Article(id=1302212268012368194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788401198628, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788401198628, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788401198628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788401198628, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302212221539472091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, year='2026', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1956', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788401187547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405081323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1899, endPage=1909, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302212268213694787, articleId=1302212268012368194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=EN, title=Functional study of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging stress, columnId=1302212223523386354, journalTitle=Journal of Southern Agriculture, columnName=Horticulture·Landscape Architecture·Forestry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The study aimed to investigate the functions of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging stress,provide theoretical basis and candidate target genes for elucidating willow waterlogging tolerance mechanism and breeding willows tolerant to waterlogging.

Method

Using one-year-old willow branches as materials,bioinformatic tools were employed to analyze physicochemical properties,conserved domains,protein domains,hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity,and promoter cis-acting elements of the SmGAD protein,and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression changes of SmGAD gene. The SmGAD gene was cloned,and the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a-SmGAD and silencing vector pYL156-SmGAD were constructed.Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to silence SmGAD,and the gene function was verified through waterlogging treatment. Meanwhile,prokaryotic expression was performed to induce protein expression,and the changes in bacterial culture OD600 nm under H2O2 stress were measured.

Result

The coding sequence (CDS) of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana was 1497 bp in full length,and SmGAD protein consisted of 498 amino acid residues,with a theoretical molecular mass of 56512.01 Da,a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.80,an aliphatic index of 90.80,an instability index of 35.82,and a grand average of hydropathicity hydrophobicity coefficient of -0.221. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SmGAD protein shared high similarity with GAD homologous proteins in six species,including Camellia sinensis L.,Oryza sativa L.,Arabidopsis thaliana L.,and Gossypium hirsutum L. Promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of SmGAD gene contained methyl jasmonate -responsive elements,auxin-responsive elements,light-responsive elements,drought-responsive elements,prolamin-metabolism-responsive elements,and so on. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis results revealed that the expression trends of SmGAD gene differed among various willow varieties after waterlogging treatment. VIGS experiment results showed that the silenced lines exhibited more severer leaf abscission and decay under waterlogging stress,with substantial peroxidative damage to cell membranes,along with poor root growth. Prokaryotic expression experiments demonstrated that the SmGAD protein played an important role in scavenging H2O2.

Conclusion

SmGAD gene,a positive regulatory factor in regulatory network of Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging and hypoxia stresses,can enhance plant resistance to waterlogging stress through mechanisms such as alleviating oxidative stress damage. Prokaryo-tic expression experiments confirm that the SmGAD protein can scavenge H2O2.

, authors=Ming-chao DENG, Meng-ru LI, Si-wei KAN, Yan-dong MEI, Guo-yuan LIU, Yan-hong CHEN, Jian ZHANG, authorsList=Ming-chao DENG, Meng-ru LI, Si-wei KAN, Yan-dong MEI, Guo-yuan LIU, Yan-hong CHEN, Jian ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan-hong CHEN, Jian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302212271766270290, articleId=1302212268012368194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=CN, title=旱柳SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中的功能研究, columnId=1302212223691158516, journalTitle=南方农业学报, columnName=园艺·园林·林业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研究旱柳SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中的功能,为解析柳树耐淹机制及耐淹柳树育种提供理论依据和候选靶基因。

方法

以一年生柳树枝条为材料,利用生物信息学工具分析SmGAD蛋白理化特性、保守结构域、蛋白结构域、亲/疏水性及启动子区顺式作用元件,并构建系统发育树。通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测SmGAD基因的表达变化。克隆SmGAD基因,构建原核表达载体pET32a-SmGAD和沉默载体pYL156-SmGAD,采用病毒诱导基因沉默(VIGS)技术沉默SmGAD,经淹水处理验证基因功能,同时进行原核表达,诱导蛋白表达并测定H2O2胁迫下菌液OD600 nm变化。

结果

旱柳SmGAD基因编码区(CDS)全长为1497 bp,SmGAD蛋白由498个氨基酸残基组成,理论分子量为56512.01 Da,理论等电点为5.80,脂肪指数为90.80,不稳定系数为35.82,总平均亲/疏水性系数为-0.221。系统发育分析结果显示,SmGAD蛋白与茶树、水稻、拟南芥和棉花等6个物种的GAD同源蛋白均具有高度相似性。启动子区顺式作用元件分析结果显示,SmGAD基因启动子区包含茉莉酸甲酯响应元件、生长素响应元件、光响应元件、干旱响应元件及醇溶蛋白代谢响应元件等。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,淹水处理后不同柳树品种中SmGAD基因的表达趋势存在差异。VIGS试验结果显示,沉默株系在淹水胁迫下叶片脱落及腐烂现象较严重,细胞膜遭受严重的过氧化损伤,根系生长情况较差。原核表达试验表明SmGAD蛋白在清除H2O2中发挥重要功能。

