Article(id=1302212329886732603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768233600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788401213379, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788401213379, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788401213379, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788401213379, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302212221539472091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, year='2026', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1956', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788401187547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405081323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1652, endPage=1661, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302212330360688957, articleId=1302212329886732603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=EN, title=Liver metabolism response of Gymnocypris przewalskii under salt stress, columnId=1302212330280997180, journalTitle=Journal of Southern Agriculture, columnName=Special Subject, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aimed to investigate the response characteristics of liver metabolism of Gymnocypris przewalskii under salt stress,so as to provide theoretical basis for enhancing environmental adaptability of Gymnocypris przewalskii after artificial proliferation and release and improving resource contribution rate.

Method

Untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to profile the liver metabolomic changes in juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii exposed to different salinity (10‰,15‰,and 20‰),with individuals under 5‰ salinity stress as control group. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to screen differential metabolites and identify key metabolic pathways.

Result

The survival rate statistics showed that juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii maintained a survival rate ≥ 96% within 48 h of 5‰,10‰,and 15‰ salinity stresses,exhibiting robust tolerance,whereas all individuals died within 48 h of 20‰ salinity stress,suggesting that this salinity exceeded their tolerance limit. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that a clear separation in metabolic profiles between each salinity stress group and control group,with the separation degree of samples at the first and the second principal components intensifying as salinity increased. Within the tolerable salinity range (10‰-15‰),the metabolic pathways included biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,glycerophospholipid metabolism,choline metabolism in cancer,pyruvate metabolism,vitamin B6 metabolism,propanoate metabolism,and arginine and proline metabolism in liver of Gymnocypris przewalskii were significantly enriched (P<0.05,same below). Under 20‰ salinity stress,the pathways included protein digestion and absorption,aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis,central carbon metabolism in cancer,biotin metabolism,carbon metabolism,pyruvate metabolism,and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism significantly enriched.

Conclusion

Gymnocypris przewalskii exhibits a clear metabolic threshold dependence in response to salt stress. Within the tolerable salinity,the organism primarily employs active regulation to maintain homeostasis through remode-ling lipid,energy,and amino acid metabolism;once the threshold is exceeded,the organism is forced to activate glutathione-centered antioxidant defense,accompanied by concurrent purine metabolic disturbances. Under extreme stress,Gymnocypris przewalskii faces a metabolic trade-off dilemma between “homeostasis maintenance and stress defense”.

, authors=Tian-xiu LIANG1, 2, Chang-zhong LI1, 2, Zhao-nan LI1, 2, 3, Ying YANG1, 2, Shu-chen HUANG1, 2, Hui ZHANG1, 2, Min CAO1, 2, Yan-xia CHEN1, 2, authorsList=Tian-xiu LIANG, Chang-zhong LI, Zhao-nan LI, Ying YANG, Shu-chen HUANG, Hui ZHANG, Min CAO, Yan-xia CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan-xia CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302212332273291591, articleId=1302212329886732603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=CN, title=盐胁迫下青海湖裸鲤幼鱼肝脏代谢的响应, columnId=1302212330461352254, journalTitle=南方农业学报, columnName=专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究盐胁迫下青海湖裸鲤肝脏代谢的响应特征,为提高青海湖裸鲤人工增殖放流后的环境适应能力和提升资源贡献率提供理论依据。

方法

采用非靶向液相色谱—串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术,以5‰的盐度胁迫为对照,分析青海湖裸鲤幼鱼在不同盐度(10‰、15‰和20‰)胁迫下肝脏代谢谱的变化,并结合多变量统计方法筛选差异代谢物及关键代谢通路。

结果

存活率统计结果显示,青海湖裸鲤幼鱼在5‰、10‰和15‰盐度胁迫下48 h的存活率≥96%,表现出良好的耐受性,而在20‰盐度胁迫下48 h全部死亡,提示该盐度已超出其耐受极限。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,各盐度胁迫组与对照组的代谢谱呈现明显分离,且样本在第一主成分和第二主成分上的分离程度随盐度升高而加剧。在耐受性盐度(10‰~15‰)范围内,青海湖裸鲤肝脏中不饱和脂肪酸生物合成、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、癌症中的胆碱代谢、丙酮酸代谢、维生素B6代谢、丙酸代谢及精氨酸/脯氨酸代谢等代谢通路显著富集(P<0.05,下同)。在20‰盐度胁迫下,蛋白质消化与吸收、氨酰-tRNA生物合成、癌症中的中心碳代谢、生物素代谢、碳代谢、丙酮酸代谢、烟酸及烟酰胺代谢等代谢通路显著富集。

