Article(id=1302212428486439186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772899200000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788401236888, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788401236888, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788401236888, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788401236888, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302212221539472091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, year='2026', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1956', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788401187547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405081323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1718, endPage=1728, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302212428650017043, articleId=1302212428486439186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=EN, title=Microstructure and ultrastructure observation of eggs and sperms of Hucho bleekeri, columnId=1302212330280997180, journalTitle=Journal of Southern Agriculture, columnName=Special Subject, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aimed to observe the normal morphological structure of eggs and sperms of Hucho bleekeri,compare differences in ultrastructure of sperms of varying motility,and reveal the intrinsic association between gamete ultrastructure damage and decreased motility in Hucho bleekeri,providing theoretical basis for optimizing its artificial breeding techniques.

Method

Sexually mature female and male Hucho bleekeri reared under artificial culture conditions were used as research subjects. The morphological structure of normal eggs and sperms in Hucho bleekeri was observed through histological analysis with scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Meanwhile,the differences in ultrastructure of sperms of varying motility were compared using the sperm motility detection system.

Result

In normal eggs of Hucho bleekeri,the nuclear membrane was dissolved,the nucleoli completely disappeared,and vacuoles distributed close to egg membrane. The egg membrane surface was smooth,the pores were uniform in size,the vestibular region of micropyle was flat,and the micropylar canal was relatively deep,belonging to type II. The structure of normal sperms in Hucho bleekeri was of flagellate type,consisting of three parts (head,midpiece,and tail). The head was elliptical or nearly rounded,without acrosomal structure,and intranuclear space (nuclear vacuole) was visible within the nucleus,with granular or homogeneous chromatins. The midpiece (neck) was short,consisting mainly of the centriolar complex and sleeve. The tail (flagellum) was slender and smooth,with the flagellar axoneme exhibiting the typical “9+2” microtubule arrangement. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that immotile Hucho bleekeri sperms displayed irregular head contours that were shrunken and collapsed,with an inconspicuous midpiece connecting structure,and the flagella were commonly broken and missing,unable to maintain normal morphology;highly motile sperms exhibited intact structure morphology,with plump ovoid heads,a tightly connected midpiece,slender flagella without obvious damage,and clear structures in all parts. Transmission electron microscope observations showed that in immotile Hucho bleekeri sperms,the mitochondrial structure was disrupted,the membranes were swollen,enlarged,and ruptured,and the internal electron density of mitochondria was decreased,with a wrinkled and uneven head surface,disrupted or disappeared nuclear membrane,and loose and even disintegrated chromatins;in highly motile sperms,the cytoplasm was dense,uniform,and compact,and the plasma membrane was intact with normal structure.

Conclusion

The oolemma of normal eggs in Hucho bleekeri is smooth,and the micropyle belongs to type II,with nucleoli completely disappeared and vacuoles distributed adjacent to egg membrane;normal sperms consist of three parts:the head,midpiece,and flagellum,exhibiting the typical acrosome-free structural characteristic of teleost fish,with the flagellar axoneme in a “9+2” microtubule arrangement. The structure integrity and maturity of the plasma membranes,nuclear membranes,mitochondria,and flagellar structure are directly associated with sperm motility in Hucho bleekeri,serving as key morphological indicators for evaluating semen quality and optimizing artificial breeding techniques.

, authors=Zhao LIU1, 2, Yi DENG3, Hua LI1, 2, Ye-yu CHEN1, 4, Huan-chao YANG1, 2, 4, Yan-ling CHEN1, 2, 4, Qin-yao WEI1, Ao-si ZOU3, Jue LIN1, 2, authorsList=Zhao LIU, Yi DENG, Hua LI, Ye-yu CHEN, Huan-chao YANG, Yan-ling CHEN, Qin-yao WEI, Ao-si ZOU, Jue LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jue LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302212432471028006, articleId=1302212428486439186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=CN, title=川陕哲罗鲑卵子和精子的显微与超微结构观察, columnId=1302212330461352254, journalTitle=南方农业学报, columnName=专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

观察川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子和精子的形态学结构,并比较不同活力精子的超微结构差异,揭示川陕哲罗鲑配子超微结构损伤与其活力下降的内在关联,为优化其人工繁育技术提供理论依据。

方法

以人工养殖性成熟的雌、雄性川陕哲罗鲑为研究对象,通过组织学结合扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜对川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子和精子的形态结构进行观察,同时结合精子活力检测系统比对不同活力精子的超微结构差异。

