Article(id=1302212388648940527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1771344000000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788401227389, onlineDateStr=2026-09-03, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788401227389, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788401227389, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788401227389, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1302212221539472091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, year='2026', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1956', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788401187547, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788405081323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1302228553291034732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, issueId=1302212221539472091, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1662, endPage=1671, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1302212388879627248, articleId=1302212388648940527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=EN, title=Distribution characteristics and functional annotation of repeat sequences in genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis, columnId=1302212330280997180, journalTitle=Journal of Southern Agriculture, columnName=Special Subject, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aimed to systematically reveal the distribution patterns of repeat sequences in genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis and analyze the functional annotations,providing sequence resources for developing microsatellite molecular markers with potential functional implications and exploring genetic breeding.

Method

Based on the whole-genome sequences of Cynoglossus semilaevis,the microsatellite repeat sequences in genome were screened by bioinformatic methods. GO functional annotation and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis were conducted on genes associated with microsatellites in exonic regions.

Result

A total of 473776 microsatellite loci belonging to six base repeat types were identified in the Cynoglossus semilaevis genome,accounting for 1.62% of the total genome length;the number of microsatellites decreased with the increase in the base number of repeat units,and mononucleotide and dinucleotide microsatellites accounted for 84.85% of all microsatellites,with a significant positive correlation between chromosome length and number of contained microsatellites (P<0.05,the same below). Among different repeat motif types in genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis,the A/T motif was the most abundant in mononucleotide repeats,and the AC/GT motif was the most abundant in dinucleotide repeats,and the numbers of each type of microsatellite decreased with the increase of motif repeat times. The significantly enriched GO functional terms of genes containing microsatellites in genomic exonic regions of Cynoglossus semilaevis were regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and protein phosphorylation. The KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis results showed that the significantly enriched signaling pathways for genes containing microsatellites in genomic exonic regions of Cynoglossus semilaevis included starch and sucrose metabolism within the metabolism category and necroptosis within the cellular process,followed by the tight junction within the cellular process.

Conclusion

Genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis are mainly composed of mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats,and a significant positive correlation is found between the number of microsatellites and chromosome length,with the number decreasing as motif repeat number rises. Microsatellites in exonic regions are significantly enriched in signaling pathways associated with transcriptional regulation,energy metabolism,and immune response,and they probably participate in the adaptive regulation of Cynoglossus semilaevis under environmental stresses such as hypoxia.

, authors=Yue CHEN1, Jia-yan XIE1, He-ying SUN2, 3, authorsList=Yue CHEN, Jia-yan XIE, He-ying SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jia-yan XIE, He-ying SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1302212392084075513, articleId=1302212388648940527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, language=CN, title=半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星重复序列分布特征及功能注释分析, columnId=1302212330461352254, journalTitle=南方农业学报, columnName=专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

系统揭示半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星重复序列的分布模式并进行功能注释分析,为该物种具有潜在功能意义的微卫星分子标记开发及遗传育种研究提供序列资源。

方法

基于半滑舌鳎全基因组序列,采用生物信息学方法筛选基因组中的微卫星重复序列,并对位于外显子区域的微卫星相关基因进行GO功能注释和KEGG信号通路富集分析。

结果

半滑舌鳎基因组共鉴定到6种碱基重复类型微卫星位点473776个,占基因组总长度的1.62%;微卫星数量随重复单元碱基数增加而递减,单碱基和二碱基微卫星占微卫星总数的84.85%,染色体长度与其所含微卫星数量呈显著正相关(P<0.05,下同)。半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星的不同重复基元类型中,单碱基重复类型以A/T基元数量最多,二碱基重复类型以AC/GT基元数量最多,各类型微卫星数量均随基元重复次数的增加而降低。半滑舌鳎基因组外显子区域微卫星相关基因显著富集的GO功能条目有RNA聚合酶II转录调控和蛋白质磷酸化等。KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示,半滑舌鳎基因组外显子区域微卫星相关基因在代谢类别中的淀粉和蔗糖代谢与细胞过程类别中的坏死性凋亡信号通路富集最显著,其次为细胞过程类别中的紧密连接信号通路。

结论

半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星以单碱基和二碱基重复类型为主,其数量与染色体长度呈显著正相关,且数量随基元重复次数的增加而降低。外显子区域微卫星富集于转录调控、能量代谢及免疫应答等信号通路,可能参与了半滑舌鳎对低氧等环境胁迫的适应性调节。

