Article(id=1243220385177645916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749398400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774336437744, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774336437744, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774336437744, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336437744, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243220377556595432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='541', pageEnd='810', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774336435926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336648182, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=749, endPage=760, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243220385693545318, articleId=1243220385177645916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, language=EN, title=Analysis of Particle Stress and Settlement Patterns in the Ceramsite Layer of Molten Salt Tank Foundations, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of energy storage and power generation in molten salt tanks, the ceramic particle layer at the bottom of the tank plays a critical role in load-bearing and thermal insulation. Under cyclic loading, analyzing the effects of particle compression, flow, and contact stress on the overall settlement of the ceramic particle layer provides an important basis for design. In this study, the Hertz-Mindlin contact model in EDEM software was employed to establish a discrete element particle simulation model for the ceramic particle layer at the bottom of the molten salt tank. Simulations were conducted for the compaction backfill process and full-tank working conditions, and a comparative analysis was performed to investigate the effects of pre-compaction processes and particle size distribution on the compression settlement and maximum equivalent stress of the ceramic particles, as well as the influence of randomness in discrete element analysis results. The results indicate that for a ceramic particle layer height of 1.6 m and a particle size range of 5~20 mm, adopting a segmented compaction backfill process under a 50 000-ton tank load results in a maximum internal particle stress of 18.1~21.8 MPa and an overall settlement of 20.44~29.6 mm. As the particle size increases, the maximum stress decreases, with a maximum stress of 12 MPa observed for particle sizes of 15~20 mm. However, the settlement increases significantly, reaching 184 mm. Therefore, a wide particle size distribution range is beneficial for reducing settlement. Considering these factors comprehensively, the optimal configuration is a particle size range of 5~20 mm with a segmented and repeated pre-compaction process. Accounting for the influence of particle randomness, the maximum stress of the ceramic particle layer is 23.16 MPa, and the maximum settlement is 23.5 mm, meeting the design requirements.

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在熔盐罐储能发电过程中,熔盐罐罐底的陶粒层起着承载、隔热的重要作用.在循环载荷作用下,陶粒层颗粒受到挤压流动及颗粒自身接触应力等因素对整体沉降的影响分析是重要的设计依据.本文针对熔盐罐罐底陶粒层采用离散元软件EDEM中的Hertz-Mindlin接触模型建立离散元颗粒仿真模型,对陶粒层压实回填工艺及满罐工况模拟,对比分析预压实工艺、陶粒粒径分布对陶粒挤压沉降和最大等效应力的影响规律,以及离散元分析结果的随机性影响.结果表明,陶粒层高度1.6 m,陶粒粒径范围5~20 mm,采用分段压实回填工艺,重罐5万吨加载,其陶粒内部最大应力18.1~21.8 MPa,总体沉降量20.44~29.6 mm.随着陶粒粒径的增大,其最大应力降低,粒径15~20 mm时,陶粒最大应力为12 MPa,但沉降量显著增大,达到184 mm,因此宽粒径分布范围有助于减小沉降量.综合考虑,陶粒为5~20 mm粒径时,分段多次预压实工艺最优,考虑颗粒随机性波动影响,陶粒层最大应力为23.16 MPa,最大沉降量为23.5 mm,满足设计要求.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘源泂,副教授,博士.研究方向:计算机仿真及智能制造.E-mail:
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黄尧,硕士生.研究方向:计算机仿真技术.E-mail:

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黄尧,硕士生.研究方向:计算机仿真技术.E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图3, caption=陶粒压实[18], figureFileSmall=T8s0DIAU9Q57e8500f+9Zg==, figureFileBig=kjd1C/5pgRN0nMzsZ3Inlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220400910479628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Clay particle, figureFileSmall=dpJf+upCHC89f5gr0h7lTw==, figureFileBig=nLpB5JQPmIV/ISLsLMGalw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220401212469520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=CN, label=图4, caption=陶土颗粒, figureFileSmall=dpJf+upCHC89f5gr0h7lTw==, figureFileBig=nLpB5JQPmIV/ISLsLMGalw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220401539625236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Map of the height of the ceramic layer in different initial states and after compaction of the heavy tank, figureFileSmall=abF9dxBWBa25HzTNBpLkDQ==, 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language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Maximum von Mises stress of particles versus time analyzed three times, figureFileSmall=fLCpOQ0P7uOA9Q/e3o7dVA==, figureFileBig=G2wcXNa6vQWbdlc2vV7aUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220404404335004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=CN, label=图15, caption=三次分析颗粒最大von Mises应力随时间变化图, figureFileSmall=fLCpOQ0P7uOA9Q/e3o7dVA==, figureFileBig=G2wcXNa6vQWbdlc2vV7aUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220404614050214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialsSteelCeramiteConcrete
Density/(kg·m-3)7 8505402 500
Poisson's ratio0.30.250.2
Shear modulus/MPa79 0003 30014 000
Thermal conductivity/(W/(m·K)-1)58.150.282.94
Compressive strength/MPa2953519.1
), ArticleFig(id=1243220404693741994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialsSteelCeramiteConcrete
Density/(kg·m-3)7 8505402 500
Poisson's ratio0.30.250.2
Shear modulus/MPa79 0003 30014 000
Thermal conductivity/(W/(m·K)-1)58.150.282.94
Compressive strength/MPa2953519.1
), ArticleFig(id=1243220404848931248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

EDEM parameter settings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
InteractionCollision recovery coefficientCoefficient of static frictionCoefficient of dynamic friction
Ceramisite and steel0.470.460.024
Ceramisite and cement0.370.920.066
Ceramisite and ceramisite0.180.780.19
), ArticleFig(id=1243220404949594549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

EDEM中颗粒作用参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
InteractionCollision recovery coefficientCoefficient of static frictionCoefficient of dynamic friction
Ceramisite and steel0.470.460.024
Ceramisite and cement0.370.920.066
Ceramisite and ceramisite0.180.780.19
), ArticleFig(id=1243220405046063548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Three precompacted particle models were compared in height after loading

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compaction processNatural depositA pre-compactionEight precompacts
Initial altitude/mm1 627.161 592.901 614.07
Particle number10 67210 67210 672
Height of heavy tank after loading/mm1 575.351 574.021 593.63
Total settlement/mm51.8118.8820.44
Porosity0.451 90.452 10.456 7
), ArticleFig(id=1243220405239001536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三种预压实颗粒模型的重罐加载后高度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compaction processNatural depositA pre-compactionEight precompacts
Initial altitude/mm1 627.161 592.901 614.07
Particle number10 67210 67210 672
Height of heavy tank after loading/mm1 575.351 574.021 593.63
Total settlement/mm51.8118.8820.44
Porosity0.451 90.452 10.456 7
), ArticleFig(id=1243220405356442053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of the height of the particle weight tank with three different particle size distribution ranges after loading

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compaction process/mm5~1010~1515~20
Initial altitude/mm1 612.531 613.411 603.08
Particle number55 20013 6802 190
Height of heavy tank after loading/mm1 420.881 416.261 419.12
Total settlement/mm191.65197.15183.96
Total particle mass/kg8.167.847.66
Porosity0.356 00.379 20.394 7
), ArticleFig(id=1243220405507437004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三种不同粒径颗粒体重罐加载后高度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compaction process/mm5~1010~1515~20
Initial altitude/mm1 612.531 613.411 603.08
Particle number55 20013 6802 190
Height of heavy tank after loading/mm1 420.881 416.261 419.12
Total settlement/mm191.65197.15183.96
Total particle mass/kg8.167.847.66
Porosity0.356 00.379 20.394 7
), ArticleFig(id=1243220405620683219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Measured value of sedimentation in the molten salt tank

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Monitoring pointCompressive stress/PaTotal settlement/mm
11.2×1053.13
21.2×1052.48
31.2×1052.88
41.2×1052.74
51.2×1053.22
61.2×1052.71
71.2×1052.61
81.2×1053.21
), ArticleFig(id=1243220405750706649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

熔盐罐沉降量实测值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Monitoring pointCompressive stress/PaTotal settlement/mm
11.2×1053.13
21.2×1052.48
31.2×1052.88
41.2×1052.74
51.2×1053.22
61.2×1052.71
71.2×1052.61
81.2×1053.21
), ArticleFig(id=1243220405834592735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Weight of the particles analyzed three times and comparison of the height after tank loading