结果

川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的核膜溶解,核仁完全消失,在靠近卵膜位置分布有液泡;卵膜表面平整,壁孔大小均匀,受精孔前庭区平坦,精孔管较深,属于II型。川陕哲罗鲑正常精子的结构属于鞭毛型,由头部、中段和尾部3个部分组成;头部呈椭圆形或近圆形,无顶体结构,细胞核内可见空隙(核泡),其染色质呈颗粒状或均质状;中段(颈部)较短,其主要结构包括中心粒复合体及袖套;尾部(鞭毛)细长光滑,鞭毛轴丝具有典型的“9+2”微管结构。扫描电子显微镜观察发现,无活力川陕哲罗鲑精子的头部轮廓不规则、皱缩塌陷,中段连接结构不明显,鞭毛普遍出现断裂和缺失,无法维持正常形态;高活力精子的形态结构完整,头部呈饱满的卵圆形,中段连接紧密,鞭毛细长且无明显损伤,各部分结构清晰。透射电子显微镜观察结果显示,无活力川陕哲罗鲑精子的线粒体结构被破坏,膜膨胀变大破损,线粒体内部电子密度下降,头部表面褶皱不平滑,核膜破裂或消失,染色质松散甚至解体;高活力精子的细胞质致密、均匀饱满,细胞质膜完整,结构正常。

结论

川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的卵膜表面平整,其受精孔属于II型,核仁完全消失,在靠近卵膜位置分布有液泡;正常精子由头部、中段及鞭毛3个部分构成,具备硬骨鱼类典型的无顶体结构特征,鞭毛轴丝为“9+2”微管排列模式。质膜、核膜、线粒体、鞭毛结构完整性及成熟度直接关联川陕哲罗鲑的精子活力,是评价川陕哲罗鲑精液质量及优化其人工繁育技术的关键形态学指标。

, authors=刘钊1, 2, 邓益3, 李华1, 2, 陈叶雨1, 4, 杨焕超1, 2, 4, 陈彦伶1, 2, 4, 卫秦瑶1, 邹奥斯3, 林珏1, 2, *, *, authorsList=刘钊, 邓益, 李华, 陈叶雨, 杨焕超, 陈彦伶, 卫秦瑶, 邹奥斯, 林珏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林珏, authorNote=

刘钊(1994-),https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6537-1166,主要从事濒危物种保护研究工作,E-mail:

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林珏(1975-),https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3843-4056,研究员,主要从事濒危物种保护研究工作,E-mail:
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Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica49(4):866-872., articleTitle=Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observation of spermatozoon in Plecoglossus altivelis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302212451680940499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=53, issue=6, pageStart=1523, pageEnd=1530, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=76, authorNames=朱雅婷, 张明清, 吴妤莘, 赵会宏, 张海发, 舒琥, journalName=海洋与湖沼, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱雅婷,张明清,吴妤莘,赵会宏,张海发,舒琥. 2022. 赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)精子超微结构及环境因子对精子活力的影响[J]. 海洋与湖沼53(6):1523-1530., articleTitle=赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)精子超微结构及环境因子对精子活力的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302212451748049364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, doi=10.11693/hyhz20220300079, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=53, issue=6, pageStart=1523, pageEnd=1530, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=77, authorNames=Zhu Y T, Zhang M Q, Wu Y X, Zhao H H, Zhang H F, Shu H, journalName=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Y TZhang M QWu Y XZhao H HZhang H FShu H. 2022. Ultrastructure of spermatozoa and effects of environmental factors on spermatozoa motility of grouper Epinephelus akaara[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica53(6):1523-1530., articleTitle=Ultrastructure of spermatozoa and effects of environmental factors on spermatozoa motility of grouper Epinephelus akaara, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302212451810963926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, doi=10.1006/jsbi.2000.4307, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=132, issue=2, pageStart=112, pageEnd=122, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=78, authorNames=Iconomidou V A, Chryssikos D G, Gionis V, Pavlidis M A, Paipetis A, Hamodrakas S J, journalName=Journal of Structural Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Iconomidou V AChryssikos D GGionis VPavlidis M APaipetis AHamodrakas S J. 2000. Secondary structure of chorion proteins of the teleostean fish Dentex dentex by ATR FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy[J]. 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Spermatogenesis4(3):e983400., articleTitle=Comparative testicular structure and spermatogenesis in bony fishes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1302212452163285465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, doi=10.1093/biolre/iox015, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=96, issue=4, pageStart=780, pageEnd=799, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=81, authorNames=Yanagimachi R, Harumi T, Matsubara H, Yan W, Yuan S Q, Hirohashi N, Iida T, Yamaha E, Arai K, Matsubara T, Andoh T, Vines C, Cherr G N, journalName=Biology of Reproduction, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yanagimachi RHarumi TMatsubara HYan WYuan S QHirohashi NIida TYamaha EArai KMatsubara TAndoh TVines CCherr G N. 2017. Chemical and physical guidance of fish spermatozoa into the egg through the micropyle[J]. 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EM:卵膜;V:液泡

, figureFileSmall=P4l3Oydz+bQ6vFMUal4Pmg==, figureFileBig=zygsGzpEfyFPEin5RTVvYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212441333592438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Scanning electron microscope observation results of normal egg of Hucho bleekeri, figureFileSmall=bRywEykeRqUTMmc7r/XUsw==, figureFileBig=47gonFwmQXxUX8+I9k8+HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212441396506999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, language=CN, label=图2, caption=川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的扫描电子显微镜观察结果