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陈玥(2001-),https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8589-0417,研究方向为生药学,E-mail:

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谢佳燕(1974-),https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5749-7642,博士,教授,主要从事分子生态学研究工作,E-mail:
孙赫英(1990-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-4778,博士,高级工程师,主要从事宏观生态学研究工作,E-mail:
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articleId=1302212388648940527, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution of microsatellites on chromosomes of Cynoglossus semilaevis, figureFileSmall=AWi0MUKtmIn7Y56Dh6IsaQ==, figureFileBig=Lfrbq9+lYNWasjRzMvkbHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212394399330333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微卫星在半滑舌鳎染色体上的分布, figureFileSmall=AWi0MUKtmIn7Y56Dh6IsaQ==, figureFileBig=Lfrbq9+lYNWasjRzMvkbHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212394600656926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Distribution of different repeat numbers of six microsa-tellite types in genome of Cynoglossus semilaevis, figureFileSmall=Qqy54mywhl4R2s8WakFjyQ==, figureFileBig=MxRIL40Im8eO9VmbV8MuNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212394684543007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=CN, label=图2, caption=半滑舌鳎基因组6种碱基微卫星类型的不同重复次数分布, figureFileSmall=Qqy54mywhl4R2s8WakFjyQ==, figureFileBig=MxRIL40Im8eO9VmbV8MuNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212394781012000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=GO functional annotation analysis results of genes associated with microsatellites in exonic regions of Cynoglossus semilaevis, figureFileSmall=dl3hKy5yF39yIyr7Opp34Q==, figureFileBig=gfqbDN5lNvoS2UH4WOXp5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212394848120865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=CN, label=图3, caption=半滑舌鳎基因组外显子区域微卫星相关基因的GO功能注释分析结果, figureFileSmall=dl3hKy5yF39yIyr7Opp34Q==, figureFileBig=gfqbDN5lNvoS2UH4WOXp5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212396517453858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis results of genes associated with microsatellites in exonic regions of Cynoglossus semilaevis, figureFileSmall=k+MSgVxh12PGnrjSJKTeww==, figureFileBig=j8oWRQjJ/3C4wlXjMgDJpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212396588757027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=CN, label=图4, caption=半滑舌鳎基因组外显子区域微卫星相关基因的KEGG信号通路富集分析结果, figureFileSmall=k+MSgVxh12PGnrjSJKTeww==, figureFileBig=j8oWRQjJ/3C4wlXjMgDJpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1302212396664254500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Distribution characteristics of different types of microsatellites in genome of Cynoglossus semilaevis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重复类型
Repeat type
数量
Number
占总重复类型比例(%)
Proportion of total repeat type
总长度(bp)
Total length
平均长度(bp)
Average length
相对丰度(loci/Mb)
Relative abundance
相对密度(bp/Mb)
Relative density
单碱基 Mononucleotide22547147.59268903611.93479.525718.92
二碱基 Dinucleotide17651637.26317773818.00375.416758.27
三碱基 Trinucleotide5069510.70105357020.78107.822240.68
四碱基 Tetranucleotide172593.6448920828.3536.711040.43
五碱基 Pentanucleotide25810.5511980046.425.49254.79
六碱基 Hexanucleotide12540.266413451.142.67136.40
), ArticleFig(id=1302212396752334885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

半滑舌鳎基因组中不同类型微卫星的分布特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重复类型
Repeat type
数量
Number
占总重复类型比例(%)
Proportion of total repeat type
总长度(bp)
Total length
平均长度(bp)
Average length
相对丰度(loci/Mb)
Relative abundance
相对密度(bp/Mb)
Relative density
单碱基 Mononucleotide22547147.59268903611.93479.525718.92
二碱基 Dinucleotide17651637.26317773818.00375.416758.27
三碱基 Trinucleotide5069510.70105357020.78107.822240.68
四碱基 Tetranucleotide172593.6448920828.3536.711040.43
五碱基 Pentanucleotide25810.5511980046.425.49254.79
六碱基 Hexanucleotide12540.266413451.142.67136.40
), ArticleFig(id=1302212396823638054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Dominant motif types and proportions of different types of microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重复类型 Repeat type基元类型 Motif type出现次数 Occurrence number占比(%) Proportion
单碱基 MononucleotideA/T20008488.74
C/G2538711.26
二碱基 DinucleotideAC/GT10291658.30
AT/AT4034522.86
AG/CT3325518.84
三碱基 TrinucleotideAAT/ATT1204423.76
AAC/GTT587011.58
AAG/CTT566011.16
四碱基 TetranucleotideATCC/ATGG551831.97
AGAT/ATCT382922.16
AAAC/GTTT13597.87
五碱基 PentanucleotideAGAGG/CCTCT28511.04
ACAGT/ACTGT28411.00
AATCT/AGATT26110.11
六碱基 HexanucleotideACCAGG/CCTGGT12710.13
ACACAG/CTGTGT735.82
ACCTGG/AGGTCC624.94
), ArticleFig(id=1302212396899135527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1301849931339890755, articleId=1302212388648940527, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

