Article(id=1302212246306841575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734105600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788401193453, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788401193453, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788401193453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788401193453, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302212221539472091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, year='2026', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1956', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788401187547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405081323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1931, endPage=1944, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302212246503973864, articleId=1302212246306841575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=EN, title=Prediction of potential suitable habitats of the southern medicinal herb Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China under climate change, columnId=1302212223036838621, journalTitle=Journal of Southern Agriculture, columnName=Agricultural Information Technology·Agriculture Economics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aimed to predict the potential suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China,clarify the correlation between climate change and its distribution,thereby providing a theoretical basis for its artificial cultivation,introduction,development,and utilization.

Method

Based on the 62 distribution points of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. and 19 environmental factors,the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) was used to predict its potential suitable habitats under current and future (2050s and 2090s) climate change scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5). The actual suitable habitats were calculated through overlay analysis with land use types. Key environmental factors were screened based on their contribution rates and response curves. Based on changes in suitable habitat area and centroid migration,the chan-ging trends in potential suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. under future climate change were determined.

Result

The current total suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China was 37.59 × 104 km2,mainly distributed in Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,Fujian,Taiwan,and Yunnan. The area of lowly suitable habitat was 24.67 × 104 km2,the area of moderately suitable habitat was 10.09 × 104 km2,and the area of highly suitable habitat was 2.83 × 104 km2 respectively. Overlay analysis was performed on geographical layers of forestland and shrubland,which showed that the actual suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. was 21.56 × 104 km2. The four key environmental factors affecting the growth of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. was in the order of contribution rate as minimum temperature of coldest month (73.5%) > precipitation of driest month (9.7%) > annual precipitation (6.2%) > mean diurnal temperature range (4.0%),with minimum temperature of coldest month being the dominant environmental factor. Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario,the suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. generally showed an overall expanding trend. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,although the lowly suitable habitats continued to increase by the 2090s,the moderately and highly suitable habitats shrank sharply,resulting in a declining trend in the total suitable habitats. In addition,under the SSP1-2.6 scenario,the centroid of the suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China showed no obvious east-west migration but exhibited a continuous northward migration trend. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,the centroid of suitable habitats rapidly migrated westward and then remained relatively stable in longitude,while continuously migrating northward in latitude.

Conclusion

Under future climate change scenarios,the distribution trends and area changes of suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China will show different response patterns. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Guangdong and Guangxi will continue to increase under the low radiative forcing scenario but shrink severely under the high radiative forcing scenario. Therefore,meteorological monitoring and artificial intervention should be strengthened,and changes in crop varieties should be considered in a timely manner. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Fujian,Yunnan,and Guizhou will continue to increase. Planting trials should be conducted before introduction and cultivation in newly suitable habitats,while economic viability and feasibility should also be considered. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Hainan and Taiwan remain relatively stable,but attention should be paid to the decline in suitable habitat levels caused by climate change. Artificial intervention measures should be taken in a timely manner based on environmental factors and meteorological monitoring results to ensure the quality of medicinal materials.

, authors=Jia-heng SHAO1, Chu-xuan HUANG1, Hao YANG2, Wen-xin LIU2, Hua-yi CHEN2, authorsList=Jia-heng SHAO, Chu-xuan HUANG, Hao YANG, Wen-xin LIU, Hua-yi CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hua-yi CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302212250526311424, articleId=1302212246306841575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=CN, title=气候变化下南药益智在我国的潜在适生区预测, columnId=1302212223284302559, journalTitle=南方农业学报, columnName=农业信息技术·农业经济, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

预测益智在我国的潜在适生区,并明确气候变化与益智分布的相关性,为其人工栽培引种及开发利用提供理论依据。

方法

基于益智的62个分布点位和19个环境因子,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测当前及未来(2050s和2090s)不同气候变化情景(SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5)下的益智潜在适生区,通过与土地利用类型叠加分析计算实际适生区面积,基于环境因子的贡献率及其响应关系曲线筛选出关键环境因子,再根据适生区的面积变化及其质心迁移情况判断未来气候变化背景下益智潜在适生区的变化趋势。

结果

当前我国益智的适生区总面积为37.59×104 km2,主要分布在广东、广西、海南、福建、台湾和云南,其中低适生区面积为24.67×104 km2、中适生区面积为10.09×104 km2、高适生区面积为2.83×104 km2。与土地利用类型为有林地及灌木林的地理图层进行叠加分析,得知益智的实际适生区面积为21.56×104 km2。影响益智生长的4个关键环境因子按贡献率排序为最冷月最低气温(73.5%)>最干月降水量(9.7%)>年降水量(6.2%)>平均气温日较差(4.0%),以最冷月最低气温为主导环境因子。在SSP1-2.6情景下,益智适生区面积整体上呈扩张趋势;在SSP5-8.5情景下,至2090s时益智的低适生区面积虽然保持增长态势,但其中、高适生区面积急剧萎缩,致使适生区总面积呈下降趋势。此外,在SSP1-2.6情景下,我国益智适生区质心的东西方向迁移不明显,但呈持续向北迁移的趋势;在SSP5-8.5情景下,我国益智适生区质心迅速向西迁移,随后在经度上保持相对稳定,纬度上则呈持续向北迁移的趋势。

结论

在未来气候变化情景下,我国益智适生区的分布趋势及其面积变化将呈现不同的响应方式。广东和广西的益智适生区面积在低辐射强迫情景下保持增长,但在高辐射强迫情景下严重萎缩,需加强气象监测和人工干预,并适时考虑更换作物品种;福建、云南和贵州的益智适生区面积将持续增长,在新增适生区进行引种栽培前需开展种植试验,同时考虑经济性及可行性;海南和台湾的益智适生区面积相对稳定,但需警惕气候变化影响其适生区等级下降,需结合环境因子及气象监测结果,适时采取人工干预措施以保证药材品质。