结论

青海湖裸鲤应对盐胁迫存在明确的代谢阈值依赖性。在耐受盐度范围内,机体以主动调节为主,通过重塑脂质、能量及氨基酸代谢维持稳态;当超出阈值时,机体被迫启动以谷胱甘肽为核心的抗氧化防御,同时伴随嘌呤代谢紊乱。青海湖裸鲤在极端胁迫下存在“稳态维持—应激防御”的代谢权衡困境。

, authors=梁天秀1, 2, 李长忠1, 2, 李昭楠1, 2, 3, 杨颖1, 2, 黄书晨1, 2, 张慧1, 2, 曹敏1, 2, 陈艳霞1, 2, *, *, authorsList=梁天秀, 李长忠, 李昭楠, 杨颖, 黄书晨, 张慧, 曹敏, 陈艳霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈艳霞, authorNote=

梁天秀(1999-),https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0421-6451,研究方向为动物生态学,E-mail:

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陈艳霞(1987-),https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1265-6544,博士,副教授,主要从事动物生态学研究工作,E-mail:
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A:SL10 vs SAC 组正离子模式PCA得分图;B:SL10 vs SAC 组负离子模式PCA得分图;C:SL15 vs SAC 组正离子模式PCA得分图;D:SL15 vs SAC组负离子模式PCA得分图;E:SL20 vs SAC 组正离子模式PCA得分图;F:SL20 vs SAC组负离子模式PCA得分图

, figureFileSmall=1066kN3krUS5PWTstnTOTg==, figureFileBig=hRfkqhKKrmA7UhVUzCK/4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212339051286925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212329886732603, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=OPLS-DA score plots and permutation validation plots in positive and negative ion modes for each salinity stress group, figureFileSmall=TTjDecJULdoy3bGus/okiQ==, figureFileBig=Q02wIogdlTU+6QatlYN6+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212339110007182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212329886732603, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各盐度胁迫组正、负离子模式下OPLS-DA分析得分图与排序验证图

A、B分别为SL10 vs SAC 组正离子模式OPLS-DA散点图、排序验证图;C、D分别为SL10 vs SAC 组负离子模式OPLS-DA散点图、排序验证图;E、F分别为SL15 vs SAC 组正离子模式OPLS-DA散点图、排序验证图;G、H分别为SL15 vs SAC 组负离子模式OPLS-DA散点图、排序验证图;I、J 分别为SL20 vs SAC 组正离子模式OPLS-DA散点图、排序验证图;K、L分别为:SL20 vs SAC 组负离子模式OPLS-DA散点图、排序验证图

, figureFileSmall=TTjDecJULdoy3bGus/okiQ==, figureFileBig=Q02wIogdlTU+6QatlYN6+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212339189698959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212329886732603, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Volcano plots of differential metabolites in positive and negative ion modes for each salinity stress group, figureFileSmall=ApRwsfvHBE9UjalFG3RCuQ==, figureFileBig=f6FrLi5Pvz5GajdTW9TtbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212339261002128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212329886732603, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各盐度胁迫组正、负离子模式下差异代谢物火山图

A、B、C分别为SL10 vs SAC、SL15 vs SAC、SL20 vs SAC 组正离子模式火山图;D、E、F分别为SL10 vs SAC、SL15 vs SAC、SL20 vs SAC 组负离子模式火山图

, figureFileSmall=ApRwsfvHBE9UjalFG3RCuQ==, figureFileBig=f6FrLi5Pvz5GajdTW9TtbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212339344888209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212329886732603, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis results of differential metabolites in positive and negative ion modes for each salinity stress group, figureFileSmall=xAwItpEygEO3CLdJCmymQQ==, figureFileBig=a7qJzhsir59AZMtpGcwj+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212339424579986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212329886732603, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各盐度胁迫组正、负离子模式下差异代谢物KEGG代谢通路富集分析结果

A、B分别为SL10 vs SAC 组正、负离子模式KEGG代谢通路富集图;C、D分别为SL15 vs SAC 组正、负离子模式KEGG代谢通路富集图;E、F分别为SL20 vs SAC 组正、负离子模式KEGG代谢通路富集图