半滑舌鳎不同类型微卫星的优势基元类型及其占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重复类型 Repeat type基元类型 Motif type出现次数 Occurrence number占比(%) Proportion
单碱基 MononucleotideA/T20008488.74
C/G2538711.26
二碱基 DinucleotideAC/GT10291658.30
AT/AT4034522.86
AG/CT3325518.84
三碱基 TrinucleotideAAT/ATT1204423.76
AAC/GTT587011.58
AAG/CTT566011.16
四碱基 TetranucleotideATCC/ATGG551831.97
AGAT/ATCT382922.16
AAAC/GTTT13597.87
五碱基 PentanucleotideAGAGG/CCTCT28511.04
ACAGT/ACTGT28411.00
AATCT/AGATT26110.11
六碱基 HexanucleotideACCAGG/CCTGGT12710.13
ACACAG/CTGTGT735.82
ACCTGG/AGGTCC624.94
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半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星重复序列分布特征及功能注释分析
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陈玥 1 , 谢佳燕 1, *, * , 孙赫英 2, 3, *, *
南方农业学报 | 专题 2026,57(6): 1662-1671
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南方农业学报 |专题 2026 , 57 (6) : 1662 -1671
半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星重复序列分布特征及功能注释分析
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陈玥1 , 谢佳燕1, *, * , 孙赫英2, 3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉轻工大学生命科学与技术学院,湖北 武汉 430023
  • 2生态环境部长江流域水生生物监测与评估重点实验室(筹),湖北 武汉 430019
  • 3生态环境部长江流域生态环境监督管理局生态环境监测与科学研究中心,湖北 武汉 430019
通讯作者:
谢佳燕(1974-),https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5749-7642,博士,教授,主要从事分子生态学研究工作,E-mail:
孙赫英(1990-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-4778,博士,高级工程师,主要从事宏观生态学研究工作,E-mail:
作者简介:

陈玥(2001-),https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8589-0417,研究方向为生药学,E-mail:

Distribution characteristics and functional annotation of repeat sequences in genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis
Yue CHEN1 , Jia-yan XIE1 , He-ying SUN2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Life Science and Technology,Wuhan Polytechnic University,Wuhan,Hubei 430023,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Monitoring and Assessment of the Changjiang Basin,Ministry of Ecology and Environment (Under Construction),Wuhan,Hubei 430019,China
  • 3Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center,Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Wuhan,Hubei 430019,China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.004
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目的

系统揭示半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星重复序列的分布模式并进行功能注释分析,为该物种具有潜在功能意义的微卫星分子标记开发及遗传育种研究提供序列资源。

方法

基于半滑舌鳎全基因组序列,采用生物信息学方法筛选基因组中的微卫星重复序列,并对位于外显子区域的微卫星相关基因进行GO功能注释和KEGG信号通路富集分析。

结果

半滑舌鳎基因组共鉴定到6种碱基重复类型微卫星位点473776个,占基因组总长度的1.62%;微卫星数量随重复单元碱基数增加而递减,单碱基和二碱基微卫星占微卫星总数的84.85%,染色体长度与其所含微卫星数量呈显著正相关(P<0.05,下同)。半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星的不同重复基元类型中,单碱基重复类型以A/T基元数量最多,二碱基重复类型以AC/GT基元数量最多,各类型微卫星数量均随基元重复次数的增加而降低。半滑舌鳎基因组外显子区域微卫星相关基因显著富集的GO功能条目有RNA聚合酶II转录调控和蛋白质磷酸化等。KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示,半滑舌鳎基因组外显子区域微卫星相关基因在代谢类别中的淀粉和蔗糖代谢与细胞过程类别中的坏死性凋亡信号通路富集最显著,其次为细胞过程类别中的紧密连接信号通路。

