Article(id=1243220386448523375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747670400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774336438046, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774336438046, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774336438046, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336438046, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243220377556595432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='541', pageEnd='810', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774336435926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336648182, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=735, endPage=748, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243220387123806340, articleId=1243220386448523375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, language=EN, title=Sensitivity Analysis of Process Parameters in Split-Sleeve Cold Expansion of Holes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Split-sleeve cold expansion technology is a critical process for improving the fatigue life of aerospace structural components. However, the influence of its parameter variations on fatigue performance remains insufficiently studied. This paper systematically investigates the sensitivity of initial hole diameter, thickness of split-sleeve, and diameter of the extrusion zone of the mandrel on the fatigue life of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy through integrated fatigue testing, finite element simulation, and machine learning methods. Based on the S-N curve model of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy and the critical distance line method, a fatigue life prediction model for cold-expanded holes was established. The model was then used to generate datasets for training an intelligent fatigue life prediction model. Leveraging 400 000 data points obtained from the intelligent model, Sobol global sensitivity analysis was conducted to quantify the independent and interactive contributions of these parameters to fatigue life. Results indicate that the initial hole diameter has the most significant impact on fatigue life, dominating both independent effects and synergistic interactions, while the influence of Thickness of split-sleeve and mandrel diameter primarily manifests through interactive mechanisms. The study proposes prioritizing tolerance optimization for initial hole diameter while adopting collaborative design strategies for sleeve thickness and diameter of the extrusion zone of the mandrel. This methodology provides an efficient and economical approach for identifying critical process parameters and optimizing designs, demonstrating significant advantages over traditional physical experimentation and finite element analysis..

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开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化技术是提升航空结构件疲劳寿命的关键工艺,但其工艺参数的波动对疲劳性能的影响规律研究尚不充分.本文以7050-T7451铝合金为研究对象,结合疲劳试验、有限元仿真与机器学习方法,系统分析了初孔直径、开缝衬套厚度及芯棒挤压区直径对疲劳寿命影响的灵敏度.基于7050-T7451铝合金材料的S-N曲线模型,采用临界距离线法构建了孔冷挤压强化件的疲劳寿命预测模型,进而基于该模型分析得到的数据集训练出了疲劳寿命的智能预测模型.进一步基于智能预测模型获得的40万个数据,采用Sobol全局灵敏度分析方法得到了初孔直径、开缝衬套厚度及芯棒挤压区直径等参数对疲劳寿命影响的独立及交互作用贡献度.结果表明:初孔直径对疲劳寿命影响最为显著,其独立作用及协同效应均占主导;开缝衬套厚度与芯棒挤压区直径的影响主要通过交互作用体现.研究提出初孔直径需优先优化公差控制,而衬套厚度与芯棒直径可通过协同设计降低成本.该方法为主要工艺参数识别及优化设计提供了一种高效、经济的方法,相比传统开展物理试验或通过有限元仿真分析的方法,优势显著.

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袁国青,博士,副教授.研究方向:结构连接新技术,复合材料结构.E-mail:
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谢舟,硕士生.研究方向:飞行器复合材料与结构制造.E-mail:

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谢舟,硕士生.研究方向:飞行器复合材料与结构制造.E-mail:

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谢舟,硕士生.研究方向:飞行器复合材料与结构制造.E-mail:

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Sample parameter table

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ModelInitial hole diameter/mmFinal hole diameter/mmThickness of split-sleeve/mmThe diameter of the extrusion zone of the mandrel/mmSqueezing rate/%
Small hole sample3.6833.9690.1523.5564.8
Large hole sample5.7535.9530.1523.5563.74
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试样参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelInitial hole diameter/mmFinal hole diameter/mmThickness of split-sleeve/mmThe diameter of the extrusion zone of the mandrel/mmSqueezing rate/%
Small hole sample3.6833.9690.1523.5564.8
Large hole sample5.7535.9530.1523.5563.74
), ArticleFig(id=1243220406543434483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220386448523375, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Statistical table of sampling parameters using the LHS method

