Article(id=1302224747408941964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768233600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788404173947, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788404173947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788404173947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788404173947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302212221539472091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, year='2026', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1956', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788401187547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405081323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1697, endPage=1708, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302224748214248333, articleId=1302224747408941964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=EN, title=Digestive tract microstructure characteristics and dietary analysis of Mastacembelus armatus, columnId=1302212330280997180, journalTitle=Journal of Southern Agriculture, columnName=Special Subject, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aimed to investigate digestive tract microstructure characteristics and dietary chara-cteristics of Mastacembelus armatus,providing theoretical reference for artificial propagation and domestication,population resource conservation and restoration,and appropriate utilization of wild Mastacembelus armatus.

Method

Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the digestive tract microstructure of Mastacembelus armatus,and DNA metabarcoding technology was utilized to analyze its dietary characteristics.

Result

The digestive tract of Mastacembelus armatus composed of four layers:the mucosal layer,submucosa,muscular layer,and serosal layer. The longitudinal folds of the mucosal layer in the esophagus were well-developed with branches,and the surface was covered with stratified squamous epithelium,with goblet cells interspersed among the epithelial cells. The stomach was the most expanded organ of the digestive tract,with the mucosal layer protruding inward to form mucosal folds,consisting of the lamina propria and simple columnar epithelium,with no goblet cells observed. The intestinal villi were well-developed,and the fold height in the foregut was significantly higher than that in the midgut and hindgut (P<0.05). A total of 409 species belonging to 24 phyla were identified from the stomach contents using 18S rDNA metabarcoding sequencing. At phylum level,the dominant groups were Arthropoda,Annelida,and Chlorophyta. At species level,the dominant species included Phyllomacromia nyanzanaAmynthas sp. GZ201102-03,and Macrobrachium superbum. The feeding selectivity analysis revealed that Mastacembelus armatus exhibited a strong preference for Annelida and Arthropoda,while showing a distinct avoidance tendency toward Chlorophyta,Bacillariophyta,and Gastrotricha,which were relatively abundant in the aquatic environment. No fundamental shift in the major dietary components was observed across different body length groups of Mastacembelus armatus,with Annelida and Arthropoda as the dominant groups at phylum level.

Conclusion

The digestive tract structure of Mastacembelus armatus exhibits typical morphological adaptations of carnivorous fish,characterized by a lubricating esophagus-expanded stomach-absorption dominated by foregut pattern. Mastacembelus armatus is a euryphagous carnivorous fish,and its feeding selection conforms to the optimal foraging theory,showing strong active selectivity for Arthropoda and Annelida at both phylum and species levels,while exhibiting avoidance toward low-trophic-level phytoplankton. With individual development,the limitations of mouth gape and energy metabolism demands drive its dietary preference to shift toward arthropod groups.

, authors=Ju-lin WANG1, 2, Zheng-hai LIU3, Xian-jun ZHOU1, 2, Jun-jie YAO1, 2, authorsList=Ju-lin WANG, Zheng-hai LIU, Xian-jun ZHOU, Jun-jie YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xian-jun ZHOU, Jun-jie YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302224752039453598, articleId=1302224747408941964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=CN, title=大刺鳅消化道显微结构特征及其食性分析, columnId=1302212330461352254, journalTitle=南方农业学报, columnName=专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究大刺鳅的消化道结构特征及食性特点,为开展野生大刺鳅人工扩繁驯养、种群资源保护与修复及合理利用提供理论依据。

方法

采用苏木精—伊红(HE)染色对大刺鳅消化道显微结构进行观察,并联合DNA宏条形码技术对其胃含物与食性特征进行分析。

结果

大刺鳅消化道具有完整的黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层及浆膜层4层结构;食道黏膜层内壁纵向褶皱发达且有分支,表面覆盖复层扁平上皮,上皮间有杯状细胞;胃是消化道中最膨大的器官,且黏膜层向内腔突起形成黏膜褶皱,由固有膜和单层柱状上皮构成,未见杯状细胞;肠道绒毛发达,前肠皱褶高度显著高于中肠和后肠(P<0.05)。胃含物18S rDNA宏条形码测序共检出24个门409个物种;在门分类水平上以节肢动物门、环节动物门和绿藻门等为主;在种分类水平上以Phyllomacromia nyanzanaAmynthas sp. GZ201102-03和细螯沼虾等为主。摄食选择性分析结果显示,大刺鳅对环节动物门和节肢动物门表现出极强的偏好性,而对水环境中相对丰度较高的绿藻门、硅藻门及腹毛动物门等则表现出明显的避食倾向。大刺鳅各体长组主要摄食种类未发生根本性转变,在门分类水平上以环节动物门和节肢动物门为主。

结论

大刺鳅消化道结构呈食道润滑—胃部膨大—前肠主导吸收的典型肉食性鱼类形态适应特征。大刺鳅属于广谱肉食性鱼类,其摄食选择遵循最佳觅食理论,在门和种分类水平上对节肢动物和环节动物具有较强的主动选择性,对低营养能级的浮游藻类表现出避食倾向。随个体发育,口裂限制与能量代谢需求驱动其食性偏好向节肢动物类群偏移。

, authors=王菊林1, 2, 刘正海3, 周贤君1, 2, *, *, 姚俊杰1, 2, *, *, authorsList=王菊林, 刘正海, 周贤君, 姚俊杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周贤君, 姚俊杰, authorNote=

王菊林(1999-),https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3619-9169,研究方向为鱼类基础生物学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
周贤君(1978-),https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0183-7609,博士,副教授,主要从事鱼类基础生物学研究工作,E-mail:
姚俊杰(1968-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-3353,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水生动物繁殖与发育生物学研究工作,E-mail:
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Aquaculture545:737194., articleTitle=Bulk and Single-cell RNA-Seq reveal the sexually dimorphic expression pattern of dmrtb1 in zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302224773883387949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, doi=10.1007/s10695-020-00895-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=47, issue=null, pageStart=69, pageEnd=78, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=74, authorNames=Zhong D M, Zhang M Q, Lan X X, Li S S, Shu H, journalName=Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhong D MZhang M QLan X XLi S SShu H. 2020. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of growth hormone-releasing hormone in Mastacembelus armatus[J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry47:69-78., articleTitle=Molecular cloning and functional characterization of growth hormone-releasing hormone in Mastacembelus armatus, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302224752437912479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302224752446301088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, companyId=1302224752437912479, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Research Center of Fishery Resources and Environment,Guizhou University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302224752458884001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, companyId=1302224752437912479, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1贵州大学渔业资源与环境研究中心,贵州 贵阳 550025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302224752525992866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302224752530187171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, companyId=1302224752525992866, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics,Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region,Ministry of Education,Guizhou University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302224752538575780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, companyId=1302224752525992866, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2贵州大学高原山地动物遗传育种与繁殖教育部重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302224752605684645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302224752626656166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, companyId=1302224752605684645, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Qiannan Prefecture,Guizhou Province,Qiannan,Guizhou 558000,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302224752639239079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, companyId=1302224752605684645, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3贵州省黔南州农业农村局,贵州 黔南 558000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302224757559157703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=, figureFileSmall=Ur9bH2LGfXaZWhBIq0bHzQ==, figureFileBig=rVwqnoYu7vvFRNhBu4/Ddw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224757945033672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大刺鳅消化道组织HE染色结果