, figureFileSmall=xAwItpEygEO3CLdJCmymQQ==, figureFileBig=a7qJzhsir59AZMtpGcwj+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212339491688851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212329886732603, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Survival rate of Gymnocypris przewalskii under different salinity stress groups at different time points (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盐度(‰)
Salinity
4 h8 h12 h16 h24 h48 h
5100100100100100100
10100100100100100100
1510010010010010096
2010010010086240
), ArticleFig(id=1302212339575574932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212329886732603, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各盐度胁迫组不同时间点青海湖裸鲤的存活率(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盐度(‰)
Salinity
4 h8 h12 h16 h24 h48 h
5100100100100100100
10100100100100100100
1510010010010010096
2010010010086240
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盐胁迫下青海湖裸鲤幼鱼肝脏代谢的响应
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梁天秀 1, 2 , 李长忠 1, 2 , 李昭楠 1, 2, 3 , 杨颖 1, 2 , 黄书晨 1, 2 , 张慧 1, 2 , 曹敏 1, 2 , 陈艳霞 1, 2, *, *
南方农业学报 | 专题 2026,57(6): 1652-1661
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南方农业学报 |专题 2026 , 57 (6) : 1652 -1661
盐胁迫下青海湖裸鲤幼鱼肝脏代谢的响应
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梁天秀1, 2 , 李长忠1, 2, 李昭楠1, 2, 3, 杨颖1, 2, 黄书晨1, 2, 张慧1, 2, 曹敏1, 2, 陈艳霞1, 2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1青海大学生态环境工程学院,青海 西宁 810016
  • 2农业农村部高原冷水鱼类养殖与生态环境保护重点实验室(部省共建),青海 西宁 810016
  • 3青海大学畜牧兽医科学院,青海 西宁 810016
通讯作者:
陈艳霞(1987-),https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1265-6544,博士,副教授,主要从事动物生态学研究工作,E-mail:
作者简介:

梁天秀(1999-),https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0421-6451,研究方向为动物生态学,E-mail:

Liver metabolism response of Gymnocypris przewalskii under salt stress
Tian-xiu LIANG1, 2 , Chang-zhong LI1, 2, Zhao-nan LI1, 2, 3, Ying YANG1, 2, Shu-chen HUANG1, 2, Hui ZHANG1, 2, Min CAO1, 2, Yan-xia CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Ecological and Environmental Engineering,Qinghai University,Xining,Qinghai 810016,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Plateau Cold-Water Fish Culture and Eco-environmental Conservation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Xining,Qinghai 810016,China
  • 3Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,Qinghai University,Xining,Qinghai 810016,China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.003
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目的

探究盐胁迫下青海湖裸鲤肝脏代谢的响应特征,为提高青海湖裸鲤人工增殖放流后的环境适应能力和提升资源贡献率提供理论依据。

方法

采用非靶向液相色谱—串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术,以5‰的盐度胁迫为对照,分析青海湖裸鲤幼鱼在不同盐度(10‰、15‰和20‰)胁迫下肝脏代谢谱的变化,并结合多变量统计方法筛选差异代谢物及关键代谢通路。

结果

存活率统计结果显示,青海湖裸鲤幼鱼在5‰、10‰和15‰盐度胁迫下48 h的存活率≥96%,表现出良好的耐受性,而在20‰盐度胁迫下48 h全部死亡,提示该盐度已超出其耐受极限。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,各盐度胁迫组与对照组的代谢谱呈现明显分离,且样本在第一主成分和第二主成分上的分离程度随盐度升高而加剧。在耐受性盐度(10‰~15‰)范围内,青海湖裸鲤肝脏中不饱和脂肪酸生物合成、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、癌症中的胆碱代谢、丙酮酸代谢、维生素B6代谢、丙酸代谢及精氨酸/脯氨酸代谢等代谢通路显著富集(P<0.05,下同)。在20‰盐度胁迫下,蛋白质消化与吸收、氨酰-tRNA生物合成、癌症中的中心碳代谢、生物素代谢、碳代谢、丙酮酸代谢、烟酸及烟酰胺代谢等代谢通路显著富集。

结论

青海湖裸鲤应对盐胁迫存在明确的代谢阈值依赖性。在耐受盐度范围内,机体以主动调节为主,通过重塑脂质、能量及氨基酸代谢维持稳态;当超出阈值时,机体被迫启动以谷胱甘肽为核心的抗氧化防御,同时伴随嘌呤代谢紊乱。青海湖裸鲤在极端胁迫下存在“稳态维持—应激防御”的代谢权衡困境。

青海湖裸鲤  /  盐度胁迫  /  肝脏代谢  /  代谢组学
Objective

This study aimed to investigate the response characteristics of liver metabolism of Gymnocypris przewalskii under salt stress,so as to provide theoretical basis for enhancing environmental adaptability of Gymnocypris przewalskii after artificial proliferation and release and improving resource contribution rate.