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Numberd[1] /mmt[2] /mmdm[3] /mme[4]Numberd/mmt/mmdm/mme
13.6680.1453.5494.66%263.6820.1593.5545.16%
23.6770.1553.5414.73%273.6870.1463.5434.01%
33.6680.1563.5455.15%283.6990.1523.5524.24%
43.6640.1573.5425.24%293.6590.1593.5445.55%
53.6670.1533.5424.94%303.6740.1583.5435.04%
63.6850.1473.5564.48%313.6980.1583.5434.35%
73.6700.1503.5454.77%323.7060.1503.5533.97%
83.6800.1523.5534.81%333.6910.1483.5514.23%
93.6890.1573.5444.58%343.6920.1573.5494.63%
103.6970.1553.5514.44%353.6650.1593.5465.43%
113.6610.1523.5525.33%363.6840.1553.5544.89%
123.7030.1603.5504.51%373.6920.1553.5474.47%
133.6960.1563.5484.44%383.6740.1503.5534.87%
143.6620.1493.5475.00%393.6760.1583.5485.11%
153.7050.1463.5463.59%403.6830.1493.5464.37%
163.7070.1473.5553.83%413.6590.1523.5485.27%
173.6610.1503.5545.27%423.6780.1533.5454.70%
183.6760.1483.5564.79%433.6720.1543.5525.12%
193.7040.1493.5423.67%443.6790.1493.5484.54%
203.7000.1513.5514.14%453.6660.1463.5444.64%
213.6700.1483.5554.93%463.7050.1573.5544.40%
223.6710.1593.5445.20%473.6930.1513.5474.22%
233.6830.1453.5424.05%483.6960.1563.5494.46%
243.6880.1543.5514.64%493.7010.1473.5554.00%
253.6940.1533.5504.39%503.6880.1543.5504.61%
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采用拉丁超立方采样法的采样参数统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Numberd[1] /mmt[2] /mmdm[3] /mme[4]Numberd/mmt/mmdm/mme
13.6680.1453.5494.66%263.6820.1593.5545.16%
23.6770.1553.5414.73%273.6870.1463.5434.01%
33.6680.1563.5455.15%283.6990.1523.5524.24%
43.6640.1573.5425.24%293.6590.1593.5445.55%
53.6670.1533.5424.94%303.6740.1583.5435.04%
63.6850.1473.5564.48%313.6980.1583.5434.35%
73.6700.1503.5454.77%323.7060.1503.5533.97%
83.6800.1523.5534.81%333.6910.1483.5514.23%
93.6890.1573.5444.58%343.6920.1573.5494.63%
103.6970.1553.5514.44%353.6650.1593.5465.43%
113.6610.1523.5525.33%363.6840.1553.5544.89%
123.7030.1603.5504.51%373.6920.1553.5474.47%
133.6960.1563.5484.44%383.6740.1503.5534.87%
143.6620.1493.5475.00%393.6760.1583.5485.11%
153.7050.1463.5463.59%403.6830.1493.5464.37%
163.7070.1473.5553.83%413.6590.1523.5485.27%
173.6610.1503.5545.27%423.6780.1533.5454.70%
183.6760.1483.5564.79%433.6720.1543.5525.12%
193.7040.1493.5423.67%443.6790.1493.5484.54%
203.7000.1513.5514.14%453.6660.1463.5444.64%
213.6700.1483.5554.93%463.7050.1573.5544.40%
223.6710.1593.5445.20%473.6930.1513.5474.22%
233.6830.1453.5424.05%483.6960.1563.5494.46%
243.6880.1543.5514.64%493.7010.1473.5554.00%
253.6940.1533.5504.39%503.6880.1543.5504.61%
), ArticleFig(id=1243220406891561736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220386448523375, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Statistical table of sampling results using the LHS method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberFatigue life/CycleNumberFatigue life/CycleNumberFatigue life/CycleNumberFatigue life/CycleNumberFatigue life/Cycle
146 4131145 2912147 7033152 4154145 798
252 0841252 4672245 7383251 2954251 924
346 2981352 6282351 6063351 9194346 481
446 4041447 8062452 9023452 7034452 575
548 2371549 1382553 0513545 2524552 514
652 6081650 4112646 3903648 1254652 439
749 4021745 7732751 0173752 9214751 956
849 4121852 2992852 4793848 7294852 898
952 4341949 6242945 3103946 5664951 061
1052 6792052 1703046 8914052 3335052 560
), ArticleFig(id=1243220407009002255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220386448523375, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

采用拉丁超立方采样法的采样结果统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberFatigue life/CycleNumberFatigue life/CycleNumberFatigue life/CycleNumberFatigue life/CycleNumberFatigue life/Cycle
146 4131145 2912147 7033152 4154145 798
252 0841252 4672245 7383251 2954251 924
346 2981352 6282351 6063351 9194346 481
446 4041447 8062452 9023452 7034452 575
548 2371549 1382553 0513545 2524552 514
652 6081650 4112646 3903648 1254652 439
749 4021745 7732751 0173752 9214751 956
849 4121852 2992852 4793848 7294852 898
952 4341949 6242945 3103946 5664951 061
1052 6792052 1703046 8914052 3335052 560
), ArticleFig(id=1243220407105471255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220386448523375, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistical table of sobol sensitivity analysis results