, authors=邵嘉珩1, 黄楚璇1, 杨颢2, 刘文欣2, 陈华毅2, *, *, authorsList=邵嘉珩, 黄楚璇, 杨颢, 刘文欣, 陈华毅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈华毅, authorNote=

邵嘉珩(2004-),https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2143-2928,研究方向为医药学,E-mail:

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陈华毅(1993-),https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7220-8618,博士,主要从事农业资源与环境研究工作,E-mail:
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Journal of Cleaner Production474:143552., articleTitle=Predicting the potential habitat suitability of Saussurea species in China under future climate scenarios using the optimized Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302212251310645248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212251319033857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, companyId=1302212251310645248, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510006,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212251323228162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, companyId=1302212251310645248, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广州中医药大学,广东 广州 510006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302212252971589635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212252979978244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, companyId=1302212252971589635, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry,Hainan University,Haikou,Hainan 570228,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212252988366853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, companyId=1302212252971589635, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2海南大学热带农林学院,海南 海口 570228)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302212255601418283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Valid distribution points of sampled Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., figureFileSmall=XJZfWB8rVdNOcqnUPRX5lw==, figureFileBig=qd3AoITsqVWEQppYssPeNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212255660138540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采集到的有效益智分布点位

依据审图号GS(2023)2767的标准地图绘制,底图内容未作任何改动。图4、图5、图8和图9同

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A:2050s SSP1-2.6情景;B:2050s SSP5-8.5情景;C:2090s SSP1-2.6情景;D:2090s SSP5-8.5情景

, figureFileSmall=ryQztLUHpHz/gotBJy7Jug==, figureFileBig=n0B2QkyXowQAEckGJIimSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212258524848187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Increase and decrease trends in suitable habitat of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. under two future periods, figureFileSmall=aplEx7P+45CSNDM6cYB/AQ==, figureFileBig=CZ/r6o+/xUwocIj2mxHasQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212258596151356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=CN, label=图9, caption=未来2个时期益智适生区面积的增减趋势

A:2050s SSP1-2.6情景;B:2050s SSP5-8.5情景;C:2090s SSP1-2.6情景;D:2090s SSP5-8.5情景

, figureFileSmall=aplEx7P+45CSNDM6cYB/AQ==, figureFileBig=CZ/r6o+/xUwocIj2mxHasQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212258663260221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Changing trends in suitable habitat area of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in major regions of China, figureFileSmall=+JcvXngGG7HkD63s+UyCbw==, figureFileBig=PcW5IU4fw21wYYkeWTRIPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212258742951998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=CN, label=图10, caption=我国主要地区益智适生区面积的变化趋势, figureFileSmall=+JcvXngGG7HkD63s+UyCbw==, figureFileBig=PcW5IU4fw21wYYkeWTRIPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212258810060863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Centroid migration analysis results of suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China, figureFileSmall=l27dOcrw1VjlxPSXPUkgvA==, figureFileBig=SWLCXZy7U0h4lPAWK3WiVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212258872975424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=CN, label=图11, caption=我国益智适生区质心的迁移分析结果, figureFileSmall=l27dOcrw1VjlxPSXPUkgvA==, figureFileBig=SWLCXZy7U0h4lPAWK3WiVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212258952667201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of 19 environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码
Code
释义
Description
编码
Code
释义
Description
Bio1年平均气温Bio11最冷季平均气温
Bio2平均气温日较差Bio12年降水量
Bio3等温性Bio13最湿月降水量
Bio4温度季节性Bio14最干月降水量
Bio5最热月最高气温Bio15降水季节性
Bio6最冷月最低气温Bio16最湿季降水量
Bio7年温差Bio17最干季降水量
Bio8最湿季平均气温Bio18最热季降水量
Bio9最干季平均气温Bio19最冷季降水量
Bio10最热季平均气温
), ArticleFig(id=1302212259023970370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

19个环境因子的信息说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码
Code
释义
Description
编码
Code
释义
Description
Bio1年平均气温Bio11最冷季平均气温
Bio2平均气温日较差Bio12年降水量
Bio3等温性Bio13最湿月降水量
Bio4温度季节性Bio14最干月降水量
Bio5最热月最高气温Bio15降水季节性
Bio6最冷月最低气温Bio16最湿季降水量
Bio7年温差Bio17最干季降水量
Bio8最湿季平均气温Bio18最热季降水量
Bio9最干季平均气温Bio19最冷季降水量
Bio10最热季平均气温
), ArticleFig(id=1302212259078496323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Major distribution of potential suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区
Region
适生区总面积(×104 km2
Total suitable habitat area
适生区占全国适生区的比例(%)
Proportion of suitable habitat relative to national total
中、高适生区占本地适生区的比例(%)
Proportion of moderately and high-ly suitable habitat within the local suitable habitat
中、高适生区占全国中、高适生区的比例(%)
Proportion of moderately and highly suitable habitat relative to the national total of moderately and highly suitable habitat
海南 Hainan3.377.8698.4022.34
台湾 Taiwan1.643.8160.836.71
广东 Guangdong14.5033.8236.7335.90
云南 Yunnan4.059.4527.037.38
西藏 Xizang1.202.7936.402.13
广西 Guangxi14.8434.6022.8122.81
福建 Fujian3.047.0913.352.73
), ArticleFig(id=1302212259137216580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

益智潜在适生区在我国的主要分布情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区
Region
适生区总面积(×104 km2
Total suitable habitat area
适生区占全国适生区的比例(%)
Proportion of suitable habitat relative to national total
中、高适生区占本地适生区的比例(%)
Proportion of moderately and high-ly suitable habitat within the local suitable habitat
中、高适生区占全国中、高适生区的比例(%)
Proportion of moderately and highly suitable habitat relative to the national total of moderately and highly suitable habitat
海南 Hainan3.377.8698.4022.34
台湾 Taiwan1.643.8160.836.71
广东 Guangdong14.5033.8236.7335.90
云南 Yunnan4.059.4527.037.38
西藏 Xizang1.202.7936.402.13
广西 Guangxi14.8434.6022.8122.81
福建 Fujian3.047.0913.352.73
), ArticleFig(id=1302212259216908357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Contribution rate analysis results of key environmental factors affecting distribution of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因子
Environmental factor
环境因子释义
Description of environmental factor
贡献率(%)
Contribution rate
累计贡献率(%)
Cumulative contribution rate
Bio6最冷月最低气温73.573.5
Bio14最干月降水量9.783.2
Bio12年降水量6.289.4
Bio2平均气温日较差4.093.4
Bio3等温性3.997.3
Bio10最热季平均气温1.598.8
Bio8最湿季平均气温1.2100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1302212259288211526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