Method

Untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to profile the liver metabolomic changes in juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii exposed to different salinity (10‰,15‰,and 20‰),with individuals under 5‰ salinity stress as control group. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to screen differential metabolites and identify key metabolic pathways.

Result

The survival rate statistics showed that juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii maintained a survival rate ≥ 96% within 48 h of 5‰,10‰,and 15‰ salinity stresses,exhibiting robust tolerance,whereas all individuals died within 48 h of 20‰ salinity stress,suggesting that this salinity exceeded their tolerance limit. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that a clear separation in metabolic profiles between each salinity stress group and control group,with the separation degree of samples at the first and the second principal components intensifying as salinity increased. Within the tolerable salinity range (10‰-15‰),the metabolic pathways included biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,glycerophospholipid metabolism,choline metabolism in cancer,pyruvate metabolism,vitamin B6 metabolism,propanoate metabolism,and arginine and proline metabolism in liver of Gymnocypris przewalskii were significantly enriched (P<0.05,same below). Under 20‰ salinity stress,the pathways included protein digestion and absorption,aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis,central carbon metabolism in cancer,biotin metabolism,carbon metabolism,pyruvate metabolism,and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism significantly enriched.

Conclusion

Gymnocypris przewalskii exhibits a clear metabolic threshold dependence in response to salt stress. Within the tolerable salinity,the organism primarily employs active regulation to maintain homeostasis through remode-ling lipid,energy,and amino acid metabolism;once the threshold is exceeded,the organism is forced to activate glutathione-centered antioxidant defense,accompanied by concurrent purine metabolic disturbances. Under extreme stress,Gymnocypris przewalskii faces a metabolic trade-off dilemma between “homeostasis maintenance and stress defense”.

