Article(id=1302212311712817446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752249600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788401209046, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788401209046, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788401209046, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788401209046, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302212221539472091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, year='2026', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1956', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788401187547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405081323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1809, endPage=1818, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302212311964475687, articleId=1302212311712817446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=EN, title=Genetic diversity analysis of phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi, columnId=1302212259774747620, journalTitle=Journal of Southern Agriculture, columnName=Crop Genetics & Breeding·Germplasm Resources·Biotechnology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi,providing theoretical reference for tea origin and evolution studies,superior gene mining,and germplasm innovative utilization and conservation.

Method

A total of 120 tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi were taken as research materials. A total of 19 phenotypic traits of them (including 13 qualitative traits and six quantitative traits) such as tree architecture and leaf morphology were determined,and genetic variation analysis,correlation analysis,principal component analysis,and cluster analysis were performed to systematically evaluate the major phenotypic traits and their genetic diversity.

Result

Most tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi,were shrubs (61.67%) and semi-arbors (35.00%);semi-spreading type accounted for the largest proportion (45.00%),followed by erect type (30.00%) and spreading type (25.00%). Leaf insertion angle was mainly flat type (70.00%). Leaf color was dominated by green (74.17%),followed by light green (19.16%). Leaf apexes were mainly acuminate (38.33%) and acute (36.67%). Leaf bases were mostly cuneate (74.17%). Leaf blades were mainly flat (57.50%) and involute (39.17%). Leaf surfaces were mainly slightly convex (38.34%) and relatively smooth (30.00%). Leaf margins were mainly flat (87.50%). Leaf texture was relatively soft or brittle (each accounting for 34.17%). Leaf serration density were mostly moderately (55.84%) and intensely (38.33%) dense;leaf serration depth was moderate (58.33%) or shallow (25.00%);leaf serration sharpness was mainly sharp (47.50%) or moderately sharp (45.83%). The average Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of 13 qualitative traits was 1.31,with coefficients of variation ranging from 25.01% to 45.07%. The average H' of six quantitative traits was 2.03,and the coefficients of variation ranged from 13.83% to 38.63%. Correlation analysis showed that 11 pairs of traits had extremely significant positive correlations,nine pairs had significant positive correlations,10 pairs had extremely significant negative correlations,and 10 pairs had significant negative correlations. Principal component analysis extracted the first seven principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 67.29%,and five superior germplasms with high comprehensive scores for leaves were screened according to principal component scores. Cluster analysis showed that the 120 germplasm resources were divided into seven groups at a Euclidean distance of 5.38:Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ had more germplasms,making up 75.83% of all materials;LZ099 and LZ110 in Group Ⅴ,along with LZ034 and LZ081 in Group Ⅲ,could serve as vital materials for tea breeding for their good characteristics such as big leaves and double buds.

Conclusion

Phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi show rich genetic diversity,with great development potential for breeding new distinctive tea varieties and innovative utilization of germplasm. Rare group conservation and exploration and utilization of core germplasms should be strengthened.

, authors=Xue-lan SHEN1, Ying CHEN1, Zhao-you TENG1, Xi-fu WANG2, Xue-mei YANG3, Jia-jia MENG2, Zhi-ping CHEN3, Zhi-wen GE4, Qing-yan REN1, Tao-lin CHEN1, authorsList=Xue-lan SHEN, Ying CHEN, Zhao-you TENG, Xi-fu WANG, Xue-mei YANG, Jia-jia MENG, Zhi-ping CHEN, Zhi-wen GE, Qing-yan REN, Tao-lin CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao-lin CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302212313377956142, articleId=1302212311712817446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=CN, title=广西九万山茶树种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析, columnId=1302212260148040678, journalTitle=南方农业学报, columnName=作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子生物学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析广西九万山茶树种质资源表型性状遗传多样性,为茶树起源进化研究、优异基因挖掘及种质创新利用与保护提供理论依据。

方法

以120份九万山茶树种质资源为材料,通过测定其树型、叶片等19个表型性状(包括13个质量性状和6个数量性状),通过遗传变异分析、相关分析、主成分分析及聚类分析对其主要表型性状及其遗传多样性进行系统评价。

结果

广西九万山茶树种质资源以灌木型(61.67%)和半乔木型(35.00%)为主;树姿以半披张居多(45.00%),直立(30.00%)和披张(25.00%)次之;叶片着生角度以平展为主(70.00%);叶色以绿色占比最高(74.17%),淡绿色次之(19.16%);叶尖以渐尖(38.33%)和急尖(36.67%)为主;叶基以楔形为主(74.17%);叶身以平展(57.50%)和内折(39.17%)为主;叶面以微隆(38.34%)和较平滑(30.00%)为主;叶缘以平展居多(87.50%);叶质以较柔软型和较脆型为主(各占34.17%);叶齿密度以中(55.84%)和密(38.33%)为主,叶齿深度以中(58.33%)和浅(25.00%)为主,叶齿锐度以锐(47.50%)和中(45.83%)为主。13个质量性状的平均Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')为1.31,变异系数为25.01%~45.07%;6个数量性状平均H'为2.03,变异系数为13.83%~38.63%。相关分析结果显示,11对性状呈极显著正相关,9对呈显著正相关,10对呈极显著负相关,10对呈显著负相关。主成分分析提取出前7个主成分,累计贡献率达67.29%,根据主成分得分筛选出5份叶片综合得分较高的优异种质。聚类分析结果显示,在欧式距离5.38处可将120份种质资源划分为七大类群,其中第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类群种质较多,合计占比75.83%;第Ⅴ类群的LZ099、LZ110及第Ⅲ类群的LZ034、LZ081因具有大叶、重芽等优良特性,可作为茶树育种的重要材料加以利用。

结论

广西九万山茶树种质资源的表型性状遗传多样性丰富,在茶树特异性新品种选育及种质创新方面具有良好的开发潜力,需进一步强化稀有类群的保护及核心种质挖掘与利用工作。

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陈涛林(1988-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-0244,博士,副教授,主要从事茶树遗传育种与资源高效利用研究工作,E-mail:
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Nanning:Guang-xi University., articleTitle=Studies on wild ornamental plants in Jiuwan Mountain National Nature Reserve in Guangxi, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1302212313780609327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212313793192240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, companyId=1302212313780609327, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Tea Science,Guizhou University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212313801580849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, companyId=1302212313780609327, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1贵州大学茶学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302212313864495410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212313877078323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, companyId=1302212313864495410, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Liuzhou Forestry Research Institute,Liuzhou,Guangxi 545300,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212313889661236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, companyId=1302212313864495410, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2柳州市林业科学研究所,广西 柳州 545300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302212315571577141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212315579965750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, companyId=1302212315571577141, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Rongshui County Agricultural and Rural Bureau,Liuzhou,Guangxi 545300,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212315588354359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, companyId=1302212315571577141, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3融水县农业农村局,广西 柳州,545300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1302212315714183480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212315873567033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, companyId=1302212315714183480, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Liuzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Liuzhou,Guangxi 545003,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1302212315886149946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, companyId=1302212315714183480, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4柳州市农业技术推广中心,广西 柳州 545003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1302212322064359800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Correlations analysis of phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi, figureFileSmall=hgKiI6P9DoN3OrsGMl9pOg==, figureFileBig=sQFHu3+ep2226BHnomde6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212322135662969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=图1, caption=广西九万山茶树种质资源各表型性状间的相关分析