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Error typeInitial hole diameterThickness of split-sleeveDiameter of the extrusion zone of the mandrel
Sensitivity typeSi[1][2]SiSi
Uniform distribution0.6020.9160.0110.3220.0640.181
Normal distribution0.6880.8530.0710.1840.0740.099
Lognormal distribution0.6860.8510.0720.1860.0740.098
), ArticleFig(id=1243220407323575073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220386448523375, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Sobol灵敏度分析结果统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Error typeInitial hole diameterThickness of split-sleeveDiameter of the extrusion zone of the mandrel
Sensitivity typeSi[1][2]SiSi
Uniform distribution0.6020.9160.0110.3220.0640.181
Normal distribution0.6880.8530.0710.1840.0740.099
Lognormal distribution0.6860.8510.0720.1860.0740.098
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开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化工艺参数的灵敏度分析
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谢舟 , 袁国青
力学季刊 | 2025,46(3): 735-748
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力学季刊 | 2025, 46(3): 735-748
开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化工艺参数的灵敏度分析
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谢舟 , 袁国青
作者信息
  • 同济大学 航空航天与力学学院,上海 200092
  • 谢舟,硕士生.研究方向:飞行器复合材料与结构制造.E-mail:

通讯作者:

袁国青,博士,副教授.研究方向:结构连接新技术,复合材料结构.E-mail:
Sensitivity Analysis of Process Parameters in Split-Sleeve Cold Expansion of Holes
Zhou XIE , Guoqing YUAN
Affiliations
  • School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.015
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开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化技术是提升航空结构件疲劳寿命的关键工艺,但其工艺参数的波动对疲劳性能的影响规律研究尚不充分.本文以7050-T7451铝合金为研究对象,结合疲劳试验、有限元仿真与机器学习方法,系统分析了初孔直径、开缝衬套厚度及芯棒挤压区直径对疲劳寿命影响的灵敏度.基于7050-T7451铝合金材料的S-N曲线模型,采用临界距离线法构建了孔冷挤压强化件的疲劳寿命预测模型,进而基于该模型分析得到的数据集训练出了疲劳寿命的智能预测模型.进一步基于智能预测模型获得的40万个数据,采用Sobol全局灵敏度分析方法得到了初孔直径、开缝衬套厚度及芯棒挤压区直径等参数对疲劳寿命影响的独立及交互作用贡献度.结果表明:初孔直径对疲劳寿命影响最为显著,其独立作用及协同效应均占主导;开缝衬套厚度与芯棒挤压区直径的影响主要通过交互作用体现.研究提出初孔直径需优先优化公差控制,而衬套厚度与芯棒直径可通过协同设计降低成本.该方法为主要工艺参数识别及优化设计提供了一种高效、经济的方法,相比传统开展物理试验或通过有限元仿真分析的方法,优势显著.

开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化  /  疲劳寿命预测  /  有限元仿真  /  机器学习  /  灵敏度分析

Split-sleeve cold expansion technology is a critical process for improving the fatigue life of aerospace structural components. However, the influence of its parameter variations on fatigue performance remains insufficiently studied. This paper systematically investigates the sensitivity of initial hole diameter, thickness of split-sleeve, and diameter of the extrusion zone of the mandrel on the fatigue life of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy through integrated fatigue testing, finite element simulation, and machine learning methods. Based on the S-N curve model of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy and the critical distance line method, a fatigue life prediction model for cold-expanded holes was established. The model was then used to generate datasets for training an intelligent fatigue life prediction model. Leveraging 400 000 data points obtained from the intelligent model, Sobol global sensitivity analysis was conducted to quantify the independent and interactive contributions of these parameters to fatigue life. Results indicate that the initial hole diameter has the most significant impact on fatigue life, dominating both independent effects and synergistic interactions, while the influence of Thickness of split-sleeve and mandrel diameter primarily manifests through interactive mechanisms. The study proposes prioritizing tolerance optimization for initial hole diameter while adopting collaborative design strategies for sleeve thickness and diameter of the extrusion zone of the mandrel. This methodology provides an efficient and economical approach for identifying critical process parameters and optimizing designs, demonstrating significant advantages over traditional physical experimentation and finite element analysis..