A、B、C、D、E分别为食道横切、胃、前肠、中肠、后肠组织HE染色切片;S:浆膜;LM:纵肌;CM:环肌;SM:黏膜下层;M:黏膜层;TP:固有膜;MF:黏膜褶皱;SSE:复层扁平上皮;SCE:单层柱状上皮;IV:肠绒毛;GC:杯状细胞

, figureFileSmall=Ur9bH2LGfXaZWhBIq0bHzQ==, figureFileBig=rVwqnoYu7vvFRNhBu4/Ddw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224758377046985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Relative abundance of biological communities at phylum level in aquatic environment, figureFileSmall=Tten+hXId4bwg2bcnzd++w==, figureFileBig=+QHkIt2diiVbTlWaHl0FRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224758456738762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水环境中微生物群落在门分类水平上的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=Tten+hXId4bwg2bcnzd++w==, figureFileBig=+QHkIt2diiVbTlWaHl0FRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224758523847627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Relative abundance of biological communities at species level in aquatic environment, figureFileSmall=Rpabv7MRpfLn+h5UDlsH1Q==, figureFileBig=CGouhg+YjHLlfbxtfu5osA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224758578373580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水环境中微生物群落在种分类水平上的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=Rpabv7MRpfLn+h5UDlsH1Q==, figureFileBig=CGouhg+YjHLlfbxtfu5osA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224758700008397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Relative abundance of stomach contents of Mastacembelus armatus at phylum level, figureFileSmall=/aZTXTUu5tSBamc0ZjcX+w==, figureFileBig=mlYhN0bHBxNR/q/9WGcANg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224758783894478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=图4, caption=大刺鳅胃含物在门分类水平上的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=/aZTXTUu5tSBamc0ZjcX+w==, figureFileBig=mlYhN0bHBxNR/q/9WGcANg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224758855197647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Relative abundance of stomach contents of Mastacembelus armatus at species level, figureFileSmall=W10VJrQjF//YnAb5WXTYzA==, figureFileBig=+Mc3NflkJbHwCyf6/RCB7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224759119438800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=图5, caption=大刺鳅胃含物在种分类水平上的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=W10VJrQjF//YnAb5WXTYzA==, figureFileBig=+Mc3NflkJbHwCyf6/RCB7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224759178159057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Relative abundance of feed types at phylum level among different body length groups of Mastacembelus armatus, figureFileSmall=/lVvB27Ljm2j87c0uB23lA==, figureFileBig=3TaONihkJxeIy3T8OyWyrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224759236879314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=图6, caption=大刺鳅胃含物在门分类水平上各体长组食物种类的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=/lVvB27Ljm2j87c0uB23lA==, figureFileBig=3TaONihkJxeIy3T8OyWyrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224759303988179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Relative abundance of feed types at species level among different body length groups of Mastacembelus armatus, figureFileSmall=d0+o45qnh23lWdB50M41Hg==, figureFileBig=SX2TZOIBd0t92syTWcqY9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224759538869204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=图7, caption=大刺鳅胃含物在种分类水平各体长组食物种类的相对丰度, figureFileSmall=d0+o45qnh23lWdB50M41Hg==, figureFileBig=SX2TZOIBd0t92syTWcqY9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302224759601783765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sampling information of stomach contents and water samples of Mastacembelus armatus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
Group
样本编号
Sample code
样本数量
Sample count
平均体质量(g)
Average body mass
平均体长(mm)
Average body length
A


B


C


D


W
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D3
W1
W2
W3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
21.24±2.03
22.12±2.52
19.83±2.23
33.63±3.33
30.37±2.63
30.24±6.13
51.42±7.00
47.43±2.88
49.85±2.71
123.17±29.15
168.82±36.98
111.19±17.24
190.31±5.41
191.24±4.58
189.56±3.99
228.24±5.11
219.05±10.81
216.60±15.26
264.64±10.80
259.60±6.10
263.08±2.92
346.03±17.23
371.50±26.58
332.21±20.80
), ArticleFig(id=1302224759656309718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大刺鳅胃含物及水样取样信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
Group
样本编号
Sample code
样本数量
Sample count
平均体质量(g)
Average body mass
平均体长(mm)
Average body length
A


