Article(id=1243220384716272462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744214400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774336437633, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774336437633, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774336437633, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336437633, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243220377556595432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='541', pageEnd='810', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774336435926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336648182, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=786, endPage=801, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243220385056011098, articleId=1243220384716272462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, language=EN, title=Study on the Failure Mechanism of Combined Multi-Cracked Red Sandstone Based on Energy Evolution and Damage Constitutive Theory, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reveal the instability failure mechanism and energy evolution law of the rock mass with multiple cracks, a numerical model of red sandstone was established by using PFC2D. The mesoscopic parameters of the numerical model were calibrated based on the results of uniaxial compression tests and Brazilian splitting tests of intact red sandstone specimens. On this basis, the particle flow simulation tests of red sandstone with multiple cracks were carried out. The results show that with the increase of λ, the peak strength of the multiple-cracked red sandstone gradually decreases when the inclination angle remains unchanged; with the gradual increase of the inclination angle α, the peak strength of the multiple-cracked red sandstone gradually increases when the short-long axis ratio λ remains unchanged; the failure mode shows a diagonal tensile-shear failure, with tensile as the main and shear as the auxiliary, and the failure and instability mode of the specimens are all along the extension direction of the prefabricated cracks; the failure mode of the multiple-cracked red sandstone is jointly affected by the short-long axis ratio and the inclination angle; before the peak strength, the rock mainly shows the energy accumulation characteristics; at the peak strength, the total energy of the red sandstone is mainly elastic energy and supplemented by dissipated energy; at the instability failure, the total energy of the red sandstone is mainly dissipated energy and supplemented by elastic energy; the energy storage capacity and failure difficulty of the red sandstone change with the variation of the multiple-crack inclination angle α and the working conditions, which can be used as a reference for rock breaking operations; and a high-precision damage constitutive model of red sandstone based on different height-diameter ratios λ and different joint inclination angles α was established.

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为揭示组合多裂纹岩体失稳破坏机制及能量演化规律,本研究利用PFC2D建立红砂岩数值模型,基于完整红砂岩试件单轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验结果对数值模型进行细观参数标定,在此基础上开展组合多裂纹红砂岩的颗粒流模拟试验.结果表明:随短长轴比λ的增大,倾角α不变,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度大部分逐渐降低;随着倾角α逐渐增大,保持短长轴比λ不变,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度逐渐增加;破坏形态呈现斜剪张拉破坏,以张拉为主,剪切为辅,试件破坏失稳模式均是沿着预制裂隙的延展方向贯通,多裂纹红砂岩破坏形态受短长轴比和倾角的共同影响;在峰值强度前,岩石主要表现为能量积累特征;在峰值强度时,红砂岩的总能量以弹性能为主、耗散能为辅;在失稳破坏时,红砂岩的总能量以耗散能为主、弹性能为辅;红砂岩的储能能力和破坏难度随多裂纹倾角α和工况条件的变化而变化,可为破岩作业做参照;并建立了精度较高的基于不同高径比λ与不同节理倾角α下的红砂岩损伤本构模型.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郭鸿雁,博士,正高级工程师.研究方向:隧道与地下工程.E-mail:
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张学强,高级工程师.研究方向:项目建设管理.E-mail:

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张学强,高级工程师.研究方向:项目建设管理.E-mail:

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张学强,高级工程师.研究方向:项目建设管理.E-mail:

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Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2025, 42(1): 177-185 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Mechanical properties and damage constitutive model of freeze-thaw damaged quartzite, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243220409856930421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220384716272462, awardId=2023-SF-128, language=CN, fundingSource=青海省科技成果转化专项计划(2023-SF-128), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243220403016020287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220384716272462, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243220403024408897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220384716272462, companyId=1243220403016020287, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Traffic Construction Management Co., Xining 817101, Qinghai, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243220403028603202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220384716272462, companyId=1243220403016020287, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.青海省交通建设管理有限公司,青海 西宁 817101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1243220403112489288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220384716272462, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243220403120877895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220384716272462, companyId=1243220403112489288, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.China Merchants Chongqing Transportation Research and Design Institute Co. 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language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mesoscopic parameters of parallel bond contact model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model parameterNotationValue
Particle contact modulus/GPaE*2.17
Particle stiffness ratiok*2
Parallel bond effective modulus/GPa2.17
Parallel bond stiffness ratio2
Normal bond strength/MPa23
Tangential bond strength/MPa125
Friction angle/°30
Friction coefficientμ0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1243220409395556968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220384716272462, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