A:卵子整体;B、D:受精孔区;C:卵膜表面(壁孔)。MR:受精孔区;P:壁孔;MV:前庭区;MC:精孔管

, figureFileSmall=bRywEykeRqUTMmc7r/XUsw==, figureFileBig=47gonFwmQXxUX8+I9k8+HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212441673331064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Transmission electron microscope observation results of normal egg of Hucho bleekeri, figureFileSmall=x4hBEvsLPCT6F125iyBB4g==, figureFileBig=MTR2oQsTuin0nmbvGuHStg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212441727857017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, language=CN, label=图3, caption=川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的透射电子显微镜观察结果

EM:卵膜;P:壁孔

, figureFileSmall=x4hBEvsLPCT6F125iyBB4g==, figureFileBig=MTR2oQsTuin0nmbvGuHStg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212441803354490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Scanning electron microscope observation results of normal sperm of Hucho bleekeri, figureFileSmall=kL8tarFX2GRhD12FVpSiTA==, figureFileBig=eORwR/gFDLMbmd31pWGPIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212441878851963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, language=CN, label=图4, caption=川陕哲罗鲑正常精子的扫描电子显微镜观察结果

h:头部;md:中段(颈部);f:尾部(鞭毛)。图6和图7同

, figureFileSmall=kL8tarFX2GRhD12FVpSiTA==, figureFileBig=eORwR/gFDLMbmd31pWGPIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212441937572220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Transmission electron microscope observation results of normal sperm of Hucho bleekeri, figureFileSmall=Zx4mEOZuBPzgquemP5G79g==, figureFileBig=gogu+9FHwotw2WHNTf6mOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212442021458301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, language=CN, label=图5, caption=川陕哲罗鲑正常精子的透射电子显微镜观察结果

A:精子头部和中段;B:精子鞭毛(纵切);C:精子鞭毛(横切)。n:细胞核;m:线粒体;s:袖套腔;v:囊泡;pm:细胞质膜;nm:核膜;cf:中央纤维;pf:外周纤维。图8和图9同

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川陕哲罗鲑卵子和精子的显微与超微结构观察
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刘钊 1, 2 , 邓益 3 , 李华 1, 2 , 陈叶雨 1, 4 , 杨焕超 1, 2, 4 , 陈彦伶 1, 2, 4 , 卫秦瑶 1 , 邹奥斯 3 , 林珏 1, 2, *, *
南方农业学报 | 专题 2026,57(6): 1718-1728
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南方农业学报 |专题 2026 , 57 (6) : 1718 -1728
川陕哲罗鲑卵子和精子的显微与超微结构观察
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Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute,Chengdu,Sichuan 611731,China
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2长江上游鱼类资源保护与利用四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 611731, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302212432936595751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212432944984360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, companyId=1302212432936595751, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Fisheries Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute,Chengdu,Sichuan 611731,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212432953372969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, companyId=1302212432936595751, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1四川省农业科学院水产研究所/四川省水产研究所,四川 成都 611731)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302212433205031210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212433226002732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, companyId=1302212433205031210, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu,Sichuan 611731,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212433305694510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212428486439186, companyId=1302212433205031210, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2长江上游鱼类资源保护与利用四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 611731)])])]
刘钊1, 2 , 邓益3, 李华1, 2, 陈叶雨1, 4, 杨焕超1, 2, 4, 陈彦伶1, 2, 4, 卫秦瑶1, 邹奥斯3, 林珏1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1四川省农业科学院水产研究所/四川省水产研究所,四川 成都 611731
  • 2长江上游鱼类资源保护与利用四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 611731
  • 3中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 611130
  • 4长江上游鱼类资源与环境四川省 野外科学观测研究站,四川 成都 611731
通讯作者:
林珏(1975-),https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3843-4056,研究员,主要从事濒危物种保护研究工作,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘钊(1994-),https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6537-1166,主要从事濒危物种保护研究工作,E-mail:

Microstructure and ultrastructure observation of eggs and sperms of Hucho bleekeri
Zhao LIU1, 2 , Yi DENG3, Hua LI1, 2, Ye-yu CHEN1, 4, Huan-chao YANG1, 2, 4, Yan-ling CHEN1, 2, 4, Qin-yao WEI1, Ao-si ZOU3, Jue LIN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Fisheries Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute,Chengdu,Sichuan 611731,China
  • 2Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu,Sichuan 611731,China
  • 3Chengdu Engineering Corporation Limited,Power China,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China
  • 4Fish Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province,Chengdu,Sichuan 611731,China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.009
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目的

观察川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子和精子的形态学结构,并比较不同活力精子的超微结构差异,揭示川陕哲罗鲑配子超微结构损伤与其活力下降的内在关联,为优化其人工繁育技术提供理论依据。

方法

以人工养殖性成熟的雌、雄性川陕哲罗鲑为研究对象,通过组织学结合扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜对川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子和精子的形态结构进行观察,同时结合精子活力检测系统比对不同活力精子的超微结构差异。