B


C


D


W
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D3
W1
W2
W3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
21.24±2.03
22.12±2.52
19.83±2.23
33.63±3.33
30.37±2.63
30.24±6.13
51.42±7.00
47.43±2.88
49.85±2.71
123.17±29.15
168.82±36.98
111.19±17.24
190.31±5.41
191.24±4.58
189.56±3.99
228.24±5.11
219.05±10.81
216.60±15.26
264.64±10.80
259.60±6.10
263.08±2.92
346.03±17.23
371.50±26.58
332.21±20.80
), ArticleFig(id=1302224759736001495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Intestinal indexes of Mastacembelus armatus(μm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肠道指数 Intestinal index前肠 Foregut中肠 Midgut后肠 Hindgut
皱褶高度Fold height768.46±45.48a527.64±18.86b515.11±27.95b
皱褶宽度Fold width114.87±26.0787.67±14.7279.67±12.15
肌层厚度Muscle layer thickness119.70±15.92b202.91±7.80a214.50±14.50a
), ArticleFig(id=1302224760012825560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大刺鳅肠道指数(μm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肠道指数 Intestinal index前肠 Foregut中肠 Midgut后肠 Hindgut
皱褶高度Fold height768.46±45.48a527.64±18.86b515.11±27.95b
皱褶宽度Fold width114.87±26.0787.67±14.7279.67±12.15
肌层厚度Muscle layer thickness119.70±15.92b202.91±7.80a214.50±14.50a
), ArticleFig(id=1302224760071545817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Main feed composition of stomach contents of Mastacembelus armatus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纲 Class科 Family属 Genus
软甲纲 Malacostraca长臂虾科 Palaemonidae沼虾属 Macrobrachium
匙指虾科 Atyidae新米虾属 Neocaridina
昆虫纲 Insecta蜉蝣科 Ephemeridae蜉蝣属 Ephemera
大蜻科 MacromiidaePhyllomacromia
四节蜉科 Baetidae突唇蜉属 Labiobaetis
扁蜉科 Heptageniidae亚非蜉属Afronurus
春蜓科 Gomphidae戴春蜓属 Davidius
纹石蛾科 Hydropsychidae纹石蛾属 Cheumatopsyche
长足虻科 Dolichopodidae长足虻属 Sympycnus
辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopterygii鲤科 Cyprinidae鲤属 Cyprinus
鲢属 Hypophthalmichthys
鳢科Channidae鳢属 Channa
慈鲷科 Cichlidae罗非鱼属 Oreochromis
鱵科 Hemiramphidae下鱵鱼属 Hyporhamphus
虾虎鱼科Gobiidae栉孔虾虎鱼属 Ctenotrypauchen
双壳纲 Bivalvia蚬科 Corbiculidae蚬属Corbicula
沼蛤科 Mytilidae沼蛤属Limnoperna
蛭态纲 Bdelloidea旋轮科 Philodinidae轮虫属Rotaria
轮虫纲Rotifera疣毛轮虫科 Synchaetidae多肢轮虫属Polyarthra
臂尾轮虫科 Brachionidae臂尾轮虫属 Keratella
鼠轮科 Trichoceridae异尾轮虫属Pompholyx
环带纲Clitellata巨蚓科Megascolecidae远盲蚓属Amynthas
), ArticleFig(id=1302224760142848986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

大刺鳅胃含物的主要食物组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纲 Class科 Family属 Genus
软甲纲 Malacostraca长臂虾科 Palaemonidae沼虾属 Macrobrachium
匙指虾科 Atyidae新米虾属 Neocaridina
昆虫纲 Insecta蜉蝣科 Ephemeridae蜉蝣属 Ephemera
大蜻科 MacromiidaePhyllomacromia
四节蜉科 Baetidae突唇蜉属 Labiobaetis
扁蜉科 Heptageniidae亚非蜉属Afronurus
春蜓科 Gomphidae戴春蜓属 Davidius
纹石蛾科 Hydropsychidae纹石蛾属 Cheumatopsyche
长足虻科 Dolichopodidae长足虻属 Sympycnus
辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopterygii鲤科 Cyprinidae鲤属 Cyprinus
鲢属 Hypophthalmichthys
鳢科Channidae鳢属 Channa
慈鲷科 Cichlidae罗非鱼属 Oreochromis
鱵科 Hemiramphidae下鱵鱼属 Hyporhamphus
虾虎鱼科Gobiidae栉孔虾虎鱼属 Ctenotrypauchen
双壳纲 Bivalvia蚬科 Corbiculidae蚬属Corbicula
沼蛤科 Mytilidae沼蛤属Limnoperna
蛭态纲 Bdelloidea旋轮科 Philodinidae轮虫属Rotaria
轮虫纲Rotifera疣毛轮虫科 Synchaetidae多肢轮虫属Polyarthra
臂尾轮虫科 Brachionidae臂尾轮虫属 Keratella
鼠轮科 Trichoceridae异尾轮虫属Pompholyx
环带纲Clitellata巨蚓科Megascolecidae远盲蚓属Amynthas
), ArticleFig(id=1302224760377730011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Feeding selectivity of Mastacembelus armatus at phylum level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Phylum
相对丰度(%)
Relative abundance
E
胃含物
Stomach content
水样
Water sample
节肢动物门 Arthropoda47.661.810.93
环节动物门 Annelida25.741.730.87
绿藻门 Chlorophyta10.6240.34-0.58
纤毛虫门 Ciliophora5.631.250.64
脊索动物门 Chordata2.600.070.95
轮虫动物门 Rotifera1.021.41-0.16
丝足虫门 Cercozoa0.680.13
Ascomycota0.350.02
Mucoromycota0.320.19
软体动物门 Mollusca0.291.97-0.74
顶复动物门 Apicomplexa0.25<0.01
硅藻门 Bacillariophyta0.180.97-0.69
Chytridiomycota0.131.03-0.78
Evosea0.130.02
腹毛动物门 Gastrotricha0.121.29-0.83
链形植物门 Streptophyta0.070.08
Tubulinea0.04<0.01
Endomyxa0.040.10
Porifera0.020.05
担子菌门 Basidiomycota0.020.02
线虫动物门 Nematoda0.010.07
Zoopagomycota0.01<0.01
Rhodophyta0.01<0.01
刺胞动物门 Cnidaria0.010.04
), ArticleFig(id=1302224760449033180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

大刺鳅在门分类水平上的摄食选择性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Phylum
相对丰度(%)
Relative abundance
E
胃含物
Stomach content
水样
Water sample
节肢动物门 Arthropoda47.661.810.93
环节动物门 Annelida25.741.730.87
绿藻门 Chlorophyta10.6240.34-0.58
纤毛虫门 Ciliophora5.631.250.64
脊索动物门 Chordata2.600.070.95
轮虫动物门 Rotifera1.021.41-0.16
丝足虫门 Cercozoa0.680.13
Ascomycota0.350.02
Mucoromycota0.320.19
软体动物门 Mollusca0.291.97-0.74
顶复动物门 Apicomplexa0.25<0.01
硅藻门 Bacillariophyta0.180.97-0.69
Chytridiomycota0.131.03-0.78
Evosea0.130.02
腹毛动物门 Gastrotricha0.121.29-0.83
链形植物门 Streptophyta0.070.08
Tubulinea0.04<0.01
Endomyxa0.040.10
Porifera0.020.05
担子菌门 Basidiomycota0.020.02
线虫动物门 Nematoda0.010.07
Zoopagomycota0.01<0.01
Rhodophyta0.01<0.01
刺胞动物门 Cnidaria0.010.04
), ArticleFig(id=1302224760516142045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Feeding selectivity of Mastacembelus armatus at species level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Species
相对丰度(%)
Relative abundance
E
胃含物
Stomach content
水样
Water sample
Phyllomacromia nyanzana24.860.360.97
Amynthas sp. GZ201102-0316.850.710.92
细螯沼虾 Macrobrachium superbum11.680.830.87
Amynthas sp. GZ201103-018.811.020.79
多齿新米虾 Neocaridina denticulata6.090.020.99
Afronurus levis4.500.100.96
Metafolliculina producta4.37<0.01
Hafniomonas reticulata2.7330.09-0.83
马索隐藻 Cryptomonas marssonii1.4520.22-0.87
Acutodesmus sp. AJ61.2120.38-0.89
被甲栅藻 Scenedesmus armatus0.880.34
Folliculina sp.0.88<0.01
Ctenotrypauchen chinensis0.77<0.01
转轮虫Rotaria rotatoria0.680.13
Desmodesmus sp. XFLZ928.60.560.05
尼罗罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus0.500.02
Goniomonas sp. HFCC1570.455.13-0.84
Neocercomonas sp.0.430.02
间下鱵 Hyporhamphus intermedius0.400.02
沙氏下鱵 Hyporhamphus sajori0.400.02
Monoraphidium sp. HSJA20.370.43
Desmodesmus sp. GM4j0.37<0.01
Uroglena sp. CCMP27680.363.40-0.81
Desmodesmus sp. GM4i0.300.03
Desmodesmus abundans0.290.40
Sinomytilus harmandi0.281.88
Mortierella sp. MS-60.25<0.01
Neochloris aquatica0.230.40
乌鳢 Channa argus0.21<0.01
Coelastrella sp.0.210.50
), ArticleFig(id=1302224760583250910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302224747408941964, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

