Article(id=1302224943740117074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773331200000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788404220757, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788404220757, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788404220757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788404220757, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302212221539472091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, year='2026', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1956', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788401187547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405081323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1672, endPage=1685, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302224944209879123, articleId=1302224943740117074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=EN, title=Histology and ultrastructure observations of major immune organs of Acipenser dabryanus, columnId=1302212330280997180, journalTitle=Journal of Southern Agriculture, columnName=Special Subject, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aimed to clarify the histological characteristics and cellular composition of major immune organs of Acipenser dabryanus,a rare and endangered fish species endemic to China,laying theoretical foundation for disease control and health management of this species.

Method

Artificially bred F2 generation of Acipenser dabryanus were used as experimental subjects. Gross anatomy was performed to determine anatomical locations of major immune organs (spleen,head kidney,and thymus). Histological sectioning techniques [hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining,Masson staining,and modified Gomori ammoniacal silver staining],combined with transmission electron microscope,were used to observe histological characteristics and cellular ultrastructure of spleen,head kidney,and thymus.

Result

The spleen surface of Acipenser dabryanus was covered by an uneven smooth muscle layer,whereas no trabecular structures extending from capsule into the spleen parenchyma were observed. The mesothelial cells in outer capsule layer exhi-bited two morphological forms (squamous and nearly round). The spleen parenchyma exhibited an interwoven distribution of white pulp and red pulp,with a highly developed vascular system and numerous lymphocytes,nucleated erythrocytes,and melanomacrophages distributed throughout. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed abundant immune effector cells,including lymphocytes,macrophages,and granulocytes in the spleen tissue. Phagosomes were observed in macrophages,indicating that the spleen was involved in blood filtration and non-specific immune functions. The head kidney was located at the anterior end of the kidney and symmetrically distributed as left and right lobes,with absent nephrons and loss of excretory function. Masson staining and modified Gomori ammoniacal silver staining showed that reticular cells,endothelial cells,interwoven reticular fibers,and collagen fibers formed a three-dimensional supporting framework in head kidney tissue,providing an essential microenvironment for the development and differentiation of various immune cells. Lymphocytes,macrophages,and eosinophils with densely distributed elongated or rod-shaped specific granules in cytoplasm were observed in head kidney tissue that functioned as a major lymphoid organ of Acipenser dabryanus with both hematopoietic and immune functions. The thymus of juvenile Acipenser dabryanus was located within the connective tissue in posterior dorsal region of the branchial cavity,adjacent to the gill tissue,making routine non-destructive isolation difficult. In 30-day-old juveniles,the thymic parenchyma showed a relatively uniform internal structure,with no obvious division between the cortex and medulla or between the inner and outer regions. The free margin of thymus was covered by a continuous epithelial cell layer composed of squamous epithelial cells and some columnar epithelial cells,which mainly served as a physical barrier. Many deeply stained thymocytes were densely distributed within the thymus parenchyma. Irregular reticuloendothelial cells were scattered among thymocytes,and together they formed a stromal network supporting the proliferation and maturation of T lymphocytes.

Conclusion

The spleen,head kidney,and thymus of Acipenser dabryanus are distinctive in tissue structures,with clear functional divisions. The organs constitute a well-developed immune defense network,providing a cell biological basis for resistance to pathogen invasion and maintenance of homeostasis in Acipenser dabryanus.

, authors=Lu-yun NI, Peng-cheng LI, Xiao-yun WU, Qiao-lin ZOU, Fei-yang LI, Yan LIU, Jian-sheng LAI, Ya LIU, authorsList=Lu-yun NI, Peng-cheng LI, Xiao-yun WU, Qiao-lin ZOU, Fei-yang LI, Yan LIU, Jian-sheng LAI, Ya LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ya LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302224948429348962, articleId=1302224943740117074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=CN, title=长江鲟主要免疫器官的组织学及超微结构观察, columnId=1302212330461352254, journalTitle=南方农业学报, columnName=专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

明确我国特有珍稀濒危鱼类长江鲟主要免疫器官的组织学特征及细胞组成,为其疾病防控及健康管理奠定理论基础。

方法

以人工繁育的F2代长江鲟为研究对象,通过大体解剖确定其主要免疫器官(脾脏、头肾和胸腺)的解剖定位,采用组织切片技术[苏木精—伊红(HE)染色、Masson染色及改良Gomori氨银染色]结合透射电子显微镜系统观察其脾脏、头肾和胸腺的组织学特征及细胞超微结构。

结果

长江鲟脾脏表面被覆厚薄不均的平滑肌层,但未见沿被膜分支延伸入脾脏实质的小梁结构,其被膜外层的间皮细胞呈扁平状和近圆形2种形态;脾脏实质内白髓与红髓交织分布,血管系统十分发达,且分布有大量淋巴细胞、有核红细胞及黑色素巨噬细胞;透射电子显微镜观察发现,在长江鲟脾脏组织分布有丰富的淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞及粒细胞等免疫效应细胞,其中巨噬细胞内可见吞噬小体,即脾脏承担着滤血与非特异性免疫功能。长江鲟头肾位于肾脏的前端,呈左右两叶对称分布,其肾单位消失并丧失排泄功能;Masson染色与改良Gomori氨银染色显示,头肾组织中由网状细胞、内皮细胞及错综交织的网状纤维、胶原纤维构成立体支撑框架,为各类免疫细胞的发育与分化营造了必需的微环境;头肾组织中分布有淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞及细胞质内密集分布有长条状或杆状特殊颗粒的嗜酸性粒细胞,是长江鲟主要的淋巴器官,兼具造血和免疫功能。长江鲟幼鱼胸腺位于鳃腔背侧后方的结缔组织内,其解剖位置紧邻鳃组织,难以进行常规的无损剥离;30日龄长江鲟胸腺实质的内部结构相对均一,未观察到明显的皮质与髓质区域划分,内、外区分界也不明显;胸腺游离边缘被覆一层由扁平上皮细胞与部分柱状上皮细胞构成的连续上皮细胞层,主要发挥物理隔离作用;胸腺实质内密集分布有大量深染的胸腺细胞,同时在胸腺细胞间隙中散布有形态不规则的网状内皮细胞,二者相互交织形成支撑T淋巴细胞增殖与成熟的基质网络。

