需求。从技术内因看,瑞利判据、傅里叶光学等经典光学理论的成熟,为光束形态的精准控制提供了数学与物理基础——通过透镜组设计、光源波长匹配 (如深紫外DUV光源)与数值孔径 (NA)优化,实现对光场的定向调控,形成明场、暗场等基础检测技术的雏形。从需求外因看,20世纪末半导体工艺从微米级向亚微米级跃迁,传统接触式检测已无法捕捉纳米级缺陷,非接触式光学检测的迫切需求倒逼光场形态的“从零构建”。这一阶段的典型成果是商用明场检测设备的落地,通过固定光路设计勉强满足早期线宽检测需求,但也暴露出“静态配置难以适配多变场景”的局限。
当静态光场解决了“看得见”的问题,动态调控能力的引入则聚焦于“看得准不同场景”的新挑战。技术内因在于,多维度检测需求 (如套刻精度、薄膜应力、三维形貌)要求光场参数 (波长、偏振、入射角)具备实时可调性,单一固定光路已无法覆盖新型结构的多样化缺陷类型。需求外因则更为紧迫——摩尔定律推动工艺节点每18个月微缩一代,晶圆表面特征从平面转向立体,缺陷类型从简单颗粒扩展至线宽偏差、层间错位等复杂形态,传统“一刀切”检测模式导致漏检率飙升。技术突破表现为多波长光源集成、快速偏振调制器件的应用,以及电子束与光学扫描的协同 (如多电子束检测MBI),使系统能在不同检测任务间快速切换,例如通过调整偏振态区分金属层与介质层的反射差异。至此,光场调控从“静态工具”进化为“可配置平台”,但仍受限于系统固有缺陷与环境干扰。
随着缺陷尺寸逼近检测极限 (如5 nm节点缺陷仅1~2个原子层厚),系统固有缺陷 (像差、探测器噪声)与工艺波动 (晶圆翘曲、表面纹理)的耦合效应,使静态/动态调控的光场精度被噪声淹没。技术内因推动下,自适应校正通过软硬件协同补偿噪声:一方面,基于干涉测量的相位敏感成像技术可实时测量光学系统的波前畸变,通过变形镜动态修正;另一方面,深度学习算法被引入,通过海量缺陷数据训练模型,自动识别并抑制随机噪声。需求外因则源于良率压力的激增——单批次晶圆检测需可能覆盖数万个芯片,但漏检率需控制在百万分之一以下,传统“事后修正”模式已无法满足效率要求。这一阶段的标志性进展是相位恢复算法与AI降噪的结合,有效提升信噪比,支撑了EUV光刻工艺的量产检测需求。
当技术突破逼近物理极限,动态环境扰动 (如温度波动、机械振动)与工艺实时反馈需求,推动光场调控向“闭环自校准”跃迁。技术内因在于,系统须具备自感知、自决策、自修正的自主能力,形成“感知-决策-执行”的完整闭环。需求外因则来自工业4.0对“零缺陷、零延迟”的极致追求,人工复核与离线校准导致的检测延迟,可能造成整批晶圆报废。纵观光场调控技术的四阶段演进,其本质是“极限工艺需求”与“技术创新能力”的动态博弈:工艺微缩不断抛出新问题 (从“看得到”到“看得准”),技术突破则通过理论、器件与算法的协同,将问题转化为新的能力边界 (从静态到动态、从补偿到自校准)。未来,光场调控或将进一步融入多模态检测 (光学+电子束+X射线),最终实现从“自校准”到“自进化”的跃升,成为半导体制造自主可控的核心支柱。
在对光场调控技术演进与原理的论述基础上,本文构建了一套以“多维融合,协同调控”为核心的工程应用体系。该体系包括物理原理层、物理执行层与计算算法层三层架构,通过数据流与控制流的双向驱动,构建起从理论指导、硬件实现、到智能优化的闭环协同机制。其中,物理原理层作为整个体系的理论基石,为系统运行界定物理约束与能力边界;物理执行层作为硬件载体,将原理转化为实际调控能力;计算算法层则承担智能感知与优化决策的中枢职能。三层之间功能互补、逻辑耦合,共同支撑系统实现自适应优化与闭环调控。如图3所示,本文针对现有半导体检测应用存在的主要瓶颈,系统性地介绍物理执行层、物理原理层与计算算法层。其中,图3(a~c)揭示了光场调控技术在超分辨成像、信噪比增强与三维形貌感知三个关键方向面临的主要瓶颈,分别以图像、实验数据以及结构演变过程的形式,凸显了在纳米尺度下信噪比劣化和形貌解析的挑战,为后续技术优化提供了问题导向。