结果

川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的核膜溶解,核仁完全消失,在靠近卵膜位置分布有液泡;卵膜表面平整,壁孔大小均匀,受精孔前庭区平坦,精孔管较深,属于II型。川陕哲罗鲑正常精子的结构属于鞭毛型,由头部、中段和尾部3个部分组成;头部呈椭圆形或近圆形,无顶体结构,细胞核内可见空隙(核泡),其染色质呈颗粒状或均质状;中段(颈部)较短,其主要结构包括中心粒复合体及袖套;尾部(鞭毛)细长光滑,鞭毛轴丝具有典型的“9+2”微管结构。扫描电子显微镜观察发现,无活力川陕哲罗鲑精子的头部轮廓不规则、皱缩塌陷,中段连接结构不明显,鞭毛普遍出现断裂和缺失,无法维持正常形态;高活力精子的形态结构完整,头部呈饱满的卵圆形,中段连接紧密,鞭毛细长且无明显损伤,各部分结构清晰。透射电子显微镜观察结果显示,无活力川陕哲罗鲑精子的线粒体结构被破坏,膜膨胀变大破损,线粒体内部电子密度下降,头部表面褶皱不平滑,核膜破裂或消失,染色质松散甚至解体;高活力精子的细胞质致密、均匀饱满,细胞质膜完整,结构正常。

结论

川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的卵膜表面平整,其受精孔属于II型,核仁完全消失,在靠近卵膜位置分布有液泡;正常精子由头部、中段及鞭毛3个部分构成,具备硬骨鱼类典型的无顶体结构特征,鞭毛轴丝为“9+2”微管排列模式。质膜、核膜、线粒体、鞭毛结构完整性及成熟度直接关联川陕哲罗鲑的精子活力,是评价川陕哲罗鲑精液质量及优化其人工繁育技术的关键形态学指标。

川陕哲罗鲑  /  卵子  /  精子  /  形态学  /  超微结构
Objective

This study aimed to observe the normal morphological structure of eggs and sperms of Hucho bleekeri,compare differences in ultrastructure of sperms of varying motility,and reveal the intrinsic association between gamete ultrastructure damage and decreased motility in Hucho bleekeri,providing theoretical basis for optimizing its artificial breeding techniques.

Method

Sexually mature female and male Hucho bleekeri reared under artificial culture conditions were used as research subjects. The morphological structure of normal eggs and sperms in Hucho bleekeri was observed through histological analysis with scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Meanwhile,the differences in ultrastructure of sperms of varying motility were compared using the sperm motility detection system.

Result

In normal eggs of Hucho bleekeri,the nuclear membrane was dissolved,the nucleoli completely disappeared,and vacuoles distributed close to egg membrane. The egg membrane surface was smooth,the pores were uniform in size,the vestibular region of micropyle was flat,and the micropylar canal was relatively deep,belonging to type II. The structure of normal sperms in Hucho bleekeri was of flagellate type,consisting of three parts (head,midpiece,and tail). The head was elliptical or nearly rounded,without acrosomal structure,and intranuclear space (nuclear vacuole) was visible within the nucleus,with granular or homogeneous chromatins. The midpiece (neck) was short,consisting mainly of the centriolar complex and sleeve. The tail (flagellum) was slender and smooth,with the flagellar axoneme exhibiting the typical “9+2” microtubule arrangement. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that immotile Hucho bleekeri sperms displayed irregular head contours that were shrunken and collapsed,with an inconspicuous midpiece connecting structure,and the flagella were commonly broken and missing,unable to maintain normal morphology;highly motile sperms exhibited intact structure morphology,with plump ovoid heads,a tightly connected midpiece,slender flagella without obvious damage,and clear structures in all parts. Transmission electron microscope observations showed that in immotile Hucho bleekeri sperms,the mitochondrial structure was disrupted,the membranes were swollen,enlarged,and ruptured,and the internal electron density of mitochondria was decreased,with a wrinkled and uneven head surface,disrupted or disappeared nuclear membrane,and loose and even disintegrated chromatins;in highly motile sperms,the cytoplasm was dense,uniform,and compact,and the plasma membrane was intact with normal structure.

Conclusion

The oolemma of normal eggs in Hucho bleekeri is smooth,and the micropyle belongs to type II,with nucleoli completely disappeared and vacuoles distributed adjacent to egg membrane;normal sperms consist of three parts:the head,midpiece,and flagellum,exhibiting the typical acrosome-free structural characteristic of teleost fish,with the flagellar axoneme in a “9+2” microtubule arrangement. The structure integrity and maturity of the plasma membranes,nuclear membranes,mitochondria,and flagellar structure are directly associated with sperm motility in Hucho bleekeri,serving as key morphological indicators for evaluating semen quality and optimizing artificial breeding techniques.