影响益智分布关键环境因子的贡献率分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境因子
Environmental factor
环境因子释义
Description of environmental factor
贡献率(%)
Contribution rate
累计贡献率(%)
Cumulative contribution rate
Bio6最冷月最低气温73.573.5
Bio14最干月降水量9.783.2
Bio12年降水量6.289.4
Bio2平均气温日较差4.093.4
Bio3等温性3.997.3
Bio10最热季平均气温1.598.8
Bio8最湿季平均气温1.2100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1302212259376291911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212246306841575, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changing trends in suitable habitat area of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. across different periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时期
Period
适生区(×104 km2
Suitable habitat
低适生区(×104 km2
Lowly suitable habitat
中适生区(×104 km2
Moderately suitable habitat
高适生区(×104 km2
Highly suitable habitat
当前 Current37.5924.6710.092.83
2050s SSP1-2.643.8028.0212.023.76
2090s SSP1-2.649.6930.7215.323.65
2050s SSP5-8.553.5932.3316.434.83
2090s SSP5-8.545.3140.424.030.86
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不同时期益智适生区面积的变化趋势

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时期
Period
适生区(×104 km2
Suitable habitat
低适生区(×104 km2
Lowly suitable habitat
中适生区(×104 km2
Moderately suitable habitat
高适生区(×104 km2
Highly suitable habitat
当前 Current37.5924.6710.092.83
2050s SSP1-2.643.8028.0212.023.76
2090s SSP1-2.649.6930.7215.323.65
2050s SSP5-8.553.5932.3316.434.83
2090s SSP5-8.545.3140.424.030.86
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气候变化下南药益智在我国的潜在适生区预测
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邵嘉珩 1 , 黄楚璇 1 , 杨颢 2 , 刘文欣 2 , 陈华毅 2, *, *
南方农业学报 | 农业信息技术·农业经济 2026,57(6): 1931-1944
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南方农业学报 |农业信息技术·农业经济 2026 , 57 (6) : 1931 -1944
气候变化下南药益智在我国的潜在适生区预测
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邵嘉珩1 , 黄楚璇1, 杨颢2, 刘文欣2, 陈华毅2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1广州中医药大学,广东 广州 510006
  • 2海南大学热带农林学院,海南 海口 570228
通讯作者:
陈华毅(1993-),https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7220-8618,博士,主要从事农业资源与环境研究工作,E-mail:
作者简介:

邵嘉珩(2004-),https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2143-2928,研究方向为医药学,E-mail:

Prediction of potential suitable habitats of the southern medicinal herb Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China under climate change
Jia-heng SHAO1 , Chu-xuan HUANG1, Hao YANG2, Wen-xin LIU2, Hua-yi CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510006,China
  • 2School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry,Hainan University,Haikou,Hainan 570228,China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.027
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目的

预测益智在我国的潜在适生区,并明确气候变化与益智分布的相关性,为其人工栽培引种及开发利用提供理论依据。

方法

基于益智的62个分布点位和19个环境因子,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测当前及未来(2050s和2090s)不同气候变化情景(SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5)下的益智潜在适生区,通过与土地利用类型叠加分析计算实际适生区面积,基于环境因子的贡献率及其响应关系曲线筛选出关键环境因子,再根据适生区的面积变化及其质心迁移情况判断未来气候变化背景下益智潜在适生区的变化趋势。

结果

当前我国益智的适生区总面积为37.59×104 km2,主要分布在广东、广西、海南、福建、台湾和云南,其中低适生区面积为24.67×104 km2、中适生区面积为10.09×104 km2、高适生区面积为2.83×104 km2。与土地利用类型为有林地及灌木林的地理图层进行叠加分析,得知益智的实际适生区面积为21.56×104 km2。影响益智生长的4个关键环境因子按贡献率排序为最冷月最低气温(73.5%)>最干月降水量(9.7%)>年降水量(6.2%)>平均气温日较差(4.0%),以最冷月最低气温为主导环境因子。在SSP1-2.6情景下,益智适生区面积整体上呈扩张趋势;在SSP5-8.5情景下,至2090s时益智的低适生区面积虽然保持增长态势,但其中、高适生区面积急剧萎缩,致使适生区总面积呈下降趋势。此外,在SSP1-2.6情景下,我国益智适生区质心的东西方向迁移不明显,但呈持续向北迁移的趋势;在SSP5-8.5情景下,我国益智适生区质心迅速向西迁移,随后在经度上保持相对稳定,纬度上则呈持续向北迁移的趋势。

结论

在未来气候变化情景下,我国益智适生区的分布趋势及其面积变化将呈现不同的响应方式。广东和广西的益智适生区面积在低辐射强迫情景下保持增长,但在高辐射强迫情景下严重萎缩,需加强气象监测和人工干预,并适时考虑更换作物品种;福建、云南和贵州的益智适生区面积将持续增长,在新增适生区进行引种栽培前需开展种植试验,同时考虑经济性及可行性;海南和台湾的益智适生区面积相对稳定,但需警惕气候变化影响其适生区等级下降,需结合环境因子及气象监测结果,适时采取人工干预措施以保证药材品质。

益智  /  潜在适生区  /  环境因子  /  气候变化  /  MaxEnt模型  /  ArcGIS
Objective

This study aimed to predict the potential suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China,clarify the correlation between climate change and its distribution,thereby providing a theoretical basis for its artificial cultivation,introduction,development,and utilization.