大刺鳅在种分类水平上的摄食选择性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Species
相对丰度(%)
Relative abundance
E
胃含物
Stomach content
水样
Water sample
Phyllomacromia nyanzana24.860.360.97
Amynthas sp. GZ201102-0316.850.710.92
细螯沼虾 Macrobrachium superbum11.680.830.87
Amynthas sp. GZ201103-018.811.020.79
多齿新米虾 Neocaridina denticulata6.090.020.99
Afronurus levis4.500.100.96
Metafolliculina producta4.37<0.01
Hafniomonas reticulata2.7330.09-0.83
马索隐藻 Cryptomonas marssonii1.4520.22-0.87
Acutodesmus sp. AJ61.2120.38-0.89
被甲栅藻 Scenedesmus armatus0.880.34
Folliculina sp.0.88<0.01
Ctenotrypauchen chinensis0.77<0.01
转轮虫Rotaria rotatoria0.680.13
Desmodesmus sp. XFLZ928.60.560.05
尼罗罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus0.500.02
Goniomonas sp. HFCC1570.455.13-0.84
Neocercomonas sp.0.430.02
间下鱵 Hyporhamphus intermedius0.400.02
沙氏下鱵 Hyporhamphus sajori0.400.02
Monoraphidium sp. HSJA20.370.43
Desmodesmus sp. GM4j0.37<0.01
Uroglena sp. CCMP27680.363.40-0.81
Desmodesmus sp. GM4i0.300.03
Desmodesmus abundans0.290.40
Sinomytilus harmandi0.281.88
Mortierella sp. MS-60.25<0.01
Neochloris aquatica0.230.40
乌鳢 Channa argus0.21<0.01
Coelastrella sp.0.210.50
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大刺鳅消化道显微结构特征及其食性分析
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王菊林 1, 2 , 刘正海 3 , 周贤君 1, 2, *, * , 姚俊杰 1, 2, *, *
南方农业学报 | 专题 2026,57(6): 1697-1708
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南方农业学报 |专题 2026 , 57 (6) : 1697 -1708
大刺鳅消化道显微结构特征及其食性分析
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王菊林1, 2 , 刘正海3, 周贤君1, 2, *, * , 姚俊杰1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1贵州大学渔业资源与环境研究中心,贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2贵州大学高原山地动物遗传育种与繁殖教育部重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 3贵州省黔南州农业农村局,贵州 黔南 558000
通讯作者:
周贤君(1978-),https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0183-7609,博士,副教授,主要从事鱼类基础生物学研究工作,E-mail:
姚俊杰(1968-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-3353,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水生动物繁殖与发育生物学研究工作,E-mail:
作者简介:

王菊林(1999-),https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3619-9169,研究方向为鱼类基础生物学,E-mail:

Digestive tract microstructure characteristics and dietary analysis of Mastacembelus armatus
Ju-lin WANG1, 2 , Zheng-hai LIU3, Xian-jun ZHOU1, 2 , Jun-jie YAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Research Center of Fishery Resources and Environment,Guizhou University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics,Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region,Ministry of Education,Guizhou University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025,China
  • 3Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Qiannan Prefecture,Guizhou Province,Qiannan,Guizhou 558000,China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.007
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目的

探究大刺鳅的消化道结构特征及食性特点,为开展野生大刺鳅人工扩繁驯养、种群资源保护与修复及合理利用提供理论依据。

方法

采用苏木精—伊红(HE)染色对大刺鳅消化道显微结构进行观察,并联合DNA宏条形码技术对其胃含物与食性特征进行分析。

结果

大刺鳅消化道具有完整的黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层及浆膜层4层结构;食道黏膜层内壁纵向褶皱发达且有分支,表面覆盖复层扁平上皮,上皮间有杯状细胞;胃是消化道中最膨大的器官,且黏膜层向内腔突起形成黏膜褶皱,由固有膜和单层柱状上皮构成,未见杯状细胞;肠道绒毛发达,前肠皱褶高度显著高于中肠和后肠(P<0.05)。胃含物18S rDNA宏条形码测序共检出24个门409个物种;在门分类水平上以节肢动物门、环节动物门和绿藻门等为主;在种分类水平上以Phyllomacromia nyanzanaAmynthas sp. GZ201102-03和细螯沼虾等为主。摄食选择性分析结果显示,大刺鳅对环节动物门和节肢动物门表现出极强的偏好性,而对水环境中相对丰度较高的绿藻门、硅藻门及腹毛动物门等则表现出明显的避食倾向。大刺鳅各体长组主要摄食种类未发生根本性转变,在门分类水平上以环节动物门和节肢动物门为主。

结论

大刺鳅消化道结构呈食道润滑—胃部膨大—前肠主导吸收的典型肉食性鱼类形态适应特征。大刺鳅属于广谱肉食性鱼类,其摄食选择遵循最佳觅食理论,在门和种分类水平上对节肢动物和环节动物具有较强的主动选择性,对低营养能级的浮游藻类表现出避食倾向。随个体发育,口裂限制与能量代谢需求驱动其食性偏好向节肢动物类群偏移。

大刺鳅  /  肠道结构  /  DNA宏条形码技术  /  食性
Objective

This study aimed to investigate digestive tract microstructure characteristics and dietary chara-cteristics of Mastacembelus armatus,providing theoretical reference for artificial propagation and domestication,population resource conservation and restoration,and appropriate utilization of wild Mastacembelus armatus.