在此基础上,物理原理层阐述了光场调控技术应对现有瓶颈的理论基础或技术手段,例如图3(d)应对图3(a)展示微小缺陷采用的超分辨成像手段[81]、图3(e)应对图3(b)展示微弱散射信号而采用的信噪比增强手段[82]、图3(f)应对图3(c)展示复杂立体结构而采用的三维形貌感知手段[81,83]。整个工程应用体系的中枢为计算算法层,如图3(g)所示,本层架构聚焦于智能处理环节,通过自适应控制框图与神经网络流程详细展示了机器学习方法的应用,包含“神经网络赋能光学求解计算”[84]、“神经网络进行缺陷分类”[85]以及“自主响应框架”[86]等主要计算关键步骤。最后,物理执行层将理论与算法转化为实践操作,图3(h)展示了物理执行层用于实现调制能力的硬件设备,具体包括:数字微镜器件、空间光调制器[87]、声光调制器及电光调制器等。该工程应用体系旨在深度耦合“动态光场调控”与“多维信息融合感知”两大技术主线,将物理执行、物理原理与计算算法三个层面有机融合,共同构成一个综合的智能光场调控系统。
物理执行层构成整个应用体系的实现基础,为物理原理的验证与计算算法的工程转化提供必需的物理载体,是理论走向实践的关键支撑。若缺乏具备高精度、高速度调制能力的硬件支撑,任何先进的理论模型与算法设计都将失去实践依托。该层通过核心执行器件的协同运作将抽象数学指令转化为可作用于目标物的实体光场,其涉及的核心器件可分为以下几种关键类型。
SLM是波前调控[88]的核心执行器件,承担着高精度相位调制的关键任务。作为空间光场的“相位雕刻刀”,SLM通过电信号驱动液晶分子取向变化,在亚波长尺度上重构入射光的相位分布,具体功能涵盖:生成用于抑制散斑噪声的复杂相位掩模,产生携带轨道角动量 (OAM)的涡旋光束或柱矢量光束[77],以及在定量相位成像中充当可编程的移相器[89]。
数字微镜器件 (DMD)作为超高速振幅调制器件,与SLM形成功能互补,重点解决快速模式切换需求。尽管DMD在物理机制上可归类为SLM的衍生类型[89] (基于微镜阵列的二进制振幅调制),但其拥有高达数十千赫兹刷新速率[90]的巨大优势,可高效执行需要高频次照明模式切换的任务。典型应用场景包括:在SIM技术中高速投影正弦条纹图案,通过频域混频突破衍射极限实现超分辨成像[91];根据待测电路版图的几何特征动态生成区域 (ROI)照明光,针对性提升关键区域的检测效率[92];以及在单像素成像与压缩感知方案中,通过对微镜阵列的二进制编码实现光场的高速稀疏采样[89]。这种“速度优先”的特性,是动态过程监测与高效光场编码不可或缺的要素。
为应对外部环境扰动对系统稳定性的影响,需补充其他类型调制器构建冗余保障机制。除SLM与DMD外,实际应用中还需考虑热扰动、机械振动等因素[93-94]对光场调控精度的干扰。例如,环境温度波动可能导致光学元件热膨胀,改变光程差;机械振动则可能引起器件位置偏移,破坏调制一致性。面对此类问题,系统通常会集成声光调制器 (AOM)、电光调制器 (EOM)等器件,通过声波或电场驱动的快速折射率变化,实现对光束频率、偏振或相位的辅助调控,提升整体系统的抗干扰能力与环境适应性。
作为衔接硬件执行与信息处理的理论支撑,物理原理层从第一性原理出发,将基础理论转化为解决具体检测问题的原理性方法与策略。本节将重点阐述光场智能调控系统如何在超分辨成像、信噪比增强与三维形貌感知这三个关键方向上,突破传统成像方法面临的衍射极限、散粒噪声极限与多解耦困难等物理瓶颈。
随着器件关键尺寸远小于照明波长,由阿贝衍射极限设定的物理屏障使得传统光学显微镜无法直接分辨诸如桥连、断路等纳米级致命缺陷。光场调控通过计算成像技术,系统性地绕过这一限制。其中SIM与FPM是两种具有代表性的超分辨成像策略。