结论

长江鲟的脾脏、头肾和胸腺在组织结构上各具特点且分工明确,共同构筑了完善的免疫防御网络,为长江鲟抵御病原侵袭及维持机体稳态奠定了细胞生物学基础。

, authors=倪露芸, 李鹏程, 吴晓雲, 邹巧林, 李飞扬, 刘艳, 赖见生, 刘亚*, *, authorsList=倪露芸, 李鹏程, 吴晓雲, 邹巧林, 李飞扬, 刘艳, 赖见生, 刘亚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘亚, authorNote=

倪露芸(1994-),https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7899-0181,博士,主要从事水产免疫与病害防控研究工作,E-mail:

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刘亚(1982-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2744-9049,研究员,主要从事珍稀濒危鱼类保护研究工作,E-mail:
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倪露芸(1994-),https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7899-0181,博士,主要从事水产免疫与病害防控研究工作,E-mail:

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Fish & Shellfish Immunology20(2):126-136., articleTitle=Ontogeny of the immune system of fish, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302224949133992035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302224949146574948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, companyId=1302224949133992035, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Fisheries Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute,Chengdu,Sichuan 611731,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302224949159157861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, companyId=1302224949133992035, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1四川省农业科学院水产研究所/四川省水产研究所,四川 成都 611731)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302224953676423322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Gross anatomy of major immune organs of one-year-old Acipenser dabryanus, figureFileSmall=58xTOD/ywj2/7hIWzzFwoA==, figureFileBig=kez17lzeufjtdVQYDg4B2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224955266064539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1龄长江鲟主要免疫器官的大体解剖情况

A:长江鲟外部形态及其胸腺解剖位置(蓝色箭头);B和C:长江鲟脾脏解剖位置(蓝色虚线框内区域);D:长江鲟头肾解剖位置(蓝色箭头分别指示头肾和体肾)

, figureFileSmall=58xTOD/ywj2/7hIWzzFwoA==, figureFileBig=kez17lzeufjtdVQYDg4B2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224957388382364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Microstructure of spleen of Acipenser dabryanus (HE staining), figureFileSmall=uUbuOOWxP1FeAtKFTKbWBw==, figureFileBig=b77tWHR3SYxootDC9YNnuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224957472268445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=CN, label=图2, caption=长江鲟脾脏的显微结构(HE染色)

WP:白髓;RP:红髓;Ar:动脉;Ve:静脉;EnC:内皮细胞;Lym:淋巴细胞;Ery:红细胞;Eo:嗜酸性粒细胞;EpC:上皮细胞

, figureFileSmall=uUbuOOWxP1FeAtKFTKbWBw==, figureFileBig=b77tWHR3SYxootDC9YNnuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224957535183006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Transmission electron microscope observation results of spleen ultrastructure of Acipenser dabryanus, figureFileSmall=M92BW5MbYImGAXqj0tbOqw==, figureFileBig=wr55gvrg7ICyGgQEzJARWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224957598097567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=CN, label=图3, caption=长江鲟脾脏超微结构的透射电子显微镜观察结果

Ma:巨噬细胞;N:细胞核;Mit:线粒体;Ph:吞噬小体;Ery:红细胞;G:特殊颗粒;MC:肥大细胞;Lym:淋巴细胞;RC:网状细胞;PC:浆细胞;RER:粗面内质网

, figureFileSmall=M92BW5MbYImGAXqj0tbOqw==, figureFileBig=wr55gvrg7ICyGgQEzJARWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224957694566560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Microstructure of head kidney of Acipenser dabryanus (HE staining), figureFileSmall=TkrBT5NYtyEeNnDwAEuz0A==, figureFileBig=6sx3NRPaqyfmpBnc8Pl2RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224957761675425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=CN, label=图4, caption=长江鲟头肾的显微结构(HE染色)

Ca:被膜;EpC:上皮细胞;Me:黑色素巨噬细胞;AC:肾上腺皮质样细胞;Eo:嗜酸性粒细胞;Ve:静脉

, figureFileSmall=TkrBT5NYtyEeNnDwAEuz0A==, figureFileBig=6sx3NRPaqyfmpBnc8Pl2RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224957853950114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Microstructure of head kidney of Acipenser dabryanus (special staining), figureFileSmall=/3daxJecTJj8CW9gcdlKpg==, figureFileBig=K2R+77IXG76yh+lL6Nw1hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224957916864675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224943740117074, language=CN, label=图5, caption=长江鲟头肾的显微结构(特殊染色)

A~C:Masson染色;D~G:改良Gomori氨银染色。BV:血管;Ca:被膜;CF:胶原纤维;RF:网状纤维

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EG:嗜酸性颗粒;Eo:嗜酸性粒细胞;N:细胞核;Ery:红细胞;Ma:巨噬细胞;Ph:吞噬小体;Lym:淋巴细胞

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Th:胸腺细胞;Gi:鳃;Op:鳃盖;CEC:柱状上皮细胞;SEC:扁平上皮细胞;ReC:网状内皮细胞;★表示鳃腔