结论

SmGAD基因是旱柳响应淹水和缺氧胁迫调控网络中的正调控因子,可通过减轻氧化胁迫损伤等机制增强植株对淹水胁迫的抵抗力。原核表达试验证实SmGAD蛋白具有清除H2O2的能力。

, authors=邓明超, 李梦茹, 阚思蔚, 梅艳东, 刘国元, 陈艳红*, *, 张健*, *, authorsList=邓明超, 李梦茹, 阚思蔚, 梅艳东, 刘国元, 陈艳红, 张健, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈艳红, 张健, authorNote=

邓明超(1999-),https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3707-9492,研究方向为园林植物抗逆分子调控机制与育种,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈艳红(1973-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9744-0314,博士,教授,主要从事林木遗传育种研究工作,E-mail:
张健(1974-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6662-4911,博士,教授,主要从事林木遗传育种研究工作,E-mail:
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邓明超(1999-),https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3707-9492,研究方向为园林植物抗逆分子调控机制与育种,E-mail:

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture23(9):2877-2897., articleTitle=Advances in the study of waterlogging tolerance in plants, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302212272605131091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212272651268436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, companyId=1302212272605131091, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Life Sciences,Nantong University/Nantong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Genetics and Breeding,Nantong,Jiangsu 226019,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212272684822869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, companyId=1302212272605131091, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南通大学生命科学学院/南通市观赏植物遗传育种重点实验室,江苏 南通 226019)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302212290649026951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=PCR amplification results of SmGAD gene, figureFileSmall=1Q5vxpK3IDnY5HERB60BDQ==, figureFileBig=LX0jgunxzGOprzGy0vfH1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212290703552904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SmGAD基因的PCR扩增结果

M:DL5000 DNA Marker;1~3:PCR扩增产物

, figureFileSmall=1Q5vxpK3IDnY5HERB60BDQ==, figureFileBig=LX0jgunxzGOprzGy0vfH1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212290904879497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Prediction of secondary structure (A),tertiary structure (B),conserved domain (C),transmembrane domain (D),and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity (E) of SmGAD protein, figureFileSmall=usSex0AoHM0foLtreMJurg==, figureFileBig=6bPYoGPo6s+rBIExYIHQOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212290980376970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SmGAD蛋白的二级结构(A)、三级结构(B)、保守结构域(C)、跨膜结构域(D)和亲/疏水性(E)预测, figureFileSmall=usSex0AoHM0foLtreMJurg==, figureFileBig=6bPYoGPo6s+rBIExYIHQOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212291060068747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Analysis of phylogeny (A),conserved motif (B),and promoter cis-element (C) of SmGAD protein, figureFileSmall=GvGeNK/hmPCPwD4ABgVB+A==, figureFileBig=JsEKOPcE8FIO+rD72Ih2sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212291148149132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SmGAD蛋白系统发育(A)、保守基序(B)及启动子区顺式作用元件(C)分析, figureFileSmall=GvGeNK/hmPCPwD4ABgVB+A==, figureFileBig=JsEKOPcE8FIO+rD72Ih2sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212291458527629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Relative expression of SmGAD gene in response to waterlogging stress of different willow varieties, figureFileSmall=au1viOHHjbzvE9ZrhqaBWw==, figureFileBig=mNx9InPH2cN1GHxJjFAQzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212291538219406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同品种柳树中SmGAD基因响应淹水胁迫的相对表达量

A~E分别表示苏柳172、旱垂柳287、苏柳795、盐柳一号和旱柳9901中SmGAD基因响应淹水胁迫的相对表达量。*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),***表示差异极显著(P<0.001)

, figureFileSmall=au1viOHHjbzvE9ZrhqaBWw==, figureFileBig=mNx9InPH2cN1GHxJjFAQzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212293173997967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Construction of silencing vector pYL156-SmGAD and prokaryotic expression vector pET32a-SmGAD, figureFileSmall=vtnOJ+mXDx41TLB+0AQJlA==, figureFileBig=uM82ngz9rorQiEGQQ79sjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212293304021393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=CN, label=图5, caption=沉默载体pYL156-SmGAD和原核表达载体pET32a-SmGAD构建

M:DL2000 DNA Marker;1~3:PCR扩增产物;A:pYL156-SmGAD载体;B:pET32a-SmGAD载体

, figureFileSmall=vtnOJ+mXDx41TLB+0AQJlA==, figureFileBig=uM82ngz9rorQiEGQQ79sjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212293442433426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=SmGAD silencing efficiency detection,phenotypes before and after waterlogging,and determination results of relative indicators, figureFileSmall=LvhmSoMQrozXH2ippOcVCg==, figureFileBig=aHY8JZBKBPBR+SVs4QFl/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212293543096723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SmGAD沉默效率检测、淹水前后的表型及相关指标测定结果

A为SmGAD基因沉默后的相对表达量;B为柳树淹水胁迫前后表型;C~F分别为柳树淹水胁迫后的相对电导率、根干重、根鲜重和MDA含量。***表示差异极显著(P<0.001)