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Frequency of analysis123
Initial altitude/mm1 614.071 600.001 606.84
Height of heavy tank after loading/mm1 593.631 570.401 585.44
Total settlement/mm20.4429.6021.40
Porosity0.456 70.454 40.456 1
), ArticleFig(id=1243220406149165544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220385177645916, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

三次分析颗粒体重罐加载后高度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Frequency of analysis123
Initial altitude/mm1 614.071 600.001 606.84
Height of heavy tank after loading/mm1 593.631 570.401 585.44
Total settlement/mm20.4429.6021.40
Porosity0.456 70.454 40.456 1
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熔盐罐基础陶粒层颗粒应力与沉降规律分析
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黄尧 1, 2 , 刘源泂 1, 2 , 李远兵 3, 4 , 胡亮 5
力学季刊 | 2025,46(3): 749-760
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力学季刊 | 2025, 46(3): 749-760
熔盐罐基础陶粒层颗粒应力与沉降规律分析
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黄尧1, 2 , 刘源泂1, 2 , 李远兵3, 4, 胡亮5
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学 冶金装备及其控制教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 2.武汉科技大学 机械传动与制造工程湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 3.武汉科技大学 先进耐火材料全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 4.武汉科技大学 钢铁工业耐火材料新技术国际合作联合实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 5.东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司,四川 成都 611000
  • 黄尧,硕士生.研究方向:计算机仿真技术.E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘源泂,副教授,博士.研究方向:计算机仿真及智能制造.E-mail:
Analysis of Particle Stress and Settlement Patterns in the Ceramsite Layer of Molten Salt Tank Foundations
Yao HUANG1, 2 , Yuanjiong LIU1, 2 , Yuanbing LI3, 4, Liang HU5
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, Hubei, China
  • 2.Hubei Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering (Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Wuhan 430081, Hubei, China
  • 3.National Key Laboratory of Advanced Refractory Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, Hubei, China
  • 4.Joint Laboratory of New Refractory Technology for Iron and Steel Industry, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, Hubei, China
  • 5.Dongfang Boiler Co. Ltd., Dongfang Electric Group, Chengdu 611000, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.016
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在熔盐罐储能发电过程中,熔盐罐罐底的陶粒层起着承载、隔热的重要作用.在循环载荷作用下,陶粒层颗粒受到挤压流动及颗粒自身接触应力等因素对整体沉降的影响分析是重要的设计依据.本文针对熔盐罐罐底陶粒层采用离散元软件EDEM中的Hertz-Mindlin接触模型建立离散元颗粒仿真模型,对陶粒层压实回填工艺及满罐工况模拟,对比分析预压实工艺、陶粒粒径分布对陶粒挤压沉降和最大等效应力的影响规律,以及离散元分析结果的随机性影响.结果表明,陶粒层高度1.6 m,陶粒粒径范围5~20 mm,采用分段压实回填工艺,重罐5万吨加载,其陶粒内部最大应力18.1~21.8 MPa,总体沉降量20.44~29.6 mm.随着陶粒粒径的增大,其最大应力降低,粒径15~20 mm时,陶粒最大应力为12 MPa,但沉降量显著增大,达到184 mm,因此宽粒径分布范围有助于减小沉降量.综合考虑,陶粒为5~20 mm粒径时,分段多次预压实工艺最优,考虑颗粒随机性波动影响,陶粒层最大应力为23.16 MPa,最大沉降量为23.5 mm,满足设计要求.