*和**分别表示显著相关(P<0.05)和极显著相关(P<0.01)

, figureFileSmall=hgKiI6P9DoN3OrsGMl9pOg==, figureFileBig=sQFHu3+ep2226BHnomde6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212322345378170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comprehensive scores of leaf traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi, figureFileSmall=wDMWYk0cjg18vzrIdLnbAA==, figureFileBig=Ce2G1etgUnKmLV1UxgxKoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212322420875643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=图2, caption=广西九万山茶树种质资源叶片综合性状得分情况, figureFileSmall=wDMWYk0cjg18vzrIdLnbAA==, figureFileBig=Ce2G1etgUnKmLV1UxgxKoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212322487984508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Cluster of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi, figureFileSmall=yeag7b4ErPQXAWRP5S5OZw==, figureFileBig=1ILHnQYwy99nx8mDfXANAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212322559287677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=图3, caption=广西九万山茶树种质资源聚类, figureFileSmall=yeag7b4ErPQXAWRP5S5OZw==, figureFileBig=1ILHnQYwy99nx8mDfXANAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212322630590846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Valuation standard for qualitative traits

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状
Trait
赋值 Valuation
1234567
树型
Tree architecture
灌木小乔木乔木
树姿
Tree habit
直立半披张披张
叶片着生角度
Leaf insertion angle
上斜平展下垂
叶色
Leaf color
淡绿色黄绿色绿色深绿色
叶尖
Leaf apex
圆尖钝尖渐尖急尖
叶基
Leaf base
楔形近圆形
叶身
Leaf blade
内折平展背卷
叶面
Leaf surface
平滑较平滑微隆隆起强隆
叶缘
Leaf margin
平展微波
叶质
Leaf texture
柔软较柔软较脆较硬硬脆
叶齿密度
Leaf serration density
叶齿深度
Leaf serration depth
叶齿锐度
Leaf serration sharpness
), ArticleFig(id=1302212322697699711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

质量性状赋值标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状
Trait
赋值 Valuation
1234567
树型
Tree architecture
灌木小乔木乔木
树姿
Tree habit
直立半披张披张
叶片着生角度
Leaf insertion angle
上斜平展下垂
叶色
Leaf color
淡绿色黄绿色绿色深绿色
叶尖
Leaf apex
圆尖钝尖渐尖急尖
叶基
Leaf base
楔形近圆形
叶身
Leaf blade
内折平展背卷
叶面
Leaf surface
平滑较平滑微隆隆起强隆
叶缘
Leaf margin
平展微波
叶质
Leaf texture
柔软较柔软较脆较硬硬脆
叶齿密度
Leaf serration density
叶齿深度
Leaf serration depth
叶齿锐度
Leaf serration sharpness
), ArticleFig(id=1302212322789974400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Grade-level frequency distribution of qualitative traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状
Trait
分布频率(%) Frequency distribution
1234567
树型 Tree architecture61.6735.003.33
树姿 Tree habit30.0045.0025.00
叶片着生角度
Leaf insertion angle
8.3370.0021.67
叶色 Leaf color19.162.5074.174.17
叶尖 Leaf apex0.8324.1738.3336.67
叶基 Leaf base74.1725.83
叶身 Leaf blade39.1757.503.33
叶面 Leaf surface20.8330.0038.3410.000.83
叶缘 Leaf margin87.5011.670.83
叶质 Leaf texture5.8334.1734.1715.834.175.83
叶齿密度
Leaf serration density
5.8355.8438.33
叶齿深度
Leaf serration depth
25.0058.3316.67
叶齿锐度
Leaf serration sharpness
47.5045.836.67
), ArticleFig(id=1302212322890637697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

广西九万山茶树种质资源质量性状各等级分布频率

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性状
Trait
分布频率(%) Frequency distribution
1234567
树型 Tree architecture61.6735.003.33
树姿 Tree habit30.0045.0025.00
叶片着生角度
Leaf insertion angle
8.3370.0021.67
叶色 Leaf color19.162.5074.174.17
叶尖 Leaf apex0.8324.1738.3336.67
叶基 Leaf base74.1725.83
叶身 Leaf blade39.1757.503.33
叶面 Leaf surface20.8330.0038.3410.000.83
叶缘 Leaf margin87.5011.670.83
叶质 Leaf texture5.8334.1734.1715.834.175.83
叶齿密度
Leaf serration density
5.8355.8438.33
叶齿深度
Leaf serration depth
25.0058.3316.67
叶齿锐度
Leaf serration sharpness
47.5045.836.67
), ArticleFig(id=1302212322970329474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Grade-level frequency distribution of quantitative traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状
Trait
分布频率(%) Frequency distribution
12345678910
叶长 Leaf length0.832.348.5112.6920.8722.0411.6914.693.013.34
叶宽 Leaf width0.502.3410.0317.3914.2120.0715.228.0310.541.67
叶面积 Leaf area0.332.6710.0217.3611.6925.0415.198.013.016.68
叶脉对数 Vein pair number1.013.027.0414.0720.1017.0915.2414.746.031.68
1芽2叶长 Length of one bud and two leaves0.343.707.0714.1423.5721.2112.9612.121.523.37
百芽重 Hundred-bud weight0.342.695.5621.5519.3622.2216.506.730.005.05
), ArticleFig(id=1302212324195066243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

广西九万山茶树种质资源数量性状各等级分布频率

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性状
Trait
分布频率(%) Frequency distribution
12345678910
叶长 Leaf length0.832.348.5112.6920.8722.0411.6914.693.013.34
叶宽 Leaf width0.502.3410.0317.3914.2120.0715.228.0310.541.67
叶面积 Leaf area0.332.6710.0217.3611.6925.0415.198.013.016.68
叶脉对数 Vein pair number1.013.027.0414.0720.1017.0915.2414.746.031.68
1芽2叶长 Length of one bud and two leaves0.343.707.0714.1423.5721.2112.9612.121.523.37
百芽重 Hundred-bud weight0.342.695.5621.5519.3622.2216.506.730.005.05
), ArticleFig(id=1302212324266369412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Difference and diversity analysis of phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi

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性状
Trait
平均值
Average
标准差
Standard deviation
最小值
Minimum
最大值
Maximum
变幅
Range
变异系数(%)
Coefficient of variation
H'
树型 Tree architecture1.420.5613239.451.12
树姿 Tree habit1.950.7413238.101.54
叶片着生角度 Leaf insertion angle2.130.5313225.011.14
叶色 Leaf color2.630.8414331.881.10
叶尖 Leaf apex3.110.8014325.641.61
叶基 Leaf base1.260.4412134.930.82
叶身 Leaf blade1.640.5513233.311.15
叶面 Leaf surface2.400.9615439.841.91
叶缘 Leaf margin1.130.3713232.220.59
叶质 Leaf texture3.021.3617645.072.15
叶齿密度 Leaf serration density2.330.5813225.041.24
叶齿深度 Leaf serration depth1.920.6413233.541.38
叶齿锐度 Leaf serration sharpness1.590.6113238.631.29
叶长(cm) Leaf length9.861.425.7214.108.3714.372.07
叶宽(cm) Leaf width3.690.532.595.232.6414.422.06
叶面积(cm2) Leaf area26.186.6212.3843.7131.3325.282.03
叶脉对数 Vein pair number10.171.417.0313.536.5013.832.11
1芽2叶长(cm) Length of one bud and two leaves4.970.902.307.825.5218.152.01
百芽重(g) Hundred-bud weight21.436.487.7853.2245.4430.231.92
), ArticleFig(id=1302212324362838405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

广西九万山茶树种质资源表型性状差异和多样性分析

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性状
Trait
平均值
Average
标准差
Standard deviation
最小值
Minimum
最大值
Maximum
变幅
Range
变异系数(%)
Coefficient of variation
H'
树型 Tree architecture1.420.5613239.451.12
树姿 Tree habit1.950.7413238.101.54
叶片着生角度 Leaf insertion angle2.130.5313225.011.14
叶色 Leaf color2.630.8414331.881.10
叶尖 Leaf apex3.110.8014325.641.61
叶基 Leaf base1.260.4412134.930.82
叶身 Leaf blade1.640.5513233.311.15
叶面 Leaf surface2.400.9615439.841.91
叶缘 Leaf margin1.130.3713232.220.59
叶质 Leaf texture3.021.3617645.072.15
叶齿密度 Leaf serration density2.330.5813225.041.24
叶齿深度 Leaf serration depth1.920.6413233.541.38
叶齿锐度 Leaf serration sharpness1.590.6113238.631.29
叶长(cm) Leaf length9.861.425.7214.108.3714.372.07
叶宽(cm) Leaf width3.690.532.595.232.6414.422.06
叶面积(cm2) Leaf area26.186.6212.3843.7131.3325.282.03
叶脉对数 Vein pair number10.171.417.0313.536.5013.832.11
1芽2叶长(cm) Length of one bud and two leaves4.970.902.307.825.5218.152.01
百芽重(g) Hundred-bud weight21.436.487.7853.2245.4430.231.92
), ArticleFig(id=1302212324421558662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Eigenvalues and variance contribution rates of principal components

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主成分
Principal component
初始状态
The initial
提取载荷平方和
Extraction sum of squared loading
旋转载荷平方和
Rotation sum of squared loading
特征值
Eigenvalue
方差百分比
(%)
Percentage of variance
累计贡献率
(%)
Cumulative contribution rate
特征值
Eigenvalue
方差百分比
Percentage of variance
累计贡献率
(%)
Cumulative contribution rate
特征值
Eigenvalue
方差百分比
(%)
Percentage of variance
累计贡献率
(%)
Cumulative contribution rate
PC13.5118.4818.483.5118.4818.483.2016.8416.84
PC22.2111.6230.102.2111.6230.101.9110.0326.87
PC31.769.2839.381.769.2839.381.759.1936.06
PC41.668.7648.141.668.7648.141.638.5544.61
PC51.336.9855.121.336.9855.121.497.8552.46
PC61.216.3661.481.216.3661.481.477.7460.19
PC71.115.8267.291.115.8267.291.357.1067.29
), ArticleFig(id=1302212324492861831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

主成分特征值及方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分
Principal component
初始状态
The initial
提取载荷平方和
Extraction sum of squared loading
旋转载荷平方和
Rotation sum of squared loading
特征值
Eigenvalue
方差百分比
(%)
Percentage of variance
累计贡献率
(%)
Cumulative contribution rate
特征值
Eigenvalue
方差百分比
Percentage of variance
累计贡献率
(%)
Cumulative contribution rate
特征值
Eigenvalue
方差百分比
(%)
Percentage of variance
累计贡献率
(%)
Cumulative contribution rate
PC13.5118.4818.483.5118.4818.483.2016.8416.84
PC22.2111.6230.102.2111.6230.101.9110.0326.87
PC31.769.2839.381.769.2839.381.759.1936.06
PC41.668.7648.141.668.7648.141.638.5544.61
PC51.336.9855.121.336.9855.121.497.8552.46
PC61.216.3661.481.216.3661.481.477.7460.19
PC71.115.8267.291.115.8267.291.357.1067.29
), ArticleFig(id=1302212324568359304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Loading of principal components of different traits

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性状 TraitPC1PC2PC3PC4PC5PC6PC7
树型 Tree architecture-0.01-0.14-0.04-0.700.160.26-0.01
树姿 Tree habit-0.390.110.28-0.020.48-0.050.17
叶片着生角度 Leaf insertion angle0.180.160.19-0.110.65-0.03-0.12
叶色 Leaf color0.01-0.02-0.010.180.160.82-0.09
叶尖 Leaf apex0.35-0.19-0.46-0.410.35-0.130.00
叶基 Leaf base0.040.000.350.00-0.61-0.09-0.11
叶身 Leaf blade0.09-0.02-0.150.420.180.210.53
叶面 Leaf surface0.14-0.20-0.210.640.020.23-0.04
叶缘 Leaf margin0.08-0.020.12-0.12-0.01-0.100.81
叶质 Leaf texture-0.43-0.10-0.10-0.05-0.160.280.41
叶齿密度 Leaf serration density-0.500.110.010.44-0.030.16-0.30
叶齿深度 Leaf serration depth-0.160.12-0.740.160.030.070.12
叶齿锐度 Leaf serration sharpness0.13-0.220.750.000.12-0.010.18
叶长 Leaf length0.830.140.07-0.010.26-0.24-0.02
叶宽 Leaf width0.840.070.130.12-0.200.150.08
叶面积 Leaf area0.950.130.090.040.02-0.030.04
叶脉对数 Vein pair number0.220.060.070.290.29-0.63-0.18
1芽2叶长 Length of one bud and two leaves0.110.89-0.21-0.020.12-0.030.00
百芽重 Hundred-bud weight0.130.92-0.070.050.06-0.04-0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1302212324652245385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同性状在各主成分的荷载