SIM[95]是利用已知的空间结构化光场 (通常是正弦条纹)去照明待测目标。目标物中无法被物镜直接捕获的高频信息 (细节信息)会与照明条纹的频率发生混频[96],产生可被探测器记录的低频莫尔条纹。通过物理执行层快速切换照明条纹的相位和方向[97],采集多帧图像,计算算法层便可从这些编码后的图像中解调出隐藏的高频信息,最终重建出一幅超分辨图像[98]。这一策略将分辨任务从依赖物镜NA的“硬件分辨”转变为依赖照明模式和计算的“软硬协同分辨”[99]。然而,当其应用于半导体高速、大面积检测时,SIM因需要采集多帧图像而面临着吞吐量瓶颈。为此可从硬件与算法两方面进行优化:采用DMD大幅提升图案切换速度,基于深度学习的重建算法减少所需图像帧数或加速计算过程。此外,当检测对象为具有高深宽比 (high aspect ratio, HAR)的三维结构时,简单的正弦条纹照明已不足以胜任。为了有效捕获因多次散射而丢失的垂直结构高频信息,光场调控系统必须升级为可实现精确斜向入射和偏振调控的复杂结构光系统,斜向入射照明通过精确设计的照明角度,使光束绕过顶部结构直接照射至侧壁与底部,不仅有效缓解信号衰减,更关键的是将原本衍射至物镜数值孔径之外、携带高频信息的大角度光波“转换”至可探测范围内。与此同时,偏振态调控通过选择性切换S偏振与P偏振光 (垂直与平行偏振光),实现对特定形貌信号的增强提取:P偏振对垂直侧壁轮廓与粗糙度极为敏感,而S偏振则利于解析底部形貌。二者结合,可有效解耦因多次散射而混合的信号,实现对垂直壁高频信息的高保真重构。
FPM则提供了另一种实现大视场、高分辨率成像[81]的途径,通过不同角度照明样品,在傅里叶域合成高分辨率图像,有效解决大视场与高分辨率之间的固有矛盾。可编程LED阵列或空间光调制器从不同方向照明目标物[100],由低数值孔径物镜采集一系列低分辨率图像,再通过相位恢复算法在频域中拼接[101-102],最终重建出兼具大视场和高分辨率的复振幅图像。然而,在检测如FinFET、3D-NAND等具有复杂三维形貌的器件时,标准FPM会因光在结构内部的复杂相互作用出现相位模糊与高频信息丢失。为此,研究重点已转向更先进的策略:将严格电磁模型嵌入迭代算法中以准确反演非线性相位响应,解决相位包裹问题;通过多光谱或多模态数据融合增强重建约束,提高对复杂结构复振幅信息恢复的准确性;并引入深度学习网络,直接从低分辨率图像中推断复振幅分布,显著提升对高深宽比等复杂结构的重建可靠性。
综上所述,SIM与FPM分别通过照明编码与频域合成实现了对衍射极限的突破,并持续通过硬件加速、物理模型嵌入与数据驱动算法应对实际半导体检测中面临的速度与三维复杂性挑战。
在先进制程节点的工艺背景下,信噪比 (SNR)提升成为高精度光学检测的关注重心。传统后端滤波方法难以应对高密度周期性图形产生的背景散斑干扰,而光场调控技术通过物理层面的噪声抑制与信号增强机制,从源头进行优化,有效提升系统的处理效率,技术原理可从以下两个关键维度展开。
主动噪声免疫技术通过低相干光源的物理特性重构系统噪声基底,从物理层面实现“主动噪声免疫”[103]。低相干光源的短相干长度和特定的空间相干结构有效抑制由光学元件表面瑕疵、灰尘散射以及多重反射引起的相干噪声。这些噪声在统计上具有特定的时空相关性,低相干光源通过固有的时间-空间随机性,使得这些寄生干涉效应无法稳定形成叠加,从源头上“滤除”了系统性的噪声背景[104],显著降低了测量的中频误差基底。使得原本被噪声淹没的微弱信号在纯净的背景中清晰地凸显出来,从源头上解决高精度光学检测中的信噪比难题。
偏振工程通过矢量光场调控增强缺陷检测的对比度[105]。许多缺陷,特别是三维结构上的缺陷 (如FinFET侧壁粗糙度、深沟槽底部颗粒),对光的偏振态高度敏感。通过SLM等器件生成具有空间变化偏振态的矢量光束 (如径向偏振光束),在紧聚焦条件下产生强大的纵向场分量[106]。该纵向场与垂直于晶圆表面的结构特征发生独特的、增强的相互作用,产生在传统横向偏振照明下无法获得的强烈缺陷信号,极大提升了缺陷对比度。此外,矢量光场在激光微纳加工中也展现出重要潜力,已取得激光减材、改性、增材加工及三维微结构制备等方面的进展,进一步体现了矢量光场在工业级微纳制造与检测集成中的应用前景[107]。
在上述技术路径中,主动噪声免疫从光源端消除系统性噪声干扰,而偏振工程在信号端增强特征对比度,二者形成噪声抑制-信号增强的闭环优化体系,为半导体缺陷检测提供了理论完备、工程可实现的技术框架。