结论

半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星以单碱基和二碱基重复类型为主,其数量与染色体长度呈显著正相关,且数量随基元重复次数的增加而降低。外显子区域微卫星富集于转录调控、能量代谢及免疫应答等信号通路,可能参与了半滑舌鳎对低氧等环境胁迫的适应性调节。

半滑舌鳎  /  微卫星  /  基因组  /  分布特征  /  功能注释
Objective

This study aimed to systematically reveal the distribution patterns of repeat sequences in genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis and analyze the functional annotations,providing sequence resources for developing microsatellite molecular markers with potential functional implications and exploring genetic breeding.

Method

Based on the whole-genome sequences of Cynoglossus semilaevis,the microsatellite repeat sequences in genome were screened by bioinformatic methods. GO functional annotation and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis were conducted on genes associated with microsatellites in exonic regions.

Result

A total of 473776 microsatellite loci belonging to six base repeat types were identified in the Cynoglossus semilaevis genome,accounting for 1.62% of the total genome length;the number of microsatellites decreased with the increase in the base number of repeat units,and mononucleotide and dinucleotide microsatellites accounted for 84.85% of all microsatellites,with a significant positive correlation between chromosome length and number of contained microsatellites (P<0.05,the same below). Among different repeat motif types in genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis,the A/T motif was the most abundant in mononucleotide repeats,and the AC/GT motif was the most abundant in dinucleotide repeats,and the numbers of each type of microsatellite decreased with the increase of motif repeat times. The significantly enriched GO functional terms of genes containing microsatellites in genomic exonic regions of Cynoglossus semilaevis were regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and protein phosphorylation. The KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis results showed that the significantly enriched signaling pathways for genes containing microsatellites in genomic exonic regions of Cynoglossus semilaevis included starch and sucrose metabolism within the metabolism category and necroptosis within the cellular process,followed by the tight junction within the cellular process.

Conclusion

Genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis are mainly composed of mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats,and a significant positive correlation is found between the number of microsatellites and chromosome length,with the number decreasing as motif repeat number rises. Microsatellites in exonic regions are significantly enriched in signaling pathways associated with transcriptional regulation,energy metabolism,and immune response,and they probably participate in the adaptive regulation of Cynoglossus semilaevis under environmental stresses such as hypoxia.