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长江鲟主要免疫器官的组织学及超微结构观察
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倪露芸 , 李鹏程 , 吴晓雲 , 邹巧林 , 李飞扬 , 刘艳 , 赖见生 , 刘亚 *, *
南方农业学报 | 专题 2026,57(6): 1672-1685
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南方农业学报 |专题 2026 , 57 (6) : 1672 -1685
长江鲟主要免疫器官的组织学及超微结构观察
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倪露芸 , 李鹏程, 吴晓雲, 邹巧林, 李飞扬, 刘艳, 赖见生, 刘亚*, *
作者信息
  • 1四川省农业科学院水产研究所/四川省水产研究所,四川 成都 611731
通讯作者:
刘亚(1982-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2744-9049,研究员,主要从事珍稀濒危鱼类保护研究工作,E-mail:
作者简介:

倪露芸(1994-),https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7899-0181,博士,主要从事水产免疫与病害防控研究工作,E-mail:

Histology and ultrastructure observations of major immune organs of Acipenser dabryanus
Lu-yun NI , Peng-cheng LI, Xiao-yun WU, Qiao-lin ZOU, Fei-yang LI, Yan LIU, Jian-sheng LAI, Ya LIU
Affiliations
  • 1Fisheries Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute,Chengdu,Sichuan 611731,China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.005
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目的

明确我国特有珍稀濒危鱼类长江鲟主要免疫器官的组织学特征及细胞组成,为其疾病防控及健康管理奠定理论基础。

方法

以人工繁育的F2代长江鲟为研究对象,通过大体解剖确定其主要免疫器官(脾脏、头肾和胸腺)的解剖定位,采用组织切片技术[苏木精—伊红(HE)染色、Masson染色及改良Gomori氨银染色]结合透射电子显微镜系统观察其脾脏、头肾和胸腺的组织学特征及细胞超微结构。

结果

长江鲟脾脏表面被覆厚薄不均的平滑肌层,但未见沿被膜分支延伸入脾脏实质的小梁结构,其被膜外层的间皮细胞呈扁平状和近圆形2种形态;脾脏实质内白髓与红髓交织分布,血管系统十分发达,且分布有大量淋巴细胞、有核红细胞及黑色素巨噬细胞;透射电子显微镜观察发现,在长江鲟脾脏组织分布有丰富的淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞及粒细胞等免疫效应细胞,其中巨噬细胞内可见吞噬小体,即脾脏承担着滤血与非特异性免疫功能。长江鲟头肾位于肾脏的前端,呈左右两叶对称分布,其肾单位消失并丧失排泄功能;Masson染色与改良Gomori氨银染色显示,头肾组织中由网状细胞、内皮细胞及错综交织的网状纤维、胶原纤维构成立体支撑框架,为各类免疫细胞的发育与分化营造了必需的微环境;头肾组织中分布有淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞及细胞质内密集分布有长条状或杆状特殊颗粒的嗜酸性粒细胞,是长江鲟主要的淋巴器官,兼具造血和免疫功能。长江鲟幼鱼胸腺位于鳃腔背侧后方的结缔组织内,其解剖位置紧邻鳃组织,难以进行常规的无损剥离;30日龄长江鲟胸腺实质的内部结构相对均一,未观察到明显的皮质与髓质区域划分,内、外区分界也不明显;胸腺游离边缘被覆一层由扁平上皮细胞与部分柱状上皮细胞构成的连续上皮细胞层,主要发挥物理隔离作用;胸腺实质内密集分布有大量深染的胸腺细胞,同时在胸腺细胞间隙中散布有形态不规则的网状内皮细胞,二者相互交织形成支撑T淋巴细胞增殖与成熟的基质网络。

结论

长江鲟的脾脏、头肾和胸腺在组织结构上各具特点且分工明确,共同构筑了完善的免疫防御网络,为长江鲟抵御病原侵袭及维持机体稳态奠定了细胞生物学基础。

长江鲟  /  脾脏  /  头肾  /  胸腺  /  显微结构  /  超微结构
Objective

This study aimed to clarify the histological characteristics and cellular composition of major immune organs of Acipenser dabryanus,a rare and endangered fish species endemic to China,laying theoretical foundation for disease control and health management of this species.

Method

Artificially bred F2 generation of Acipenser dabryanus were used as experimental subjects. Gross anatomy was performed to determine anatomical locations of major immune organs (spleen,head kidney,and thymus). Histological sectioning techniques [hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining,Masson staining,and modified Gomori ammoniacal silver staining],combined with transmission electron microscope,were used to observe histological characteristics and cellular ultrastructure of spleen,head kidney,and thymus.

Result

The spleen surface of Acipenser dabryanus was covered by an uneven smooth muscle layer,whereas no trabecular structures extending from capsule into the spleen parenchyma were observed. The mesothelial cells in outer capsule layer exhi-bited two morphological forms (squamous and nearly round). The spleen parenchyma exhibited an interwoven distribution of white pulp and red pulp,with a highly developed vascular system and numerous lymphocytes,nucleated erythrocytes,and melanomacrophages distributed throughout. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed abundant immune effector cells,including lymphocytes,macrophages,and granulocytes in the spleen tissue. Phagosomes were observed in macrophages,indicating that the spleen was involved in blood filtration and non-specific immune functions. The head kidney was located at the anterior end of the kidney and symmetrically distributed as left and right lobes,with absent nephrons and loss of excretory function. Masson staining and modified Gomori ammoniacal silver staining showed that reticular cells,endothelial cells,interwoven reticular fibers,and collagen fibers formed a three-dimensional supporting framework in head kidney tissue,providing an essential microenvironment for the development and differentiation of various immune cells. Lymphocytes,macrophages,and eosinophils with densely distributed elongated or rod-shaped specific granules in cytoplasm were observed in head kidney tissue that functioned as a major lymphoid organ of Acipenser dabryanus with both hematopoietic and immune functions. The thymus of juvenile Acipenser dabryanus was located within the connective tissue in posterior dorsal region of the branchial cavity,adjacent to the gill tissue,making routine non-destructive isolation difficult. In 30-day-old juveniles,the thymic parenchyma showed a relatively uniform internal structure,with no obvious division between the cortex and medulla or between the inner and outer regions. The free margin of thymus was covered by a continuous epithelial cell layer composed of squamous epithelial cells and some columnar epithelial cells,which mainly served as a physical barrier. Many deeply stained thymocytes were densely distributed within the thymus parenchyma. Irregular reticuloendothelial cells were scattered among thymocytes,and together they formed a stromal network supporting the proliferation and maturation of T lymphocytes.