, figureFileSmall=LvhmSoMQrozXH2ippOcVCg==, figureFileBig=aHY8JZBKBPBR+SVs4QFl/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212293635371412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Prokaryotic expression of SmGAD protein and determination results of enzymatic activity, figureFileSmall=3S+UhPPy/0Mthl0i9NCB8g==, figureFileBig=MWPTI22Cr/LaGGFXbCdm1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212293706674581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SmGAD蛋白原核表达及酶活性测定结果

A:SmGAD蛋白凝胶电泳检测;B:SmGAD蛋白清除H2O2能力测定。**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),***表示差异极显著(P<0.001)

, figureFileSmall=3S+UhPPy/0Mthl0i9NCB8g==, figureFileBig=MWPTI22Cr/LaGGFXbCdm1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212293962527126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequence information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物 Primer引物序列 Primer sequence
qPCR-SmGAD-F5'-CCTTATTTCATCAACACT-3'
qPCR-SmGAD-R5'-ATATCTCGAGGCAAAGGT-3'
SmGAD-F5'-ATGGTTCTCTCCAAGACAGC-3'
SmGAD-R5'-CTAGCACACTCCATTCATCT-3'
pYL156-SmGAD-F5'-TAAGGTTACCGAATTCGGCCAATAAAGAGAAGAGGGA-3'
pYL156-SmGAD-R5'-CGAGACGCGTGAGCTCCCAAAACACAGAGTCAAGTAG-3'
pET32a-SmGAD-F5'-CAGCCCAGATCTGGGTACCATGGTTCTCTCCAAGACAGC-3'
pET32a-SmGAD-R5'-TGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGCTAGCACACTCCATTCATCT-3'
SmPDS-F5'-AATCAATGGGCCATGCCCTG-3'
SmPDS-R5'-GCGGAGAAGAGCGAAAGGAT-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1302212294038024599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212268012368194, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物 Primer引物序列 Primer sequence
qPCR-SmGAD-F5'-CCTTATTTCATCAACACT-3'
qPCR-SmGAD-R5'-ATATCTCGAGGCAAAGGT-3'
SmGAD-F5'-ATGGTTCTCTCCAAGACAGC-3'
SmGAD-R5'-CTAGCACACTCCATTCATCT-3'
pYL156-SmGAD-F5'-TAAGGTTACCGAATTCGGCCAATAAAGAGAAGAGGGA-3'
pYL156-SmGAD-R5'-CGAGACGCGTGAGCTCCCAAAACACAGAGTCAAGTAG-3'
pET32a-SmGAD-F5'-CAGCCCAGATCTGGGTACCATGGTTCTCTCCAAGACAGC-3'
pET32a-SmGAD-R5'-TGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGCTAGCACACTCCATTCATCT-3'
SmPDS-F5'-AATCAATGGGCCATGCCCTG-3'
SmPDS-R5'-GCGGAGAAGAGCGAAAGGAT-3'
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旱柳SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中的功能研究
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邓明超 , 李梦茹 , 阚思蔚 , 梅艳东 , 刘国元 , 陈艳红 *, * , 张健 *, *
南方农业学报 | 园艺·园林·林业 2026,57(6): 1899-1909
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南方农业学报 |园艺·园林·林业 2026 , 57 (6) : 1899 -1909
旱柳SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中的功能研究
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邓明超 , 李梦茹, 阚思蔚, 梅艳东, 刘国元, 陈艳红*, * , 张健*, *
作者信息
  • 1南通大学生命科学学院/南通市观赏植物遗传育种重点实验室,江苏 南通 226019
通讯作者:
陈艳红(1973-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9744-0314,博士,教授,主要从事林木遗传育种研究工作,E-mail:
张健(1974-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6662-4911,博士,教授,主要从事林木遗传育种研究工作,E-mail:
作者简介:

邓明超(1999-),https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3707-9492,研究方向为园林植物抗逆分子调控机制与育种,E-mail:

Functional study of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging stress
Ming-chao DENG , Meng-ru LI, Si-wei KAN, Yan-dong MEI, Guo-yuan LIU, Yan-hong CHEN , Jian ZHANG
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences,Nantong University/Nantong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Genetics and Breeding,Nantong,Jiangsu 226019,China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.024
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目的

研究旱柳SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中的功能,为解析柳树耐淹机制及耐淹柳树育种提供理论依据和候选靶基因。

方法

以一年生柳树枝条为材料,利用生物信息学工具分析SmGAD蛋白理化特性、保守结构域、蛋白结构域、亲/疏水性及启动子区顺式作用元件,并构建系统发育树。通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测SmGAD基因的表达变化。克隆SmGAD基因,构建原核表达载体pET32a-SmGAD和沉默载体pYL156-SmGAD,采用病毒诱导基因沉默(VIGS)技术沉默SmGAD,经淹水处理验证基因功能,同时进行原核表达,诱导蛋白表达并测定H2O2胁迫下菌液OD600 nm变化。