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性状 TraitPC1PC2PC3PC4PC5PC6PC7
树型 Tree architecture-0.01-0.14-0.04-0.700.160.26-0.01
树姿 Tree habit-0.390.110.28-0.020.48-0.050.17
叶片着生角度 Leaf insertion angle0.180.160.19-0.110.65-0.03-0.12
叶色 Leaf color0.01-0.02-0.010.180.160.82-0.09
叶尖 Leaf apex0.35-0.19-0.46-0.410.35-0.130.00
叶基 Leaf base0.040.000.350.00-0.61-0.09-0.11
叶身 Leaf blade0.09-0.02-0.150.420.180.210.53
叶面 Leaf surface0.14-0.20-0.210.640.020.23-0.04
叶缘 Leaf margin0.08-0.020.12-0.12-0.01-0.100.81
叶质 Leaf texture-0.43-0.10-0.10-0.05-0.160.280.41
叶齿密度 Leaf serration density-0.500.110.010.44-0.030.16-0.30
叶齿深度 Leaf serration depth-0.160.12-0.740.160.030.070.12
叶齿锐度 Leaf serration sharpness0.13-0.220.750.000.12-0.010.18
叶长 Leaf length0.830.140.07-0.010.26-0.24-0.02
叶宽 Leaf width0.840.070.130.12-0.200.150.08
叶面积 Leaf area0.950.130.090.040.02-0.030.04
叶脉对数 Vein pair number0.220.060.070.290.29-0.63-0.18
1芽2叶长 Length of one bud and two leaves0.110.89-0.21-0.020.12-0.030.00
百芽重 Hundred-bud weight0.130.92-0.070.050.06-0.04-0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1302212324723548554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Matrix of principal component score coefficients of principal components of different traits

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性状 TraitPC1PC2PC3PC4PC5PC6PC7
树型 Tree architecture0.02-0.04-0.02-0.450.090.24-0.07
树姿 Tree habit-0.190.080.210.030.35-0.030.13
叶片着生角度 Leaf insertion angle0.010.040.15-0.030.440.07-0.11
叶色 Leaf color0.070.020.080.060.170.62-0.14
叶尖 Leaf apex0.12-0.19-0.32-0.220.19-0.08-0.03
叶基 Leaf base0.020.070.18-0.03-0.42-0.05-0.06
叶身 Leaf blade0.04-0.02-0.070.280.140.080.39
叶面 Leaf surface0.09-0.17-0.120.400.070.10-0.05
叶缘 Leaf margin0.000.050.05-0.04-0.04-0.120.62
叶质 Leaf texture-0.110.02-0.03-0.05-0.090.120.30
叶齿密度 Leaf serration density-0.150.060.060.250.050.08-0.21
叶齿深度 Leaf serration depth-0.020.01-0.420.080.00-0.050.11
叶齿锐度 Leaf serration sharpness0.01-0.060.430.040.120.050.11
叶长 Leaf length0.240.000.010.020.12-0.08-0.01
叶宽 Leaf width0.300.030.060.05-0.170.180.04
叶面积 Leaf area0.310.030.030.02-0.040.070.02
叶脉对数 Vein pair number0.01-0.07-0.010.250.19-0.44-0.09
1芽2叶长 Length of one bud and two leaves-0.010.48-0.05-0.060.000.040.06
百芽重 Hundred-bud weight-0.010.500.04-0.02-0.040.050.01
), ArticleFig(id=1302212324803240331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212311712817446, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同性状在各主成分的得分系数

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性状 TraitPC1PC2PC3PC4PC5PC6PC7
树型 Tree architecture0.02-0.04-0.02-0.450.090.24-0.07
树姿 Tree habit-0.190.080.210.030.35-0.030.13
叶片着生角度 Leaf insertion angle0.010.040.15-0.030.440.07-0.11
叶色 Leaf color0.070.020.080.060.170.62-0.14
叶尖 Leaf apex0.12-0.19-0.32-0.220.19-0.08-0.03
叶基 Leaf base0.020.070.18-0.03-0.42-0.05-0.06
叶身 Leaf blade0.04-0.02-0.070.280.140.080.39
叶面 Leaf surface0.09-0.17-0.120.400.070.10-0.05
叶缘 Leaf margin0.000.050.05-0.04-0.04-0.120.62
叶质 Leaf texture-0.110.02-0.03-0.05-0.090.120.30
叶齿密度 Leaf serration density-0.150.060.060.250.050.08-0.21
叶齿深度 Leaf serration depth-0.020.01-0.420.080.00-0.050.11
叶齿锐度 Leaf serration sharpness0.01-0.060.430.040.120.050.11
叶长 Leaf length0.240.000.010.020.12-0.08-0.01
叶宽 Leaf width0.300.030.060.05-0.170.180.04
叶面积 Leaf area0.310.030.030.02-0.040.070.02
叶脉对数 Vein pair number0.01-0.07-0.010.250.19-0.44-0.09
1芽2叶长 Length of one bud and two leaves-0.010.48-0.05-0.060.000.040.06
百芽重 Hundred-bud weight-0.010.500.04-0.02-0.040.050.01
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广西九万山茶树种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析
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沈雪兰 1 , 陈莹 1 , 滕召优 1 , 王熙富 2 , 杨雪梅 3 , 孟佳佳 2 , 陈志平 3 , 葛智文 4 , 任青艳 1 , 陈涛林 1, *, *
南方农业学报 | 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子生物学 2026,57(6): 1809-1818
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南方农业学报 |作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子生物学 2026 , 57 (6) : 1809 -1818
广西九万山茶树种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析
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沈雪兰1 , 陈莹1, 滕召优1, 王熙富2, 杨雪梅3, 孟佳佳2, 陈志平3, 葛智文4, 任青艳1, 陈涛林1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1贵州大学茶学院,贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2柳州市林业科学研究所,广西 柳州 545300
  • 3融水县农业农村局,广西 柳州,545300
  • 4柳州市农业技术推广中心,广西 柳州 545003
通讯作者:
陈涛林(1988-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-0244,博士,副教授,主要从事茶树遗传育种与资源高效利用研究工作,E-mail:
作者简介:

沈雪兰(2004-),https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9214-1858,研究方向为茶树遗传育种与资源高效利用,E-mail:

Genetic diversity analysis of phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi
Xue-lan SHEN1 , Ying CHEN1, Zhao-you TENG1, Xi-fu WANG2, Xue-mei YANG3, Jia-jia MENG2, Zhi-ping CHEN3, Zhi-wen GE4, Qing-yan REN1, Tao-lin CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Tea Science,Guizhou University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025,China
  • 2Liuzhou Forestry Research Institute,Liuzhou,Guangxi 545300,China
  • 3Rongshui County Agricultural and Rural Bureau,Liuzhou,Guangxi 545300,China
  • 4Liuzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Liuzhou,Guangxi 545003,China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.017
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目的

分析广西九万山茶树种质资源表型性状遗传多样性,为茶树起源进化研究、优异基因挖掘及种质创新利用与保护提供理论依据。

方法

以120份九万山茶树种质资源为材料,通过测定其树型、叶片等19个表型性状(包括13个质量性状和6个数量性状),通过遗传变异分析、相关分析、主成分分析及聚类分析对其主要表型性状及其遗传多样性进行系统评价。

结果

广西九万山茶树种质资源以灌木型(61.67%)和半乔木型(35.00%)为主;树姿以半披张居多(45.00%),直立(30.00%)和披张(25.00%)次之;叶片着生角度以平展为主(70.00%);叶色以绿色占比最高(74.17%),淡绿色次之(19.16%);叶尖以渐尖(38.33%)和急尖(36.67%)为主;叶基以楔形为主(74.17%);叶身以平展(57.50%)和内折(39.17%)为主;叶面以微隆(38.34%)和较平滑(30.00%)为主;叶缘以平展居多(87.50%);叶质以较柔软型和较脆型为主(各占34.17%);叶齿密度以中(55.84%)和密(38.33%)为主,叶齿深度以中(58.33%)和浅(25.00%)为主,叶齿锐度以锐(47.50%)和中(45.83%)为主。13个质量性状的平均Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')为1.31,变异系数为25.01%~45.07%;6个数量性状平均H'为2.03,变异系数为13.83%~38.63%。相关分析结果显示,11对性状呈极显著正相关,9对呈显著正相关,10对呈极显著负相关,10对呈显著负相关。主成分分析提取出前7个主成分,累计贡献率达67.29%,根据主成分得分筛选出5份叶片综合得分较高的优异种质。聚类分析结果显示,在欧式距离5.38处可将120份种质资源划分为七大类群,其中第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类群种质较多,合计占比75.83%;第Ⅴ类群的LZ099、LZ110及第Ⅲ类群的LZ034、LZ081因具有大叶、重芽等优良特性,可作为茶树育种的重要材料加以利用。

结论

广西九万山茶树种质资源的表型性状遗传多样性丰富,在茶树特异性新品种选育及种质创新方面具有良好的开发潜力,需进一步强化稀有类群的保护及核心种质挖掘与利用工作。

茶树  /  种质资源  /  生物学性状  /  遗传多样性  /  广西九万山
Objective

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi,providing theoretical reference for tea origin and evolution studies,superior gene mining,and germplasm innovative utilization and conservation.

Method

A total of 120 tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi were taken as research materials. A total of 19 phenotypic traits of them (including 13 qualitative traits and six quantitative traits) such as tree architecture and leaf morphology were determined,and genetic variation analysis,correlation analysis,principal component analysis,and cluster analysis were performed to systematically evaluate the major phenotypic traits and their genetic diversity.

Result

Most tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi,were shrubs (61.67%) and semi-arbors (35.00%);semi-spreading type accounted for the largest proportion (45.00%),followed by erect type (30.00%) and spreading type (25.00%). Leaf insertion angle was mainly flat type (70.00%). Leaf color was dominated by green (74.17%),followed by light green (19.16%). Leaf apexes were mainly acuminate (38.33%) and acute (36.67%). Leaf bases were mostly cuneate (74.17%). Leaf blades were mainly flat (57.50%) and involute (39.17%). Leaf surfaces were mainly slightly convex (38.34%) and relatively smooth (30.00%). Leaf margins were mainly flat (87.50%). Leaf texture was relatively soft or brittle (each accounting for 34.17%). Leaf serration density were mostly moderately (55.84%) and intensely (38.33%) dense;leaf serration depth was moderate (58.33%) or shallow (25.00%);leaf serration sharpness was mainly sharp (47.50%) or moderately sharp (45.83%). The average Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of 13 qualitative traits was 1.31,with coefficients of variation ranging from 25.01% to 45.07%. The average H' of six quantitative traits was 2.03,and the coefficients of variation ranged from 13.83% to 38.63%. Correlation analysis showed that 11 pairs of traits had extremely significant positive correlations,nine pairs had significant positive correlations,10 pairs had extremely significant negative correlations,and 10 pairs had significant negative correlations. Principal component analysis extracted the first seven principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 67.29%,and five superior germplasms with high comprehensive scores for leaves were screened according to principal component scores. Cluster analysis showed that the 120 germplasm resources were divided into seven groups at a Euclidean distance of 5.38:Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ had more germplasms,making up 75.83% of all materials;LZ099 and LZ110 in Group Ⅴ,along with LZ034 and LZ081 in Group Ⅲ,could serve as vital materials for tea breeding for their good characteristics such as big leaves and double buds.

Conclusion

Phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi show rich genetic diversity,with great development potential for breeding new distinctive tea varieties and innovative utilization of germplasm. Rare group conservation and exploration and utilization of core germplasms should be strengthened.