Hucho bleekeri  /  egg  /  sperm  /  morphology  /  ultrastructure
刘钊, 邓益, 李华, 陈叶雨, 杨焕超, 陈彦伶, 卫秦瑶, 邹奥斯, 林珏. 川陕哲罗鲑卵子和精子的显微与超微结构观察. 南方农业学报, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1718 -1728 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.009
Zhao LIU, Yi DENG, Hua LI, Ye-yu CHEN, Huan-chao YANG, Yan-ling CHEN, Qin-yao WEI, Ao-si ZOU, Jue LIN. Microstructure and ultrastructure observation of eggs and sperms of Hucho bleekeri[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1718 -1728 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.009
【研究意义】川陕哲罗鲑(Hucho bleekeri)是我国长江流域特有的淡水鱼类,但由于栖息生境被破坏、水利工程建设及过度捕捞,其野生资源急剧减少,在1988年被列为国家二级保护动物,2012年被列入世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录,至2021年升级为国家一级重点保护野生动物(屈万民等,2024)。目前,川陕哲罗鲑的野生种群数量及分布范围非常不乐观,开展人工繁育与种苗规模化培育是现阶段恢复其野生种群和实现物种保育的核心措施。在鱼类人工繁育过程中,生殖细胞形态学研究是判断卵子和精子质量的关键环节,尤其精子质量是实现鱼类人工繁殖的限制性因子,精子活力、形态完整性、超微结构稳定性直接影响其受精率、孵化率及子代发育水平(季相山等,2007)。因此,对川陕哲罗鲑的卵子和精子进行显微与超微结构观察,并建立其形态学基础数据,可为后续的配子质量评估提供参考依据,同时为川陕哲罗鲑人工授精技术优化及其精子低温保存技术的完善提供理论指导。【前人研究进展】至今,有关川陕哲罗鲑的研究主要集中在形态发育(祁得林等,2009杨焕超等,2016)、遗传多样性(汪珂,2016)、人工繁育(杨焕超,2016)、生态保护(屈万民等,2024李柯懋等,2025)及免疫调控(陈叶雨等,2025)等方面,其中人工繁育的相关研究仅涉及精子超微结构与形态学(郭威等,2016)、早期发育(杨焕超,2016)和仔鱼人工驯养(张晗等,2025),尚缺乏正常卵子结构及精子结构损伤与活力下降的直接形态学证据。在鱼类的人工繁育过程中,配子结构正常是受精生物学的基础。斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)(赵会宏等,2003)、褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)(章龙珍等,2010)、七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)(廖光勇等,2011)、半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)(穆淑梅等,2011)、条纹锯鮨(Centropristis striata)(陈超等,2014)等鱼类的卵子和精子超微结构研究证实,不同鱼类的配子结构形态及其受精时间具有明显的物种差异。在硬骨鱼类中,精子普遍无顶体,其中段富含线粒体,鞭毛轴丝多呈“9+2”的微管结构,且该特征在鲑科(Salmonidae)鱼类中已得到广泛证实(刘雪珠和杨万喜,2002郭威等,2016郑学斌等,2018)。线粒体作为精子运动的主要供能细胞器,其结构的完整程度直接决定了精子的运动续航能力;细胞膜破损、细胞器退变、氧化应激损伤等均会加速精子活力的衰减,最终导致精子失活(章龙珍等,2008赵海霞等,2020)。黄晓荣等(2017)研究表明,超低温冷冻对俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedti)精子的损伤主要集中在膜系统,其中心粒等微管系统基本完好;张齐等(2022)研究证实,适宜浓度的Na+、K+、葡萄糖、果糖及半乳糖对湖拟鲤(Rutilus rutilus lacustris)精子活力均具有较好的促进作用,其作用机理主要是通过改变渗透压来调控湖拟鲤精子活力;朱雅婷等(2022)研究发现,赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)的精子在NaCl、KCl、CaCl2溶液中活力较强,在MgCl2和EDTANa2溶液中则呈抑制状态;丁小雨等(2023)研究表明,长期超低温冷冻对鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)的精浆和精子酶活性、精子活力及精子超微结构均有显著影响。【本研究切入点】至今,鲜见川陕哲罗鲑正常配子形态及精子活力差异对应微观结构变化的研究报道,精子质膜、细胞核、线粒体及鞭毛的损伤程度与精子失活的关联性也尚未明确。【拟解决的关键问题】以人工养殖性成熟的雌、雄性川陕哲罗鲑为研究对象,通过组织学结合扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜对川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子和精子的形态结构进行观察,同时结合精子活力检测系统比对不同活力精子的超微结构差异,旨在揭示川陕哲罗鲑配子超微结构损伤与其活力下降的内在关联,为优化其人工繁育技术提供理论依据。