结果

旱柳SmGAD基因编码区(CDS)全长为1497 bp,SmGAD蛋白由498个氨基酸残基组成,理论分子量为56512.01 Da,理论等电点为5.80,脂肪指数为90.80,不稳定系数为35.82,总平均亲/疏水性系数为-0.221。系统发育分析结果显示,SmGAD蛋白与茶树、水稻、拟南芥和棉花等6个物种的GAD同源蛋白均具有高度相似性。启动子区顺式作用元件分析结果显示,SmGAD基因启动子区包含茉莉酸甲酯响应元件、生长素响应元件、光响应元件、干旱响应元件及醇溶蛋白代谢响应元件等。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,淹水处理后不同柳树品种中SmGAD基因的表达趋势存在差异。VIGS试验结果显示,沉默株系在淹水胁迫下叶片脱落及腐烂现象较严重,细胞膜遭受严重的过氧化损伤,根系生长情况较差。原核表达试验表明SmGAD蛋白在清除H2O2中发挥重要功能。

结论

SmGAD基因是旱柳响应淹水和缺氧胁迫调控网络中的正调控因子,可通过减轻氧化胁迫损伤等机制增强植株对淹水胁迫的抵抗力。原核表达试验证实SmGAD蛋白具有清除H2O2的能力。

旱柳  /  SmGAD基因  /  淹水胁迫  /  病毒诱导基因沉默(VIGS)  /  原核表达
Objective

The study aimed to investigate the functions of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging stress,provide theoretical basis and candidate target genes for elucidating willow waterlogging tolerance mechanism and breeding willows tolerant to waterlogging.

Method

Using one-year-old willow branches as materials,bioinformatic tools were employed to analyze physicochemical properties,conserved domains,protein domains,hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity,and promoter cis-acting elements of the SmGAD protein,and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression changes of SmGAD gene. The SmGAD gene was cloned,and the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a-SmGAD and silencing vector pYL156-SmGAD were constructed.Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to silence SmGAD,and the gene function was verified through waterlogging treatment. Meanwhile,prokaryotic expression was performed to induce protein expression,and the changes in bacterial culture OD600 nm under H2O2 stress were measured.

Result

The coding sequence (CDS) of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana was 1497 bp in full length,and SmGAD protein consisted of 498 amino acid residues,with a theoretical molecular mass of 56512.01 Da,a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.80,an aliphatic index of 90.80,an instability index of 35.82,and a grand average of hydropathicity hydrophobicity coefficient of -0.221. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SmGAD protein shared high similarity with GAD homologous proteins in six species,including Camellia sinensis L.,Oryza sativa L.,Arabidopsis thaliana L.,and Gossypium hirsutum L. Promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of SmGAD gene contained methyl jasmonate -responsive elements,auxin-responsive elements,light-responsive elements,drought-responsive elements,prolamin-metabolism-responsive elements,and so on. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis results revealed that the expression trends of SmGAD gene differed among various willow varieties after waterlogging treatment. VIGS experiment results showed that the silenced lines exhibited more severer leaf abscission and decay under waterlogging stress,with substantial peroxidative damage to cell membranes,along with poor root growth. Prokaryotic expression experiments demonstrated that the SmGAD protein played an important role in scavenging H2O2.

Conclusion

SmGAD gene,a positive regulatory factor in regulatory network of Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging and hypoxia stresses,can enhance plant resistance to waterlogging stress through mechanisms such as alleviating oxidative stress damage. Prokaryo-tic expression experiments confirm that the SmGAD protein can scavenge H2O2.