离散元  /  熔盐罐储能发电  /  陶粒层  /  沉降量  /  EDEM

In the process of energy storage and power generation in molten salt tanks, the ceramic particle layer at the bottom of the tank plays a critical role in load-bearing and thermal insulation. Under cyclic loading, analyzing the effects of particle compression, flow, and contact stress on the overall settlement of the ceramic particle layer provides an important basis for design. In this study, the Hertz-Mindlin contact model in EDEM software was employed to establish a discrete element particle simulation model for the ceramic particle layer at the bottom of the molten salt tank. Simulations were conducted for the compaction backfill process and full-tank working conditions, and a comparative analysis was performed to investigate the effects of pre-compaction processes and particle size distribution on the compression settlement and maximum equivalent stress of the ceramic particles, as well as the influence of randomness in discrete element analysis results. The results indicate that for a ceramic particle layer height of 1.6 m and a particle size range of 5~20 mm, adopting a segmented compaction backfill process under a 50 000-ton tank load results in a maximum internal particle stress of 18.1~21.8 MPa and an overall settlement of 20.44~29.6 mm. As the particle size increases, the maximum stress decreases, with a maximum stress of 12 MPa observed for particle sizes of 15~20 mm. However, the settlement increases significantly, reaching 184 mm. Therefore, a wide particle size distribution range is beneficial for reducing settlement. Considering these factors comprehensively, the optimal configuration is a particle size range of 5~20 mm with a segmented and repeated pre-compaction process. Accounting for the influence of particle randomness, the maximum stress of the ceramic particle layer is 23.16 MPa, and the maximum settlement is 23.5 mm, meeting the design requirements.