性腺发育成熟的健康川陕哲罗鲑亲本由四川省农业科学院水产研究所(四川省水产研究所)鸡冠山冷水鱼科研基地提供,雌、雄性川陕哲罗鲑亲本各3尾。用干净浴巾包裹鱼体并轻轻挤压鱼体腹部,通过挤压法采集部分新鲜卵子和精液,卵子和精液分装于50 mL的离心管中,按照大于1∶20的体积比分别加入电镜保存液和组织固定液。动物试验由四川省农业科学院水产研究所(四川省水产研究所)动物伦理与福利委员会审查批准,批准号20240226002A。
无菌操作吸取新鲜精液,以等量的无菌水稀释激活,光学显微镜下实时观察并记录精子总寿命(激活至完全静止的时长),每组试验重复3次,取平均值。
收集适量川陕哲罗鲑精液置于离心管中,1500 r/min离心10 min,弃精浆;PBS洗涤2次,1500 r/min离心10 min,弃上清液。用吸管沿管壁缓慢加入约l mL的0.5%戊二醛固定液,轻轻吹打混匀,4 ℃下静置10 min;然后13000 r/min离心15 min,弃上清液;再用吸管沿管壁缓慢加入50 mL的3.0%戊二醛固定液,1500 r/min离心10 min,弃上清液,加入1.0%四氧化锇再固定。固定好的样品依次进行梯度丙酮脱水,梯度丙酮脱水流程为30%→50%→70%→80%→90%→95%→100%(100%浓度换3次);然后按丙酮∶包埋剂Epon-812为3∶1、1∶1、1∶3进行梯度渗透,纯包埋剂包埋过夜。包埋好的样品通过超薄切片机制备60~90 nm的超薄切片,展片后以铜网捞片;室温下先用醋酸铀染色10~15 min,再以柠檬酸铅染色1~2 min (丁小雨等,2023);在透射电子显微镜(JEM-1400Flash)下观察并拍照。除了无需离心处理外,川陕哲罗鲑卵子的其他处理步骤与精液相同。
收集适量川陕哲罗鲑精液置于离心管中,1500 r/min离心10 min,弃精浆;PBS清洗2次,1500 r/min离心10 min,弃上清液后混匀。使用移液枪在盖玻片上涂片,晾干,缓慢加入3.0%戊二醛固定液。固定好的精子以超纯水清洗3次,每次10 min,用1.0%四氧化锇固定1~2 h,超纯水再清洗3次,每次10 min;然后依次放入梯度乙醇中脱水,梯度乙醇脱水流程为30%→50%→70%→90%→100%(100%浓度换3次,每次15 min)。脱水后的精子盖玻片用导电胶黏于样品座上,放入离子溅射仪中进行喷镀处理(胡春辉等,2016高翔等,2018),然后在扫描电子显微镜(JSM-IT700HR)下观察并拍照。除了无需离心处理外,川陕哲罗鲑卵子的其他处理步骤与精液相同。
固定好的川陕哲罗鲑卵子经全自动脱水机脱水、包埋、切片后脱蜡至复水,苏木精染色5~10 min,流水洗涤至无色;盐酸酒精分化约3 s,流水洗涤;弱碱性溶液返蓝,再流水洗涤;伊红染色3 min;完成梯度乙醇脱水及二甲苯透明后,以中性树胶封片。在光学显微镜下观察川陕哲罗鲑卵子的组织学形态,并通过显微成像系统采集图像。
川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的核膜溶解,核仁完全消失,细胞质由大量嗜酸性较强的均质物质构成,且在靠近卵膜位置分布有液泡(图1)。扫描电子显微镜观察发现,川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的卵膜表面平整,壁孔大小均匀,受精孔区周围分布有数量不等的突起及大小不等的壁孔,前庭区平坦,精孔管较深(图2)。透射电子显微镜观察结果(图3)显示,川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的卵膜较厚,分布有大小均等的空隙,卵膜内部未观察到卵黄颗粒及液泡等结构。
扫描电子显微镜观察结果(图4)显示,川陕哲罗鲑正常精子的结构属于鞭毛型,由头部、中段和尾部3个部分组成,与郭威等(2016)的研究结果一致。精子头部呈椭圆形或近圆形,无顶体结构,细胞质膜表面不光滑;精子中段(颈部)是附着在头部后端的一个小球形结构,与精子尾部(鞭毛)相连,一般中段不明显;尾部(鞭毛)细长光滑,是精子运动的主要器官。透射电子显微镜观察发现,川陕哲罗鲑正常精子由头部、中段(颈部)和鞭毛组成(图5),与多数鲑科鱼类的精子结构(张永泉等,2011谷伟等,2014郭威等,2016郑学斌等,2018)基本一致。精子头部细胞核纵切面呈扁卵圆形,细胞核后端正中有很浅的植入窝;核膜与细胞质膜间存在较窄的间隙,细胞质膜表面凹凸不平;细胞核内可见空隙(核泡),其染色质呈颗粒状或均质状。精子中段(颈部)较短,其主要结构包括中心粒复合体(近端中心粒和远端中心粒)及袖套;袖套中含有线粒体,呈单层环状排列,可见清晰的线粒体嵴。精子鞭毛细长,从头部后端的植入窝伸出;鞭毛轴丝具有典型的“9+2”微管结构,外周纤维由9组二联微管组成,中央纤维则是1组微管对;在鞭毛横切面上可观察到轴丝两侧具有发达的侧鳍,而侧鳍的基部有囊泡。