Conclusion

The spleen,head kidney,and thymus of Acipenser dabryanus are distinctive in tissue structures,with clear functional divisions. The organs constitute a well-developed immune defense network,providing a cell biological basis for resistance to pathogen invasion and maintenance of homeostasis in Acipenser dabryanus.

Acipenser dabryanus  /  spleen  /  head kidney  /  thymus  /  microstructure  /  ultrastructure
倪露芸, 李鹏程, 吴晓雲, 邹巧林, 李飞扬, 刘艳, 赖见生, 刘亚. 长江鲟主要免疫器官的组织学及超微结构观察. 南方农业学报, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1672 -1685 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.005
Lu-yun NI, Peng-cheng LI, Xiao-yun WU, Qiao-lin ZOU, Fei-yang LI, Yan LIU, Jian-sheng LAI, Ya LIU. Histology and ultrastructure observations of major immune organs of Acipenser dabryanus[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1672 -1685 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.005
【研究意义】免疫系统是机体抵御病原微生物侵袭、识别并清除体内“非己”成分的关键防御屏障(Romo et al.,2016)。鱼类缺乏骨髓和淋巴结,其免疫系统的组织学基础与高等脊椎动物存在明显差异。在鱼类中,头肾、脾脏和胸腺构成了最主要的免疫与造血网络,为各类免疫细胞的发生、增殖分化及发育成熟提供了至关重要的微环境(Zapata et al.,2006)。免疫器官及免疫细胞是鱼类防御系统的基础(张永安等,2000),因此开展鱼类主要免疫器官的形态与组织学研究,不仅有助于完善鱼类免疫学的基础数据库,还能为深入阐明其免疫防御机理及指导水产养殖病害精准防控提供理论支撑。【前人研究进展】至今,国内外学者针对鱼类免疫器官的组织学及细胞超微结构已进行广泛研究,鲤(Cyprinus carpio)(Kawano et al.,2003)、大西洋鲟(Acipenser oxyrinchus)(Gradil et al.,2014)、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)(王新栋等,2019)、中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)(万玉芳等,2019)等多种鱼类的免疫器官显微与超微结构已被系统揭示。不同鱼类免疫器官的解剖结构及组织学特征存在明显种属差异。鱼类脾脏通常位于消化道背侧,但其显微结构存在明显的种属差异。黄鳝(Monopterus albus)的脾脏分区不明显,可观察到淋巴小结和生发中心(张训蒲等,1993);吻鮈(Rhinogobio typus)的脾脏缺乏脾小梁结构且红白髓交织,未见淋巴小结(温龙岚等,2006);福建纹胸鮡(Glyptothorax fukiensis)的脾脏存在脾小梁,且红白髓分区明显(温龙岚等,2006)。鱼类的头肾位于肾脏前端,兼具免疫与造血功能(韩鹏夫等,2024),随着鱼类的发育其排泄功能基本退化。Fänge(1986)研究发现,杂交鲟(Huso huso×Acipenser ruthenus)的头肾富含多种免疫效应细胞,包括淋巴细胞、颗粒细胞、巨噬细胞及红细胞等;Willett等(1999)研究表明,斑马鱼早期的头肾主要由颗粒细胞和红细胞构成;Lange等(2000)研究证实,西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)的头肾由网状纤维构成网状基质,支持各类细胞发育,且有少量肾间内分泌组织。胸腺作为鱼类的中枢免疫器官,分布在鳃腔背侧,其解剖位置与组织演化因种类不同而异。牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)的胸腺内陷于咽腔上皮(Chantanachoo-khin et al.,1991),而斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)等硬骨鱼类的胸腺位置较浅(吴金英和林浩然,2008)。此外,多数硬骨鱼类的胸腺已进化出界限分明的皮质区和髓质区,也有部分鱼类胸腺的皮质与髓质分区不明显,如塔氏欧白鱼(Alburnus tarichi)的胸腺被一层结缔组织被膜包裹,其内含有胶原纤维、成纤维细胞、血管及毛细血管,未观察到皮质与髓质的清晰界限(Kaptaner et al.,2021)。