Method

Based on the 62 distribution points of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. and 19 environmental factors,the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) was used to predict its potential suitable habitats under current and future (2050s and 2090s) climate change scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5). The actual suitable habitats were calculated through overlay analysis with land use types. Key environmental factors were screened based on their contribution rates and response curves. Based on changes in suitable habitat area and centroid migration,the chan-ging trends in potential suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. under future climate change were determined.

Result

The current total suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China was 37.59 × 104 km2,mainly distributed in Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,Fujian,Taiwan,and Yunnan. The area of lowly suitable habitat was 24.67 × 104 km2,the area of moderately suitable habitat was 10.09 × 104 km2,and the area of highly suitable habitat was 2.83 × 104 km2 respectively. Overlay analysis was performed on geographical layers of forestland and shrubland,which showed that the actual suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. was 21.56 × 104 km2. The four key environmental factors affecting the growth of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. was in the order of contribution rate as minimum temperature of coldest month (73.5%) > precipitation of driest month (9.7%) > annual precipitation (6.2%) > mean diurnal temperature range (4.0%),with minimum temperature of coldest month being the dominant environmental factor. Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario,the suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. generally showed an overall expanding trend. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,although the lowly suitable habitats continued to increase by the 2090s,the moderately and highly suitable habitats shrank sharply,resulting in a declining trend in the total suitable habitats. In addition,under the SSP1-2.6 scenario,the centroid of the suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China showed no obvious east-west migration but exhibited a continuous northward migration trend. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,the centroid of suitable habitats rapidly migrated westward and then remained relatively stable in longitude,while continuously migrating northward in latitude.

Conclusion

Under future climate change scenarios,the distribution trends and area changes of suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China will show different response patterns. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Guangdong and Guangxi will continue to increase under the low radiative forcing scenario but shrink severely under the high radiative forcing scenario. Therefore,meteorological monitoring and artificial intervention should be strengthened,and changes in crop varieties should be considered in a timely manner. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Fujian,Yunnan,and Guizhou will continue to increase. Planting trials should be conducted before introduction and cultivation in newly suitable habitats,while economic viability and feasibility should also be considered. The suitable habitats of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in Hainan and Taiwan remain relatively stable,but attention should be paid to the decline in suitable habitat levels caused by climate change. Artificial intervention measures should be taken in a timely manner based on environmental factors and meteorological monitoring results to ensure the quality of medicinal materials.

Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.  /  potential suitable habitats  /  environmental factors  /  climate change  /  MaxEnt model  /  ArcGIS
邵嘉珩, 黄楚璇, 杨颢, 刘文欣, 陈华毅. 气候变化下南药益智在我国的潜在适生区预测. 南方农业学报, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1931 -1944 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.027
Jia-heng SHAO, Chu-xuan HUANG, Hao YANG, Wen-xin LIU, Hua-yi CHEN. Prediction of potential suitable habitats of the southern medicinal herb Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. in China under climate change[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1931 -1944 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.027
【研究意义】益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.)为姜科(Zingiberaceae)山姜属(Alpinia)多年生草本植物,其干燥成熟果实性温、味辛,归脾肾经,具有温脾止泻摄涎、暖肾固精缩尿等功效,临床上常用于治疗肾虚遗尿、小便频数、遗精白浊、脾寒泄泻、腹中冷痛、口多唾涎等症,是著名的四大南药之一(国家药典委员会,2020)。现代药理学研究表明,益智果实中的化学物质通过抗氧化、抗炎症及诱导神经细胞增殖等对阿尔茨海默病起治疗作用(Zhang et al.,2011Chang et al.,2017Qi et al.,2019Li et al.,2021)。此外,Ren等(2024)研究发现益智果实中的多糖可通过抑制尿酸合成、调节肠道菌群、减少肾脏炎症而预防高尿酸血症发生。近年来,益智的多种食品、药品、保健品已开发上市,其商业价值与市场空间巨大。益智喜温暖潮湿的环境,年均气温在24~26 ℃时最适宜其生长(王轶菲,2022)。气温低于20 ℃影响益智植株开花,低于10 ℃影响正常结果,长期低温胁迫则导致落果。气候变化会改变益智生长适宜区的分布,若盲目种植不仅造成益智品质整体下降,还会制约其产业的健康发展(晏小霞等,2019)。因此,明确影响益智生长的关键环境因子,预测其适宜生态种植区域,对指导益智规模化种植及可持续开发利用具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】气候是决定区域内物种分布及其功能的主要非生物因素(Dormann,2017),多种不同的气候因素共同塑造了错综复杂的生物栖息地和分布地理边界(Cetin et al.,2023),且这些气候因素从不同角度以不同方式直接或间接影响物种的分布区域与尺度(Prakash,2021)。据《第四次气候变化国家评估报告》数据显示,1960—2019年我国气候变暖的加速度为每10年增加0.27 ℃,降水量亦呈现增长趋势,这些与益智生物学习性密切相关的气候变化将极大改变其空间地理范围(Thuiller,2007)。因此,在即将面临的气候变化背景下,深入探究物种潜在分布的变化规律,不仅能更好地进行自然资源管理,还有利于加深对生物多样性与生态系统关联的认知,为制定更精准有效的保护与管理策略提供基础信息。物种分布模型(SDM)是将物种的分布样本信息与对应的环境变量信息进行关联,揭示物种分布与环境变量间的关系,并将这种关系应用于研究区域,对目标物种分布进行估计(许仲林等,2015)。SDM模型已广泛用于区域气候变化对植物群落与功能的影响(张雷等,2011)、气候变化背景下的物种分布预测(He et al.,2023)及外来物种入侵区域预测(Giulian et al.,2024)等领域。在整个模型构建过程中,由于算法差异及对环境变量和数据源选择与处理方式的不同,衍生出包括最大熵模型(MaxEnt)、人工神经网络模型(ANN)、广义线性模型(GLM)、决策树模型(DTM)及广义可加模型(GAM)等在内的多种模型,其中MaxEnt模型因具有优越的模型算法和准确的预测能力而得到广泛应用(Syfert et al.,2013)。MaxEnt模型是将物种与其生长环境视为一个系统,通过计算系统具有最大熵时的状态参数,确定物种与环境间的稳定关系,并以此估计物种的潜在分布趋势(Phillips et al.,2006)。MaxEnt模型已广泛应用于川贝母(赵文龙等,2018)、黄芩(Xu et al.,2020)、三七(Zhan et al.,2022)等多种中药材的潜在适生区预测,并取得较准确的预测结果。【本研究切入点】目前,有关益智适生区的研究主要是对当前适生区进行预测(周继曾等,2018),但尚未针对气候变化下益智的潜在适生区进行预测。【拟解决的关键问题】基于益智的分布点位信息与当前气候模型构建MaxEnt模型,探寻影响益智分布的关键环境因子,划定不同等级的潜在适生区,并结合土地利用类型数据进行叠加分析,综合判断当前情境下益智的适生区位置及尺度,同时对未来不同时期和气候变化情境下益智的潜在适生区进行预测,明确气候变化与益智分布的相关性,为其人工栽培引种及开发利用提供理论依据。
益智分布点数据主要来自中国数字植物标本馆(http://www.cvh.ac.cn/)和中国知网(https://www.cnki.net/)。由于部分标本采集坐标数据较模糊,故去除位置不明确的采集信息。部分定位在植物园、研究院所等区域的采样点,因无法确认这些区域的自然环境是否能支持益智正常生长,故将这些采样点删除,以避免人为因素对建模结果产生影响(黄安玲等,2024)。此外,为避免物种分布距离过近而产生的空间自相关性,在1 km×1 km的范围内仅保留1个分布点。最终得到62个有效的益智分布点位(图1)。