Gymnocypris przewalskii  /  salinity stress  /  liver metabolism  /  metabolomics
梁天秀, 李长忠, 李昭楠, 杨颖, 黄书晨, 张慧, 曹敏, 陈艳霞. 盐胁迫下青海湖裸鲤幼鱼肝脏代谢的响应. 南方农业学报, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1652 -1661 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.003
Tian-xiu LIANG, Chang-zhong LI, Zhao-nan LI, Ying YANG, Shu-chen HUANG, Hui ZHANG, Min CAO, Yan-xia CHEN. Liver metabolism response of Gymnocypris przewalskii under salt stress[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1652 -1661 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.003
【研究意义】青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)是青海湖高海拔生态系统特有的重要生态物种,隶属于鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鲤科(Cyprinidae)裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)裸鲤属(Gymnocypris),俗名“湟鱼”,具有耐低温、耐盐碱、耐贫营养等生物学特征(陈生学等,2025)。凭借其卓越的渗透压调节能力和代谢适应能力,青海湖裸鲤是唯一能适应青海湖极端生态环境的鲤科鱼类,也是盐碱水域水产养殖的优质候选物种(肖黄璇等,2024)。近年来,受环境恶化及人类活动等因素影响,青海湖裸鲤资源急剧下降。自2003年实施封湖育鱼计划以来,每年4—7月人工增殖放流的青海湖裸鲤幼鱼经淡水河道溯河进入青海湖(刘艳慧等,2024)。然而,由于青海湖及其附属水系具有高盐碱、低温、低氧及食物资源匮乏等特点,目前人工增殖放流的资源贡献率仅为26%(付生云等,2024),裸鲤的自然繁育成功率也处于较低水平(周杨浩等,2021),严重制约了青海湖裸鲤野生资源的保护与恢复。探究盐胁迫下青海湖裸鲤肝脏代谢的响应,对评估其环境适应能力、提高资源利用效率及降低放流后幼鱼死亡率具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】淡水资源的日益盐碱化对我国水产养殖业构成了重大威胁(李明爽,2023李世林等,2025),而盐碱水资源的利用成为应对淡水资源短缺的重要策略(崔丙健等,2019陶志英等,2025)。青海湖是我国内陆最大的咸水湖,盐度约为15‰(史建全和祁洪芳,2009),青海湖裸鲤作为青海湖唯一的水生经济鱼类,可耐受盐度为15‰的水体(Huang et al.,2022),当盐度短期升至≥20‰时,其会出现存活率显著降低与急性应激反应(王卓等,2013)。盐度作为影响鱼类生存与繁殖的重要环境因子,与鱼体的各类生理生化反应密切相关(袁君等,2025)。研究发现,青海湖裸鲤在盐碱胁迫下,肠道Na+/K+-ATPase及SLC26A6/SLC4A4等离子转运相关基因的表达呈现昼夜节律变化(Wang et al.,2022);多组学研究发现,盐碱胁迫下青海湖裸鲤幼鱼能通过促进糖原储备、调节糖代谢相关酶活性等途径维持能量供应平衡,且盐胁迫不仅涉及糖代谢,还会通过PI3K-Akt、MAPK和mTOR等信号通路调控细胞生长与稳态响应(Gao et al.,2025);转录组与蛋白质组联合分析表明,多个与离子运输、能量代谢、免疫应答及渗透调节相关的基因在盐碱胁迫下的表达具有显著差异(Zhou et al.,2025)。此外,青海湖裸鲤GmAGmB基因在鳃组织中能通过调控Runx2基因影响鳃弓的生物矿化,并在脾脏中激活免疫调节过程,共同协助机体适应高盐碱环境(岳苗等,2024);长期盐胁迫适应青海湖裸鲤的肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性会持续升高,以形成酶促防御网络(王蓉等,2024)。因此,系统探究不同盐度条件下青海湖裸鲤的生理响应机制,对提升其适应青海湖高盐碱水环境的能力及其野生资源的保护与恢复具有重要作用。【本研究切入点】青海湖裸鲤作为少数能在青海湖季节性盐度波动中维持生理稳态的鱼类之一,是研究鱼类肝脏代谢在盐胁迫下协同调控渗透平衡、能量分配及氧化应激反应的理想动物模型(陈生学等,2025)。明确青海湖裸鲤在盐胁迫下的肝脏代谢响应,可为揭示脊椎动物适应高盐环境的分子机制提供参考依据。然而,目前针对青海湖裸鲤在长期盐度适应过程中肝脏代谢的动态响应机制及其关键调控通路仍缺乏系统研究。【拟解决的关键问题】以青海湖裸鲤为试验对象,设置不同盐度胁迫梯度,利用非靶向液相色谱—串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)系统分析其肝脏代谢物及代谢通路的变化,旨在筛选盐度胁迫下的关键差异代谢物与代谢路径,揭示青海湖裸鲤肝脏在盐度适应中的代谢调节机制,以期为提高青海湖裸鲤人工增殖放流后的环境适应能力、提升资源贡献率提供理论依据,并为耐盐碱水产新品种的选育打下基础。