Method

Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the digestive tract microstructure of Mastacembelus armatus,and DNA metabarcoding technology was utilized to analyze its dietary characteristics.

Result

The digestive tract of Mastacembelus armatus composed of four layers:the mucosal layer,submucosa,muscular layer,and serosal layer. The longitudinal folds of the mucosal layer in the esophagus were well-developed with branches,and the surface was covered with stratified squamous epithelium,with goblet cells interspersed among the epithelial cells. The stomach was the most expanded organ of the digestive tract,with the mucosal layer protruding inward to form mucosal folds,consisting of the lamina propria and simple columnar epithelium,with no goblet cells observed. The intestinal villi were well-developed,and the fold height in the foregut was significantly higher than that in the midgut and hindgut (P<0.05). A total of 409 species belonging to 24 phyla were identified from the stomach contents using 18S rDNA metabarcoding sequencing. At phylum level,the dominant groups were Arthropoda,Annelida,and Chlorophyta. At species level,the dominant species included Phyllomacromia nyanzanaAmynthas sp. GZ201102-03,and Macrobrachium superbum. The feeding selectivity analysis revealed that Mastacembelus armatus exhibited a strong preference for Annelida and Arthropoda,while showing a distinct avoidance tendency toward Chlorophyta,Bacillariophyta,and Gastrotricha,which were relatively abundant in the aquatic environment. No fundamental shift in the major dietary components was observed across different body length groups of Mastacembelus armatus,with Annelida and Arthropoda as the dominant groups at phylum level.

Conclusion

The digestive tract structure of Mastacembelus armatus exhibits typical morphological adaptations of carnivorous fish,characterized by a lubricating esophagus-expanded stomach-absorption dominated by foregut pattern. Mastacembelus armatus is a euryphagous carnivorous fish,and its feeding selection conforms to the optimal foraging theory,showing strong active selectivity for Arthropoda and Annelida at both phylum and species levels,while exhibiting avoidance toward low-trophic-level phytoplankton. With individual development,the limitations of mouth gape and energy metabolism demands drive its dietary preference to shift toward arthropod groups.