split-sleeve cold expansion  /  fatigue life prediction  /  finite element simulation  /  machine learning  /  sensitivity analysis
谢舟, 袁国青. 开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化工艺参数的灵敏度分析. 力学季刊, 2025 , 46 (3) : 735 -748 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.015
Zhou XIE, Guoqing YUAN. Sensitivity Analysis of Process Parameters in Split-Sleeve Cold Expansion of Holes[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 735 -748 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.015
作为飞机结构的主要连接方式,铆钉连接和螺栓连接这类孔连接结构往往是引起应力集中的关键部位.在各种复杂交变载荷下,疲劳失效是其主要的破坏形式.在常用的疲劳增寿工艺中,冷挤压强化相比于其他强化技术,有操作简单、成本低廉、强化效果好等优点,是目前应用更加广泛的强化工艺.在此之中,开缝衬套冷挤压的强化效果更加出色、应用更加广泛.其加工流程如图1[1]所示:加工过程中将芯棒穿过孔洞,此时芯棒隔着衬套会对孔壁实行挤压,并使其发生塑性变形,形成残余压应力场,降低了结构件在拉伸疲劳载荷作用下引起的拉应力,从而使其疲劳寿命得以延长.
国内外的已有研究和实践表明开缝衬套孔冷挤压技术可大幅度提升开孔结构的疲劳寿命.早在上世纪70年代,美国波音公司便在直接芯棒挤压强化技术的基础上提出了开缝衬套冷挤压强化工艺,即在待挤压孔和芯棒之间额外加入一圈金属衬套来避免两者的直接接触,并在2009年就首先应用于FA-18中[2].开缝衬套技术提出后,国外学者们在此基础上进行了众多研究,在近几年取得了丰硕的研究成果.其主要研究成果如下:在机理方面,冷挤压工艺会在孔周形成环向残余压应力[3-6],通过钝化疲劳应力峰值、转移应力集中区域[7]和抑制裂纹萌生扩展[3-4,8-9]来实现增寿;在增寿效果方面,普遍发现4%~5%挤压量为最佳参数[10-12],但具体的增寿表现因材料和工况的不同而各不一致;在研究方法方面,除疲劳试验之外,学者们也结合有限元仿真[3-5]和人工神经网络[13]实现了残余应力场和疲劳寿命的精准预测.除此之外,还有一些其他相关研究,例如挤压后的微观组织结构变化[14]、异材叠层结构的强化情况[15]、多孔挤压等.
为分析开缝衬套孔冷挤压工艺的疲劳增寿效果,需选用合适的疲劳定寿方法.当前主流的疲劳寿命预测主要基于两种不同的损伤机制和建模思路[16].首先是基于总寿命的传统疲劳方法,该方法假设构件初始状态无宏观裂纹,核心在于应力/应变幅值对寿命的主导作用,S-N(应力-寿命)曲线是该方法的基石.基于临界距离理论,王幸[17]发现考虑铰孔的挤入端孔边临界距离法预测结果与试验值的比值在0.5~2.0,验证了临界距离法在孔挤压疲劳定寿的可行性.其次是基于断裂力学的损伤容限方法,该方法正视构件可能存在的初始缺陷或裂纹,其疲劳寿命定义为裂纹从初始尺寸扩展至临界尺寸的过程.随着断裂力学的发展,Paris等[18]提出的Paris公式,描述了裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子范围之间的幂函数关系,成为定量预测裂纹扩展寿命的核心模型.Burlat等[4]针对孔挤压结构建立三维有限元的裂纹扩展模型并与试验数据对比,发现在引入权函数的情况下两者的寿命拥有较高的契合度.王彩勇等[19]基于有限元模型,通过ε-N曲线进行裂纹萌生寿命分析,并与试验结果作比较,验证了仿真模型的有效性.
影响开缝衬套冷挤压效应的是其工艺参数,然而实践中,即使指定了具体的工艺参数,加工中仍难免产生偏离,如初孔直径在钻削时难免产生加工误差;芯棒在反复使用时工作段会出现磨损,其直径会因磨损而变小;开缝衬套润滑涂层在批间甚至批内产品中难以做到完全一致;衬套厚度也存在小幅波动的可能;所有这些误差都会导致挤压效应发生变化,对挤压后的残余应力场以及疲劳增益产生影响.但各参数的波动对疲劳增益的影响灵敏度如何之前未见有报道,本文拟对此展开研究.