3尾雄性川陕哲罗鲑的精子活力存在明显个体差异。其中,1#川陕哲罗鲑的精子激活后无任何运动能力,完全失活;2#川陕哲罗鲑精子激活后的运动持续时间为92 s,活力中等;3#川陕哲罗鲑精子激活后的运动状态良好,运动持续时间长达201 s,综合活力最优。
通过比对3尾川陕哲罗鲑精子的扫描电子显微镜观察结果,发现不同活力的川陕哲罗鲑精子在形态结构完整性上存在明显差异。1#川陕哲罗鲑精子(无活力)的头部轮廓不规则、皱缩塌陷,中段连接结构不明显,鞭毛普遍出现断裂和缺失,无法维持正常形态(图6);2#川陕哲罗鲑精子(中等活力)的头部与中段结构基本完整,但其周边存在一层透明的胶质(图7);3#川陕哲罗鲑精子(高活力)的形态结构完整,头部呈饱满的卵圆形,中段连接紧密,鞭毛细长且无明显损伤,各部分结构清晰(图4)。可见,川陕哲罗鲑精子的活力与其结构完整性呈正相关。
通过比对3尾川陕哲罗鲑精子的透射电子显微镜观察结果,发现无活力与高活力的川陕哲罗鲑精子头部细胞质差异明显。1#川陕哲罗鲑精子(无活力)的线粒体结构被破坏,膜膨胀变大破损,线粒体内部电子密度下降,染色较浅;细胞质膜破损变形,精子头部表面褶皱不平滑,细胞质流失;核膜破裂或消失,染色质松散甚至解体,头部的囊泡数量增多(图8)。2#川陕哲罗鲑精子(中等活力)整体细胞器与膜结构基本完整,仅存在轻微损伤(图9)。3#川陕哲罗鲑精子(高活力)的细胞质致密、均匀饱满,细胞质膜完整,结构正常(图5)。说明精子活力与其细胞质致密度、质膜完整性及细胞器等呈正相关。
卵膜是鱼类卵子最外层具有一定厚度的复杂蛋白质壳(Iconomidou et al.,2000)。卵膜上的受精孔是鱼类精子通过卵膜完成受精的唯一通道(Otani et al.,2009),根据受精孔形状可划分为3类:(1)Ⅰ型,受精孔前庭较深,精孔管孔道较短;(2)Ⅱ型,受精孔前庭平坦,精孔管孔道较长;(3)Ⅲ型,受精孔周围的卵膜具有放射状排列的沟槽,或呈深凹陷的沉孔状(Yanagimachi et al.,2017)。川陕哲罗鲑卵子的受精孔前庭区平坦,精孔管较深,属于Ⅱ型。此外,川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的核膜溶解,核仁完全消失,在靠近卵膜位置分布有液泡,与花䱻(Hemibarbus maculatus)成熟期卵母细胞的细胞核消失、卵黄颗粒体积增大并充满整个卵母细胞(王静等,2020),七彩神仙鱼(Symphysodon aequifasciatus)成熟期卵母细胞核膜溶解、核仁完全消失、卵黄颗粒几乎充满整个卵母细胞、液泡沿卵膜分布(英娜等,2022)的结果相似。
精子形态是区分物种的重要依据,软体动物的精子可分为原生型和修饰型(黄瑞等,2021),哺乳动物的精子存在顶体结构(曾玉峰等,2010),而鱼类的精子除了几种鲟形目(Acipenseriformes)鱼类外,其头部基本无顶体结构(刘雪珠和杨万喜,2002章龙珍等,2008张永泉等,2011谷伟等,2014黄晓荣等,2017)。本研究通过透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察川陕哲罗鲑精子的超微结构,结果发现其精子无顶体结构,鞭毛轴丝具有典型的“9+2”微管结构,与白斑红点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenis)(张永泉等,2011)、虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)(谷伟等,2014)等鲑形目(Salmoniformes)鱼类精子的典型结构特征一致。
质膜是维持精子细胞内环境稳定的重要屏障,其完整性对精子的正常代谢、运动等具有重要作用,也是决定人工授精成功与否的关键条件(赵建清,2021)。韩龙江等(2014)研究证实,太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)精子冷冻后其细胞膜、线粒体和鞭毛均有不同程度的损伤,具体表现为细胞膜破裂、线粒体脱落变形、鞭毛断裂等;长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)精子在超低温冷冻后则出现不同程度的染色质破裂,细胞核变形、核内空泡增多,甚至整体分解,质膜破裂消失,头部顶体质膜破损,线粒体肿胀(韩龙江等,2017)。黄晓荣等(2017)研究表明,俄罗斯鲟精子经超低温冷冻后其活力下降,主要表现为质膜、核膜、线粒体膜、顶体膜、鞭毛外膜等膜结构囊泡化,顶体表面破损、断裂,内容物消散,线粒体嵴消失。丁小雨等(2023)研究发现,鞍带石斑鱼精子的激活率随超低温冷冻时间的延长而降低,且经超低温冷冻后精子形态结构不完整、变形严重,质膜破损变形,线粒体肿大,鞭毛断裂或脱落等。本研究通过比对3尾川陕哲罗鲑精子的超微结构发现,高活力精子的形态结构完整,细胞质膜完整,头部呈饱满的卵圆形,细胞质致密、均匀饱满,中段连接紧密,鞭毛细长且无明显损伤,各部分结构清晰;中等活力精子的整体细胞器与膜结构基本完整,仅存在轻微损伤,鞭毛周边存在一层透明的胶质;无活力精子的头部表面褶皱不平滑,轮廓不规则、皱缩塌陷,质膜结构破裂或破损变形,线粒体结构被破坏,膜膨胀变大破损,线粒体内部电子密度下降,染色较浅,鞭毛普遍出现断裂和缺失,无法维持正常形态。可见,川陕哲罗鲑精子质膜的完整程度与其活力水平呈正相关,与韩龙江等(20142017)黄晓荣等(2017)丁小雨等(2023)的研究结果一致。