Salix matsudana  /  SmGAD gene  /  waterlogging stress  /  virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)  /  prokar-yotic expression
邓明超, 李梦茹, 阚思蔚, 梅艳东, 刘国元, 陈艳红, 张健. 旱柳SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中的功能研究. 南方农业学报, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1899 -1909 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.024
Ming-chao DENG, Meng-ru LI, Si-wei KAN, Yan-dong MEI, Guo-yuan LIU, Yan-hong CHEN, Jian ZHANG. Functional study of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging stress[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1899 -1909 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.024
【研究意义】旱柳(Salix matsudana)作为一种抗逆性较强的园林植物,兼具较高的观赏价值和生态价值,在复杂恶劣环境中表现出良好的适应能力(郑凌泽,2023)。柳树常被种植于河流两岸,发挥防风固土作用,但在雨季或洪水来临时易遭受淹水胁迫。淹水胁迫使植物根系周围土壤含水量急剧上升,大幅降低土壤中的氧气含量,根系无法进行正常的有氧呼吸,转而进行无氧呼吸(赵婷等,2021)。无氧呼吸不仅会阻碍植物发挥吸收、运输水分与养分的功能(刘俊婷等,2023),还会积累乙醇和活性氧(ROS)等有毒有害物质,对植物细胞产生毒害,严重时会导致植株死亡(Xu et al.,2024)。同时,根系受损导致养分吸收受阻,进而影响地上部分,表现为植株矮小、叶片黄化和枯萎(Du et al.,2024)。淹水胁迫还影响植物的光合作用,如根系缺氧促使叶片气孔关闭,光合速率显著降低;叶绿体因水分含量过高而受到破坏,影响光能的吸收与转化。此外,淹水胁迫会破坏植物体内的激素平衡,如乙烯含量增加可导致植物器官提前衰老和叶片脱落,从而抑制植物生长发育(Li and Rao,2024)。柳树在应对淹水胁迫时具有较强的抗逆性,其通气组织较为发达,受到淹水胁迫时可产生大量气生根,吸收更多氧气供给根系,减轻根系损伤,保障有氧呼吸的进行(de Souza et al.,2017)。内源激素在淹水胁迫条件下亦发挥调控作用,如脱落酸含量在淹水初期显著上升,促使气孔关闭以降低能量消耗(Liu et al.,2001)。激素还能促进通气组织和不定根的形成,增强植株的氧气吸收能力,避免无氧呼吸产物对细胞造成毒害(项洪涛等,2022)。因此,开展柳树响应淹水胁迫相关基因的功能研究,对于阐明柳树耐淹性机制及耐淹柳树育种具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】GAD基因与植物生长发育密切相关,在种子萌发、开花和结果等过程中均发挥重要功能。对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana L.)的研究表明,GAD家族5个基因的表达模式各不相同,在不同生长发育阶段呈现组织特异性(李承龙,2021)。对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)OsGAD2过表达株系及突变株系的研究发现,OsGAD2基因在授粉后种子中的表达量较高,可调控水稻籽粒的生长发育(张登,2023)。GAD基因编码谷氨酸脱羧酶,该酶主要以磷酸吡哆醛为辅因子,催化谷氨酸脱羧生成γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),而谷氨酸脱羧酶正是GABA合成的限速酶(雷敏等,2024)。GABA作为动植物中广泛存在的天然非蛋白氨基酸,可经转氨酶及琥珀酸脱氢酶作用进入三羧酸循环(宋红苗等,2010)。研究表明,GABA与植物激素存在一定相互作用,可调控相关信号通路,进而影响植物生长发育。乙烯信号通路是最早发现的与GABA相关的激素信号通路,GABA可激活乙烯合成前体ACC基因的表达(张海龙等,2020)。GABA与脱落酸和赤霉素之间存在一定互作,可帮助种子打破休眠期,并在植株生长发育过程中发挥作用(Wang et al.,2025)。GAD基因在植物响应非生物胁迫(如低温胁迫、盐碱胁迫和重金属胁迫等)中也发挥重要功能。在非生物胁迫下,细胞膜透性被破坏,细胞受到损伤,而GABA可调节细胞中的离子运输,降低植物所受的伤害(李瑶等,2024)。对5个耐盐性不同的棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)品种在种子萌发期进行盐胁迫后,发现强耐盐性品种中的GAD活性及GABA含量均较高(Dong et al.,2024)。在拟南芥中,通过HLN1稳定GAD2基因的表达,可增强拟南芥对干旱胁迫的耐受性(Liu et al.,2025)。已有研究表明,外源施加GABA对植物的生长发育及非生物胁迫应对能力均有较好的提升作用。对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)的研究发现,外源施加GABA可提升冬小麦的耐寒性(陈惠婵,2023)。在黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗受到盐胁迫时外源施加GABA,可显著提升种子发芽率,并改善幼苗生长状况(蔡琳等,2024)。