Mastacembelus armatus  /  intestinal structure  /  DNA meta-barcoding technology  /  diet
王菊林, 刘正海, 周贤君, 姚俊杰. 大刺鳅消化道显微结构特征及其食性分析. 南方农业学报, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1697 -1708 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.007
Ju-lin WANG, Zheng-hai LIU, Xian-jun ZHOU, Jun-jie YAO. Digestive tract microstructure characteristics and dietary analysis of Mastacembelus armatus[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1697 -1708 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.007
【研究意义】水生动物食性分析是开展生物学和生态学研究的重要内容,也是水生动物资源保护、生态修复和人工养殖工作的基础。鱼类的食性特征与其消化系统形态结构密切相关(李禹韬等,2025)。消化系统作为机体消化吸收食物、获取能量的核心场所(荣华等,2023),其形态结构直接反映鱼类摄食和消化特性,且与鱼类种类、食性等紧密关联(熊冬梅,2010)。肠道作为鱼类消化系统的核心器官,除了承担消化吸收和废物排出等功能外,也是反映食性和环境适应能力的重要指标,其结构直接影响鱼类生长发育(王晓艳等,2025)。一般而言,肉食性鱼类肠道直径大、结构发达,便于容纳吸收食物;杂食性鱼类前肠黏膜皱褶密集,消化功能强;草食性鱼类肠绒毛发达,能有效吸收水生植物中低含量营养物质(蔡伟杰等,2023)。探究大刺鳅(Mastacembelus armatus)消化道显微结构特征并进行食性分析,可为其资源保护与合理开发利用提供理论依据。【前人研究进展】大刺鳅隶属于合鳃目(Symbranchiformes)刺鳅科(Mastacembelidae)刺鳅属(Mastacembelus),多见于东南亚地区及中国各种水域(赖铭勇,2024)。大刺鳅营养价值丰富,氨基酸种类多,是深受消费者喜爱的经济鱼类。目前,国内外针对大刺鳅的研究已覆盖组织病理学(Pardeshi et al.,2012;Vankara and Chikkam,2013)、养殖技术(曾庆祥等,2016)、生长相关基因克隆(Zhong et al.,2020)、肠道微生物(Liu et al.,2022)和遗传多样性(陈锭娴等,2025)等多个领域。关于消化系统特征与食性的研究在鲫(Carassius auratus)(相玺玺等,2009)、翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)(许宝红等,2011)、青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)(蔡伟杰等,2023)和硬刺松潘裸鲤(Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus)(梁吉等,2024)等鱼类中已有报道。在食性研究方面,前人利用宏条形码技术对柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)(王欣等,2024)、花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni)(周翘楚等,2024)、斑鳠(Hemibagrus guttatus)(蒙庆米等,2025)和刀鲚(Coilia nasus)(朱春月等,2025)等物种的食性进行了分析。传统的胃含物形态鉴定法是应用最早且最广泛的鱼类食性研究方法,主要依赖胃肠内未被完全消化的组织或器官的形态特征进行饵料生物识别。然而,这种方法对观察人员的专业性要求极高,且饵料往往残缺不全,难以获取完整、准确的饵料种类组成信息(高小迪等,2018陈晓雷等,2022)。随着分子生物学技术的不断发展,人们开始利用高通量测序技术鉴定胃含物中的物种(Barnett et al.,2010)。DNA宏条形码技术利用高通量测序技术大量获得样本中多种条形码基因序列,能捕获低频次的DNA序列,还具备检测灵敏度高、所需样本量少、鉴定准确度高、不受胃含物消化程度影响等核心优势(徐静静等,2023),能更好地检测鱼类的食性。【本研究切入点】近年来,野生大刺鳅的大量捕捞导致其资源骤降,现已成为福建、广东和贵州等地重点保护的野生鱼类(Xue et al.,2021),但目前仅在桃江水域和东江水域开展过基于传统胃内容物分析的大刺鳅食性研究(黄永春,1999马本贺等,2022),对大刺鳅的食性仍知之甚少。【拟解决的关键问题】以都柳江三都段的大刺鳅为试验对象,观察其消化道显微结构并利用DNA宏条形码技术探究其食物组成及摄食选择性,以期深入认识大刺鳅种群食性的基本信息及其生物学与生态学特征,为开展野生大刺鳅人工扩繁驯养、种群资源保护与修复提供理论依据。
胃含物及消化道采集:2025年8月在都柳江三都段(25°49′N~26°08′N,107°46′E~108°06′E)采用地笼法捕获大刺鳅样本,共获得127尾,体长218.53±53.78 mm。样本采集后立即测量体长和体质量,按体长划分为4组:≤200 mm(A组)、201~250 mm(B组)、251~300 mm(C组)、≥301 mm(D组)。每组随机挑选9尾大刺鳅,用100 mg/L MS-222麻醉后,以75%乙醇冲洗鱼体表面,解剖取出胃含物装入5 mL冻存管中,液氮速冻保存。另随机取5尾大刺鳅消化道,保存于中性甲醛中备用。动物试验由贵州大学实验动物伦理分委员会批准,批准号EAE-GZU-2022-7084。
水样采集:在大刺鳅分布河道内设置3个采样点,用1 L采水器分别采集上、中、下层水样,充分混合后装入经消毒处理的玻璃容器中。水样在采集后24 h内,用0.22 μm滤膜进行真空抽滤,将滤膜(W组)放入液氮中速冻。大刺鳅胃含物及水样的取样信息见表1
消化道组织样本经乙醇梯度脱水、二甲苯透明、石蜡包埋后,切成5 μm厚切片,采用HE染色于显微镜下观察消化道组织结构。
参照OMEGA试剂盒说明,分别提取大刺鳅胃含物及水样宏基因组DNA。将大刺鳅胃含物按体长分组,每组随机取3个胃含物混合成一个样本,共获得12个胃含物混合样本进行后续分析测试。采用带有Barcode的18S V4区特异性引物(F:5'-GGCA AGTCTGGTGCCAG-3';R:5'-ACGGTATCTRATCR TCTTTCG-3')对胃含物及水样DNA进行PCR扩增。从2%琼脂糖凝胶中提取扩增产物,使用AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit试剂盒[爱思进生物技术(杭州)有限公司]进行纯化,用Qubit®3.0进行定量。检测合格后,使用NEB Next® UltraTM DNA Library Prep Kit试剂盒构建DNA文库。最后使用MGISEQ-99测序平台(上海凌恩生物科技有限公司)在PE300模式下对文库进行18S rDNA高通量测序。
使用Trimmomatic和Perl脚本进行质控,采用DADA2算法识别插入缺失突变和替换。在合并配对读段和嵌合体过滤之后,通过uclust算法(http://www.drive5.com/usearch/manual/uclust_algo.html)以80%的置信度阈值针进行NT数据库每个序列的系统发育归属分析。采用RDP Classifie比对NCBI数据库,注释各个水平的物种信息。大刺鳅的摄食偏好采用Ivlev选择性指数(E)进行分析,计算公式如下:
E=(ri-pi)/(ri+pi
公式中,ri为门类或种类在大刺鳅胃含物中的相对丰度,pi为该食物类群在水环境中的相对丰度。E的取值范围为[-1,1],当E=-1时,表明大刺鳅对i门类或种类存在避食行为;当E=1时,表明大刺鳅对i门类或种类具有主动选择性;当E趋近于0时,表明大刺鳅对i门类或种类为随机摄食(宋伦等,2022)。