供试青海湖裸鲤幼鱼采集自青海湖裸鲤救护中心,选取规格整齐、健康且游动正常的个体用于试验,平均体质量为19.34±3.12 g,体长为10.55±0.59 cm。试验开始前在青海湖裸鲤救护中心循环水系统中以5‰盐度水暂养2周,暂养期间水温控制在(15±2)℃,溶解氧≥7 mg/L,每日投喂1次商业饲料(投喂量为鱼体质量的3%~5%),暂养14 d后用于盐度胁迫试验。动物试验由青海大学动物伦理委员会批准,批准号PJ202401-110。
将暂养后的青海湖裸鲤幼鱼随机分为4组,分别放入盐度为10‰(SL10)、15‰(SL15)、20‰(SL20)的透明养殖水缸中进行胁迫试验,以5‰的盐度胁迫为对照(SAC),每组设3个重复,每个重复50尾幼鱼,养殖条件与暂养期间保持一致。胁迫处理持续96 h,在胁迫后4、8、12、16、24、48 h共6个时间点统计幼鱼死亡数量,用于计算存活率。胁迫24 h后,从各盐度胁迫组随机选取6尾幼鱼,使用100 mg/L丁香酚进行麻醉后迅速解剖,取出完整肝脏组织,用预冷生理盐水冲洗表面血迹,滤纸吸干水分后分装于冻存管中,液氮速冻后转移至-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
肝脏样本中的内源性代谢物采用LC-MS/MS进行检测。代谢物提取:取100 mg肝脏组织样本,经液氮研磨后转移至EP管中,加入500 μL 80%甲醇水溶液,旋涡振荡后在冰浴中静置5 min,于4 ℃下15000×g离心20 min。取上清液用质谱水稀释至甲醇含量为53%,于4 ℃下5000 r/min离心20 min,收集上清液进样LC-MS/MS分析。色谱条件:色谱柱为Hypesil Gold C18色谱柱。流动相:A相为0.1%甲酸,B相为甲醇。梯度洗脱程序:0~3 min A∶B为98∶2(v/v),3~10 min A∶B为15∶85(v/v),10~10.1 min A∶B为0∶100(v/v),10.1~12 min A∶B为2∶98(v/v)。流速为0.2 mL/min,柱温为40 ℃,进样量为4 μL。质谱条件:扫描范围为100~1500 m/z。ESI源设置:喷雾电压为3.5 kV,鞘气流量为35 psi,辅助气体流量为10 L/min,离子传输管温度(毛细管温度)为320 ℃,离子导入射频电平为60,辅助气体加热器温度为350 ℃。极性模式为正、负离子模式,MS/MS二次扫描采用数据依赖性扫描。
LC-MS原始数据经ProteoWizard转换为mzXML格式,采用XCMS软件进行峰提取、对齐及保留时间校正。对样本内提取的总峰面积进行校正,并将各组样本中缺失率>50%的峰进行过滤。根据设置10 ppm质量偏差及加合离子等信息,与高质量二级谱图数据库进行比对以鉴定代谢物。后续采用主成分分析(PCA)对各组样本进行整体代谢轮廓分析,观察样本分布趋势及组间差异;采用偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)及正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)进一步筛选组间差异代谢物。以变量重要性投影(VIP)>1、差异倍数(Fold Change)>1.2或Fold Change<0.833且P<0.05为标准筛选差异代谢物。通过KEGG代谢通路富集分析差异代谢物参与的代谢通路,以P<0.05作为显著富集标准。
青海湖裸鲤在各盐度胁迫下的存活率如表1所示,青海湖裸鲤幼鱼在5‰、10‰、15‰盐度胁迫下0~48 h的存活率≥96%,在20‰盐度胁迫下16 h开始出现死亡,至48 h存活率为0。
PCA分析结果(图1)显示,各盐度胁迫组与SAC组的肝脏代谢谱明显分离。随着盐度升高,各盐度胁迫组样本与对照组样本在第一主成分(PC1)和第二主成分(PC2)上的分离程度逐渐加剧,表明随盐度升高,盐度胁迫对青海湖裸鲤肝脏代谢的影响逐渐加剧。正、负离子模式下的PCA得分图显示,SL10 vs SAC组PC1和PC2的分离程度较小(图1-A和图1-B),表明10‰盐度胁迫对青海湖裸鲤肝脏代谢的影响相对温和;SL15 vs SAC组PC1和PC2的分离程度更明显(图1-C和图1-D),表明15‰盐度胁迫已诱发青海湖裸鲤较强的肝脏代谢重组;SL20 vs SAC组PC1和PC2的分离最为明显(图1-E和图1-F),表明20‰盐度胁迫下的青海湖裸鲤肝脏代谢扰动最为剧烈。
SL10 vs SAC组正离子模式下的OPLS-DA散点图(图2-A)显示,模型R2Y=0.93,Q2Y=0.17,具有一定的预测能力。排序验证图(图2-B)中R2截距为0.91,Q2截距为-0.79,Q2截距小于0,表明模型未过拟合,预测能力良好。SL10 vs SAC组负离子模式下的OPLS-DA散点图(图2-C)和排序验证图(图2-D)与正离子模式类似,模型对数据有一定解释和预测能力,且未过拟合。