discrete element  /  molten salt tank energy storage power generation  /  ceramide layer  /  settlement amount  /  EDEM
黄尧, 刘源泂, 李远兵, 胡亮. 熔盐罐基础陶粒层颗粒应力与沉降规律分析. 力学季刊, 2025 , 46 (3) : 749 -760 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.016
Yao HUANG, Yuanjiong LIU, Yuanbing LI, Liang HU. Analysis of Particle Stress and Settlement Patterns in the Ceramsite Layer of Molten Salt Tank Foundations[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 749 -760 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.016
光热发电因其高效、稳定和环保的特点,逐渐成为新能源发展重点之一.其中熔盐储能技术作为光热发电系统的重要组成部分,具有显著的技术优势和发展潜力.为优化熔盐罐系统的设计与运行性能,通常采用有限元法对其热力学特性进行仿真分析,用于评估熔盐储罐系统整体力学特性[1-11].但有限元法(Finite Element Method,FEM)在对多粒径分布及复杂几何形态的颗粒进行分析时,通常将研究对象整体作为多孔材质对颗粒形状进行简化,一定程度上忽略了颗粒形状、流动性等因素影响,并且在颗粒层次流动位移、摩擦及碰撞行为的精确建模与分析上存在局限性,结果准确性有待提高[12]
随着计算机技术的快速发展,离散元法因其对颗粒体系高效、灵活的模拟能力,正被越来越多的研究者应用于涉及颗粒行为的研究领域.Ghasemi等[13]采用离散元法(Discrete Element Method,DEM)将陶瓷涂层和粘结层(Bond-Coat)部分模型化为离散颗粒,并行DEM-FEM(Finite Element Method,FEM)耦合的模型系统分析了机械和热机械载荷下陶瓷涂层的裂纹生成与界面分层机制.结果表明,与传统FEM模型的结果对比显示,DEM-FEM耦合模型在模拟裂纹生成和扩展过程中的结果具有较高的精确度,尤其是在描述裂纹的分叉和多裂纹模式方面表现出色.Wang等[14]通过FEM-DEM耦合方法对颗粒材料的力学行为开展了深入分析,其中DEM模块专门用于模拟高应力区域的颗粒破碎行为.研究显示,DEM方法在表征破碎过程中的能量耗散和碎片迁移行为方面具有独特优势,能够直接反映颗粒尺度的物理机制,而FEM方法则受限于连续介质假设,只能通过经验参数进行近似模拟.孙思齐等[15]针对高频振动条件下岩土颗粒材料动力响应放大的现象,采用离散元法开展了一系列动双轴数值试验,分析了不同荷载频率下岩土颗粒材料的动力行为及其细观特征.郭兴文等[16]采用宏观试验和离散元微观模拟相结合的方法,研究了胶结砂砾石层面在剪切过程中的破坏行为.林彤等[17]采用离散元软件对不同宽度填土进行单侧挡墙平动模式下的被动土压力试验模拟.
目前利用离散元法对熔盐罐罐底陶粒地基层颗粒特性进行分析较少,因此本文基于微观颗粒视角,采用离散元软件EDEM对熔盐罐罐底陶粒层进行分析,建立颗粒接触模型,实现随机性颗粒下相互作用的理论模拟,并基于颗粒位移场、接触角分布、粒径特征、几何形态及孔隙比等关键微观参数综合影响下的宏观力学规律,为陶粒层力学行为精细化表征与机理研究提供理论设计依据.
以某光热机组配套的熔盐热罐为例,其结构如图1所示,热罐直径为30 m,罐内满载时达5万吨左右高温熔盐.热罐地基从上到下由热罐、陶粒层和混凝土层3部分组成.
离散元分析中,颗粒数量受计算量和结果准确性双向制约,考虑到颗粒粒径分布随机性影响,取颗粒数量为104个左右,并根据罐底结构特点,取沉降量影响最大的罐底中心处圆柱形陶粒体(Φ145 mm×1 600 mm高)建立离散元模型,如图2所示,陶粒体位于罐底(200 mm厚)和混凝土底座之间,装于钢制环壁容器内.
考虑到实际施工时,陶粒层一般采用多次回填工艺[18],等效到离散元模型内,可将陶粒体分为8段,对应的外部钢制环壁分为8段,每段钢制环尺寸为Φ145 mm(内径)×200 mm(高)×10 mm(厚),整体钢制环壁用于约束颗粒.以模型号3 t压路机为例,其尺寸为2 420 mm(长)×1 280 mm(宽)×1 600 mm(高);陶粒回填时,首先在摊铺整平好的陶粒土表面铺满光面钢板,单块钢板尺寸为2 440 mm(长)×1 220 mm(宽)×5 mm(厚)[18],如图3所示.即每段刚环内生成颗粒后,应用3 000×和9.81 ÷ 2.44 ÷ 1.22=9 886.46 Pa压强进行预压实.将该段颗粒压实到200 mm高度后,再进行下一段颗粒回填和压实,一共进行8次,总高度1.6 m[18].钢、陶粒和混凝土的泊松比、剪切模量和屈服强度等参数见表1[2,19-22]