在先进半导体制造工艺中,三维形貌的纳米级精确感知对FinFET器件性能与环珊纳米片堆叠精度控制具有决定性作用。传统二维成像技术因固有局限性无法获取深度信息,而光场调控技术通过赋能定量相位成像 与穿透聚焦扫描显微 (TSOM)的协同创新,实现了从二维投影到三维重构的技术突破,其核心原理可分为以下两个维度。
基于FPM的定量相位成像技术,通过多角度照明合成突破衍射极限。FPM在重建超分辨振幅图像的同时,也自然地恢复了样品的定量相位分布[108]。近年来,该技术在多方面取得进展,例如基于矢量偏振滤波实现了漫散射条件下的高分辨率成像,具体改进包括采用发散光束照射并联合优化孔径函数与目标图像[109]、提出应对远场成像不稳定问题的TurbFPNet神经网络框架[110],以及发展主动偏振迭代优化方法[111]等。在反射式检测中,相位分布与样品表面的高度分布直接成正比[112]。通过FPM合成不同角度照明下采集的多幅低分辨率图像,系统直接获得一张高分辨率、大视场、纳米级高度灵敏度的晶圆表面三维形貌图,为在线监控薄膜厚度均匀性、表面平整度等提供了强大的量测工具[112]。
模型驱动的TSOM技术通过多焦面图像序列解析实现亚纳米级三维重构。该技术通过分析焦平面扫描时二维图像序列的变化,来推断三维结构信息[83]。光场调控可以增强TSOM的性能[113]:计算算法层可以通过将实验采集的穿焦图像序列与基于严格耦合波分析等物理模型生成的仿真图像库进行比对[103],通过闭环量测和集成量测[114]的思路,精确反演出结构的高度、宽度、侧壁角等亚纳米级别的三维形貌参数[115]。
两者相互协同,FPM提供全局形貌基准,TSOM实现局部特征增强,二者通过数据融合算法构建三维形貌的完整表征体系,为FinFET器件工艺监控与环珊纳米片良率控制提供了完整的计量解决方案。
计算算法层是整体应用体系的智能决策中枢,负责从多维原始数据中提取有效信息,通过推理与优化生成控制指令,其作用远超单纯的硬件驱动。在人工智能技术的赋能下,该层的能力实现主要由以下四个紧密衔接的功能模块支撑。
计算算法层的基础功能是解决光学逆问题并实现高效计算重构。无论是FPM中的相位恢复,还是叠层扫描相干衍射成像[116],其本质都是在求解一个高度非线性的光学逆问题[117]。通过微调大型预训练模型[116],缩短从数据采集到获得可行见解的周期,并在低重叠率下提升重构质量的能力,直接转化为更快的物理扫描速度,优化整个检测工作流程。
在获得高质量图像数据后,实现快速精准的识别成为提升系统效能的关键。传统的基于规则的分类处理方法已难以应对复杂多变的环境情况。深度学习,特别是卷积神经网络,为此提供了新的解决方向[118]。通过训练大量已标注的场景图像,卷积神经网络模型可自动学习场景环境的深层特征,实现问题的高精度自动分类[84-85]。诸如YOLO、ShuffleNet-V2[85]以及ResNet等先进模型架构的应用,结合改进的坐标注意力机制[119],提升检测的速度和准确率。一些系统可利用3D+AI技术,进行更精准的识别[120]。
不止单一任务的执行,计算算法层赋予系统自适应优化与闭环过程控制的能力[121-123]。该机制使系统能够“思考”并“学习”,例如在生成特定复杂光场 (如平顶光束、涡旋光束)时实现高精度逼近。面对热漂移、机械振动等扰动因素引起的像差与光路失准,闭环控制系统以远高于干扰频率的响应速度进行实时补偿与校正,确保系统的稳定性和输出精度。
最终,计算层的多维信息融合与协同决策能力决定系统的智能能力。针对高保真光场状态重建与感知融合方面,为了形成全面认知,系统必须融合来自多种不同类型传感器的实时数据流,这些异构数据流被送入一个融合算法引擎。系统利用先进估计算法 (如卡尔曼滤波),将这些离散、不确定性的观测数据整合到一个统一的状态空间模型中,滤除各种传感器的噪声后,生成光场整体状态的最优估计,形成一幅全面、精确且具备时间预测能力的高保真光场画像。获取高保真光场信息后,系统通过模型的协同最优决策与控制,计算并生成一组全局最优、协同的控制指令,为后续所有检测任务提供精确的执行保障。