灵敏度分析是一种能更为直观地反映在一个系统中输入变量对输出变量的影响程度的方法,也是目前在进行加工设计时常用的分析方法.周洪民等[20]将灵敏度分析纳入管路结构优化设计中,通过筛选输入变量的方法显著减少了在优化设计时所需要的计算量;潘英广等[21]分析了五轴工具磨床的30余项几何误差,筛选出影响较大的几何元素,为磨床的精度设计提出更合理的理论参考;倪菲等[22]在高速磁悬浮列车单点悬浮系统上,基于多项式混沌展开(Polynomial Chaos Expansion,PCE)模型求解Sobol灵敏度比传统的蒙特卡洛法提速了约73倍,同时保证了相同的求解精度;孙榕等[23]将有限元仿真与神经网络预测结合进行灵敏度分析,在只有少量仿真结果的情况下准确分析切口长度、皮肤厚度等参数对皮瓣切口闭合的影响.
已有研究表明在开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化技术中挤压率是影响疲劳增寿效果的主要因素.但是挤压率由初孔直径、开缝衬套厚度和芯棒挤压区直径这三个子因素共同决定,是同时关系到整个加工工艺中所有部件的复合因素,在优化设计挤压率前对三个子因素进行灵敏度分析,系统研究各子因素对疲劳寿命影响的灵敏度,进而确定优化设计中的优先级,可以显著减少优化设计中的经济成本和时间成本.本文以开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化结构作为研究对象,首先,进行相应的疲劳试验,总结出合理的传统疲劳寿命预测方式;其次,通过有限元仿真分析收集数据训练集,通过机器学习方法实现疲劳寿命智能预测;最后,基于Sobol法[20-27]对开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化结构进行灵敏度分析,筛选出决定挤压率的三个子因素中对疲劳寿命影响程度最大的因素,为开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化结构的加工工艺参数设计提供理论指导.
本文中疲劳试验被挤压板材料为7050-T7451铝合金,衬套材料为12Cr17Ni不锈钢,芯棒为合金钢.7050-T7451铝合金材料的S-N曲线的拟合方法采用三参数威布尔分布模型[28-31],该模型在计算时将可靠度也纳入考虑范围,建立的是可靠度(Reliability-应力(Stress)-寿命(Number of cycles to failure)即R-S-N曲线模型,结合各类文献的情况,通常采用50%失效概率下基于最大主应力拟合S-N曲线.
依据7050-T7451铝合金材料的疲劳试验数据拟合得到的材料级的S-N曲线如图2所示.
其中,50%失效概率下三参数威布尔模型的疲劳S-N曲线表达式为
式中,N为疲劳寿命,S为计算应力.
对于拟合曲线,R2是最为常用的评估指标,称为决定系数,其值越接近1则表示拟合效果越好,RMSE是均方根误差.其计算公式如下
式中,yi为真实值,为预测值,为真实值的均值.
虽然上述S-N曲线的拟合是在自然对数尺度下进行,但是在工程领域,通常更多用常用对数尺度对疲劳寿命进行统计,经过计算,该曲线在常用对数尺度下的决定系数R2为0.958 9,对于疲劳寿命研究这种自带有较高随机性的领域而言,已经属于较高的值,说明该S-N曲线对疲劳寿命数据的拟合效果良好.其均方根误差RMSE为0.202 0,转换为实际寿命偏差倍数约为1.59,该预测误差满足疲劳寿命中误差需求.
图3是拉-拉疲劳试验用带孔结构试验件示意图.
本文采用临界距离线法[32-35]预测其在挤压强化前后的疲劳寿命.为计算平均应力,选取开孔板中间横截面上,穿过最大主应力点且垂直于该点最大主应力方向的直线路径作为应力路径,该路径上的应力分布曲线如图4所示.普通开孔件因孔边应力集中,其临界距离线法的平均应力路径自孔边向板边延伸.然而,与普通开孔件中孔边为高应力区域不同,挤压孔板的孔边(即传统临界距离线法的计算区域)内实际承受的应力较小,文献[16]中也表明疲劳破坏不仅局限于材料表面,内部缺陷或不连续组织处也是产生疲劳破坏的常见区域,因此考虑取材料内部的最大主应力点作为危险点,用来定位挤压孔板临界距离的计算区域.
临界距离法采用一定距离内平均应力进行预测的重要原因在于:由于疲劳损伤是一个非局部过程,发生在一定的材料体积内,材料微结构的特性决定了损伤过程是在一个有限区域内损伤逐渐累积并发展的过程.因此越是应力复杂且平均应力更高的区域更有可能是产生疲劳破坏的位置.
结合最大主应力分布曲线,可以发现在危险点附近出现了应力快速上升,达到峰值后又缓慢下降的过程,符合应力复杂且平均应力较高的情况,故平均应力计算路径调整为:以危险点为中点,向两侧延伸(如图4红框区域),该区域长度即为临界距离,所得平均应力即为临界应力.此方法优势在于能兼顾两侧应力梯度对疲劳寿命的影响,更合理地反映挤压孔板特有的应力分布状态.