SL15 vs SAC组正离子模式下的OPLS-DA散点图(图2-E)显示,SL15组在PC1和PC2方向上的偏移幅度大于SL10 vs SAC组,表明SL15 vs SAC组的代谢差异更大;模型R2Y=0.98,Q2Y=0.80,解释与预测能力良好。排序验证图(图2-F)中R2截距为0.87,Q2截距为-0.89,模型稳定且未过拟合。SL15 vs SAC组负离子模式下的OPLS-DA散点图(图2-G)同样显示出较高的R2YQ2Y,能够有效区分2组样本;排序验证图(图2-H)中Q2截距小于0,模型预测能力可靠。
SL20 vs SAC组正离子模式下的OPLS-DA散点图(图2-I)显示,R2Y=0.93,Q2Y=0.48,模型可准确反映2组间的代谢差异。排序验证图(图2-J)中R2截距为0.78,Q2截距为-0.75,模型稳定且未过拟合。负离子模式下SAC组与SL20组样本在散点图(图2-K)中也呈现明显分离趋势,排序验证图(图2-L)中Q2截距小于0,模型预测能力可靠。
正离子模式下,SL10 vs SAC组共筛选出99个显著差异代谢物(P<0.05,下同),其中46个显著上调,53个显著下调(图3-A);SL15 vs SAC组共筛选出347个显著差异代谢物,其中183个显著上调,164个显著下调(图3-B);SL20 vs SAC组共筛选出252个显著差异代谢物,其中127个显著上调,125个显著下调(图3-C)。负离子模式下,SL10 vs SAC组共筛选出77个显著差异代谢物,其中64个显著上调,13个显著下调(图3-D);SL15 vs SAC组共筛选出224个显著差异代谢物,其中100个显著上调,124个显著下调(图3-E);SL20 vs SAC组共筛选出205个显著差异代谢物,其中58个显著上调,147个显著下调(图3-F)。
SL10 vs SAC组正离子模式下筛选出的99个显著差异代谢物共富集到33条代谢通路,显著富集于不饱和脂肪酸生物合成(Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid)代谢通路(图4-A);负离子模式下筛选出的77个显著差异代谢物共富集到32条代谢通路,显著富集于乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢(Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism)与精氨酸/脯氨酸代谢(Arginine and proline metabolism)等代谢通路(图4-B)。
SL15 vs SAC组正离子模式下筛选出的347个显著差异代谢物共富集到29条代谢通路,显著富集于甘油磷脂代谢(Glycerophospholipid metabolism)和癌症中的胆碱代谢(Choline metabolism in cancer)2条代谢通路(图4-C);负离子模式下筛选出的224个显著差异代谢物共富集到42条代谢通路,显著富集于丙酮酸代谢(Pyruvate metabolism)、维生素B6代谢(Vitamin B6 metabolism)、丙酸代谢(Propanoate metabolism)和癌症中的胆碱代谢等代谢通路(图4-D)。
SL20 vs SAC组正离子模式下筛选出的252个显著差异代谢物共富集到53条代谢通路,显著富集于蛋白质消化与吸收(Protein digestion and absorption)、氨酰-tRNA生物合成(Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis)、癌症中的中心碳代谢(Central carbon metabolism in cancer)、生物素代谢(Biotin metabolism)等代谢通路(图4-E),此外,富集在谷胱甘肽代谢通路上的代谢物γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸及谷胱甘肽显著上调;负离子模式下筛选出的205个显著差异代谢物共富集到53条代谢通路,显著富集于碳代谢(Carbon metabolism)、丙酮酸代谢(Pyruvate metabolism)、烟酸及烟酰胺代谢(Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism)、氨酰-tRNA生物合成、单环β-内酰胺类抗生素合成(Monobactam biosynthesis)、嘌呤代谢(Purine metabolism)等代谢通路(图4-F),并且富集在嘌呤代谢通路上的代谢物脱氧肌苷和2'-脱氧鸟苷均显著下调。
本研究基于非靶向代谢组学技术,系统揭示了青海湖裸鲤幼鱼在不同盐度胁迫下肝脏组织的代谢响应特征。结合存活率数据,可将其盐度响应划分为耐受性盐度组(10‰~15‰)和非耐受性盐度组(20‰)。在5‰~15‰盐度范围内,幼鱼48 h存活率≥96%,表明机体具备有效的生理适应机制;而20‰盐度导致个体在48 h全部死亡,提示其生理调节机制遭到破坏。同时,PCA分析结果也表明肝脏代谢谱在盐度耐受范围内呈渐进式扰动,而在20‰阈值时代谢网络发生剧烈重组,稳态调节失衡。