本研究所用陶粒颗粒呈类球形,如图4所示的是直径分别为5 mm、10 mm和16 mm的陶粒.鉴于其近似球形的几何特性,采用单球模型进行离散元模拟.采用于庆旭等[23]结合标定试验与仿真结果测量三七种子物料的方法,通过回归曲线计算得到颗粒间、颗粒与高温熔盐罐、颗粒与混泥土壁之间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数和动摩擦系数,如表2所示.按一般陶粒层粒径[18]在0~20 mm,将EDEM中颗粒生成设置为粒径5~20 mm(12.5±7.5 mm)的正态分布.当颗粒数量较多且瑞利时间步较大时,容易导致颗粒间作用力过大,模拟中产生“爆炸”现象,为了避免这一问题,将时间步设为最大时间步的40%.
取圆柱颗粒体模型高度1.6 m,颗粒堆积方式分别为自然堆积、一次预压实和八次分段预压实,对应三种陶粒压实工艺.以EDEM2023版为分析软件平台,在圆柱几何体模型上表面施加指向Z轴负方向(竖直向下)的压强0.69 MPa(对应重罐5万吨负载),分析时间200 s,对比分析沉降量.
图5(a)~(c)所示,分别为自然堆积、一次预压实和八次分段预压实的颗粒体初始高度和重罐加载后的高度变化对比;其中左侧为颗粒体初始高度,右侧为颗粒体重罐压实后的高度.表3数据显示,三组试验颗粒堆的孔隙率基本一致,表明孔隙率差异对试验结果的影响可忽略不计.预压实处理显著降低了陶粒层的沉降量,其中一次预压实工况效果最优,总沉降量为18.88 mm;分段预压实工况次之,沉降量为20.44 mm.
沉降量-时间曲线分析结果(图6)表明,三种工况下颗粒体模型的压缩过程呈现典型的双阶段特征:快速压缩阶段(0~10 s)和缓慢压缩阶段(10~200 s).在初始快速压缩阶段,沉降量随时间呈非线性快速增长;而在后续缓慢压缩阶段,沉降速率显著降低并逐渐趋于稳定.且快速压缩阶段沉降量明显大于缓慢压缩阶段,三种工况在快速压缩阶段内分别沉降了46.88 mm、13.65 mm和11.65 mm,在缓慢压缩阶段内分别沉降了4.73 mm、5.23 mm和8.79 mm.其后时间段内沉降量不明显,认为达到稳态.
产生快速压缩阶段可能是因为颗粒堆在预处理后仍具有较大的孔隙率,颗粒之间的接触仍较为松散,颗粒在受到重罐挤压时发生快速的重新排列和填充;同时,颗粒间的摩擦力和接触力较小,能够较容易地克服颗粒间的阻力,使其迅速靠近并形成更为紧密的堆积结构.此外,自然堆积状态下的颗粒堆由于未经过预压实处理,其内部孔隙率更高,颗粒排列更加松散,因此在快速压缩阶段的压缩量显著大于其余两种预压实状态下的陶粒堆.
随着重罐不断地挤压,颗粒堆的压缩过程进入第二个阶段,即缓慢压缩阶段.产生这一阶段的可能原因是:经过快速压缩阶段后,颗粒堆的孔隙率已显著降低,颗粒间的接触更加紧密,颗粒间的摩擦力和接触力显著增加,使得颗粒的进一步压缩变得更加困难;此时,压缩主要来源于颗粒间接触点的微小调整和颗粒堆整体结构的缓慢重组.此外,自然堆积状态下的颗粒堆由于初始压实程度较低,颗粒间的接触点较少,颗粒堆的结构较为松散,在快速压缩阶段已经完成了较大程度的压缩,剩余的可调整空间较小,因此在缓慢压缩阶段的压缩量更小;而两种预压实状态下的颗粒堆由于初始压实程度较高,颗粒间接触点更多,颗粒堆内部仍存在一定的微调空间,因此在缓慢压缩阶段的压缩量相对更大.
以10 s为统计步长,三种不同预压实颗粒体模型内部最大等效应力随时间变化曲线如图7所示,一次预压实工况下颗粒最大应力达25.9 MPa,波动范围为25.9-11.2=14.7 MPa;自然堆积和分段预压实工况对应的最大应力分别为18.6 MPa、14.4 MPa;波动范围分别为10.4 MPa、6.37 MPa.比较可知,自然堆积沉降最大、一次压实应力最大,而分段预压实工况最大应力最小,且均匀性最好.
这种现象的原因在于,一次预压实颗粒堆在预压实过程中,颗粒堆的上层被压缩变密实,但中下层颗粒由于未受到足够的压实作用,仍然保持较松散状态,如图8(a)所示.重罐加载后,如图8(b)所示,红色、绿色、蓝色表示的力依次减小;颗粒堆上层颗粒之间的挤压作用进一步加剧,导致最大应力继续增大,且下层颗粒反而影响较小,导致应力变化范围最大.随着时间推移,重罐交变加载,下层颗粒的疏松结构必将进一步变化,呈现不稳定状态.相比之下,自然堆积状态的颗粒堆由于未经过预压实处理,在重罐加载时,颗粒堆中存在的孔隙空间利于颗粒流动和重新排列,从而形成更为稳定的颗粒堆结构.从而使颗粒堆受力均匀分布,最大等效应力较低,但沉降量最大.分段预压实状态的颗粒堆由于经过多次压实处理,颗粒堆的整体密实度增大且颗粒间的力链分布更加均匀,加载后能够有效分散外部载荷,从而使最大等效应力保持在较低水平.