针对鲟鱼胸腺的研究主要有:1龄西伯利亚鲟的胸腺以淋巴细胞为主,且分区明确(Lange et al.,2000);大西洋鲟胸腺在出膜48 d时即出现皮髓质分区,并形成网状支架(Gradil et al.,2014);在小体鲟(Acipenser ruthenus)和短吻鲟(Acipenser brevirostrum)的胸腺中则观察到类似于哈氏小体的结构(Salkova and Flajshans,2016)。【本研究切入点】长江鲟(Acipenser dabryanus,Duméril,1869)是一种原始而古老的生物类群,也是我国特有的珍稀濒危鱼类,具有极高的生态与科研价值(Fan et al.,2006Li et al.,2021)。随着长江鲟人工繁育及种群重建工程的深入推进,其病害防控与健康养殖已成为亟待解决的核心问题(Yang et al.,2018Jiang et al.,2021)。目前,有关长江鲟基础免疫学的研究十分薄弱,尤其是针对主要免疫器官(脾脏、头肾和胸腺)的组织学及细胞超微结构观察仍然空白,在一定程度上制约了对长江鲟免疫防御机制的深入解析与病害的有效防控。【拟解决的关键问题】以人工繁育的F2代长江鲟为研究对象,通过组织切片结合透射电子显微镜系统观察其脾脏、头肾和胸腺的组织学特征及细胞超微结构,旨在阐明长江鲟主要免疫器官的组织学特征及细胞组成,为其病害防控及健康管理奠定理论基础。
试验期间的所有动物试验程序及处理方法均已通过四川省农业科学院水产研究所(四川省水产研究所)动物伦理与福利委员会审查批准,批准号20230927002A。各项操作严格遵照四川省农业科学院水产研究所(四川省水产研究所)动物伦理与福利委员会发布的动物保护及福利指导原则执行。
F2代长江鲟由四川省农业科学院水产研究所(四川省水产研究所)繁育获得。2023年4月,挑选健康状态良好的长江鲟幼鱼暂养于室内养殖系统,期间维持自然光照周期,水温稳定在(16.0±0.5)℃,每日投喂3次(红线虫,辅以微粒子配合饲料)。仔鱼破膜孵化当日记为0日龄,取6尾30日龄长江鲟(全长4.98±0.96 cm)用于胸腺组织观察,另取6尾1龄长江鲟(全长35.53±3.27 cm)用于脾脏和头肾组织观察。
使用MS-222对长江鲟进行麻醉处理,30日龄幼鱼的麻醉浓度为50 mg/L,1龄个体的麻醉浓度为100 mg/L。待鱼体完全失去平衡、呼吸微弱且对外界刺激无反应(进入深度麻醉状态)后,立即进行组织采样,以确保符合动物福利要求并减少应激干扰。根据目标免疫器官的解剖学位置,采取不同的采样与固定策略:(1)脾脏与头肾。迅速解剖长江鲟并采集脾脏及头肾组织,将其切成适宜大小的组织块,立即使用预冷的PBS冲洗表面多余血液及杂质,随后投入4%多聚甲醛(PFA)固定液中室温固定8~24 h。弃固定液,梯度乙醇逐级脱水,经二甲苯透明后,将组织块转移至65 ℃的热石蜡中透蜡1 h并包埋,然后将组织块切成约5 μm的连续切片。(2)胸腺。鉴于胸腺在长江鲟体内的解剖位置较深、体积微小,且与周围骨骼及结缔组织的边界模糊,难以进行常规的无损剥离,故采取整鱼固定方式,即将整尾鱼置于4% PFA固定液中充分固定。为消除骨骼组织对切片质量的影响,固定后的组织需放入脱钙液中处理3~4 d;然后使用2%硫酸钠溶液中和残留的酸性成分,并置于流水中冲洗过夜,以清除化学试剂。组织经充分固定及脱钙处理后,去除多余液体,梯度乙醇逐级脱水;将组织块转移至二甲苯中透明,再转移至65 ℃的热石蜡中透蜡1 h并包埋,采用连续切片法寻找胸腺组织,切片厚度为5 μm。
HE染色步骤:(1)脱蜡与复水。将烤好的组织切片依次浸入二甲苯I和二甲苯II中脱蜡,经无水乙醇—二甲苯混合液(1∶1)处理15 min后,依次通过100%、95%、85%、75%的梯度乙醇各复水5 min,自来水冲洗3 min。(2)苏木精染色。放入苏木精染液中染色1~2 min,自来水冲洗3 min后置于1%盐酸乙醇溶液中快速分化约20 s,自来水洗3 min;再移入饱和碳酸锂水溶液中返蓝20 s,流水冲洗3 min,终止反应。(3)伊红染色。组织切片依次通过70%、80%、90%和95%的梯度乙醇各脱水5 min,随后置于95%酒精配制的伊红染液中染色20~60 s。(4)脱水、透明与封片。染色结束后,立即将组织切片移入无水乙醇I和无水乙醇II中各脱水5 min;经无水乙醇—二甲苯混合液(1∶1)、二甲苯I和二甲苯II各透明10 min;然后滴加中性树胶封片,盖上盖玻片并自然晾干(丁波等,2025)。通过徕卡显微成像系统DM1000对染色后的组织切片进行观察及拍照,并以SQS-40R玻片扫描系统进行全景扫描成像。
为了进一步明确长江鲟头肾组织内部胶原纤维与网状纤维的空间分布特征,采用特殊染色试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)对组织切片进行染色。(1)Masson染色:组织切片经常规脱蜡复水后,滴加等体积混合配制的Weigert铁苏木素工作液进行细胞核染色5~10 min;水洗后,依次使用酸性分化液处理5~15 s及Masson蓝化液返蓝3~5 min;然后以丽春红品红染液染色5~10 min,并采用现配的弱酸工作液短暂冲洗30 s;水洗后,将组织切片放入磷钼酸溶液处理1~2 min,弱酸工作液再次冲洗30 s,滴加苯胺蓝染液对胶原纤维进行特异染色1~2 min;弱酸工作液清洗30 s,迅速进行95%乙醇及无水乙醇梯级脱水,经二甲苯透明处理后采用中性树胶封片。(2)改良Gomori氨银染色:组织切片经常规脱蜡复水后,滴加现配的Gordon-Sweets氧化剂于室温下氧化处理3 min;蒸馏水洗涤,加入草酸溶液漂白1 min,蒸馏水洗涤后,使用硫酸铁铵溶液进行媒染10 min;蒸馏水充分洗净,滴加Gordon-Sweets银氨溶液避光染色11 s,再次水洗,立即加入Gordon-Sweets还原剂显色2 min,水洗终止反应;采用核固红染液对细胞核复染10 min,流水冲洗,最后按常规流程进行梯度乙醇脱水及二甲苯透明,以中性树胶封片。