大刺鳅的消化道组织HE染色结果如图1所示。食道(图1-A):大刺鳅食道呈典型的4层结构,包括黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜层;黏膜层内壁纵向褶皱发达且有分支,表面覆盖复层扁平上皮,上皮间有杯状细胞;黏膜下层为疏松结缔组织,与肌层相连;最外层为浆膜层。胃(图1-B):胃为消化道中最膨大的器官,同样具有黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜层4层结构;黏膜层向内腔突起形成黏膜褶皱,由固有膜和单层柱状上皮构成,未见杯状细胞。肠(图1-C~图1-E和表2):肠同样由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜层4层结构组成;黏膜层具有指状绒毛,绒毛几乎充满整个肠腔,上皮细胞间有杯状细胞;前肠皱褶高度显著高于中肠和后肠(P<0.05,下同);前肠、中肠和后肠的褶皱宽度差异不显著(P>0.05);黏膜下层为疏松结缔组织;肌层厚度由前肠至后肠呈升高趋势,中肠和后肠肌层厚度显著大于前肠。
经18S rDNA高通量测序3份水环境样本,每个样本平均获得60812条有效序列,有效序列平均长度为422 bp。水环境中,共获得306个物种,隶属于23个门。在门分类水平上(图2),绿藻门(Chlorophyta,40.34%)占绝对优势;门分类水平上占比>1.00%的类群包括软体动物门(Mollusca,1.97%)、节肢动物门(Arthropoda,1.81%)、环节动物门(Annelida,1.73%)、轮虫动物门(Rotifera,1.41%)、腹毛动物门(Gastrotricha,1.29%)、纤毛虫门(Ciliophora,1.25%)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota,1.03%)。在种分类水平上(图3),Hafniomonas reticulata(30.09%)占据主要优势,其次为马索隐藻(Cryptomonas marssonii,20.22%);种分类水平上占比>1.00%的种有Goniomonas sp. HFCC157(5.13%)、Uroglena sp. CCMP 2768(3.40%)、Cryptomonas curvata(2.18%)、鱼鳞藻(Mallomonas elevata,2.11%)、Sinomytilus harmandi(1.88%)、Rhodomonas sp. NIES-2332(1.26%)和Amy-nthas sp. GZ201103-01(1.02%)。
大刺鳅12份胃含物样本经测序,每个样本平均获得60146条有效序列,有效序列平均长度为428 bp,隶属于24个门,共计409个物种。在门分类水平上(图4),大刺鳅胃含物序列中占比最丰富的是节肢动物门(47.66%),其次是环节动物门(25.74%)和绿藻门(10.62%),其他占比超过1.00%的门类有纤毛虫门(5.63%)、脊索动物门(Chordata,2.60%)和轮虫动物门(1.01%)。在种分类水平上(图5),优势种包括Phyllomacro-mia nyanzana(24.86%)、Amynthas sp. GZ201102-03(16.85%)、细螯沼虾(Macrobrachium superbum,11.68%)、Amynthas sp. GZ201103-01(8.81%)、多齿新米虾(Neocaridina denticulata,6.09%)、Afronurus levis(4.50%)、Metafolliculina producta(4.36%)、Hafnio-monas reticulata(2.73%)、马索隐藻(1.45%)和Acutodesmus sp. AJ6(1.21%)。
大刺鳅胃含物中的主要物种如表3所示,主要由软甲纲、昆虫纲、辐鳍鱼纲、双壳纲、蛭态纲、轮虫纲和环带纲组成。软甲纲主要包括沼虾属(Macrobrachium新米虾属(Neocaridina),昆虫纲主要包括蜉蝣属(Epheme-ra)、Phyllomacromia、突唇蜉属(Labiobaetis)、亚非蜉属(Afronurus)、戴春蜓属(Davidius)、纹石蛾属(Cheumatopsyche)和长足虻属(Sympycnus),辐鳍鱼纲主要包括鲤属(Cyprinus)、鲢属(Hypophthalmichthys鳢属(Channa罗非鱼属(Oreochromis下鱵鱼属(Hyporhamphus)和栉孔虾虎鱼属(Ctenotrypau-chen),双壳纲主要包括蚬属(Corbicula)和沼蛤属(Limnoperna),蛭态纲主要包括轮虫属(Rotaria),轮虫纲主要包括多肢轮虫属(Polyarthra)、臂尾轮虫属(Keratella)和异尾轮虫属(Pompholyx),环带纲主要包括远盲蚓属(Amynthas)。
大刺鳅在门分类水平上的摄食选择性分析结果如表4所示。大刺鳅对节肢动物门(E=0.93)、环节动物门(E=0.87)和脊索动物门(E=0.95)表现出极强的偏好性;对绿藻门(E=-0.58)、硅藻门(Bacillario-phyta,E=-0.69)和腹毛动物门(E=-0.83)则表现出明显的避食倾向。
大刺鳅在种分类水平上的摄食选择性分析结果如表5所示。大刺鳅对Phyllomacromia nyanzanaE=0.97)、Amynthas sp. GZ201102-03(E=0.92)、细螯沼虾(E=0.87)、Amynthas sp. GZ201103-01(E=0.79)、多齿新米虾(E=0.99)和Afronurus levisE=0.96)均表现出极强的偏好性;而对Hafniomonas reticulataE=-0.83)、马索隐藻(E=-0.87)、Acutodesmus sp. AJ6(E=-0.89)和Goniomonas sp. HFCC157(E=-0.84)等藻类具有明显的避食倾向。
在门分类水平上(图6),A组以环节动物门(53.55%)、节肢动物门(14.89%)和绿藻门(11.69%)为主;B组以节肢动物门(30.41%)、绿藻门(23.95%)和环节动物门(16.32%)为主;C组以节肢动物门(72.95%)和环节动物门(11.16%)为主;D组以节肢动物门(72.41%)、环节动物门(21.95%)和绿藻门(1.49%)为主。
在种分类水平上(图7),A组以Amynthas sp. GZ201102-03(47.61%)、Afronurus levis(8.93%)和Amynthas sp. GZ201103-01(5.88%)为主;B组以Phyllomacromia nyanzana(17.18%)、Amynthas sp. GZ201102-03(14.25%)和Metafolliculina producta(12.64%)为主;C组以细螯沼虾(27.08%)、Phyllomacromia nyanzana(23.05%)和多齿新米虾(20.89%)为主;D组以Phyllomacromia nyanzana(57.39%)、Amynthas sp. GZ201103-01(20.49%)和细螯沼虾(13.97%)为主。
鱼类的消化道结构与其食性密切相关,肉食性鱼类为适配高蛋白动物性饵料的摄取、储存与高效消化需求,往往演化出食道润滑功能完善、胃膨大发达、肠道分化明确且前肠吸收能力突出等典型特征(王之轶等,2025)。本研究HE染色结果显示,大刺鳅消化道具有完整的黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜层结构且功能分化清晰,具备明显膨大的胃、发达的食道褶皱与杯状细胞、前皱褶高度特化等特征,均符合典型肉食性鱼类的消化道结构,与大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)(赵柳兰等,2018)和斑鳠(刘亚秋等,2019)等肉食性鱼类的研究结果一致,进一步印证了大刺鳅的肉食性生态位属性。马本贺等(2022)对东江和桃江水域大刺鳅消化道结构与食性的研究结果显示,大刺鳅的消化道形态与组织学结构是其肉食性的适应性演化结果,本研究结果与之相符。
食道作为食物进入消化道的首要通道,其结构特征直接影响鱼类对猎物的吞咽效率(罗国芝等,2025)。本研究结果显示,大刺鳅食道黏膜层内壁纵向褶皱发达且有分支,表面覆盖复层扁平上皮,上皮间有杯状细胞。发达的纵向褶皱可随猎物大小弹性扩张,提升食道容纳空间,以适配大刺鳅无咀嚼直接吞入猎物的摄食习性;杯状细胞分泌的黏液可在食道内壁形成润滑界面,降低猎物与食道壁的摩擦阻力,减少机械损伤,二者协同实现对整体性猎物的高效吞咽。这一特征与同样以整体性猎物为食的兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)和鲇(Silurus asotus)高度相似(杨元昊等,2017),进一步证实了该结构在肉食性鱼类吞咽功能中的适应性意义(任永丽等,2020)。