盐胁迫条件下喷施外源GABA,可保障水稻的光合作用能力和抗氧化能力(束晨晨等,2025)。在番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)幼苗应对重金属胁迫时,外源施加GABA可缓解幼苗所受的损伤(Shoaib et al.,2025)。此外,GABA的合成与三羧酸循环相关,植物在低氧生长条件下GAD基因表达上调,而低氧环境是淹水胁迫的重要影响因子,由此推测GAD基因可能在植物响应淹水胁迫中发挥功能(Wu et al.,2021)。【本研究切入点】目前,有关GAD基因功能的研究主要集中于植物生长发育及响应盐胁迫和低温胁迫等方面,而关于GAD基因在木本植物响应淹水胁迫中的研究鲜见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】基于转录组数据初步判定旱柳SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中发挥重要功能。利用实时荧光定量PCR分析不同柳树品种中SmGAD基因的表达水平,采用病毒诱导基因沉默(VIGS)技术沉默SmGAD基因,并通过原核表达试验和酶活性测定解析SmGAD蛋白的功能,旨在阐明旱柳SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中的重要功能,以期为培育耐淹旱柳提供重要的分子靶点和理论依据。
供试材料为一年生柳树枝条,包括旱柳9901、苏柳795、苏柳172、旱垂柳287和盐柳一号,种植于南通市观赏植物遗传育种重点实验室苗木基地。将采集的枝条(直径约0.5 cm)剪成长度为8 cm的小段,于人工气候室进行水培。培养温度为25 ℃,光周期为16 h光照/8 h黑暗。
利用Expasy(http://web.expasy.org/)分析SmGAD蛋白的氨基酸组成与基本理化特性;利用SWISS-MODEL(https://swissmodel.expasy.org/)构建蛋白结构模型;通过NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)分析SmGAD蛋白的保守结构域;使用ProtScale(https://web.expasy.org/protscale/)在线工具预测SmGAD的跨膜结构域及亲/疏水性。从NCBI获取茶树(Camellia sinensis L.)、水稻、拟南芥和棉花等6个物种的GAD蛋白序列,利用MEGA 11.0构建系统发育树。使用TBtools截取SmGAD基因编码区(CDS)上游2000 bp序列作为启动子,经PlantCARE分析启动子区顺式作用元件,并通过TBtools进行可视化。
采用TaKaRa MiniBEST植物RNA提取试剂盒[宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司]提取RNA,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA完整性与浓度。利用TaKaRa PrimeScriptTM RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser(Perfect Real Time)[宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司]将提取的RNA反转录为cDNA,作为后续试验模板。反应体系20.0 μL:cDNA模板1.0 μL,SYBR Mix 10.0 μL,上、下游引物各0.5 μL,无菌水补足至20.0 μL。扩增程序:95 ℃预变性1 min;95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 5 s,72 ℃ 12 s,进行40个循环。每样品设3个生物学重复,采用2-ΔΔCt 法计算目的基因相对表达量(钱超楠等,2024)。引物序列见表1
根据旱柳9901的SmGAD基因序列,借助Oligo 7设计基因上游引物F1和下游引物R1,委托苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司合成。以反转录所得cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增,反应体系50.0 μL:cDNA 模板2.0 μL,上、下游引物各 2.0 μL,2×pfm PCR Master-Mix 25.0 μL,ddH2O补足至50.0 μL。扩增程序:98 ℃预变性2 min;98 ℃ 10 s,62 ℃ 5 s,72 ℃ 10 s,进行36 个循环;72 ℃延伸2 min。PCR产物经回收处理后,采用TaKaRa pMDTM 18-T Vector Cloning Kit[宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司]进行连接克隆,委托苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司测序,以确认克隆准确性(华炫等,2024)。引物序列见表1
根据pWM101载体和pET32a载体的序列特征及SmGAD基因序列,借助Oligo 7设计2对特异性引物,分别命名为F1-101/R1-101和F1-156/R1-156。以pMD18-T-SmGAD质粒为模板进行PCR扩增,反应体系50.0 μL:质粒模板2.0 μL,上、下游引物各2.0 μL,2×Pfm PCR MasterMix 25.0 μL,ddH2O补足至50.0 μL。扩增程序:98 ℃预变性2 min;98 ℃ 10 s,62 ℃ 5 s,72 ℃ 5 s,进行36个循环;72 ℃延伸2 min。引物序列见表1