基于分段压实工艺,分别对粒径5~10 mm(7.5±2.5 mm)、10~15 mm(12.5±2.5 mm)和15~20 mm(17.5±2.5 mm)的颗粒堆进行8次分段压实处理.粒径分布设置为正态分布,按1.6 m初始高度,实际生成后的颗粒数量分别为55 200个、13 680个和2 190个.
图9(a)~(c)所示,分别为5~10 mm、10~15 mm和15~20 mm三种颗粒堆模型八次分段压实下,重罐加载压实后的高度图.
三种不同粒径颗粒堆沉降量随时间变化趋势如图10所示,三种颗粒堆在快速压缩阶段分别沉降了182.2 mm、189.23 mm和183.27 mm,在缓慢压缩阶段分别沉降了9.45 mm、7.92 mm和0.66 mm,总体沉降规律相似,且总沉降量相近.说明在粒径变化范围固定时(±2.5 mm),基础粒径的增大或减小(7.5 mm、12.5 mm、17.5 mm)对沉降量的影响不明显.由表3表4可得到图5(c)所示的颗粒堆比图9(b)所示颗粒堆的孔隙率更大;但对比图9(b)图5(c)可知,10~15 mm(12.5±2.5 mm)的沉降量(197.15 mm)是5~20 mm(12.5±7.5 mm)的沉降量(20.44 mm)的9.65倍.这说明基础粒径一样时,即使窄粒径分布的颗粒堆孔隙率更小,实际粒径分布越均匀,反而沉降量越大.
这可能是因为5~20 mm颗粒堆的粒径分布更宽,颗粒间的填充效果更好,大颗粒能够形成稳定的骨架结构,而小颗粒则填充在大颗粒之间的孔隙中,从而提高了颗粒堆的抗压能力.此外,粒径分布较宽的颗粒堆在受力时能够更均匀地分散应力,减少局部应力集中现象,从而进一步增强了整体的抗压性能.相比之下,10~15 mm颗粒堆由于粒径分布较窄,颗粒的大小相近,整体结构形成的支撑能力不足,使得其内部结构在受力时更容易发生调整和塌陷,从而导致其抗压性能较弱.这种颗粒堆的均匀性虽然在某些方面有助于提供更一致的承载能力,但在承受外部压力时,缺乏适应性和变形能力,最终使其在抗压方面显得更加脆弱.这说明宽粒径分布可以有效减少陶粒层的沉降量.
结果表明:(1)分段预压实虽然使颗粒体内部处于一个相对密实状态,但重罐加载后,巨大的载荷必定会使颗粒会进一步流动,朝着颗粒密实方向进一步重排内部结构,引起沉降.(2)从微观看,颗粒堆整体的沉降主要由颗粒间的重新排列和孔隙程度决定,大的粒径变化范围,会使颗粒实际直径更多样化,空隙充满程度更大,总体的沉降量减小.因此,实际粒径分布范围越大,对减小沉降量有好处.
以东方锅炉股份有限公司某光热发电站项目为例,其高温储罐建设完成后,采用灌水实验对沉降量进行检测,具体测量方法为
(1)热罐直径为30 m,高度为13 m,热罐地基中陶粒层的高度约1.6 m,陶粒层下方为混凝土层,内部埋有通风管.
(2)测点针对熔盐罐基础承台进行布置,共8组测点.
(3)向高温罐内注水模拟实际工况,每次向热储罐中注入2 m高的水,静置48 h后测量测点沉降量.
(4)重复此过程共6次,当水位达到12 m(此时热储罐对陶粒层产生的压强为1.2×105Pa)时,记录陶粒层稳定后的沉降量.
多次测量后,获得陶粒层沉降量的相关数据,如表5所示.
现场测量结果表明,注水达满罐后,陶粒层受1.2×105 Pa负载时,最大沉降量为3.22 mm,表明陶粒级配、分层分段压实工艺方法对沉降量效果良好.假设压实陶粒层的承受载荷与沉降量为线性关系,粗略推测承受5万吨重罐载荷时,其沉降量约为:3.22 mm×(6.94×105 Pa/1.2×105 Pa)=18.62 mm.
对比3.1节仿真分析结果,储罐施加压强6.94×105 Pa时,陶粒层最大沉降量为20.44 mm,与现场测量推测沉降量误差为1.82 mm.相对于整个熔盐罐30 m直径尺寸,该误差在允许范围内,表明本文仿真分析结果的正确性,并得到现场项目设计人员的认可.
图11可以看出,三种不同粒径范围的颗粒最大应力随着颗粒粒径的增大而减小;颗粒内部最大应力平均值分别为22.6 MPa、11.39 MPa和9.36 MPa.这是因为随着粒径变小,其颗粒接触点的综合曲率半径变大,导致接触应力显著增大.同时,由于分段预压实处理,颗粒堆内部结构变得更加稳定,限制了颗粒的流动,从而导致局部接触应力随粒径减小而增大.
图12所示,5~10 mm颗粒堆重罐加载挤压时,最大应力出现在130 s,颗粒模型中上层位置.该颗粒所受应力达33.7 MPa,接近其抗压强度35 MPa,考虑随机性影响和热机械应力等因素,该颗粒被压碎可能性较大.而随着粒径的增大,接触应力显著减小,粒径10~15 mm(12.5±2.5 mm)时,其最大应力分布范围降至9.7~18.8 MPa;粒径15~20 mm(17.5±2.5 mm)时,其最大应力分布范围降至7.8~13.3 MPa.