胃是鱼类储存食物与初步消化的关键器官,本研究结果显示,大刺鳅的胃是消化道中最膨大的部分,且黏膜层向内腔突起形成黏膜褶皱,由固有膜和单层柱状上皮构成,未见杯状细胞。马本贺等(2022)研究发现,大刺鳅具有V型膨大胃体,本研究不仅验证了这一特征,并进一步发现大刺鳅食道的复层扁平上皮在胃部转变为单层柱状上皮,且杯状细胞完全消失,这种组织学转变是消化道功能从润滑吞咽向消化吸收精准过渡的关键标志,明确了结构形态与功能定位的内在关联。大刺鳅膨大的胃体能够显著提升食物储存容量,适应肉食性鱼类单次大量摄食的习性;同时胃部能够分泌胃酸与胃蛋白酶,实现对动物性饵料中蛋白质的初步分解,体现了其胃器官在食物储存与初步消化功能上的趋同适应。
肠道作为食物消化吸收的核心场所,其绒毛密集程度、黏膜褶皱高度、宽度和肌层厚度等与消化吸收效率、物质转运功能密切相关。本研究结果显示,大刺鳅前肠皱褶高度显著高于中肠与后肠,且绒毛几乎充满整个肠腔,该结构能最大化扩大黏膜吸收面积,增强肠道对蛋白质和脂肪等营养物质的消化吸收能力,提示前肠可能是大刺鳅消化与初步吸收的主要部位,与大口黑鲈(赵柳兰等,2018)和斑鳠(刘亚秋等,2019)等肉食性鱼类的研究结果一致。此外,与前肠相比,大刺鳅中肠、后肠的皱褶高度显著降低,表明其消化吸收能力逐渐减弱;肌层厚度由前肠至后肠呈升高趋势,中肠与后肠的肌层厚度显著大于前肠。肠道肌层的主要功能是通过蠕动实现食物转运,后肠肌层的增厚能增强肠道蠕动能力,有利于将未消化的食物残渣和粪便迅速排出体外,与向枭等(2005)对肉食性鱼类肠道功能的研究结果相符。
从大刺鳅的食物组成来看,大刺鳅属于食谱较广的肉食性鱼类。其胃含物中共检测出食物409种,隶属24个门。节肢动物门和环节动物门是其主要的摄食对象。节肢动物门中的Phyllomacromia nyanzana为优势种,其次是环节动物门中的Amynthas sp. GZ201102-03。除此之外,大刺鳅还摄食少量绿藻门、纤毛虫门和轮虫动物门等,与恒河鳠(Mystus tengara)(Mitu and Alam,2016)和斑鳠(蒙庆米等,2025)等肉食性鱼类相似。黄永春(1999)马本贺等(2022)研究发现,动物性饵料是大刺鳅的绝对主导食物来源,无明显植食性倾向,印证了大刺鳅肉食性生态位的稳定性,本研究结果与之相符。同时,本研究结果与马本贺等(2022)对相似体长组大刺鳅的研究结果高度契合,均明确节肢动物类是大刺鳅的首要摄食类群,体现了其食性对节肢动物饵料的固有偏好。
传统胃内容物镜检法受限于饵料生物的残存状态,仅能鉴定出虾类、水生昆虫和鱼类等体型较大的饵料类群,无法捕捉到体型微小的饵料生物。本研究利用DNA宏条形码技术进一步拓展了大刺鳅食物组成的类别,在门分类水平上检测到纤毛虫门、脊索动物门和轮虫动物门等传统镜检法未发现的类群,表明大刺鳅对小型动物性饵料也具有较强的摄食能力,进一步佐证了其食谱的广谱性。在种分类水平上,本研究鉴定出Phyllomacromia nyanzanaAmynthas sp. GZ201102-03和Amynthas sp. GZ201103-01等优势物种,尤其是环节动物门环带纲远盲蚓属物种的检出,明确了该属是大刺鳅除节肢动物外的另一重要食物来源,为深入解析大刺鳅的食物资源提供了有利依据。黄永春(1999)研究发现,汀江水域大刺鳅以水生昆虫为核心饵料(重量占比50.95%);马本贺等(2022)研究表明,东江和桃江水域大刺鳅以虾类为绝对优势饵料(IRI%达97.75%)。而本研究结果显示,大刺鳅以节肢动物门与环节动物门饵料并重。这种差异并非食性本质的改变,而是大刺鳅对不同水域饵料资源分布的适应性选择,体现了其食性的地域可塑性,也印证了鱼类对栖息地饵料资源的高度依赖性(张学健等,2010张波等,2014)。
鱼类对食物的选择,首先取决于其自身的营养需求和生理状态,同时也受到栖息环境中饵料生物的种类、数量及获取难易程度的影响(张学健等,2010张波等,2014)。本研究结果显示,水环境中的绿藻门占绝对优势,且大刺鳅胃含物中绿藻门也占有较大比例。绿藻门作为水环境中占比最大的门类,其数量大、分布广,更容易被捕食,说明大刺鳅的摄食选择受食物可获得性的影响。澳大利亚布氏棘鲷(Acanthopagrus butcheri)和斑鳠(蒙庆米等,2025)等研究同样证明了鱼类在觅食过程中会选择易获得性食物。此外,大刺鳅摄食表现出强烈的摄食偏好性。大刺鳅的摄食选择性分析结果揭示了大刺鳅并非随机摄食,而是表现出强烈的摄食选择性。其对节肢动物门、环节动物门和脊索动物门表现出极强的偏好,这些类群通常营养丰富、能量密度高,且易于捕获和消化,符合最优觅食理论对于能量收益最大化的预测。在种分类水平上,这种选择性更为具体。大刺鳅明显偏好捕食Phyllomacromia nyanzanaAmynthas sp. GZ201102-03、细螯沼虾和多齿新米虾等;相反,其对水体中相对丰度较高的Hafniomonas reticulata和马索隐藻等浮游藻类则表现出明显的避食倾向,进一步印证了其纯粹的肉食性生态位。
随着鱼类体长的变化,鱼类的食性也可能发生改变。食性的转变意味着食物种类的扩大,有利于鱼类自身的生长与繁殖(郭斌等,2010李振华等,2011)。本研究对大刺鳅4个体长组食性变化的分析结果显示,大刺鳅各体长组主要摄食种类未发生根本性转变,在门分类水平上以环节动物门和节肢动物门为主,但不同体长组的优势饵料类群存在差异,与李丹等(2024)对刀鲚摄食习性随个体发育未发生食性改变的研究结果相似。从相对丰度来看,A组主要以环带纲的远盲蚓类为食;B组主要以昆虫、虾类和远盲蚓类为食;C组以虾类等为主;D组则以昆虫等为主,表明体长较长的大刺鳅更倾向于选择昆虫和虾类。造成这种差异的原因主要有3个方面:首先,鱼的口裂大小是影响其摄食能力的关键因素之一(Lucifora et al.,2000),较小的口裂会限制捕食者摄取个体较大的饵料,从而直接影响其摄食选择与生态位;其次,为了缓解对食物资源利用的竞争,不同规格的个体可能占据不同的栖息地(Schoener,1974),进而影响其摄食选择;最后,也可能与大刺鳅的繁殖活动有关,体长较大的鱼类需要更充足的营养来满足自身生长和繁殖的代谢需求。
大刺鳅消化道结构呈现食道润滑—胃部膨大—前肠主导吸收的典型肉食性鱼类形态适应特征。大刺鳅属于广谱肉食性鱼类,其摄食选择遵循最佳觅食理论,在门和种分类水平上对节肢动物和环节动物具有较强的主动选择性,对低营养能级的浮游藻类表现出避食倾向。随个体发育,口裂限制与能量代谢需求驱动其食性偏好向节肢动物类群偏移。

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2026年第57卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.007
  • 接收时间:2026-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-13
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    1贵州大学渔业资源与环境研究中心,贵州 贵阳 550025
    2贵州大学高原山地动物遗传育种与繁殖教育部重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025
    3贵州省黔南州农业农村局,贵州 黔南 558000

通讯作者:

周贤君(1978-),https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0183-7609,博士,副教授,主要从事鱼类基础生物学研究工作,E-mail:
姚俊杰(1968-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-3353,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水生动物繁殖与发育生物学研究工作,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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