综上所述,“多维融合,协同调控”的应用体系是一个由硬件、物理原理和算法深度耦合、协同工作的有机整体。如图4所示,系统性展示了三层架构之间协同支撑的关系。物理原理层以傅里叶光学、波前传感理论等为基础,旨在从物理源头实现对抗特定噪声的“主动免疫”,增强光学信号的鲁棒性。物理执行层作为硬件支撑,负责执行高速高精度的光场调制与波前整形等物理操作,实现对光场多物理维度的动态编程。计算算法层则依托傅里叶叠层成像、闭环反馈等先进算法,具备从低维数据重建高维信息的能力,并驱动系统实现自校准、自学习与自主优化。整个体系通过层级间的紧密协同,构建了一个从理论指导、硬件实现到智能决策的完整技术闭环。
该工程应用体系以光场调控为核心,其架构通过数据流与控制流的双向驱动,形成一个以实现系统智能化和自适应优化为终极目标的闭环体系。其中物理原理层构成了整个体系的理论基石,为所有上层技术活动提供了根本性的物理约束与可能性边界。该层级从波动光学本质层面阐明了光与物质相互作用的基本规律,为后续的硬件实现与算法设计提供了不可或缺的理论指导,确保整个技术路径建立在严谨的科学基础之上,从根源上限定了光场调控的能力范围与效能极限。
基于既定理论,物理执行层作为连接物理与数字空间的枢纽,承担着将抽象原理转化为实际调控能力的职能。该层级依托SLM、DMD等高速高精度硬件,对光场的相位、振幅、偏振等多维参量进行动态编程。在计算算法层的统一调度下运行,将算法生成的相位分布、照明模式序列等控制指令,通过SLM的相位调制、DMD的高速响应等具体操作,转化为可与目标交互的实体光场,从而在高信噪比成像、超分辨检测等应用中生成高质量光学信号。这种“算法指令-硬件执行”的闭环协作,最终实现了从理论设计到实际应用的高效转化,共同构成了应用体系的核心功能链条。承接着原理层的理论指引与执行层的硬件支持,计算算法层赋予整个系统以智能感知与自主优化的高级能力。该层级承担两大核心任务:一是处理由执行层采集的低维原始数据,通过计算重构提取样品的高维信息;二是基于重构结果与预设目标的差异,生成优化策略并反馈至执行层,动态调整光场调制参数。这一“感知-计算-决策-执行”的智能闭环,驱动系统从被动执行向主动学习演进,实现了光场调控过程的在线自校准与持续优化,显著提升检测系统在面对复杂样品与动态环境时的适应性与稳定性。
由此可见,三层架构之间形成了严密的逻辑协同与功能互补关系。物理原理层作为“指导准则”,从本源上规定了光场调控的科学边界与实现途径;物理执行层作为“效应器官”,将理论模型与智能决策转化为可操作的物理行动;计算算法层则作为“神经中枢”,通过对数据的深度挖掘与策略优化,赋能系统以动态调整与自主进化能力。三者通过双向的数据流与控制流交织联动,共同支撑起一个从物理源头抑制噪声、在硬件层面精准生成光场、在算法层面实时优化调控参数的高效能自适应体系。这一深度协同的架构不仅有力推动了半导体光学检测在精度、速度与智能化方面的持续突破,更体现了现代工程系统从分立模块叠加走向多层次、闭环化智能协同的必然发展趋势。
前文系统性地阐述了“智能光控系统”的应用体系,并说明系统在超分辨、信噪比和三维感知方面的核心技术手段。然而,面对未来更为极致的尺度、更为复杂的异构集成,光场智能调控系统必须向更高层次演进。如图5所示,本章不再局限于对现有流程的优化,将以前瞻性视角,系统性地探讨光场调控技术与生成式人工智能、深度学习及大模型等前沿技术结合的三个核心方向:图5(a)展示生成式人工智能驱动的光场逆向设计方法,系统各模块的光场设计均需单独解析[4],现结合AI逆向生成符合约束条件的光学结构或波前调制策略[124];图5(b)说明面向光场调控的深度学习增强型专家知识系统,通过构建结构化的先验知识库,形成“知识引导-数据驱动”的复合驱动架构[125];图5(c)表示基于大模型的光场调控场景自主感知与决策的核心流程,利用自监督训练的学习网络实现场景自主决策[126]。下文将围绕这三个方向展开具体介绍。