Cynoglossus semilaevis  /  microsatellite  /  genome  /  distribution characteristics  /  function annotation
陈玥, 谢佳燕, 孙赫英. 半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星重复序列分布特征及功能注释分析. 南方农业学报, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1662 -1671 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.004
Yue CHEN, Jia-yan XIE, He-ying SUN. Distribution characteristics and functional annotation of repeat sequences in genomic microsatellites of Cynoglossus semilaevis[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2026 , 57 (6) : 1662 -1671 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.004
【研究意义】半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)隶属于硬骨鱼纲鲽形目舌鳎科,是黄渤海区珍稀、名贵的重要经济鱼类。半滑舌鳎为舌鳎属(Cynoglossidae)中体型较大的鱼类,具有生长速度快、肉质优良等特性,经济价值较高,已成为我国重要的人工海水养殖对象(王新叶,2020)。半滑舌鳎作为典型的底栖鱼类,其生活习性使其更易遭受低氧等环境胁迫(Guo et al.,2016)。近年来,随着市场需求持续攀升和养殖规模不断扩大,过度捕捞和水质污染引起了半滑舌鳎自然资源加速衰退、细菌和病毒性疾病频发、近亲繁殖等问题,导致半滑舌鳎营养价值下降、种群遗传多样性降低乃至种质退化(徐晓丽等,2015)。因此,对半滑舌鳎现有种质资源进行有效鉴定和遗传组成分析,为其分子标记开发提供靶标序列数据,对开展半滑舌鳎种群遗传多样性评估和维持其优良性状的稳定遗传具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】微卫星(Microsatellite)又称简单序列重复(Simple sequence repeats,SSRs),是由1~6个碱基构成的重复DNA序列,在真核生物基因组中广泛存在(Fungtammasan et al.,2015)。微卫星具有多态性高、杂合度强及共显性遗传等特点,已广泛应用于种群遗传多样性分析、种质鉴定等研究中(马骞等,2023唐雪梅等,2023谢松珍等,2024张智超等,2025)。刘红艳等(2017)对红唇薄鳅(Leptobotia rubrilabris)基因组微卫星重复序列的分析发现,其二碱基重复类型以完美型为主且具有较高的变异潜能;屈政委等(2019)基于印尼虎鱼(Datnioides pulcher)RAD-seq简化基因组数据发现,其微卫星以二碱基重复类型为主,并依据其分布特征开发出20对多态性微卫星标记;梁霞等(2021)系统解析了鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)全基因组微卫星的分布特征,并揭示了其在外显子中的分布显著富集于代谢与信号转导相关信号通路,为挖掘微卫星的潜在功能提供了线索;田镇等(2021)揭示了文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)转录组中微卫星重复序列的分布规律及碱基偏好性;黄纬杰等(2022)系统分析了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)基因组中微卫星重复序列的分布模式、优势基元组成及频率特征,并构建了适用于亲权鉴定的高多态性微卫星标记库;葛健辉等(2023)揭示了马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)全基因组微卫星在不同功能区的分布差异,编码区以三碱基重复序列为主,并根据其特征筛选出大量多态性微卫星位点;马骞等(2023)基于军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)基因组序列挖掘其微卫星位点,建立了高多态性引物数据库,有效用于规模化苗种选育;Song等(2023)对日本团扇鳐(Okamejei kenojei)基因组中微卫星重复序列分布特征进行分析,系统解析了三至六核苷酸重复的丰度与主要基元;Wang等(2023)揭示了深海区域的阿尔文虾(Shinkaicaris leurokolos)基因组中微卫星的丰度、优势重复基元类型及分布频率,为极端环境物种的基因组资源开发与特异性分子标记研制提供了数据支撑;杨承忠等(2024)对鱼类寄生虫鳞上碘泡虫(Myxobolus episquamalis)外显子区域微卫星进行功能注释分析,发现这些微卫星可能参与与宿主生物代谢过程相关的生物学过程;Liu和Yang(2024)揭示了大口康吉鳗(Congriscus megastoma)的基因组特征及微卫星分布规律;Ma和Song(2024)通过比较16种虾虎鱼科鱼类基因组微卫星的分布规律,揭示了其物种特异性;瞿才惠等(2025)基于许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)和褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)全基因组序列,比较分析了两者微卫星重复序列的分布规律与异同,为后续开发物种特异性微卫星位点分子标记提供了序列数据;张耀仁等(2025)明确了日本鳀(Engraulis japonicus)基因组中微卫星的重复序列比例、分布频率及基元组成等特征,为该物种的分子遗传学研究提供了位点资源。