将测序正确的pYL156-SmGAD载体转化至农杆菌GV3101,同时制备含有pYL156空载、pYL156-SmPDS和pTRV1(辅助质粒)的农杆菌菌株。将pYL156-SmGAD、pYL156空载、pYL156-SmPDS和pTRV1菌株分别接种于含50 μg/mL卡那霉素和25 μg/mL利福平的LB液体培养基中,于28 ℃、200 r/min振荡培养12 h至OD600 nm介于1.5~2.0。随后以4000 r/min离心收集菌体,用预冷缓冲液重悬并调节OD600 nm至1.5~2.0。将pTRV1菌液分别与pYL156空载、pYL156-SmPDS和pYL156-SmGAD菌液按1∶1比例充分混匀,作为注射用混合菌液,其中pTRV1与pYL156空载的混合液记为pTRV2(对照组),pTRV1与pYL156-SmGAD的混合液记为pTRV2-SmGAD(试验组)。将混合菌液分别注入旱柳9901的叶片和根部组织,待注射pYL156-SmPDS的植株出现明显白化表型后,分别提取对照组和试验组样本的RNA,利用实时荧光定量PCR验证目标基因的表达水平。确认目的基因被成功敲降后,参照Chen等(2025)的方法,在黑暗条件下对旱柳9901进行淹水处理(淹没植株顶端),以进一步分析基因功能。引物序列见表1
通过特异性引物从pMD18-T-SmGAD质粒中扩增SmGAD基因。使用限制性内切酶Bam HI和Xho I对pET32a载体进行线性化处理,将SmGAD基因片段连接至该载体,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞。筛选阳性菌落,转接至含有10 mL LB培养基(含50 μg/mL氨苄青霉素)的试管中,37 ℃振荡培养过夜。随后在37 ℃、220 r/min条件下培养至OD600 nm约为0.4,添加0.1 mmol/L IPTG诱导蛋白表达。在菌液OD600 nm为0.2时加入0.1 mmol/L IPTG(诱导组),以未添加IPTG诱导的菌液为对照(未诱导组),1.5 h后向诱导组和未诱导组中分别添加3 mmol/L的H2O2,每0.5 h测定菌液OD600 nmWei et al.,2024)。引物序列见表1
采用GraphPad Prism进行数据处理、统计分析和制图,利用双尾Student’s t检验评估组间差异的显著性水平。
通过实时荧光定量PCR从旱柳9901的cDNA中成功扩增出SmGAD基因,获得其CDS序列,片段长度为1497 bp。将该序列与旱柳基因组中SmGAD基因的CDS区域进行比对,结果(图1)显示SmGAD基因已成功克隆。
SmGAD蛋白由498个氨基酸残基组成,理论分子量为56512.01 Da,分子式为C2537H3993N675O741S22,原子总数为7968。ProtParam预测分析显示,其理论等电点为5.80,脂肪指数为90.80,不稳定系数为35.82,总平均亲/疏水性系数为-0.221。上述结果表明,SmGAD蛋白可能具有较高的结构稳定性和适度的疏水性。氨基酸组成分析显示,缬氨酸(Val)的相对丰度最高(8.8%),亮氨酸(Leu)次之(8.6%),半胱氨酸(Cys)最低(1.2%)。
采用SOPMA工具预测SmGAD蛋白二级结构,结果(图2-A)显示α-螺旋占37.55%,无规则卷曲占47.59%,β-折叠占14.86%,表明α-螺旋和无规则卷曲是该蛋白的主要构象单元。基于SWISS-MODEL的三级结构预测结果(图2-B)显示,以A0A836XSZ1.1.A为模板建立的蛋白结构与SmGAD蛋白序列的相似性为99.60%,全域模型质量估计值(GMQE)为0.93。通过NCBI在线工具预测SmGAD蛋白保守结构域,发现SmGAD蛋白含有谷氨酸脱羧酶特征性功能域,并包含磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)结合位点的关键保守残基(图2-C),该结果与AAT-I超家族(依赖PLP的酶类)的催化机制特征高度吻合。跨膜结构域分析结果(图2-D)显示,SmGAD蛋白无跨膜结构域。亲/疏水性分析结果(图2-E)显示,第206位氨基酸(Val)的分值最高(2.444),第141位氨基酸(Trp)的分值最低(-3.611),表明SmGAD蛋白具有两亲性特征。
系统发育分析结果(图3-A)显示,旱柳9901的SmGAD蛋白与毛果杨(Populus trichocarpa)、茶树和棉花的GAD同源蛋白亲缘关系较近。多重序列比对结果(图3-B)显示,SmGAD蛋白与其他6个物种的GAD同源蛋白均具有高度相似性,表明谷氨酸脱羧酶在不同物种中高度保守。启动子区顺式作用元件分析结果(图3-C)显示,其启动子中包含茉莉酸甲酯响应元件、生长素响应元件、光响应元件、干旱响应元件及醇溶蛋白代谢响应元件等。其中,生长素响应元件和光响应元件的存在提示SmGAD基因可能参与植物对淹水胁迫的响应。
为探究不同品种柳树中SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中的表达变化,分别提取苏柳172、旱垂柳287、苏柳795、盐柳一号和旱柳9901淹水0、4和12 h的RNA,进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。结果(图4)显示,SmGAD基因在不同品种中的表达趋势存在差异。苏柳172和苏柳795中,SmGAD基因的表达趋势较为相似,即淹水0~4 h上调不明显,但淹水4~12 h出现极显著(P<0.01或P<0.001)上调。旱垂柳287、盐柳一号和旱柳9901的SmGAD基因表达趋势基本相同,即淹水4 h较0 h极显著(P<0.01或P<0.001)上调,淹水4~12 h持续上调。以上结果表明,SmGAD基因在不同品种柳树响应淹水胁迫中均发挥重要的调控作用。
以pMD18-T-SmGAD质粒为模板,扩增获得216 bp的特异性SmGAD基因片段(图5-A)。接种后2周,注射pYL156-SmPDS的植株表现出明显白化表型。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果(图6-A)显示,与对照组相比,试验组SmGAD基因的相对表达量降幅超过50%,表明基因沉默效率在50%以上。为探究SmGAD基因在淹水胁迫中的功能,对2组植株进行淹水处理。