精子中段的线粒体是其能量代谢的核心场所,可为鞭毛持续摆动提供能量,其结构完整性直接决定了精子的运动寿命。线粒体肿胀、嵴溶解、膜破裂是精子活力衰退的标志性超微结构变化,线粒体受损导致能量合成功能障碍,无法为精子运动持续提供能量,最终造成鞭毛运动停滞(李霞等,2012黄晓荣等,2017张莹等,2020丁小雨等,2023)。中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)精子在不加抗冻剂冷冻后其线粒体结构不完整,内部出现空泡,甚至线粒体内膜破损,内嵴减少呈弥散状(李霞等,2012);俄罗斯鲟精子经超低温冷冻后其形态结构发生明显变化,主要表现为线粒体质膜破损,内膜嵴弥散,线粒体脱落(黄晓荣等,2017);许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)精子冷冻后其线粒体鞘劈裂或膨胀,少数线粒体丢失,内膜嵴减少或消失,线粒体呈空泡状(张莹等,2020);鞍带石斑鱼精子经长时间超低温冷冻后其线粒体膨大破损,结构变化明显(丁小雨等,2023)。本研究也发现,无活力的川陕哲罗鲑精子普遍头部萎缩、鞭毛断裂,且外部形态缺陷与内部细胞器退变的结果相吻合。
精子运动主要依靠尾部鞭毛的摆动来实现,鞭毛结构的完整性与精子活力水平呈正相关。俄罗斯鲟精子经冷冻后其鞭毛与中段的连接部位普遍发生断裂(黄晓荣等,2017);许氏平鲉精子在超低温冷冻后多数出现尾部断裂,基体中轴丝分布混乱,失去典型的“9+2”微管结构(张莹等,2020);兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)精子在超低温冷冻后其鞭毛外膜变形脱离,中段位置断裂,但微管结构基本完好(邢露梅等,2021);鞍带石斑鱼精子经超低温冷冻后其鞭毛与头部及中段脱离现象明显,但微管结构仍保持完整(丁小雨等,2023)。本研究中,高活力川陕哲罗鲑精子的鞭毛细长、结构清晰、无明显损伤,摆动有力且方向性强;中等活力精子的鞭毛基本完整,但存在轻微的膜损伤或胶质附着,运动能力有所下降;无活力精子的鞭毛普遍出现断裂和缺失,无法维持正常形态。鞭毛断裂不仅导致精子丧失运动能力,断裂的鞭毛片段还可能干扰其他精子正常运动,进而降低精液质量。中等活力川陕哲罗鲑精子存在轻微胶质附着,无明显膜破裂和细胞器坏死,可能源于精子细胞变态成熟过程中的核浓缩机制。在精子细胞的变态成熟过程中,通过核浓缩以实现染色质致密固缩,定型精子头部结构,同时细胞大量丢弃多余细胞质(杨万喜等,2000尤永隆等,2002Uribe et al.,2014)。在成熟度不够的情况下,鞭毛周围会残留一部分透明的细胞质,增加精子运动负担,而导致其摆动无法像成熟精子一样有力。
川陕哲罗鲑正常卵子的卵膜表面平整,其受精孔属于Ⅱ型,核仁完全消失,在靠近卵膜位置分布有液泡;正常精子由头部、中段及鞭毛三部分构成,具备硬骨鱼类典型的无顶体结构特征,鞭毛轴丝为“9+2”微管排列模式。质膜、核膜、线粒体、鞭毛结构完整性及成熟度直接关联川陕哲罗鲑的精子活力,是评价川陕哲罗鲑精液质量及优化其人工繁育技术的关键形态学指标。

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2026年第57卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.009
  • 接收时间:2026-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-08
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    1四川省农业科学院水产研究所/四川省水产研究所,四川 成都 611731
    2长江上游鱼类资源保护与利用四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 611731
    3中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 611130
    4长江上游鱼类资源与环境四川省 野外科学观测研究站,四川 成都 611731

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林珏(1975-),https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3843-4056,研究员,主要从事濒危物种保护研究工作,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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