在冰盘上迅速将采集的脾脏和头肾修剪成体积约1 mm3的组织块,立即浸入2.5%戊二醛固定液中,4 ℃下避光固定过夜(由于胸腺位置隐蔽,未能成功取样)。经PBS多次漂洗后,投入1%四氧化锇中再固定2 h;洗去残余的四氧化锇,通过梯度丙酮溶液逐级脱水,然后在Epox 812环氧树脂中进行渗透与包埋。树脂聚合后,使用配备钻石切片刀的超薄切片机制备60~90 nm的超薄组织切片;将组织切片平展贴附于金属铜网上,依次采用醋酸双氧铀和柠檬酸铅进行双重电子染色;最后采用JEM-1400-FLASH透射电子显微镜(日本TOKYO公司)进行超微结构观察并拍照。
对1龄长江鲟进行大体解剖观察,结果发现,长江鲟胸腺的解剖位置相对隐蔽,不易观察,主要位于鳃盖后上缘的背侧区域(图1-A);长江鲟脾脏整体呈细长的带状或条索状,色泽呈鲜明的暗红色至深红色,紧密附着于消化道的外壁侧面(图1-B和图1-C);长江鲟头肾位于肾脏的最前端,后接近鳔,与体肾无明显分隔,其外观呈相对膨大的实质性组织块,暗红色(图1-D)。
图2所示,长江鲟脾脏实质主要由嗜碱性深染的白髓(WP)和嗜酸性红染的红髓(RP)交织构成,二者的组织形态界限相对明显;白髓区分布于血管两侧,呈团块状或条带状,可见大量呈蓝染嗜碱性且排列紧密的细胞;红髓区位于白髓之间,形态不规则(图2-A)。脾脏内部的血管系统十分发达,可见管壁较厚、分支明显的动脉及管壁较薄、管腔不规则的静脉分布其间(图2-B)。进一步放大观察脾脏组织的血管纵切面(图2-C)和横切面(图2-D),均可清晰观察到血管内壁单层排列的内皮细胞。白髓区主要由大量密集排列的淋巴细胞聚集而成,细胞核深染且排列紧密(图2-E);相对而言,红髓区的组织结构较疏松,富含毛细血管网与血窦,其间充斥大量红细胞(图2-F)。
在800倍视野下,可准确鉴别出脾脏实质的多种细胞类群:淋巴细胞体积较小,细胞核呈圆形,深蓝色(图2-G);红细胞呈典型的椭圆形,具有明显的细胞核,细胞质呈均一的粉红色(图2-H);组织间散布有细胞质中充满丰富红色颗粒的嗜酸性粒细胞(图2-I),以及部分细胞质内含有黄褐色素颗粒的黑色素巨噬细胞(图2-J)。脾脏表面被覆有厚薄不均的平滑肌层(图2-K和图2-L),未见沿被膜分支延伸入脾脏实质的小梁结构。脾脏被膜分为2层,最表层为间皮细胞,细胞较致密、整齐地黏于表面。间皮细胞存在2种形态:①细胞扁平,细胞核呈长梭形或杆状,胞浆不明显,相邻数个扁平的间皮细胞相连,构成局部平整的形态;②细胞呈圆形或接近圆形,此时紫红色的胞浆相对较明显,且此类细胞突起于被膜表面,构成局部的齿状形态。
通过透射电子显微镜观察长江鲟脾脏组织切片,可鉴别出其超微结构中多种形态各异的免疫细胞与血细胞结构(图3)。巨噬细胞的整体形态不规则,其细胞核多呈明显的凹陷、扭曲或分叶状(图3-A);细胞质十分丰富,除了含有线粒体外,还分布有吞噬小体。在脾脏血窦内可观察到典型的有核红细胞,呈长椭圆形(长约4.91 μm),细胞核长径约4.64 μm、短径约2.74 μm;细胞核致密且电子密度较高,细胞质电子密度均匀,内部缺乏明显的细胞器(图3-B)。肥大细胞的细胞核呈不规则分叶状,细胞质中密集充斥着大量体积较大、电子密度较高的圆形分泌颗粒(图3-C)。淋巴细胞的核质比高,细胞核大而圆(细胞核长径约5.10 μm,短径约3.95 μm),内部异染色质丰富且呈块状凝集,周围胞质较少(图3-D)。此外,脾脏基质中分布有网状细胞,其外形不规则,细胞核较大且电子密度较低(常染色质丰富,细胞核长径约9.04 μm,短径约5.99 μm),参与构建脾脏内部的网状支撑骨架(图3-E);还有代谢活跃的浆细胞,其细胞核呈近圆形,细胞核长径约5.06 μm、短径约3.84 μm,细胞质内密集排列着大量线粒体,且存在粗面内质网(图3-F)。
低倍镜(40×)下,长江鲟的头肾呈狭长条状(图4-A)。头肾外缘有一层结缔组织被膜包裹,其中一侧被膜较厚,富含平滑肌,表层为排列紧密的间皮细胞,被膜下方散布有较多含有褐色素颗粒的黑色素巨噬细胞(图4-B和图4-C);另一侧被膜较薄,为少量疏松结缔组织,最外侧同样覆盖有上皮细胞(图4-D和图4-E)。头肾组织内可见大小不等、呈近圆形团块状的肾上腺组织,与周围的免疫组织间有清晰界限(图4-F);结缔组织形成网状的间质将肾上腺组织分隔成团块状或巢状。肾上腺细胞的胞浆丰富,着色不均,胞浆内含有数量不等、大小不一、近圆形的脂质性空泡(图4-G和图4-H);还可见胞质内充满亮红色颗粒的嗜酸性粒细胞(图4-I)。此外,头肾组织的微血管网络丰富,实质内交织分布有管腔大小不一的静脉与血窦,且在血管周围及造血组织间隙中常伴有形态不规则的黑色素巨噬细胞浸润或聚集(图4-J、图4-K和图4-L)。