综上所述,通过分析靶标物种基因组微卫星重复序列的分布模式及功能特征,可为分子标记开发、种质资源管理及物种保护策略制定提供序列资源。【本研究切入点】微卫星序列作为重要的遗传标记,对于揭示物种内的遗传变异、评估遗传多样性及实施有效的保护育种策略至关重要。目前,半滑舌鳎经济性状相关基因的特征、表达及调控机制已有研究(徐浩等,2020孙衍旭等,2025),但在全基因组水平对其微卫星序列分布特征及功能注释的研究较少。【拟解决的关键问题】基于半滑舌鳎全基因组数据,揭示其基因组中微卫星重复序列的分布模式及特征,并进行GO功能注释和KEGG信号通路富集分析,以期为具有潜在功能意义的微卫星分子标记开发及遗传育种研究提供序列资源。
从美国国家生物技术信息中心NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)下载半滑舌鳎基因组序列,登录号:GCF_000523025.1,共包含22条染色体,大小为470.2 Mb。
应用MISA(http://pgrc.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/misa.html)对半滑舌鳎基因组序列进行微卫星位点筛选(Sebastian et al.,2017)。MISA软件参数设置单碱基重复≥10次,二碱基重复≥6次,三碱基、四碱基、五碱基和六碱基重复均≥5次;复合微卫星中相邻微卫星最大间隔设为100 bp。根据碱基互补配对原则,对可归为同一类型(如A/T与T/A)的微卫星进行合并统计处理。
结合半滑舌鳎基因组GFF注释文件和MISA鉴定得到的微卫星数据,使用自主编写的Python脚本提取与微卫星重叠的外显子区域所对应的基因ID。通过DAVID数据库(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/)(Sherman et al.,2022)对这些基因进行GO功能注释与KEGG信号通路富集分析。
采用SPSS 27.0统计并计算半滑舌鳎基因组中微卫星的数量、长度、类型和重复单元拷贝数等参数(Schug et al.,1997)。计算公式如下:
数量占比(%)=各类型微卫星数量/微卫星总数×100
平均长度=各类型微卫星总长度/该类型微卫星数量
相对密度=各类型微卫星总长度/基因组总有效长度
相对丰度=各类型微卫星数量/基因组总有效长度
对半滑舌鳎基因组进行微卫星位点筛选,结果如表1所示。其基因组中共鉴定到6种碱基重复类型微卫星位点473776个,总长度为7593486 bp,占基因组总长度的1.62%,总相对丰度为1007.62 loci/Mb,总相对密度为16149.49 bp/Mb,平均每1 kb基因组序列约分布有1个微卫星位点。其中,微卫星数量随重复单元碱基数增加而递减,单碱基和二碱基微卫星占微卫星总数的84.85%。对分布于半滑舌鳎各染色体上的微卫星进行分析,结果如图1所示,1号染色体分布的微卫星数量最多,占总数的7.59%,21号染色体分布的微卫星数量最少,占总数的1.41%。相关分析结果显示,半滑舌鳎染色体长度与其所含微卫星数量呈显著正相关(P<0.05,下同)。
对半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星的不同重复基元类型进行分析,结果如表2所示。同一碱基重复类型微卫星的不同重复基元呈现出明显的数量差异,单碱基重复类型中,A/T基元数量最多,C/G基元数量最少。二碱基重复类型中,AC/GT基元数量最多,其次为AT/AT基元,AG/CT基元数量最少。三碱基重复类型中,AAT/ATT基元数量最多,其次为AAC/GTT基元,AAG/CTT基元数量最少。四碱基重复类型中,ATCC/ATGG数量最多,其次为AGAT/ATCT基元,AAAC/GTTT基元数量最少。五碱基重复类型中,AGAGG/CCTCT数量最多,其次为ACAGT/ACTGT基元,AATCT/AGATT基元数量最少。六碱基重复类型在基因组中出现频率较低,各重复基元占比不高,其中ACCAGG/CCTGGT基元数量最多。
对半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星基元的重复次数进行分析,结果如图2所示。各类型微卫星数量均随基元重复次数的增加而降低。半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星基元重复次数介于5~1067次,其中96.66%的微卫星基元重复次数介于5~30次。在单碱基微卫星中,基元重复次数为10次的微卫星数量最多,共868个,占单碱基微卫星总数的35.67%;二碱基微卫星中,基元重复次数为6次的微卫星数量最多,共622个,占二碱基微卫星总数的25.10%;三碱基、四碱基、五碱基和六碱基微卫星中,均以基元重复次数为5次的微卫星数量最多,分别为246、1067、255和41个,分别占对应微卫星总数的40.94%、47.03%、44.91%和40.03%。