在耐受盐度范围内,青海湖裸鲤幼鱼通过多通路协同重编程以维持生理稳态,显著差异代谢物显著富集于甘油磷脂代谢和癌症中的胆碱代谢通路。甘油磷脂作为细胞膜的主要结构成分,其代谢变化直接影响膜的流动性、完整性与信号转导功能(Le Borgne et al.,2012);胆碱作为重要的营养素,参与磷脂酰胆碱合成及神经递质乙酰胆碱的合成,其代谢激活有助于促进细胞膜重塑(徐心雨等,2023),从而增强膜稳定性以应对渗透胁迫,与广盐性鱼类的膜适应性调整机制相符(黄旭俊等,2025)。此外,丙酮酸代谢及维生素B6代谢等能量代谢通路的显著富集,揭示了能量需求的重分配。丙酮酸作为糖酵解与三羧酸循环的关键节点,其代谢上调表明肝脏可能通过加速糖酵解与氧化磷酸化,为Na+/K+-ATPase等高耗能过程提供更多ATP。此前也有研究发现,盐碱胁迫下青海湖裸鲤幼鱼会促进糖原储备与糖代谢相关酶活性,以维持能量平衡(Gao et al.,2025)。此外,精氨酸/脯氨酸代谢同样在盐度耐受范围内显著富集。精氨酸不仅参与蛋白质合成,还可通过尿素循环参与渗透调节(Mielczarek-Puta et al.,2008),在调控机体营养代谢、免疫应答与生长发育中发挥重要作用(郭长义等,2009Wu et al.,2009Wu et al.,2013)。精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢增强可为鱼类提供额外的能量和有机渗透物质(余明海等,2025),提示青海湖裸鲤可能通过激活该代谢通路合成渗透调节物质以维持细胞渗透平衡。综上所述,在耐受盐度范围内,青海湖裸鲤并未启动强烈应激反应,而是通过调控膜结构、渗透调节、能量供给等代谢通路,实现从低盐到中盐环境的稳态过渡。
当盐度升至非耐受阈值(20‰)时,青海湖裸鲤幼鱼大量死亡,其肝脏代谢特征与盐度耐受范围内个体存在明显差异。在SL20 vs SAC组,显著差异代谢物显著富集于蛋白质消化与吸收、氨酰-tRNA生物合成代谢通路,可能反映了盐度胁迫下蛋白质代谢的重编程。研究发现,高盐胁迫可抑制某些基因表达,间接影响肝脏代谢功能(Wu et al.,2009),且高盐碱胁迫对青海湖裸鲤肝脏相关酶[SOD、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)]活性具有显著影响(王卓等,2013衣晓飞等,2017费炳红等,2025)。此外,谷胱甘肽代谢通路上的γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸(谷光甘肽合成前体)及谷胱甘肽水平显著上调,提示存活个体可能通过代偿性上调谷胱甘肽合成以清除过量活性氧(ROS),缓解氧化损伤(Wu et al.,2004Basu et al.,2017)。嘌呤代谢通路也显著富集,其中脱氧肌苷和2'-脱氧鸟苷均显著下调,嘌呤核苷酸为细胞提供必要的能量和辅因子,其代谢异常往往伴随能量供应失衡、DNA修复受阻及细胞损伤(Dizdaroglu,2005杨芙蓉等,2021);同时,嘌呤代谢紊乱可能反映ATP/ADP比例失衡,提示细胞能量状态发生改变(曾霖等,2024)。碳代谢通路的显著富集,可能为机体提供额外的能量供应。然而,当盐度超过机体的非耐受阈值时,尽管机体可通过上调谷胱甘肽代谢及碳代谢等途径应对胁迫,但代谢效率降低及代谢废物积累所导致的系统代谢紊乱,仍是引起个体死亡的关键因素。
青海湖裸鲤应对盐胁迫存在明确的代谢阈值依赖性。在耐受盐度范围内,机体以主动调节为主,通过重塑脂质、能量及氨基酸代谢维持稳态;当超出阈值时,机体被迫启动以谷胱甘肽为核心的抗氧化防御,同时伴随嘌呤代谢紊乱。青海湖裸鲤在极端胁迫下存在“稳态维持—应激防御”的代谢权衡困境。

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2026年第57卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.003
  • 接收时间:2026-01-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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    1青海大学生态环境工程学院,青海 西宁 810016
    2农业农村部高原冷水鱼类养殖与生态环境保护重点实验室(部省共建),青海 西宁 810016
    3青海大学畜牧兽医科学院,青海 西宁 810016

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陈艳霞(1987-),https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1265-6544,博士,副教授,主要从事动物生态学研究工作,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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