为测定临界距离尺寸,本研究执行了包含小孔与大孔板试样的疲劳试验.试样参数详见表1.试件制备流程包括:预制初孔,随后进行挤压及铰削加工.表1中列明了初孔直径、终孔直径及芯棒挤压区直径.挤压率计算公式如下:挤压率=(芯棒挤压区直径+2×开缝衬套厚度-初孔直径)/初孔直径.
由于本文使用的临界距离法中关于线法临界距离的定义已与传统线法不一致,对于临界距离的预测方式也应寻找更合适的方法,本文拟以试验数据里临界距离的实际分布规律寻找合适的预测公式,图5是基于临界距离最大主应力线法进行疲劳寿命预测得到的最大主应力-临界距离图.可见在同一挤压工艺参数下,不同载荷工况的临界距离取值大致与危险点最大主应力成线性规律,基于奥卡姆剃刀原理,假定临界距离和最大主应力之间呈线性关系.对两种样件的数据结果进行拟合,可得到各自对应的拟合直线.
式(4)和式(5)分别为拟合的小孔挤压板和大孔挤压板基于临界距离线法进行疲劳寿命预测离开危险点的临界距离-最大主应力线性方程表达式
式(4)和式(5)中,y为临界距离,x为危险点最大主应力.
假定对于任意给定的终孔直径d和挤压率e,依公式(1)描述的S-N曲线和临界距离线法进行寿命预测时,其对应的临界距离与危险点最大主应力均存在类似式(4)、式(5)的线性关系,即
进一步假设公式(4)中的斜率k和截距b分别与终孔直径d和挤压率e呈线性组合关系,即有
结合表1及式(4)和式(5)中的数据,可求出mk、nk、mb、nb如下:mk=0.003 71;nk=0.001 567;mb=-0.388;nb=-0.606.
综上,对于任意终孔直径d和挤压率e,临界距离公式为
由此,在当前材料体系下,对于带任意给定的开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化工艺参数处理孔的板件结构,都可以基于材料的三参数S-N模型和临界距离线法,结合有限元分析预测出结构对应的疲劳寿命.
基于第1.2节建立的疲劳寿命预测方法,针对任意给定的工艺参数组合,需首先进行有限元分析方能获得相应的疲劳寿命预测结果.该过程存在计算耗时长、成本高昂以及对用户专业水平要求较高等局限性.因此,若能应用机器学习技术直接训练出智能化的疲劳寿命预测模型[36-41],将具有显著的工程价值和理论意义.
本文选用一种适合基于小样本数据进行训练的机器学习方法——高斯过程回归模型(Gaussian Process Regression,GPR)[41],来训练开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化结构疲劳寿命预测的智能模型.GPR属于概率预测,不仅提供预测值,还能给出预测的不确定性估计(方差);其是一种基于贝叶斯框架的非参数模型,不需要假设数据的具体分布形式,模型的复杂度可以根据数据的复杂度自动调整;其具有很好的灵活性,通过选择不同的核函数,可以适应不同类型的数据和关系.
根据1.2节建立的疲劳寿命预测方法,以FTI公司CBS-4-2型号作为研究对象,依FTI手册并结合实测可知其初孔直径的取值范围为3.658~3.708 mm;芯棒的挤压区直径为3.556 mm,允许的最小直径为3.541 mm;衬套壁厚的取值范围为0.145~0.160 mm.使用拉丁超立方采样(Latin Hypercube Sampling,LHS)方法[42]对数据进行随机采样,假定变量服从均匀分布,每个区间宽度为总宽度的1/50,总计共随机生成50组数据,通过该50组数据进行有限元仿真分析后进行疲劳寿命预测,具体每组采样点的参数数据见表2.其中挤压率=(芯棒挤压区直径+2×开缝衬套厚度-初孔直径)/初孔直径.
完成挤压后再进行铰削处理并施加294 MPa疲劳载荷进行计算,获得施加294 MPa时带挤压铰削孔的疲劳试验件薄弱截面上危险点对应路径的最大主应力值.根据上述疲劳寿命预测公式,可得每个采样点的疲劳寿命.所有参数的详细计算结果如表3所示.
本文利用Matlab内置GPR模型,采用ARD(Automatic Relevance Determination)平方指数核函数和常数均值函数.基于表2表3数据(随机选取40组训练,10组测试),建立了开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化结构的疲劳寿命智能预测模型.给定初孔直径、衬套壁厚、芯棒挤压区直径参数,该模型可在20 s内预测生成40万组疲劳寿命数据.相较而言,采用1.2节方法预测单组数据需1.5 h,本模型预测效率提升约1亿倍.同时,本文疲劳试验机加载频率为15 Hz,即使对于当前研究中的低寿命工况,单次试验仍需约1 h,并伴随较高经济成本;若为高周疲劳工况,试验时间将随寿命呈指数级增长.