EDEM仿真中,由于颗粒生成的随机性、颗粒流动的复杂性以及颗粒间相互作用的非线性等因素,单次仿真分析的结果不一定准确.因此进一步对5~20 mm(12.5±7.5 mm)粒径分布、分段预压实颗粒模型,5万吨重罐加载工况进行重复仿真,以分析随机性影响,提高仿真结果的准确度.
图5(c)图13所示,为相同工况的三次分析结果,其模型初始颗粒生成数量分别为10 672、10 672和10 642,重罐加载后的沉降量对比如表6.此外,三组试验颗粒堆的孔隙率相近,故可排除不同孔隙率对试验结果造成的影响.快速压缩和缓慢压缩随时间变化曲线如图14,颗粒体模型总沉降量分别为20.44 mm、29.6 mm和21.4 mm,平均总体沉降量为23.81 mm.
为定量表征颗粒生成及流动随机性对颗粒堆沉降量与最大应力的影响规律,本研究引入相对标准偏差(Relative Square Deviation,RSD)作为评价指标式(1),用以系统地评估上述随机因素引起的沉降量与最大应力的波动特性.
表5中的3次分析总沉降量结果代入式(1),可得沉降量的变动系数RSD-C为14.95%
式中,RSD为变动系数(RSD-C为沉降量变动系数、RSD-Y为最大应力变动系数),xi为样本参数,为样本参数平均值.
图15可知,三次分析的最大等效应力随时间变化在7.83~21.8 MPa波动,每次分析的最大等效应力平均值分别为10.46 MPa、15.31 MPa和14.17 MPa;但三个最大应力峰值相差较大,反映出最大应力峰值受随机性的影响.这是由于颗粒堆积结构的随机性使接触网络、接触点数量及接触角度不同,从而影响应力传递路径和局部应力集中现象.此外,应力传递路径的复杂性使得应力集中区域的位置和大小在不同分析中有所变化,进一步导致最大应力峰值的差异.
图15中各次分析的最大应力峰值代入式(1),可得最大应力的变动系数RSD-Y为7.7%.
本文针对熔盐罐罐底陶粒层建立离散元仿真颗粒模型,按颗粒模型高1.6 m,重罐负载为5万吨,进行仿真模拟,对比分析压实工艺、粒径分布对沉降量、颗粒最大应力的影响规律,并进一步分析了随机性的影响.结果表明
(1)陶粒自然堆积不压实,沉降量最大;一次压实和分段压实沉降量相近且较小,但一次压实对应的最大应力较大,达25.3 MPa,其内部应力分布不均,变化剧烈;分段压实三次模拟对应的最大应力18.1~21.8 MPa,且颗粒应力分布较均匀.
(2)粒径变化范围一定时,最大应力随粒径的增大而降低.基础粒径一定时,粒径变化范围越大,沉降量越小.因此宽粒径分布有助于减小沉降量.
(3)三次重复分析后,颗粒体模型沉降量及最大应力的变动系数分别达14.95%和7.7%.
(4)综合考虑陶粒随机性波动影响,陶粒层采用5~20 mm粒径,分段多次预压实工艺最优,对应的沉降量23.5 mm,其最大应力约为23.16 MPa,满足安全要求.
  • 国家自然科学基金(52372290)
  • 湖北省科技计划(2024CSA075)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.016
  • 接收时间:2025-06-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-09
基金
国家自然科学基金(52372290)
湖北省科技计划(2024CSA075)
作者信息
    1.武汉科技大学 冶金装备及其控制教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
    2.武汉科技大学 机械传动与制造工程湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
    3.武汉科技大学 先进耐火材料全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
    4.武汉科技大学 钢铁工业耐火材料新技术国际合作联合实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
    5.东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司,四川 成都 611000

通讯作者:

刘源泂,副教授,博士.研究方向:计算机仿真及智能制造.E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/lxjk/CN/10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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