对位于半滑舌鳎基因组外显子区域的微卫星进行分析,发现有25375个基因的外显子区域与微卫星重叠,对这些基因进行GO功能注释分析,结果如图3所示。GO功能注释共获得212条GO功能条目,包括生物过程(Biological process)、细胞组分(Cellular component)和分子功能(Molecular function)三大类别。生物过程类别注释到的GO功能条目最多,占总条目的58.02%,其中注释到RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录调控(Regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II)的基因数量最多,为1232个。细胞组分类别注释到的GO功能条目最少,仅占总条目的20.28%,其中注释到核(Nucleus)的基因数量最多,为3619个。分子功能类别注释到的GO功能条目占总条目的21.70%,其中注释到GTP酶活性(GTPase activity)的基因数量最多,为350个。GO功能注释分析结果显示,显著富集的GO功能条目主要集中于生物过程类别,其中RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录调控和蛋白质磷酸化(Protein phosphorylation)的富集程度最显著。
对位于半滑舌鳎基因组外显子区域微卫星相关基因进行KEGG信号通路富集分析,结果如图4所示。半滑舌鳎基因组外显子区域微卫星相关基因共富集到代谢(Metabolism)、环境信息处理(Environmental information processing)、细胞过程(Cellular process)和遗传信息处理(Genetic information processing)四大类别,涵盖10条信号通路。其中,代谢类别中的淀粉和蔗糖代谢(Starch and sucrose meta-bolism)与细胞过程类别中的坏死性凋亡(Necroptosis)信号通路富集最显著,其次为细胞过程类别中的紧密连接(Tight junction)信号通路。在细胞过程类别,肌肉细胞中的细胞骨架(Cytoskeleton in muscle cell)信号通路上富集的基因数量最多,为146个;其次为环境信息处理类别中的细胞因子—细胞因子受体相互作用(Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction)信号通路,为107个。
随着高通量测序技术的快速发展,微卫星标记已广泛应用于水产养殖领域。微卫星的多态性潜力与其核心序列重复次数、重复单元长度等特征密切相关(孟蒙等,2014)。半滑舌鳎是我国重要的经济鱼类,揭示其基因组微卫星的分布模式及功能注释特征,可为有效开发微卫星分子标记打下基础。本研究结果显示,半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星序列占基因组总长度的1.62%,低于大银鱼(Protosalanx hyalocranius)的2.53%(唐雪梅等,2023),高于巨魾(Bagarius yarrelli)的1.23%(杨汶珊等,2021)、草鱼的1.43%(黄纬杰等,2022)和马口鱼的0.10%(葛健辉等,2023)。不同鱼类基因组中微卫星含量呈现一定的物种差异,可能与物种间遗传多样性、基因组大小及基因组组装质量等因素有关(梁霞等,2021)。在半滑舌鳎基因组中,6种微卫星重复类型以单碱基重复最为丰富,与鲤鱼(梁霞等,2021)和军曹鱼(马骞等,2023)等鱼类相似;而大口康吉鳗(Liu and Yang,2024)和褐菖鲉(瞿才惠等,2025)则以二碱基重复微卫星数量最多。鱼类在进化过程中可能更倾向于积累单碱基和二碱基重复类型的微卫星(杨汶珊等,2021)。
在半滑舌鳎单碱基重复类型微卫星中,A/T基元占比最高,与鲤鱼、许氏平鲉和褐菖鲉等鱼类相似(梁霞等,2021瞿才惠等,2025)。在二碱基重复类型中,AC/GT基元数量最多,其次为AT/AT基元,AG/CT基元数量最少,这一分布趋势在鲤鱼和大口康吉鳗中也同样存在(梁霞等,2021Liu and Yang,2024);AG/CT基元数量最少可能与A-T碱基对间氢键的稳定性低于C-G碱基对,更易发生断裂和滑动有关(Zhao et al.,2011)。在三碱基重复类型中,半滑舌鳎AAT/ATT基元数量最多,其次为AAC/GTT基元,AAG/CTT基元数量最少,表明AAN(N代表除A以外的任何碱基)类微卫星具有明显优势,呈现出强烈的碱基组成偏好,与鲤鱼、军曹鱼和草鱼的分布模式较为相似(梁霞等,2021黄纬杰等,2022马骞等,2023)。此外,有研究发现三碱基重复序列的动态扩增可能是鱼类遗传性疾病产生的重要诱因。在斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)DNA修复基因RAD23B的编码区发现了三碱基重复扩增,且重复次数在不同个体间呈现显著多态性,该扩增可能干扰RAD23B蛋白与着色性干皮病互补组C蛋白的结合,从而削弱DNA修复能力,增加基因组不稳定性及疾病风险(Liu et al.,2001)。三碱基重复序列扩增还可引起斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的亨廷顿病等神经退行性疾病,表明关键基因的异常表达可能与疾病表型直接相关(Diekmann et al.,2009)。因此,对鱼类三碱基微卫星进行定位与分析,有助于鱼类遗传疾病的识别与早期预防。研究发现,微卫星序列的突变频率可随核心重复单元数量的增加而升高,即核心单元拷贝数越多,突变率越高,而较长微卫星序列的数量则逐渐降低(Harr and Schlötterer,2000)。本研究中半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星数量随重复单元碱基数增加而递减,在巨魾和草鱼中也观察到相同规律(杨汶珊等,2021黄纬杰等,2022)。