传统光学器件设计多依赖经验驱动,设计流程繁复。基于此,相关领域学者针对光学器件的逆向设计展开了探索:洪鹏等[127]系统梳理了光子学器件逆向设计的典型方法,并总结各个光子学场景的应用案例;Liu等[128]在光学器件的超表面设计与应用中,提出一种基于深度卷积生成对抗网络的逆向设计方法;付朋等[129]则系统归纳了不同深度学习模型在光子学设计领域的适用边界与选取准则,并就未来发展作出分析。
与传统光学器件设计类似,传统光场调控方案设计亦多依赖物理直觉与经验,均需先构建光学系统结构,后通过仿真或实验实现迭代优化。面对高维、非线性的复杂设计目标,传统方法不仅计算成本高昂,且极易陷入局部最优,难以发掘突破性的解决方案[130]。近年来,基于生成式人工智能[124]的光场逆向设计方法[131]展现出显著潜力,成为更高效、更直观的替代途径。该方法借助生成式对抗网络、变分自编码器以及扩散模型 等典型算法,通过深度学习“物理结构-光学效应”之间复杂的非线性映射关系,从目标光学功能或期望场分布出发,逆向生成符合约束条件的光学结构或波前调制策略。这一途径大幅提升了设计效率,降低了对固有经验的依赖,也为实现非直观、高性能的光场调控方案提供了新的可能性。
深度学习技术在半导体检测领域已得到广泛应用,例如赵家贝[132]系统综述了基于深度学习的晶圆缺陷检测方法、实践案例及其未来发展方向;聚时科技[133]研发的半导体AI视觉检测系统聚芯2000,涵盖30余种深度学习模型算法,实现检测精度突破性提升,相较国际同类系统检测精度提升10倍;应用材料公司[134]发布芯片缺陷检测系统SEMVision H20,集成第二代冷场发射电子显微镜技术与深度学习人工智能算法,其纳米级缺陷检测速度较传统热场发射技术三倍提升,并有效增强缺陷分类精度,为2 nm及以下先进制程芯片的良率优化提供关键技术支撑。光场调控作为半导体检测过程重要的一个环节,完成光场调控方案的设计后,仍需对其调控参数进行高效优化。在此过程中,同样可以利用深度学习增加光场调控的效率。为此,可构建一个融合深度学习与专家知识的增强型优化系统。一方面,该系统储备成熟的物理模型、光学设计理论以及长期积累的半导体检测经验规则,形成结构化的“先验知识库”;另一方面,借助深度神经网络对海量实验数据进行自主学习,挖掘出隐含的、传统物理模型难以捕捉的微弱关联和动态演化规律[135],对专家知识库提供的“标准预案”进行实时精细化调整。这种“知识引导-数据驱动”的驱动模式[125,136],构成一个动态演进、自我优化的闭环控制系统。既避免了纯数据驱动模型可能出现的物理谬误,也弥补了传统专家系统对未知扰动响应不足的局限,最终为复杂光场调控任务提供兼具速度、精度的参数优化方案。
随着半导体量检环境对入射光场的要求日益严苛,光场调控处理信息的维度和复杂度显著增加,亟须引入新一代智能技术,增强系统在复杂场景下的感知与决策能力。《面向智能制造的工业大模型标准化研究报告》指出[137],工业大模型的工艺知识沉淀模块为半导体相关工艺提供可复用的知识库构建框架,通过融合设备传感器数据、在线检测结果及物料特性信息构建实时决策支持系统,有效支撑半导体制造、量测、检测过程的实时决策需求;南智先进光电集成平台[138]牵头研发的国内首款光子专用大模型OptoChat AI,面向光子领域全产业链,集成了超30万条行业数据资源,具备强大的数据分析及智能算法能力,可显著提升光电芯片研发效率与产业转化速度;聚看云科技有限公司[139]自主设计了融合物理机器视觉与AI技术的混合架构,采用AI区域定位、多光源信息融合及像素级缺陷检测技术,结合传统计算机视觉 (CV)算法实现量化控制,完成跨型号、多缺陷场景的统一检测,突破“一型号一方案”的传统模式局限。