影响益智生长发育的主要限制性环境因子包括气温和降水量(王轶菲,2022),综合考虑益智的生物学习性、数据可获得性及前人研究成果(周继曾等,2018),共选取11个气温因子和8个降水因子作为环境变量(表1)。其中,当前及未来气候数据来源于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)发布的第六次评估报告(AR6),从WorldClim数据库(http://www.worldclim.org/)下载。当前的气候数据是基于1970—2000年全球气象数据所得,采用薄板样条进行插值,利用海拔、到海岸的距离,以及基于卫星数据计算的最高、最低地表温度和云量3个协变量进行补充。其中,温度与湿度的全球交叉验证相关性≥0.99,降水量的全球交叉验证相关性≥0.86,风速的全球交叉验证相关性≥0.76,具有较高的准确性(Fick and Hijmans,2017)。未来气候情景数据选用对我国气候模拟较好的BCC-CSM2-MR模型(Wu et al.,2019),包括2040—2060(2050s)和2080—2100(2090s)2个时间段,未来温室气体排放路径包括SSP1-2.6情景和SSP5-8.5情景。其中,SSP1-2.6情景代表社会脆弱性和辐射强迫均较低的低辐射强迫情景,SSP5-8.5情景则代表对人口增长、碳排放和全球变暖等影响最显著的高辐射强迫情景(晋程绣,2022)。所有环境因子的图层空间分辨率均为2.5弧分。
土地利用类型数据来自中国多时期土地利用遥感监测数据集(CNLUCC),该数据集的构建由中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所牵头联合多家单位共同完成,采用人工目视解译法记录土地利用变化情况,整体准确率超过95.00%(陈乐和卫伟,2024)。在收集数据的基础上,利用ArcGIS和MaxEnt模型对益智的潜在适生区进行预测,具体流程如图2所示。
为了避免环境因子多重共线性产生的过拟合现象(Dormann et al.,2013),将19个环境因子数据和益智的分布点位信息导入ArcGIS,并提取每个分布点的环境因子,利用SPSS 26.0对19个环境因子进行Pearson相关分析及环境因子筛选。剔除相关系数高于0.85且贡献率相对较小的环境因子,然后将益智分布点数据和环境因子导入MaxEnt中进行建模。MaxEnt模型基于最大熵原理,通过在设定约束下找到具有最大熵的模型以估计目标概率分布情况。当系统数据不完整时,MaxEnt模型仍能提供无偏性的概率估计(Phillips et al.,2006)。
Px=1Zexpi=1nλifix
公式中,Px)表示物种在某个位置存在的概率;fix)表示环境变量的特征函数;λi表示fix)的权重系数;Z是确保所有位置的概率之和等于1的归一化常数,从而形成有效的概率分布。MaxEnt模型依赖于利用概率分布函数Px)和特征函数fix)调整参数,即使在数据不确定的情况下也能进行准确预测(Zhao et al.,2024)。
通过MaxEnt模型计算并生成接受者操作特性曲线(ROC),ROC曲线与横坐标轴围成的面积即为AUC。AUC是目前可信度较高、应用较广泛的物种分布模型预测结果评价标准之一,其取值范围在0~1.00,AUC越大表明模型预测精度越高。AUC<0.60时表示模型预测失败;AUC在0.60~0.70时表示预测结果较差,可信度低;AUC在0.70~0.80时表示预测结果一般;AUC在0.80~0.90时表示预测结果较准确;AUC在0.90~1.00时表示预测结果准确,可信度高(白君君等,2022)。
将MaxEnt模型模拟运算结果导入ArcGIS,得到益智在我国的适生区预测图。MaxEnt模型的输出值在[0,1]区间,数值越高表示益智适宜在该点生长的概率越大。利用ArcGIS对MaxEnt模型的输出值进行重分类,并采用自然间断点分级法(Jenks)对当前气候背景下的益智潜在适生区进行划分(He et al.,2023赵佳丽等,2024Yang et al.,2024),共划分为4个区域:非适生区(0~0.0823)、低适生区(0.0824~0.2900)、中适生区(0.2901~0.6390)及高适生区(0.6391~0.9996)。
为了充分掌握益智的实际适生区面积及其分布情况,从CNLUCC中提取土地利用类型为有林地(指郁闭度>30%的天然林和人工林)及灌木林(指郁闭度>40%、高度在2 m以下的矮林地和灌丛林地)的地理图层,通过ArcGIS将上述地理图层与益智潜在适生区的地理图层进行叠加分析。
将筛选出的7个环境因子导入MaxEnt模型进行模拟,综合各环境因子的贡献率及其刀切法分析结果,筛选出影响益智生态适宜性的关键环境因子。结合关键环境因子的响应曲线,确定各环境因子的适宜范围和最适宜值,进而明确各环境因子与益智分布可能性的关系。
IPCC提出的4种常见社会经济途径中2种具有代表性的经济途径,对未来2个时期益智的适生区分布进行预测及等级划分。将当前的益智适生区与未来的益智适生区分布进行叠加,得到益智分布区域的变化,然后利用ArcGIS计算当前及未来2个时期2种气候变化背景下的益智适生区质心,通过绘制质心迁移图,进而明确益智分布范围的变化趋势。
基于益智的分布点位,综合分析环境因子相关性(图3-A)、环境因子贡献率及各环境因子的生态意义,剔除相关系数高于0.85且贡献率相对较小的环境因子,最终从19个环境因子中筛选出7个环境因子用于建模,分别是Bio2(平均气温日较差)、Bio3(等温性)、Bio6(最冷月最低气温)、Bio8(最湿季平均气温)、Bio10(最热季平均气温)、Bio12(年降水量)及Bio14(最干月降水量)。在此基础上,对当前气候背景下益智的潜在适生区进行预测,结果(图3-B)发现MaxEnt模型的AUC平均值为0.99,即该模型预测结果可信度较高,具有较好的准确性,可准确预测益智的潜在适生区。
将MaxEnt模型模拟运算结果导入ArcGIS,采用自然间断点分级法对当前气候背景下益智的潜在适生区进行划分,得到当前气候背景下益智不同等级适生区的分布情况(图4)。当前我国益智的适生区总面积为37.59×104 km2,分布在广东、广西、海南、福建、台湾、云南、西藏、贵州及江西等地区。其中,低适生区面积为24.67×104 km2,中适生区面积为10.09×104 km2,高适生区面积为2.83×104 km2。我国益智的中、高适生区主要分布在海南绝大部分区域、广东西南部和东南部及广西西南部,福建和云南也有少量的中低适生区分布,与梁鹏(2017)报道的益智分布区域基本一致,表明MaxEnt模型的预测准确性较高,预测结果可靠。值得注意的是,在我国台湾西南部和西藏东南部也有一定数量的益智潜在适生区,即这些地区的气候环境适宜益智生长,为今后益智的科学引种及栽培提供了参考依据。
图4可知,我国益智的适生区主要分布在广东、广西、海南、福建、台湾和云南,具体排序为广西(14.84×104 km2)>广东(14.50×104 km2)>云南(4.05×104 km2)>海南(3.37×104 km2)>福建(3.04×104 km2)>台湾(1.64×104 km2)。由于地域差异,部分地区虽然益智适生区总面积相对较小,但中、高适生区分布广泛,各地区益智中、高适生区面积占适生区总面积的比例如表2所示。以海南的益智中、高适生区占本地区适生区的比例最高,为98.40%,说明海南大部分益智适生区的适生程度很高;广东和广西的益智中、高适生区占全国中、高适生区的比例较高,分别为35.90%和22.81%,说明广东和广西目前仍是我国益智的主要潜在种植区域。