查看疲劳预测模型的测试集预测结果,并与对应的仿真结果进行对比,如图6(a)所示.发现其中大部分样本的智能预测结果和仿真结果相差不大,只有一个样本点出现偏离较大的情况,该点的样本编号为18,其智能预测结果和仿真结果分别为49 845 mm和52 299 mm,相差约4.7%,经过分析,猜测可能是由于该样本的芯棒挤压区直径为3.556 mm,处于极限值,且初孔直径(3.676 mm)在类似样本中偏低.GPR在输入空间边界(低密度区域)预测时,方差通常较高,导致外推不准确.图6(b)为测试集的残差分布图,可以发现大部分测试结果均在理想范围之内,异常样本点18虽有部分幅度偏差,但仍在疲劳寿命预测的合理范围;图6(c)进一步对比测试集和训练集残差直方图,可以看出残差分布呈明显的钟形分布趋势;图6(d)为测试集Q-Q图,也能看出残差点沿蓝色参考线分布,是合理的分布形式.
接下来对整体模型进行评估,超参数分析显示,信号方差反映了目标函数(寿命)在输入空间的变化幅度.较大的信号方差意味着当输入特征变化时,寿命的变化幅度较大,本模型为2.409,说明工艺参数变化对寿命影响显著,噪声标准差水平越低表示随机波动越小,本模型中为0.244 0,表明数据中的随机波动相对较小.长度尺度是GPR模型中ARD核函数的参数,反映了输入特征对输出影响的变化快慢.长度尺度越大,表示该特征对输出的影响越平缓,本模型中初孔直径、开缝衬套厚度和芯棒挤压区直径的长度尺度l分别为4.679 7 mm、5.498 3 mm、2.592 9 mm,该结果表明芯棒挤压区直径的敏感度最高,而开缝衬套厚度的长度尺度最大,可作为工艺裕度调节参数.
同时现模型的决定系数R2为0.825 2,说明模型的拟合效果相当好,当然仍有提升空间;RMSE为898.09,也仅占平均寿命1.8%,这样的误差在工程上是可以接受的.说明基于该模型预测的寿命具有足够的精度.但必须注意的是,本次训练的模型仅对循环载荷为294 MPa的CBS-4-2型号及工况负责,对其他工况的疲劳寿命预测精度仍有待验证,若使其能适应更多工况,则需添加相应的试验或仿真数据并重新训练.
需要特别说明的是,本文的核心目标并非建立高泛化性的寿命预测模型,而是聚焦于工艺参数(初孔直径、衬套壁厚、芯棒挤压区直径)的灵敏度分析.要求在基准参数组合附近进行小范围的、可控的参数扰动,以精确量化各参数对寿命的局部影响.因此,当前数据集的设计正是服务于这一特定目标,由此训练出的模型可视为一个针对CBS-4-2型号的专用模型.
灵敏度分析(Sensitivity Analysis)是分析输入参数变化对模型输出敏感程度的重要工作,其对识别关键参数、简化模型、确定参数优化的优先级、验证模型假设的合理性、评估模型的稳健性和可靠性、理解模型的内在机制、优化实验方案等都很有意义.本文拟采用Sobol灵敏度分析方法对初孔直径、衬套壁厚、芯棒挤压区直径等参数对结构疲劳寿命影响的灵敏度做一分析.
灵敏度分析分为局部灵敏度分析和全局灵敏度分析两种.其中局部灵敏度分析考察单个参数在基准值附近微小变化时对输出结果的瞬时影响,通常定义为输出参数对于输入参数在给定值处的偏导数.该分析操作简便、计算效率高,但是无法捕捉参数间的耦合效应,也很难反应输入参数对输出参数在全域内的影响程度.全局灵敏度分析是评估参数在整个允许范围内变化时对输出参数的综合影响,也包括参数间的非线性效应和交互作用.对于参数较多的模型,显然全局灵敏度分析更为合适.
本文采用目前使用最广泛的全局灵敏度分析方法,Sobol法.该方法最早于1993年被提出[19],在Sobol法中,假设目标函数为F=fx),式中xn个相互独立的输入变量,即x=(x1x2,…,xn),那么通过方差分析,可以将fx)分解为2n个递增项之和,即
式中,f0fx)的均值,fij为第i个误差项和第j个误差项共同计算所得的函数值,以此类推,可得出所有误差项共同作用下的函数值、
D为函数F=fx)的总方差,DiDij分别为一阶偏方差和二阶偏方差,那么函数F=fx)的偏方差和总方差之比即为各项输入变量的灵敏度,则一阶灵敏度Si和二阶灵敏度Sij可表示为
式中,Si数值代表对目标函数的影响权重,Sij代表两参数之间的交互作用,SiSij越大,则表示影响越大.
对于一阶灵敏度Si和所有与xi有耦合效应的高阶灵敏度系数之和,则用表示,其值越大,代表该参数与其他参数的耦合作用越强烈
Sobol法中推荐的总样本量Ntotal公式为
式中,k为参数个数;N为基础样本量.
使用1.3节中的疲劳寿命智能预测模型和Sobol灵敏度分析方法开展灵敏度分析,实践表明当样本量较小时,其结果不准确甚至不合理的,其本质原因在于Sobol法通过方差量化参数的主效应和总效应,其计算复杂度随着参数数量和交互阶数呈指数增长,因此当参数存在交互作用时,样本量需要极大才能覆盖参数组合空间,才足以捕捉复杂耦合效应,对于本文模型而言,参与灵敏度分析的三个参数共同决定挤压率,必然存在交互作用,可通过逐步增加样本量进行分析,发现在本模型中当基础样本量N大于5万时灵敏度分析结果趋近于稳定,可以认为已经收敛.