tea  /  germplasm resources  /  biological traits  /  genetic diversity  /  Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi
沈雪兰, 陈莹, 滕召优, 王熙富, 杨雪梅, 孟佳佳, 陈志平, 葛智文, 任青艳, 陈涛林. 广西九万山茶树种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析. 南方农业学报, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1809 -1818 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.017
Xue-lan SHEN, Ying CHEN, Zhao-you TENG, Xi-fu WANG, Xue-mei YANG, Jia-jia MENG, Zhi-ping CHEN, Zhi-wen GE, Qing-yan REN, Tao-lin CHEN. Genetic diversity analysis of phenotypic traits of tea germplasm resources from Jiuwan Mountain,Guangxi[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1809 -1818 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.017
【研究意义】茶树[Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]种质资源是茶树品种选育的原始材料,也是保障茶产业可持续发展的战略性资源(张丽群等,2024刘财国等,2024)。茶树种质资源的生物学性状调查及鉴定分析是茶树种质资源分类研究最基本的方法,也是选育茶树良种最原始的途径(史田斌等,2024吴河饶,2024郭佳璐等,2025)。广西位于茶树次生起源中心的核心地带,拥有丰富的茶树种质资源。经本课题组前期调查发现,位于广西柳州市境内的九万山地区存在大量野生茶树资源,具有重要的开发利用价值(陈涛林等,2019)。九万山地区位于南亚热带和中亚热带的过渡地带,是我国重要茶树野生种质资源分布区域之一(唐杰等,2023)。该地区经过长期自然演化过程及人工驯化操作,形成了一种独特的地方茶树种质资源,其表型性状多种多样,遗传背景复杂,具有抗逆性较强、品质特殊等潜在优势(刘彤等,2015)。目前,针对该地区茶树种质资源的系统性表型评价及遗传多样性研究明显不足,资源保护缺乏科学依据,优异资源的挖掘工作也相对滞后。因此,系统鉴定和评价九万山地区茶树种质资源的表型性状及其遗传多样性,对其科学保护和开发利用具有重要研究意义。【前人研究进展】目前,已有较多针对地方群体种质资源遗传多样性及野生大茶树资源的研究报道。陈涛林等(2019)以74份柳州茶树种质资源为材料,测定其19个形态性状,并进行多样性分析和相关分析,结果表明这些种质的质量性状和数量性状的多样性指数分别为0.57~1.59和1.61~2.08,各性状间存在复杂的相关关系,从形态学角度揭示了各单株资源间的亲缘关系。黄寿辉等(2019)收集广西地方的14份野生茶树种质资源,采用EST-SSR分子标记分析野生茶树与国家茶树良种的亲缘关系及遗传多样性,结果表明广西野生茶树种质资源遗传多样性丰富,但与国家级良种茶树的遗传差异较大,亲缘关系较远。杨朝彬等(2020)运用描述统计、多样性分析及聚类分析等多种方法分析澜沧江中下游流域的45份茶树种质资源的20个叶片表型性状,结果发现平均变异系数达29.63%,这些叶片表型性状聚成四大类,表明澜沧江中下游流域的古茶树表型性状变异较大,形态丰富多样。目前,相关研究仍不足,样本覆盖不够全面,缺少全基因组层面的细致剖析,对广西九万山茶树种质资源表型多样性开展系统性研究不够充分。茶树的表型特征和遗传背景之间存在明显的相关性,不仅能解析茶树产量构成及品质形成机制,还能评估种质资源进化程度(束际林,1994冯花等,2021)。表型性状分析不仅是茶树种质资源分类的重要核心方法,还是传统育种筛选优异种质的关键切入点(俞文生等,2017唐璐等,2023)。目前,茶树种质表型多样性评价已取得一定进展,但表型与基因型关联分析、环境适应性机制解析等方面仍存在空白,广西九万山种质资源表型多样性相关研究稀缺,影响了该种质资源的开发利用进程。【本研究切入点】目前,针对九万山茶树种质资源的表型多样性研究仍较薄弱,存在研究样本量有限、分析维度单一等问题,难以全面反映该资源的遗传多样性特征。【拟解决的关键问题】以120份广西九万山茶树种质资源为材料,测定其19个表型性状,并进行遗传变异分析、相关分析、主成分分析及聚类分析等,从多维度揭示其表型特征及遗传规律,深入探讨遗传多样性和亲缘关系,从中筛选出核心种质,为该资源的优良基因挖掘及优异种质创新利用与保护提供科学依据。
对广西九万山境内的茶树种质资源进行实地考察,根据植株健康情况、形态特征等,筛选出120份具有代表性的单株种质资源作为研究对象。
表型性状观测按照《茶树种质资源描述规范和数据标准》(陈亮等,2004)进行,于春季茶树萌芽期对120份单株资源进行系统性观测,涉及19个表型性状,包括树型、树姿、叶片着生角度、叶色、叶尖、叶基、叶身、叶面、叶缘、叶质、叶齿密度、叶齿深度和叶齿锐度共13个质量性状,以及叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶脉对数、1芽2叶长和百芽重6个数量性状。
采用10次重复观测法测定质量性状,按照等级数量编码进行分级赋值(表1)。对每份资源的数量性状随机测量33片叶,取其平均值作为测量值;随机选取100个1芽2叶,其总重量记为百芽重,从中随机选取33个测定其长度,取其平均值记为1芽2叶长。数量性状的数据标准化处理采用余继忠(2010)提出的动态分级法,将各数量性状按照X±2s的方式(X代表平均值,s代表标准差)划分为10个等级,其中1级对应的是X-2s,10级对应的是X+2s,中间每一级间隔0.5 s。以此实现连续变量的离散化处理(余继忠,2010)。
采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')衡量表型性状的遗传多样性,计算公式如下:
H'=-ΣPjln Pj
公式中,Pj表示第j个表型性状的出现频率,通过该指数揭示各性状在群体中的离散程度(罗华标,2014)。运用Excel 2020、SPSS 26.0进行统计分析,Origin 2025b进行可视化作图。
主成分分析的因子得分计算公式如下:
Fi=Σ(dk×Zk
公式中,i表示主成分序号(1~7),dk是指第k个经过标准化理过的变量(1~19)所对应的因子载荷系数,Zk是指经过标准化处理后所得的原始数据矩阵。
综合得分计算公式如下:
F=[Σ(Ai×Fi)]/A
公式中,Ai表示第i个主成分的方差贡献率,A表示前7个主成分的累计贡献率。