益智属于半阴生植物,喜温暖、潮湿的环境,即林下荫蔽程度是影响益智生长的重要环境因子(邱燕连,2015)。不同原产地益智的最适宜荫蔽程度各不相同,广西益智在林下荫蔽程度为50%~70%时的药用价值最高,而海南益智在林下荫蔽程度为70%~90%时的药用价值最高;但所有原产地的益智在过低荫蔽程度下的生长情况均较差,易出现植株矮小、生长衰弱、结果少等症状,甚至枯黄死亡(梁鹏,2017)。基于此,将当前益智的潜在适生区与土地利用类型为有林地和灌木林的地理图层进行叠加分析,得到较准确的益智适宜种植范围及其面积,结果(图5)显示,益智的实际适生区面积为21.56×104 km2,与MaxEnt模型预测的潜在适生区面积(37.59×104 km2)存在一定差异,可能有42.64%(16.03×104 km2)的适生区土地为不适宜益智生长的其他土地利用类型。
将筛选出的7个环境因子导入MaxEnt模型进行模拟,得到各环境因子对模型预测结果的贡献率(表3)。其中,Bio6对模型预测结果的贡献率最高(73.5%),Bio14、Bio12、Bio2对模型预测结果的贡献率分别为9.7%、6.2%和4.0%。这4个环境因子的累计贡献率达93.4%,对益智生态适宜性的影响较大。Bio3、Bio10、Bio8对模型预测结果的贡献率均低于4.0%,对益智生态适宜性的影响相对较小。
7个环境因子的刀切法分析结果(图6)显示,在使用单一环境因子建模时,Bio6、Bio12、Bio14和Bio2对MaxEnt模型的增益效果较良好。综合贡献率分析结果可知,上述4个环境因子是影响益智生长的关键环境因子,其中Bio6是影响益智生态适宜性的主导环境因子。
根据环境因子数值及其各自对应的物种存在概率,获得影响益智生态适宜性关键环境因子的响应关系曲线(图7)。其中,Bio2、Bio12、Bio14的适宜范围分别为6.27~7.64 ℃、1501.22~2894.23 mm和16.54~31.90 mm,最适宜值分别为6.98 ℃、1649.17 mm和24.37 mm。Bio6适宜范围的最大值未能准确预测,仅获知Bio6达到10.78 ℃后进入适生范围,最适宜值为16.42 ℃,表明益智生态适宜区的最冷月最低气温需保持在10.78 ℃以上,若最冷月最低气温超过16.42 ℃也会对益智的生长产生不良影响。
对未来2个时期益智的适生区分布进行预测分析,结果如表4图8所示。在SSP1-2.6情景下,益智适生区面积整体上呈扩张趋势。虽然益智的高适生区面积在出现32.86%的增长率后开始呈下滑趋势,但就现有的结果分析来看,在SSP1-2.6情景下气候变化对益智生长的影响仍表现为利大于弊。在SSP5-8.5情景下,益智不同等级适生区的变化差异十分明显:适生区总面积在经历大幅度增长后呈明显的下滑趋势;益智的中、高适生区面积均出现明显萎缩,至2090s时分别萎缩至当前益智中、高适生区面积的39.94%和30.39%;益智的低适生区面积则保持持续增长态势,至2090s时其面积达40.42×104 km2,占适生区总面积的89.21%。综合来看,在SSP5-8.5情景下,至2090s时益智的低适生区面积虽然保持增长态势,但其中、高适生区面积急剧萎缩,致使适生区总面积呈下降趋势,说明在长期高辐射强迫背景下气候变化不利于益智的生长。
将当前气候背景下益智的适生区分布与未来的益智适生区分布进行叠加分析,得到我国益智适生区面积的变化趋势。在SSP1-2.6情景下,未来时期益智潜在适宜区的总体空间分布格局与当前较吻合,其适生区面积以扩张为主。其中,减少的益智适生区主要分布在广西中部,且以低适生区为主;在云南南部、贵州西南部、广西西北部、广东北部和福建中东部地区出现新的益智适生区,且新增的适生区面积较大。在SSP5-8.5情景下,至2090s时益智适生区的空间分布北界贴近南岭—武夷山一线,广西中部和广东中部地区有大量的益智适生区丢失,云南南部、贵州西南部、西藏东南部及福建中东部也出现一定数量的新增适生区(图9)。此外,福建、云南、贵州地区的益智适生区面积在2种情景下均呈持续增长趋势,尤其在SSP5-8.5情景下,至2090s时这3个地区的益智适生区面积较当前的益智适生区分别扩增了179.76%、327.26%和1917.30%。在SSP1-2.6情景下,广东和广西的益智适生区面积呈增长趋势;在SSP5-8.5情景下,广东和广西的益智适生区面积先呈增长趋势,至2090s时两地的适生区面积大幅减少,相对于当前的益智适生区分别减少了1.65×104和7.93×104 km2,对应的降幅为11.42%和53.43%,即益智的适生区面积严重萎缩(图10)。至2090s时,广东和广西大量的益智中、高适生区被低适生区取代,说明益智的生存环境受到威胁。海南和台湾的益智适生区面积在2种情景下均无明显变化,其中海南益智适生区面积在2个时期不同情景下的变化均小于1 km2;但在SSP5-8.5情景下,受气候变化的持续影响,至2090s时海南和台湾的益智高适生区比例下降,而中、低适生区比例升高。
通过ArcGIS计算2个时期不同情景下我国益智适生区质心位置的迁移方向及其距离,结果(图11)显示,当前气候背景下,我国益智适生区的质心位于广西桂平市东南部邻近平南县,质心坐标为23°05′24″N、110°20′24″E。在SSP1-2.6情景下,我国益智适生区的质心先向西北方向迁移至23°12′36″N、110°10′12″E,随后又向东北方向迁移至平南县东部邻近藤县,质心坐标为23°27′36″N、110°36′00″E。在SSP5-8.5情景下,我国益智适生区的质心迅速向西北方向迁移至来宾市兴宾区境内,2050s的质心坐标为23°29′24″N、109°09′36″E;随后持续向东北迁移,2090s的质心坐标为23°37′48″N、109°13′12″E。综上所述,在SSP1-2.6情景下,我国益智适生区质心的东西方向迁移不明显,但呈持续向北迁移的趋势。在SSP5-8.5情景下,我国益智适生区质心迅速向西迁移,随后在经度上保持相对稳定,纬度上则呈持续向北迁移的趋势。
在当前气候背景下,我国益智适生区主要分布在海南、广东及广西等地,在云南南部、福建东南部、台湾西南部和西藏东南部也有一定数量的潜在适生区。最合适的适生区可能拥有丰富的遗传多样性,是益智种质资源分布的核心区域(武自念等,2018),故建议广西、广东、云南、海南、福建及台湾等地区在引种栽培的同时,应当加强野生益智资源的调查、收集和保护工作。林下荫蔽程度是影响益智生长的重要环境因子,为了充分探究当前益智适生区的分布情况,本研究将适宜益智生长的灌木林及有林地的地理图层与益智适生区图层进行叠加分析,得到当前益智的实际适生区面积为21.56×104 km2,与MaxEnt模型预测的潜在适生区面积(37.59×104 km2)存在一定差异,可能有16.03×104 km2的土地为其他土地利用类型,不适宜益智的生长。因此,在适生区进行益智的栽培引种时应综合考虑土地利用类型的实际情况。