最终设置基础样本量为5万,考虑到k=3,故总计采用40万个采样点数据进行灵敏度计算.分析在均匀分布、正态分布、对数正态分布三种不同分布假设下的灵敏度,结果如图7所示,相关数据见表4
基于上述结果可知,在均匀分布假设下,初孔直径的一阶灵敏度和总灵敏度最高,分别为0.602和0.916,表明其交互作用贡献了约31.4%的输出方差,符合非线性模型或参数协同效应的典型特征;开缝衬套厚度的一阶灵敏度为0.011而总灵敏度却有0.322,表明该参数单独作用的影响较弱,其重要性完全来自与其他参数的交互作用(如与初孔直径的组合效应);芯棒挤压区直径的总灵敏度0.181高于一阶灵敏度的0.064,说明该参数表明存在中等强度的交互作用.
在正态分布和对数正态分布假设下,两者的灵敏度分析结果近乎相同,并且相较于均匀分布结果,各项参数的一阶灵敏度均有小幅度上升而总灵敏度均下降,这可能由于参数分布形态改变了极端值组合的出现概率,从而影响交互作用强度.在参数范围较窄的情况下,正态与对数正态分布都使参数值集中在中心区域,降低了交互效应,同时增强了一阶效应.
由灵敏度分析结果可知,初孔直径是影响疲劳寿命最为关键的因素,与之前GPR模型长度尺度的解读存在表面矛盾,是因为长度尺度存在局限性,仅反映局部灵敏度,无法捕捉参数交互作用和全局非线性效应,而初孔直径作为最敏感的主导参数,通过非线性交互作用影响寿命.
接下来研究初孔直径公差对疲劳寿命变异系数的具体影响,计算初孔直径公差从±0.025 mm收紧到±0.010 mm时,疲劳寿命的变异系数变化趋势,结果如图8所示.结果显示,疲劳寿命变异系数由4.39%降低至2.49%,相对降低43.3%,这意味着公差收紧使产品寿命波动减少43.3%,可显著降低早期失效概率.
(1)灵敏度分析所需的大量数据,可依靠疲劳寿命智能预测模型来获取.这些数据全靠疲劳试验来获取不现实,本文基于有限疲劳实验建立的材料级S-N曲线和构件级疲劳寿命预测方法,获得了建立智能预测模型所需的足够样本数据,进而采用高斯过程回归模型训练得到了疲劳寿命预测的智能计算模型,实现了疲劳寿命的快速预测,极大地降低了预测成本.
(2)对决定挤压率的三个参数的灵敏度分析表明,初孔直径对疲劳寿命的贡献最高,是决定性因素;而开缝衬套厚度和芯棒挤压区直径的影响有限,但是两者与初孔直径都存在交互效应,在设计时依旧需要纳入考虑,其中从GPR模型长度尺度分析可知,芯棒挤压区直径更为重要.本文的研究与文献中关于挤压率主导疲劳增益的结论一致,但进一步量化了决定挤压率的三个子参数对疲劳增益的贡献差异,也说明了开展灵敏度分析的意义所在.
(3)本文建立的灵敏度分析方法是可行的,能适用于考虑更多工艺参数的情况,相关成果对开缝衬套孔冷挤压强化工艺参数的快速、高精度设计有指导价值.
(4)初孔直径的公差从±0.025 mm收紧到±0.010 mm可以将疲劳寿命变异系由4.39%降低至2.49%,可使产品寿命一致性提升43%,降低早期失效风险
不过,本研究仍存在一定局限性:首先,目前只研究了初孔直径、开缝衬套厚度和芯棒挤压区直径这三个重要因素的影响,实际上工艺设计中远不止这三个因素,更多因素仍有待分析,例如开缝衬套的开缝宽度过宽可能导致材料流动失控,进而产生微裂纹,过窄则可能导致残余应力分布不均匀,疲劳寿命波动增大等;其次,机器学习模型的训练数据仅覆盖特定材料与孔径范围,其适应范围较小,主要用于特定工况的灵敏度分析,若想建立更泛用的机器学习模型,还需收集更多的数据;最后,不同工艺参数之间交互作用的物理机制尚未深入探讨.
未来研究可扩展至多材料叠层结构或复杂载荷条件,并探索更多工艺参数的耦合效应.此外,将灵敏度分析嵌入智能优化算法,有望实现工艺参数的自动化设计,进一步提升开缝衬套冷挤压技术的工程应用潜力.
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.015
  • 接收时间:2025-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-20
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    同济大学 航空航天与力学学院,上海 200092

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袁国青,博士,副教授.研究方向:结构连接新技术,复合材料结构.E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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