120份广西九万山茶树种质资源的19个表型性状(13个质量性状和6个数量性状)呈现丰富的多样性,其统计结果如表2表3所示。在质量性状方面,广西九万山茶树种质资源树型以灌木(61.67%)和小乔木(35.00%)为主;树姿以半披张(45.00%)居多,直立(30.00%)和披张(25.00%)次之;叶片着生角度以平展为主(70.00%);叶色以绿色占比最高(74.17%),其次是淡绿色(19.16%);叶尖以渐尖(38.33%)和急尖(36.67%)为主;叶基以楔形为主(74.17%);叶身以平展(57.50%)和内折(39.17%)为主;叶面以微隆(38.34%)和较平滑(30.00%)为主;叶缘以平展居多(87.50%);叶质以较柔软和较脆为主(各占34.17%),推测其分化特征与抗逆性差异相关;叶齿密度以中(55.84%)和密(38.33%)为主,叶齿深度以中(58.33%)和浅(25.00%)为主,叶齿锐度以锐(47.50%)和中(45.83%)为主。在数量性状方面,广西九万山茶树种质资源6个数量性状大体上以4~7级的中等类型为主(55.00%~80.00%),整体呈正态分布趋势,极端类型稀缺,表明广西九万山茶树种质资源的数量性状离散程度适中、遗传变异较为丰富。
广西九万山茶树种质资源表型性状多样性分析结果如表4所示。不同表型性状的变异系数和H'存在明显差异,其中13个质量性状的平均Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')为1.31,变异系数为25.01%~45.07%;6个数量性状平均H'为2.03,变异系数为13.83%~38.63%。叶质(2.15)、叶脉对数(2.11)、叶长(2.07)和叶宽(2.06)的H'超过2.00,处于较高多样性水平,说明叶片形态及质地在种群中分化明显;叶长的变异范围为5.72~14.10 cm,变异系数为14.37%,叶面积的变异范围为12.38~43.71 cm2,变异系数为25.28%,反映出叶片在长期自然选择过程中对光照、水分等环境因子具有适应性的进化特点;叶质的变异范围为1~7,变异系数达45.07%,离散程度最高,可能与不同生境中叶片抗逆性(抗旱、耐贫瘠等)的分化有关;百芽重(1.92)、叶面(1.91)和1芽2叶长(2.01)这些与产量相关性状的H'值处于中偏上水平,其中,百芽重的变异系数为30.23%。可见,叶质、百芽重、叶面积存在较大的遗传改良空间。叶齿锐度(1.29)、叶齿密度(1.24)、叶身(1.15)、叶片着生角度(1.14)、叶色(1.10)的H'为1.10~1.30,处于中等多样性水平;树型(1.12,变异系数39.45%)、树姿(1.54,变异系数38.10%)也处于中等水平。叶基(0.82)、叶缘(0.59)的H'值均小于1.00,处于低多样性水平,说明叶片基部形态及边缘特征的遗传稳定性较高,自然变异较少。
相关分析结果(图1)显示,九万山茶树种质资源的19个表型性状间存在复杂的相关性。其中,11对性状呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,下同),9对呈显著正相关(P<0.05,下同);10对呈极显著负相关,10对呈显著负相关。从不同性状类别来看,叶片大小相关性状(叶长、叶宽、叶面积)之间均呈极显著正相关,进一步验证了叶面积计算原理的合理性。芽部性状中,1芽2叶长与百芽重呈极显著正相关,表明芽体伸长与生物量积累存在高度协同性。叶片性状与芽部性状之间也存在部分显著相关,如叶长与1芽2叶长、百芽重与叶面积均呈显著正相关,但相关系数较低,推测芽叶产量构成受多重因素协同调控,而非单一叶片大小决定。此外,叶质与叶长、叶宽均呈极显著或显著负相关,暗示叶片质地较硬时叶形偏小,可能反映水分供需平衡或资源优化分配策略。
主成分分析结果(表5)显示,提取初始特征值大于1.00的前7个主成分,累计方差贡献率67.29%,能有效概况主要变异,是表型多样性的核心指标,为后续的遗传分析及种质筛选提供相应的依据。初始状态下,第一主成分(PC1)的特征值最高,为3.51,方差百分比为18.48%;其次是第二主成分(PC2)的特征值,为2.21,方差百分比为11.62%;第三主成分(PC3)~第七主成分(PC7)的特征值分别为1.76、1.66、1.33、1.21和1.11,方差百分比分别为9.28%、8.76%、6.98%、6.36%和5.82%。旋转后方差百分比依次为16.84%、10.03%、9.19%、8.55%、7.85%、7.74%和7.10%,载荷分布更均衡。
表6可知,不同性状在7个主成分的载荷存在明显差异。PC1中叶面积(0.95)、叶宽(0.84)、叶长(0.83)的载荷较高,主要反映叶片大小特征;PC2中百芽重(0.92)和1芽2叶长(0.89)的载荷较高,主要反映芽叶生长潜力;PC3中叶齿锐度(0.75)和叶齿深度(-0.74)的载荷绝对值较高,综合反映叶齿形态结构;PC4中叶面(0.64)和树型(-0.70)载荷绝对值较高,主要反映叶面形态及树型特征;PC5中叶片着生角度(0.65)、叶基(-0.61)和树姿(0.48)的载荷绝对值较高,主要反映树体结构及叶片空间分布;PC6中叶色(0.82)和叶脉对数(-0.63)的载荷绝对值较高,主要反映叶片颜色与叶脉性状;PC7中叶缘(0.81)载荷较高,主要反映叶缘形态特征。
表7可知,各主成分中得分系数较高的性状与其载荷矩阵结果基本一致。PC1中叶面积(0.31)、叶宽(0.30)和叶长(0.24)的得分系数较高,说明该成分主要反映叶片大小特征;PC2中百芽重(0.50)和1芽2叶长(0.48)的得分系数较高,主要反映芽叶生长潜力;PC3中叶齿锐度(0.43)和叶齿深度(-0.42)的得分系数绝对值较高,综合反映叶齿形态结构;PC4中叶面(0.40)和树型(-0.45)的得分系数绝对值较高,主要反映叶面形态及树型特征;PC5中叶片着生角度(0.44)和叶基(-0.42)的得分系数绝对值较高,主要反映树体结构及叶片空间分布;PC6中叶色(0.62)和叶脉对数(-0.44)的得分系数绝对值较高,主要反映叶色与叶脉性状;PC7中叶缘(0.62)的得分系数较高,主要反映叶缘形态。综上可知,不同成分分别反映植物形态、结构和生长特性的不同方面,其中叶片相关性状及生长指标对各成分贡献更明显。
由叶片性状综合得分情况散点图(图2)可知,LZ066、LZ061、LZ110、LZ099和LZ119综合得分相对较高,这些单株在PC1(叶片大小)和PC2(芽叶生长潜力)中综合得分均较高,属于综合性状优良的种质,其中,LZ099(叶面积43.71 cm2,百芽重37.22 g)、LZ110(叶面积41.24 cm2,百芽重30.23 g)和LZ061(叶面积40.97 cm2,百芽重30.47 g)兼具大叶与重芽特性,可作为高产育种亲本材料加以利用;虽然LZ066和LZ119叶面积较大,达42.80和41.35 cm2,但百芽重仅为23.29和20.92 g,可侧重作为大叶型亲本。LZ104、LZ067、LZ011和LZ041综合得分较低。