平行黏结接触模型细观参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model parameterNotationValue
Particle contact modulus/GPaE*2.17
Particle stiffness ratiok*2
Parallel bond effective modulus/GPa2.17
Parallel bond stiffness ratio2
Normal bond strength/MPa23
Tangential bond strength/MPa125
Friction angle/°30
Friction coefficientμ0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1243220409492025966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220384716272462, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of the damage constitutive relationship and fitting accuracy R

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CategoryQ1Q2Q3R
λ0-α2.0090.1820.4320.994
λ0-α30°3.8630.4671.0180.996
λ0-α45°2.0670.7861.8130.992
λ0-α60°-0.4810.2540.6940.992
λ0-α90°1.9760.2470.5810.996
λ0.5-α2.2761.8664.3110.993
λ0.5-α30°1.3690.4771.1290.995
λ0.5-α45°1.2360.6681.5710.988
λ0.5-α60°1.8151.7103.9470.992
λ0.5-α90°-0.439-2.776-6.3110.995
λ1-α2.1531.6613.8350.995
λ1-α30°0.280-0.306-0.6340.991
λ1-α45°1.7312.0184.8090.979
λ1-α60°1.0370.9802.3040.989
λ1-α90°8.84914.64333.4410.994
), ArticleFig(id=1243220409752072817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220384716272462, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

损伤本构关系式参数及拟合精度R

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryQ1Q2Q3R
λ0-α2.0090.1820.4320.994
λ0-α30°3.8630.4671.0180.996
λ0-α45°2.0670.7861.8130.992
λ0-α60°-0.4810.2540.6940.992
λ0-α90°1.9760.2470.5810.996
λ0.5-α2.2761.8664.3110.993
λ0.5-α30°1.3690.4771.1290.995
λ0.5-α45°1.2360.6681.5710.988
λ0.5-α60°1.8151.7103.9470.992
λ0.5-α90°-0.439-2.776-6.3110.995
λ1-α2.1531.6613.8350.995
λ1-α30°0.280-0.306-0.6340.991
λ1-α45°1.7312.0184.8090.979
λ1-α60°1.0370.9802.3040.989
λ1-α90°8.84914.64333.4410.994
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基于能量演化与损伤本构的红砂岩组合多裂纹破坏机理研究
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张学强 1 , 郭鸿雁 2 , 郭华军 1 , 王晨迪 1
力学季刊 | 2025,46(3): 786-801
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力学季刊 | 2025, 46(3): 786-801
基于能量演化与损伤本构的红砂岩组合多裂纹破坏机理研究
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张学强1 , 郭鸿雁2 , 郭华军1, 王晨迪1
作者信息
  • 1.青海省交通建设管理有限公司,青海 西宁 817101
  • 2.招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司,重庆 400067
  • 张学强,高级工程师.研究方向:项目建设管理.E-mail:

通讯作者:

郭鸿雁,博士,正高级工程师.研究方向:隧道与地下工程.E-mail:
Study on the Failure Mechanism of Combined Multi-Cracked Red Sandstone Based on Energy Evolution and Damage Constitutive Theory
Xueqiang ZHANG1 , Hongyan GUO2 , Huajun GUO1, Chendi WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Traffic Construction Management Co., Xining 817101, Qinghai, China
  • 2.China Merchants Chongqing Transportation Research and Design Institute Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400067, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.019
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为揭示组合多裂纹岩体失稳破坏机制及能量演化规律,本研究利用PFC2D建立红砂岩数值模型,基于完整红砂岩试件单轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验结果对数值模型进行细观参数标定,在此基础上开展组合多裂纹红砂岩的颗粒流模拟试验.结果表明:随短长轴比λ的增大,倾角α不变,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度大部分逐渐降低;随着倾角α逐渐增大,保持短长轴比λ不变,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度逐渐增加;破坏形态呈现斜剪张拉破坏,以张拉为主,剪切为辅,试件破坏失稳模式均是沿着预制裂隙的延展方向贯通,多裂纹红砂岩破坏形态受短长轴比和倾角的共同影响;在峰值强度前,岩石主要表现为能量积累特征;在峰值强度时,红砂岩的总能量以弹性能为主、耗散能为辅;在失稳破坏时,红砂岩的总能量以耗散能为主、弹性能为辅;红砂岩的储能能力和破坏难度随多裂纹倾角α和工况条件的变化而变化,可为破岩作业做参照;并建立了精度较高的基于不同高径比λ与不同节理倾角α下的红砂岩损伤本构模型.

组合多裂纹  /  颗粒流  /  微裂纹扩展  /  能量演化  /  损伤本构模型

To reveal the instability failure mechanism and energy evolution law of the rock mass with multiple cracks, a numerical model of red sandstone was established by using PFC2D. The mesoscopic parameters of the numerical model were calibrated based on the results of uniaxial compression tests and Brazilian splitting tests of intact red sandstone specimens. On this basis, the particle flow simulation tests of red sandstone with multiple cracks were carried out. The results show that with the increase of λ, the peak strength of the multiple-cracked red sandstone gradually decreases when the inclination angle remains unchanged; with the gradual increase of the inclination angle α, the peak strength of the multiple-cracked red sandstone gradually increases when the short-long axis ratio λ remains unchanged; the failure mode shows a diagonal tensile-shear failure, with tensile as the main and shear as the auxiliary, and the failure and instability mode of the specimens are all along the extension direction of the prefabricated cracks; the failure mode of the multiple-cracked red sandstone is jointly affected by the short-long axis ratio and the inclination angle; before the peak strength, the rock mainly shows the energy accumulation characteristics; at the peak strength, the total energy of the red sandstone is mainly elastic energy and supplemented by dissipated energy; at the instability failure, the total energy of the red sandstone is mainly dissipated energy and supplemented by elastic energy; the energy storage capacity and failure difficulty of the red sandstone change with the variation of the multiple-crack inclination angle α and the working conditions, which can be used as a reference for rock breaking operations; and a high-precision damage constitutive model of red sandstone based on different height-diameter ratios λ and different joint inclination angles α was established.