Masson染色能将胶原纤维染成蓝色。由图5可看出,长江鲟头肾组织的被膜下及血管周围分布有丰富的胶原纤维(图5-A);肾上腺结构周围也有胶原纤维包裹,且肾上腺结构中分布有少量丝状胶原纤维(图5-B)。头肾组织间隙中分布有丝状胶原纤维,呈网状排列(图5-C)。改良Gomori氨银染色则将胶原纤维染成黄色或黄棕色,而网状纤维染成黑色。改良Gomori氨银染色结果显示,长江鲟头肾组织被膜下有丰富的胶原纤维包裹(图5-D),组织内的胶原纤维与网状纤维共同聚集形成条索状或网状结构,血管周围胶原纤维丰富(图5-E和图5-F);在肾上腺结构周围及结构中央,丝状的网状纤维与胶原纤维共同聚集形成条索状或网状结构(图5-G)。
通过透射电子显微镜观察长江鲟头肾的超微结构,观察结果如图6所示。嗜酸性粒细胞具有不规则的分叶状细胞核,细胞核长径约7.09 μm,细胞质内密集分布有高电子密度的长条状或杆状特殊颗粒。广泛分布于造血实质与血窦中的红细胞呈典型的长椭圆形,细胞核固缩且电子密度较高,细胞核长径约6.10 μm、短径约4.17 μm,细胞质均匀但缺乏细胞器(图6-B)。巨噬细胞的整体形态不规则,细胞核常呈深凹陷的马蹄形或扭曲状,细胞质内含有吞噬小体及空泡(图6-C)。此外,长江鲟头肾组织内可见淋巴细胞,其核质比高,细胞核大且多呈圆形,细胞核长径约5.84 μm、短径约5.35 μm,内部异染色质呈块状高度凝集,细胞核外仅环绕少量细胞质(图6-D)。
长江鲟幼鱼的胸腺位于鳃腔背侧后方的结缔组织内,其解剖位置紧邻鳃组织,外侧有鳃盖等结构(图7-A和图7-B)。在30日龄长江鲟胸腺组织切片中,实质内部结构相对均一,未观察到明显的皮质与髓质区域划分(图7-C);在胸腺靠近鳃腔的游离边缘,其表面被覆有连续的上皮细胞层,主要由扁平上皮细胞及部分柱状上皮细胞构成(图7-D)。长江鲟胸腺实质主要由大量紧密排列的胸腺细胞组成,此类细胞具有深染的圆形细胞核,且占据胸腺实质的绝大部分空间(图7-E)。此外,在密集的胸腺细胞间隙中散布有形态不规则的网状内皮细胞,其细胞核通常呈椭圆形,染色相对较浅;网状内皮细胞相互连接,构成了胸腺实质的细胞支架(图7-F)。
鱼类免疫系统作为抵御外界病原微生物侵袭的关键屏障,承担着识别并清除体内“非己”成分的防御功能(Romo et al.,2016)。鱼类免疫系统的组织学基础与高等脊椎动物存在明显差异(Uribe et al.,2011),其中头肾、脾脏及胸腺是构成鱼类免疫应答的核心组织,共同为各类免疫细胞的发生、定向分化、发育成熟提供了至关重要的微环境(Zapata et al.,2006),也是鱼类最主要的免疫与造血网络。
脾脏是鱼类最大的外周免疫及造血器官。本研究观察发现,长江鲟脾脏的实质虽然可区分嗜碱性的白髓与嗜酸性的红髓,但二者交织分布,无明显分界,白髓区多呈团块状或条带状依附于血管两侧,与中华鲟及多数真骨鱼类(区又君等,2015王新栋等,2019万玉芳,2020)相似。长江鲟脾脏的被膜由间皮细胞及少量结缔组织构成,但未观察到结缔组织沿被膜分支延伸入脾脏实质形成的小梁结构。脾小梁缺乏是低等硬骨鱼类及软骨硬鳞鱼类的典型原始特征,表明其脾脏内部的支撑有别于高等动物粗大的结缔组织束(Gradil et al.,2014万玉芳等,2019)。长江鲟脾脏被膜的间皮细胞呈平整或齿状,可能主要受其包被区域内含物丰度的影响,即区域内细胞成分多、血液充盈时,平滑肌紧张,被覆的间皮细胞变长;区域内细胞成分减少或含血量不足时,平滑肌收缩,被覆的间皮细胞松弛并向表面突起。长江鲟脾脏中浅染的红髓区富含大量红细胞及血窦,说明其具有活跃的造血与血液储存功能;而深染的白髓区密集分布大量淋巴细胞,构成了机体适应性免疫应答的核心微环境。通过透射电子显微镜观察发现,在长江鲟脾脏内分布有丰富的淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞及粒细胞等免疫效应细胞,且这些细胞组成及其微观形态特征与斑马鱼、条纹鲈(Morone saxatilis)、玫瑰高原鳅(Triplophysa rosa)等硬骨鱼类(Bodammer et al.,1990王新栋等,2019Ni et al.,2024)的脾脏组织学特征一致。巨噬细胞作为单核吞噬细胞系统(MPS)的关键成员,其细胞质富含吞噬小体,而具有吞噬功能(Ellis,2001)。鱼类脾脏组织发达的微血管与血窦网络承担着类似血液过滤器的功能,当血液流经这些缺乏致密管壁的腔隙时,驻留的巨噬细胞能高效捕获并清除血液中的衰老细胞及各类异物,从而维持机体的稳态(张永安等,2000)。综上所述,长江鲟脾脏的主要功能包括造血、滤血和免疫。
在鱼类的免疫系统中,头肾占据独特的解剖与生理位置。本研究观察发现,长江鲟头肾位于肾脏的前端,呈左右两叶对称分布,与其他硬骨鱼类头肾的解剖位置(初小雅,2016)一致。在演化过程中,长江鲟作为一种原始而古老的软骨硬鳞鱼类,其头肾已呈现出专职化特征,即肾单位消失并丧失排泄功能,转而特化为类似于高等脊椎动物骨髓的造血与免疫器官。从组织学结构来看,长江鲟头肾主要由淋巴组织和网状内皮网络构成。本研究通过Masson染色与改良Gomori氨银染色进一步揭示了长江鲟头肾组织中由网状细胞、内皮细胞及纤维构成立体支撑框架,这种结构框架不仅为淋巴造血组织提供了物理支撑,还为各类免疫细胞的发育与分化营造了必需的微环境,类似组织学特征在花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorhynchus cinctus)、南方鲇(Silurus meri-dionalis)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)等硬骨鱼类(李长玲等,2002岳兴建等,2004陈杰等,2021)中已有研究报道。