柳树淹水前后的表型结果(图6-B)显示,试验组在淹水胁迫下叶片脱落及腐烂现象较严重,根冠出现大面积褐化。对照组叶片的相对电导率约为试验组的20%,表明沉默株系叶片受到严重损伤,细胞膜遭受严重的过氧化损伤(图6-C)。根干重和根鲜重测定结果(图6-D和图6-E)显示,试验组的根干重约为对照组的40%,根鲜重约为对照组的25%,表明淹水胁迫后沉默株系根系生长情况较差,含水量降低。丙二醛(MDA)含量测定结果(图6-F)显示,试验组的MDA含量较对照组提高约200%,表明沉默株系细胞受损程度更高。上述结果表明,SmGAD基因在旱柳响应淹水胁迫中发挥重要功能。
通过原核表达试验构建pET32a-SmGAD载体(图5-B),经诱导后进行十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测,其理论分子量为56.51 kD,确认蛋白成功表达(图7-A)。酶活性测定结果(图7-B)显示,在1.5 h测定OD600 nm后,将H2O2添加至诱导组和未诱导组菌液中,OD600 nm均明显下降,且未诱导组下降更明显;2.5 h时诱导组回升速度较未诱导组更快。在添加H2O2后2.0和2.5 h时,诱导组和未诱导组的OD600 nm均存在极显著差异(P<0.01或P<0.001),表明IPTG诱导组菌液繁殖速度较快,清除H2O2的能力较强。以上结果表明,SmGAD蛋白在清除H2O2中发挥重要功能。
本研究探讨了旱柳SmGAD基因在响应淹水胁迫中的重要功能。已有研究表明,GAD基因在植物生长发育及种子萌发中发挥重要功能。在水稻中,解析与GABA合成相关的基因可为选育高GABA含量品种打下基础(孙志勇等,2024);在玉米(Zea may L.)中,外源施加GAD基因催化产物GABA能够提升老化玉米种子的发芽率,促进种子活性(焦芳菊等,2025)。同时,受GAD基因调控的GABA在植物应对非生物胁迫(如盐胁迫、低温胁迫、干旱胁迫及重金属胁迫)中也发挥重要功能。盐碱胁迫可诱导番茄GAD活性显著提高和内源GABA积累,GABA合成关键基因SlGAD1的相对表达量也显著上调,植株清除过氧化物的能力随之增强(Wu et al.,2020)。此外,番茄SlGAD2基因在响应低温胁迫中发挥调控作用,外源施加GABA可显著提高番茄的低温耐受性,并降低植株过氧化物含量(张勇,2024)。
GAD基因在不同物种中参与响应多种非生物胁迫,但有关其响应淹水胁迫的报道较为有限。本研究通过转录组数据挖掘与旱柳耐淹性相关的基因SmGAD,并对不同品种柳树进行实时荧光定量PCR分析,发现该基因在淹水处理不同时间点呈特异性表达。在西瓜(Citrullus lanatus L.)响应盐胁迫的研究中,3个GAD基因家族成员存在组织特异性表达,且在不同盐胁迫时间点的表达趋势不一致(李明轩等,2023),本研究结果与之相似。淹水胁迫与低氧胁迫密切关联。当植物遭受淹水胁迫时,土壤中氧气含量迅速下降,引发组织缺氧。在低氧条件下,外源施加GABA可显著提升超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低ROS含量。研究表明,低氧状态下植物组织中的GABA含量显著提高,有助于维持细胞膜电位并缓解过氧化损伤,从而增强植物对低氧环境的适应性(张海龙,2020)。GABA在应对多种非生物胁迫中均发挥功能。山定子(Malus baccata Borkh.)响应低温胁迫的研究表明,GABA的产生可有效清除植株中积累的ROS,帮助其适应低温环境(陆晓晨等,2019)。菘蓝(Isatis tinctoria L.)幼苗在盐胁迫下会产生大量超氧阴离子等ROS,喷施GABA后CAT、POD和SOD活性均显著提高,进一步证实GABA在ROS清除中的功能(韩多红等,2021)。本研究通过原核表达诱导SmGAD蛋白过表达,验证了SmGAD具有清除H2O2的功能,并在大肠杆菌BL21中的异源过表达体系中得到了证实。
深入挖掘柳树耐淹关键基因并解析其功能机制,对于开发耐淹种质资源、推动湿地生态系统的恢复与重建具有重要意义。本研究以淹水胁迫为切入点,验证了SmGAD基因在柳树应对淹水胁迫中发挥关键作用。然而,关于GAD基因在柳树淹水胁迫中的具体调控网络和作用机制,仍需进一步研究。
SmGAD基因是旱柳响应淹水和缺氧胁迫调控网络中的正调控因子,可通过减轻氧化胁迫损伤等机制增强植株对淹水胁迫的抵抗力。原核表达试验证实SmGAD蛋白具有清除H2O2的能力。

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2026年第57卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.024
  • 接收时间:2025-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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    1南通大学生命科学学院/南通市观赏植物遗传育种重点实验室,江苏 南通 226019

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陈艳红(1973-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9744-0314,博士,教授,主要从事林木遗传育种研究工作,E-mail:
张健(1974-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6662-4911,博士,教授,主要从事林木遗传育种研究工作,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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