在此背景下,在半导体检测领域AI辅助检测方法已经大规模地应用,有效满足生产线对实时性与大视场检测的严苛要求,达到精度与效率间的平衡。传统的确定性方法如原子力显微镜虽具备极高的分辨率,但扫描速度缓慢,在检测单视野区域时耗时显著,且受限于成像范围,无法直接应用于大视场分析。相比之下,AI赋能的检测系统通过深度学习算法优化,可在极短时间内完成同等区域的缺陷识别与分类。对于大尺度范围检测需求,AI系统可结合点云拼接等技术,实现大视场范围的有效测量,解决了传统方法因效率瓶颈而难以规模化应用的痛点。而大模型则在此基础上,作为一种高维智能决策中枢,强大的推演、规划与多源协同能力[140],对来自视觉传感器、光谱仪、温振监测设备等的多源异构数据进行深层语义融合与理解[141],通过全局信息完成自主推理与动态任务规划,将宏观检测目标分解为一系列可执行的子任务。
同理,在光场调控领域中,构建基于大语言模型或多模态大模型的智能决策模型[142-143],驱动光场调控系统的核心认知能力由“自动化执行”向“自主化决策”跃迁。这种以大型模型为核心的混合智能架构,不仅有效应对了半导体制造过程中日益提升的系统复杂性,也推动了检测流程从传统自动化向更高程度的自主化与智能化演进,最终实现针对量测目标需求的精确响应与光场参数的闭环调控。
综上所述,上述三个技术方向呈现出清晰的逻辑递进关系,共同构建从“设计”到“执行”再到“决策”的全链路智能化架构。与此同时,新材料的不断发展也推动光场调制硬件实现重要突破。以超表面[144]为例,该类二维平面光学元件凭借超薄集成、多维并行光场调控以及动态可调等优势,有望逐步替代或补充传统空间光调制器。而集成光子芯片 (PICs)通过将复杂光学系统高密度集成于芯片层面[145],显著推动光控系统向小型化与高性能方向演进。随着软硬件技术的协同深化,光场智能调控系统将演进至全新阶段,持续作为半导体产业创新进程中不可或缺的“眼睛”与“标尺”提供关键支撑。
本文系统地描绘了光场调控技术在半导体光学检测领域中的工程化应用图景,揭示了光场调控技术从“被动观察”向“主动探测”演进的技术路径。通过梳理技术具体发展的变化过程,总结“静态整形”、“动态调整”、“自适应校正”到“闭环自校准”四个阶段逻辑递进的模式,阐释了光学检测系统的设计理念如何从追求静态最优,转向在动态扰动中实现系统全局优化的强韧性能力。基于此,本文构建一个由物理执行层、物理原理层与计算算法层有机融合的“三位一体”工程应用体系。该体系深度融合硬件控制、物理机制与智能算法,完整展现了光场智能调控系统在超分辨成像、信噪比增强及三维形貌感知等关键瓶颈问题上的系统性解决路径。本研究不仅为理解光场调控技术的演进逻辑提供了清晰的理论框架,也为面向半导体量检测领域的光场调控系统,奠定了坚实的设计理论与实际应用基础。

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2026年第53卷第3期
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doi: 10.12086/oee.2026.250324
  • 接收时间:2025-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-30
  • 修回日期:2025-12-19
  • 录用日期:2025-12-24
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    深圳中科飞测科技股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518110

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
属
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种数
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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