120份广西九万山茶树种质资源的19个表型性状进行聚类分析,结果(图3)显示,在欧式距离5.38处,可将120份种质资源划分为七大类群。第Ⅰ类群共55份种质,为最大类群,主要特征:树型以灌木为主,树姿多为半披张,叶片着生角度以平展居多,叶色以绿色为主,叶尖以钝尖和渐尖为主,叶基多为楔形,叶身以平展和内折为主,叶面以较平滑和微隆为主,叶缘多为平展,叶质以较脆和较柔软为主,叶齿密度以中和密为主,叶齿深度以中为主,叶齿锐度以锐和中为主,整体以中小叶型、中等叶质为典型特征。第Ⅱ类群共36份种质,主要特征:树型以灌木和半乔木为主,树姿以半披张和直立为主,叶片着生角度以平展和下垂为主,叶色以绿色为主,叶尖以急尖和渐尖为主,叶基以楔形为主,叶身以平展为主,叶面以微隆和较平滑为主,叶质以较柔软和较脆为主,整体以叶片较大、叶质较柔软为典型特征。第Ⅲ类群共4份种质(LZ012、LZ034、LZ049、LZ081),主要特征:树型以灌木和乔木为主,叶尖以渐尖和钝尖为主,叶基均为楔形,叶身以内折和平展为主,百芽重表现突出(LZ034为49.27 g,LZ081为53.22 g)。第Ⅳ类群共17份种质,主要特征:树型以灌木为主,树姿以直立和披张为主,叶片着生角度以下垂和平展为主,叶色以浅绿色和绿色为主,叶尖以急尖为主,叶基以楔形为主,叶身以平展和内折为主,叶质以柔软和较脆为主,整体以叶片较大、叶尖多为急尖、叶质柔软为典型特征。第Ⅴ类群共2份种质(LZ099、LZ110),主要特征:树型均为半乔木,树姿均为直立,叶片着生角度均为下垂,叶面积分别达43.71和41.24 cm2,百芽重达37.22和30.23 g,属于特大叶型类群。第Ⅵ类群仅含LZ004共1份种质,主要特征:树型灌木,树姿直立,叶基近圆形,叶质硬脆,以独特的近圆形叶基和硬脆叶质而与其他类群区分。第Ⅶ类群共5份种质(LZ054、LZ065、LZ067、LZ104、LZ120),主要特征:树型以半乔木为主,叶质以较硬和硬脆为主,叶片偏小(叶面积12.38~19.41 cm²),属于小叶硬质型类群。综上所述,广西九万山茶树种质资源表型多样性丰富,七大类群在树型、叶片形态、叶质及百芽重等性状上呈现出明显分化,其中第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类群为主要类群,占供试种质的75%以上;第Ⅴ类群的LZ034和第Ⅲ类群的LZ081因具有大叶、重芽等优良特性,可作为茶树育种的重要材料加以利用。
本研究发现,九万山茶树种质资源13个质量性状的平均H'为1.31,6个数量性状平均H'为2.03,整体遗传多样性水平较高,其中叶质(45.07%)、叶面(39.84%)、树型(39.45%)和树姿(38.10%)等性状的变异系数较高,说明不同种质在叶片质地、叶面形态及树体结构等方面存在明显分化;叶长(2.07)、叶宽(2.06)、叶面积(2.03)、1芽2叶长(2.01)等产量相关性状的H'均超过2.00,为高产种质筛选提供了良好的遗传基础。九万山茶树以灌木居多(61.67%),印证了长期人工干预导致树型趋同的观点(周海峰,2014陈涛林等,2021)。前人研究发现,云南大叶种茶树乔木型优势明显,遗传多样性参数显著降低(杨朝彬等,2020唐杰等,2023),反映了不同地区茶树驯化方向的不同。茶树树型和叶基的变异程度低,可能是茶树在演化过程中历经了较强的人工选择或遗传瓶颈,与葛智文(2017)的结论相符。广西九万山茶树种质资源质量性状和数量性状的平均H'均高于云南澜沧江流域茶树资源(1.305)(杨朝彬等,2020)和贵州古茶树(1.06)(黄寿辉等,2019),说明其遗传多样性优势明显。此外,本研究聚类分析结果中第Ⅰ和Ⅱ类群代表核心演化群体,第Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ类群虽种质数量较小,但表型特征分化明显。第Ⅲ、Ⅴ类群表现为大叶、重芽,第Ⅵ、Ⅶ类群则表现为小叶、硬质,均偏离群体平均值,属于广西九万山茶树群体中的极端类型,可能保留了独特的遗传背景,应作为核心种质构建和优异基因挖掘的重点对象。第Ⅵ类和Ⅶ类群表现出叶基近圆形、叶质硬脆等稀有特征,推测这些种质是古老孑遗类型或新近分化的生态性种质(叶江华等,2017陈洪宇等,2025),这种“核心-边缘”类群结构表明,广西九万山茶树在演化过程中既保留了祖先性状,又通过自然杂交或突变积累了新特征。
本研究相关分析结果显示,11对性状呈极显著正相关,9对呈显著正相关,10对呈极显著负相关,10对呈显著负相关,其中,1芽2叶长与百芽重呈极显著正相关,表明芽体伸长与生物量积累存在高度协同性(覃士才,2010),为通过芽长间接选择重芽单株提供了理论依据;叶质与叶长、叶宽呈极显著或显著负相关,暗示叶片质地较硬时叶形偏小,可能反映了资源优化分配策略(杨代星等,2023)。广西九万山茶树种质具有丰富的表型多样性,叶片形态和抗逆性状变异突出,其成因既与喀斯特微环境异质性的自然选择相关,也可能受长期人工驯化影响(班秋艳等,2018杨春等,2023)。本研究结果为优异种质(高产、抗逆单株)筛选与核心种质构建提供参考依据,尤其需优先保护第Ⅵ类群(LZ004)和第Ⅶ类群(LZ054、LZ065、LZ067、LZ104、LZ120)等小类群中的特异单株,以保留独特遗传资源。广西九万山茶树种质资源保护仍面临严峻挑战,缺乏系统性表型评价与遗传多样性研究,部分偏远地带资源尚未被系统采集,全基因组水平解析匮乏,导致优异基因挖掘滞后。当前仍需补足桂西南等地的资源采集缺口,通过国际合作平台引入先进技术,以充分开发广西九万山茶树种质在品种选育和种质创新中的潜力。此外,本研究未涉及抗性评价,后续可结合抗性试验进一步挖掘相关资源潜力。
广西九万山茶树种质资源的表型性状遗传多样性丰富,在茶树特异性新品种选育及种质创新方面具有良好的开发潜力,需进一步强化稀有类群的保护及核心种质挖掘与利用工作。

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2026年第57卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.017
  • 接收时间:2025-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-12
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    1贵州大学茶学院,贵州 贵阳 550025
    2柳州市林业科学研究所,广西 柳州 545300
    3融水县农业农村局,广西 柳州,545300
    4柳州市农业技术推广中心,广西 柳州 545003

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陈涛林(1988-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-0244,博士,副教授,主要从事茶树遗传育种与资源高效利用研究工作,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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