影响益智生长的4个关键环境因子按其贡献率排序为Bio6(最冷月最低气温)>Bio14(最干月降水量)>Bio12(年降水量)>Bio2(平均气温日较差),与益智的生物学特性密切相关。益智喜温暖的环境,低温会严重影响其开花结果(王轶菲,2022),因此最冷月最低气温是贡献率最高的环境因子。益智还喜湿润环境,我国南方地区多属热带季风气候或亚热带季风气候,2种气候雨热同期,降水主要分布在夏季,冬季降水量相对较少;加之我国南方地区冬季温度相对较高,蒸发量大,易出现冬季土壤水分不足的现象,因此最干月降水量的贡献率略高于年降水量。根据影响益智生态适宜性关键环境因子的响应关系曲线,得到最干月降水量、年降水量和平均气温日较差的适宜范围及最适值;最冷月最低气温在高于10.78 ℃后进入益智生长的适宜范围,最适宜值为16.42 ℃,随着气温进一步升高,益智生长的适宜性呈下降趋势。在当前气候背景下,我国南方地区最冷月最低温仍保持在合理区间,因此无法预测出最冷月最低气温适宜范围的最大值。在环境变化和气候变暖的背景下,后续研究应重点关注最冷月最低气温适宜范围的确定,为益智的科学栽培提供更充分的理论依据。
基于2种具有代表性的气候变化情景,本研究对未来2个时期我国益智的适生区分布进行预测,并分析其质心迁移方向及其增减趋势,结果显示:在2种气候变化情景下,我国益智适生区质心均呈现持续向北迁移的态势。在SSP1-2.6情景下,气候变化对益智生长的影响仍表现为利大于弊,各等级适生区及适生区总面积基本上都呈上升趋势,但新增的适生区以低适生区为主。此外,在SSP1-2.6情景下,至2090s时益智的高适生区面积开始呈下降趋势,表明在气候变化的持续影响下,即使较温和的气候变化也可能给益智的生长带来不利影响。在SSP5-8.5情景下,至2090s时益智的中、高适生区面积大幅缩减,部分中、高适生区转变为低适生区。从主产区来看:福建、云南、贵州的益智适生区面积呈持续增长趋势,未来可大面积开展益智的引种栽培;但这3个地区的新增益智适生区以中、低适生区为主,在新增适生区进行益智引种栽培前应先开展种植试验,综合考虑益智的生物学习性及环境因子适宜区间,谨防恶劣天气的不良影响。此外,云南和贵州的新增益智适生区多位于云贵高原地区,福建的新增益智适生区则以山地丘陵为主,进行益智引种栽培前还需考虑其经济性及可行性。广东和广西作为当前益智的两大主产区,在SSP1-2.6情景下的适生区面积保持增长趋势,但在SSP5-8.5情景下的适生区面积严重萎缩、适生区质量下降,亟需加强气象监测,适时通过人工手段进行干预,同时考虑更换更适应未来气候环境的作物品种。海南和台湾的益智适生区在面积上虽然波动不明显,但在SSP5-8.5情景下气候变化的持续影响可能造成益智适生区等级下降,因此需加强对药材质量的查验,结合关键环境因子适宜区间及气象监测结果,适时采取人工干预措施以保证药材品质。
基于SSP5-8.5情景来看,我国益智的生存环境不容乐观。作为中亚热带和南亚热带重要的分界线(Yang et al.,2018),南岭—武夷山一线较高的地势阻挡了冬季由北而下的冷空气。南岭北部的中亚热带气候冬季寒冷,而南部的南亚热带地区冬季温暖(Liu et al.,2023)。由于最冷月最低气温是影响益智生态适宜性的主导环境因子,南岭—武夷山一线北部冬季过低的气温导致益智的生存可能性迅速降低,即益智适生区的北界很难越过南岭—武夷山一线。南方地区作为我国益智的主要适生区,其气候变暖速度明显低于北方地区(Xu et al.,2020),冬季气温升高的幅度也低于年均气温升高的幅度(晋程绣,2022),因此在未来可预测的一段时间内,南岭—武夷山一线以北地区的最冷月最低气温仍然无法达到适宜益智生长的温度,即益智适生区无法进一步向北推进。但益智适生区质心不断向北迁移,说明在气候变化背景下我国益智的适生区仍在不断向南岭—武夷山一线压缩。综上所述,相对固定的北界及不断向北迁移的质心,二者共同作用导致在高辐射强迫情景下益智适生区面积急速减少,因此未来需警惕高辐射强迫情景下益智适生区面积的大幅萎缩。
MaxEnt作为一种经典的物种分布预测模型,已广泛用于预测各种生物的适生区(周继曾等,2018王浩东等,2023王鹏等,2024张玉翠等,2025)。本研究预测得到的益智适生区面积及分布情况与周继曾等(2018)的研究结果存在差异,可能是由于分布点位的纳入标准不同,本研究删除了位于公园、研究所等易受人为因素干扰区域的适生区点位(张俊清等,2013梁鹏,2017),同时建立缓冲区以避免空间自相关。在研究方法上,本研究在利用环境因子对适生区进行预测的基础上,兼顾了植物的生物学习性,叠加土地利用类型对益智适生区面积进一步核算,为南药等植物适生区的预测提供了新的思路。本研究也存在不足之处:(1)将适宜益智生长的灌木林及有林地的地理图层与益智适生区图层进行叠加分析,虽然获得了更准确的益智实际适生区面积,但不同原产地益智的最适宜郁闭度存在一定差异,其范围多数情况下均小于灌木林和有林地,因此预测获得的益智实际适生区面积相对于实际值仍然偏大。(2)对益智适生区适生等级进行划分时,采用的自然间断点分级法虽然能较好地反映数据本身的分布特征,但数据呈偏态分布或存在极端值导致的误差不能忽略,且自然间断点分级法的分类结果可能对样本选择和模型输出的敏感度较高。若未来气候变化导致适生概率值分布形态发生明显变化时,可能无法稳定反映益智适生区等级的动态特征,而造成预测结果存在一定误差。
在未来气候变化情景下,我国益智适生区的分布趋势及其面积变化将呈现不同的响应方式。广东和广西的益智适生区面积在低辐射强迫情景下保持增长,但在高辐射强迫情景下严重萎缩,需加强气象监测和人工干预,并适时考虑更换作物品种;福建、云南和贵州的益智适生区面积将持续增长,在新增适生区进行引种栽培前需开展种植试验,同时考虑经济性及可行性;海南和台湾的益智适生区面积相对稳定,但需警惕气候变化影响其适生区等级下降,需结合环境因子及气象监测结果,适时采取人工干预措施以保证药材品质。

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2026年第57卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.027
  • 接收时间:2024-12-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-14
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    1广州中医药大学,广东 广州 510006
    2海南大学热带农林学院,海南 海口 570228

通讯作者:

陈华毅(1993-),https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7220-8618,博士,主要从事农业资源与环境研究工作,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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