通过透射电子显微镜观察发现,在长江鲟头肾组织中存在多种功能各异的细胞谱系:细胞质中密集分布有长条状或杆状特殊颗粒是嗜酸性粒细胞的核心标志,与斑马鱼头肾组织中观察到的超微结构类似,主要参与抵御寄生虫感染并协同调控局部炎症反应(Rothenberg and Hogan,2006初小雅,2016Mokhtar et al.,2023);致密且固缩的有核红细胞、具有吞噬小体的巨噬细胞,以及核质比高的淋巴细胞,共同构成了长江鲟头肾的细胞免疫微环境;巨噬细胞是专职抗原递呈细胞,在脊椎动物先天性免疫及适应性免疫中发挥重要作用(Grayfer et al.,2018);除了发挥造血功能外,头肾还是B淋巴细胞增殖与分化的中心。Tian等(2009)研究证实,头肾是鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)产生抗体的主要器官,是介导机体免疫与内分泌两大系统双向调节的中枢部位。长江鲟头肾组织中存在黑色素巨噬细胞浸润或聚集,推测此类细胞群不仅参与鱼体的基础生理代谢,还发挥着不可或缺的免疫防御功能,可吞噬和储存体内难以降解的代谢废弃物及有毒成分,如自由基与组织分解产物等,从而维持微环境的稳态(Steinel and Bolnick,2017Galindo-Villegas et al.,2019Bjørgen and Koppang,2024)。
在演化进程中,尽管无颌类脊椎动物已进化出基于可变淋巴细胞受体(VLR)的初级适应性免疫机制,但高度完善的适应性免疫系统实质上伴随胸腺的出现而最终确立(Pancer et al.,2004)。胸腺是鱼类最核心的中枢免疫器官(徐俊等,2022),为T淋巴细胞的增殖、发育及受体基因重排提供了微环境,在机体适应性免疫防御系统中发挥着不可替代的作用(谢海侠和聂品,2003Flajnik,2018)。长江鲟幼鱼的胸腺分布在鳃腔背侧后方的结缔组织内,紧邻鳃组织,其解剖学特征与多数硬骨鱼类一致,外周骨骼和结缔组织的严密包裹为胸腺抵御外界水体环境的物理冲击提供了屏障(黄艳青等,2004)。长江鲟幼鱼胸腺实质的内部结构相对均一,胸腺细胞呈弥散性均匀分布,内、外区分界不明显,与牙鲆(刘云等,2007)、斑马鱼(初小雅,2016)等鱼类的胸腺组织学形态特征相似;但大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)(Bowden et al.,2005)、中华鲟(万玉芳等,2019)等多数鱼类的胸腺内、外区分界明显,说明不同鱼类在胸腺的组织学分区上存在物种特异性。尽管长江鲟胸腺缺乏明显的皮质与髓质分界,但在靠近鳃腔的游离边缘可观察到一层由扁平上皮细胞与部分柱状上皮细胞构成的连续被覆上皮,该结构发挥了物理隔离作用,能有效阻挡鳃腔内抗原物质的直接渗入,从而维持胸腺内部微环境的相对稳定,为T淋巴细胞的正常发育提供保障(Bowden et al.,2005)。在细胞组成层面,长江鲟胸腺实质密集分布有大量深染的胸腺细胞,同时在胸腺细胞间隙中散布有形态不规则的网状内皮细胞,而网状内皮细胞相互连接为胸腺组织提供了物理支撑,也是T淋巴细胞增殖分化与成熟必不可少的基质微环境(Cao et al.,2017)。值得注意的是,由于长江鲟胸腺解剖位置隐蔽、体积小,且与周围骨骼及结缔组织的边界模糊,难以进行常规的无损分离与单独取材,故采取幼鱼整鱼固定、脱钙及连续切片的技术策略进行显微结构观察;因受限于取材与制样方式,未能通过透射电子显微镜进一步观察其超微结构。因此,后续研究有待选用更大规格的长江鲟进行精准原位解剖取材,旨在更全面揭示其胸腺的超微结构特征。
长江鲟脾脏实质缺乏小梁结构且白髓与红髓交织分布,其发达的微血管与血窦网络协同驻留的巨噬细胞及淋巴细胞等,共同执行造血、滤血与免疫防御功能;头肾丧失排泄功能而特化为造血与免疫器官,其网状细胞、内皮细胞及纤维共同构筑复杂的立体支撑框架,为各类免疫细胞的发育与分化营造必需的微环境;胸腺解剖位置隐蔽,其游离边缘由连续的上皮细胞构成了抵御外界抗原的物理屏障,实质内部结构相对均一,大量密集的胸腺细胞与网状内皮细胞相互嵌合,交织形成支撑T淋巴细胞增殖与成熟的基质网络。综上所述,长江鲟的脾脏、头肾和胸腺在组织结构上各具特点且分工明确,共同构筑了完善的免疫防御网络,为长江鲟抵御病原侵袭及维持机体稳态奠定了细胞生物学基础。

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2026年第57卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.005
  • 接收时间:2026-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-13
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    1四川省农业科学院水产研究所/四川省水产研究所,四川 成都 611731

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刘亚(1982-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2744-9049,研究员,主要从事珍稀濒危鱼类保护研究工作,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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