外显子负责编码结构蛋白,位于基因外显子区域的微卫星序列在蛋白质结构调控、基因表达与转录等方面具有重要功能(Oliveira et al.,2006)。本研究对半滑舌鳎外显子区域微卫星相关基因进行GO功能注释分析,结果发现显著富集的GO功能条目主要集中于生物过程类别,其中RNA聚合酶II转录调控和蛋白质磷酸化的富集程度最显著。RNA聚合酶II是基因转录的核心酶,其转录调控可直接影响mRNA合成效率与基因表达水平(Kornberg,2007)。研究发现,在南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)中,RNA聚合酶II亚基POLR2H可通过驱动抗氧化和渗透调节基因的转录,协助个体应对高pH环境胁迫(Luo et al.,2020);在褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)中,迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)感染可诱导差异表达基因显著富集于RNA聚合酶II转录的正调控通路,表明褐牙鲆可通过增强免疫基因转录来抵抗病原菌侵袭(Sun et al.,2021)。蛋白质磷酸化是信号转导的重要过程,通过蛋白激酶与磷酸酶的联合调控,参与多种生理和病理信号级联反应(Bigeard et al.,2014)。研究表明,温度可通过影响硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)激酶与磷酸酶活性,调控线粒体蛋白磷酸化状态,改变氧化磷酸化效率并削弱热胁迫耐受,从而影响其对热胁迫的代谢适应能力(Ulrich and Marsh,2009);鲑科(Salmonidae)鱼类精子运动依赖cAMP-PKA通路驱动的鞭毛蛋白磷酸化,而Ca2+内流则可触发去磷酸化以终止精子运动,通过磷酸化的动态平衡实现对生殖功能的精准调控(Dumorné et al.,2018)。由此可见,RNA聚合酶II的转录活性及蛋白质磷酸化的动态平衡可能是水生生物应对环境胁迫、协调生殖活动及执行免疫防御的重要机制。
KEGG信号通路富集分析发现,位于外显子区域的微卫星相关基因共富集于代谢、环境信息处理、细胞过程和遗传信息处理四大类别,这些生物学通路可能与半滑舌鳎对其生存环境的适应密切相关。其中,代谢类别中的淀粉和蔗糖代谢信号通路富集较为显著,该通路涉及糖原合成与能量稳态调控。在黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)中,复杂碳水化合物能有效维持胰岛素信号通路功能,改善葡萄糖代谢并促进生长(Taj et al.,2020)。稳定的胰岛素信号与能量稳态有助于鱼类在环境胁迫下满足急剧增加的能量需求。在缺氧环境中,布氏鲳鲹(Trachinotus blochii)优先通过糖酵解弥补能量不足,随着应激程度增加,进一步激活脂质代谢产生乙酰辅酶A以保障能量供给(Sun et al.,2021)。因此,具备高效的能量代谢能力是鱼类在低氧环境中生存的关键(Guo et al.,2016Ma et al.,2023)。在细胞过程类别,坏死性凋亡信号通路富集最显著。坏死性凋亡作为一种程序性细胞死亡,在大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)抵抗刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)感染的过程中,可通过miRNA介导清除病原以维护鳃黏膜屏障功能(Qu et al.,2023)。与之类似,胞葬作用在厚壳贻贝(Mytilus unguiculatus)体内负责清除凋亡细胞、防止继发炎症和组织损伤,是关键的免疫应答之一(Li et al.,2024)。综合GO功能注释和KEGG信号通路富集分析结果,半滑舌鳎外显子区域包含微卫星的基因可能参与了转录调控、信号转导、能量代谢及免疫应答等重要过程。对这些微卫星进行深入分析,可为后续开发具有潜在功能意义的多态性位点分子标记提供参考。
半滑舌鳎基因组微卫星以单碱基和二碱基重复类型为主,其数量与染色体长度呈显著正相关,且数量随基元重复次数的增加而降低。外显子区域微卫星富集于转录调控、能量代谢及免疫应答等信号通路,可能参与了半滑舌鳎对低氧等环境胁迫的适应性调节。

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2026年第57卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.004
  • 接收时间:2026-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-03
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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    1武汉轻工大学生命科学与技术学院,湖北 武汉 430023
    2生态环境部长江流域水生生物监测与评估重点实验室(筹),湖北 武汉 430019
    3生态环境部长江流域生态环境监督管理局生态环境监测与科学研究中心,湖北 武汉 430019

通讯作者:

谢佳燕(1974-),https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5749-7642,博士,教授,主要从事分子生态学研究工作,E-mail:
孙赫英(1990-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-4778,博士,高级工程师,主要从事宏观生态学研究工作,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/nfnyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2026.06.004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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