combined multiple cracks  /  particle flow  /  microcrack propagation  /  energy evolution  /  damage constitutive model
张学强, 郭鸿雁, 郭华军, 王晨迪. 基于能量演化与损伤本构的红砂岩组合多裂纹破坏机理研究. 力学季刊, 2025 , 46 (3) : 786 -801 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.019
Xueqiang ZHANG, Hongyan GUO, Huajun GUO, Chendi WANG. Study on the Failure Mechanism of Combined Multi-Cracked Red Sandstone Based on Energy Evolution and Damage Constitutive Theory[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 786 -801 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.019
天然岩体是一种非均质物质,含有大量的多裂纹(如节理、断层、裂隙、层理面、孔隙和孔洞等),具有不连续、各向异性[1-3].地下工程(隧、巷)的岩体大多处于高温、高应力、渗流等复杂环境中,导致岩体极易衍生出不同多裂纹,多裂纹会严重地影响岩体的力学行为、变形行为和承载能力极限状态;然而,岩体结构是岩体工程稳定的关键因素[4-5].因此,研究组合多裂纹岩体的失稳破坏及能量演化规律,认识不同组合多裂纹岩体的力学性质,为地下工程灾害防治提供参考是十分必要的.
许多学者通过室内试验广泛地研究了多裂纹的形状、几何分布、尺寸和数量对岩石力学特性和破坏行为的影响,如冯帆等[6]利用真三轴试验系统对裂隙砂岩开展动力扰动试验,建立了翼裂纹扩展模型;唐劲舟等[7]开展倾斜单裂隙砂岩的应力-渗流耦合室内试验;Yu等[8]推导了阶梯式应力-应变曲线的脆性指数新模型,分析了复合X形裂缝的岩石状试件的不同脆性和破坏特征;陈结等[9]对饱和、干燥的预制双裂隙砂岩开展了单轴压缩试验,利用声发射(Acoustic Emission,AE)和数字图像相关法(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)监测了双裂隙砂岩内部裂纹的演化规律;李群等[10]开展了裂隙几何参数(长度、倾角、间距)花岗岩的单轴压缩试验,得出主裂隙对次裂隙有抑制作用;陈新等[11]研究了不同倾角裂隙单面、共面和非共面三裂隙石灰岩在单轴压缩试验下的力学性能,提出了弹性与冲击综合能量指数反映冲击倾向性的结论.鉴于室内试验存在一定局限性,为了更深入地探究多裂纹岩样的破坏机理,部分学者通过数值模拟对多裂纹岩体开展研究,如Chen等[12]采用PFC2D对不同类型孔多裂纹的岩体开展了单轴压缩试验,确定了失效模式,并研究了裂纹扩展和应力场演变;赵乾百等[13]利用颗粒流离散元研究了不同裂隙倾角下岩石的破坏模式和声发射空间分布规律;司余洁等[14]采用PFC2D开展了共面双裂隙复合岩体的三轴压缩试验,研究表明破坏模式主要受裂隙倾角的影响较大,揭示了裂隙复合岩体裂隙断裂力学行为;张研等[15]基于有限元Abaqus软件开展裂隙灰岩的拉剪试验,探明了裂纹扩展规律与断裂机制;Ma等[16]利用离散元法构建了包含随机圆形多裂纹的数值模型并开展单轴压缩数值试验,揭示了多裂纹的孔隙率或尺寸均匀性对模型的力学行为、裂纹演变和声发射事件演化规律;Wang等[17]采用PFC2D建立了不同角度的单圆孔双裂隙组合模型,研究了不同多裂纹组合模型的裂纹发展规律和声发射特性.Liu等[18]采用岩石压力试验系统和声发射设备,对含裂隙红砂岩开展单轴加载及声发射监测试验,结合声发射技术中用于区分材料破坏模式拉伸RA(Rise Time/Ampitude Ratio)/剪切的关键参数AF(Average Frequency)值及分形理论,分析不同裂隙角度下红砂岩的裂纹类型及演化规律.王桂林等[19]通过红砂岩节理直剪试验,揭示了干湿循环次数对强度变形特性的影响规律,并构建了考虑循环损伤的修正Iwan本构模型.
多裂纹岩石的变形和破坏是一个不可逆的能量耗散过程.外部载荷对岩石所做的功不仅导致岩石的应力-应变状态发生变化,而且还以能量的形式部分耗散,导致岩石损伤状态发生变化.岩石的破坏最终导致能量驱动的状态不稳定.因此,部分学者从能量守恒定律出发,如Yan等[20]采用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB)系统结合高速摄影和DIC监测静-动耦合作用下多裂纹岩石的单轴压缩试验;蒋力帅等[21]基于3D打印技术制备了内部多裂纹类岩体试件并开展了SHPB动态压缩试验,揭示了多裂纹岩体能量耗散规律;Zhang等[22]对T形多裂纹岩体进行了不同加载速率下的单轴压缩试验,解释了裂隙岩和完整岩石之间的能量特性差异;Fan等[23]通过SHPB试验分别获得了裂隙和锚定岩石的动态力学性能、应变速率演化和能量耗散,分析出了最佳锚固角度的裂隙岩石.Li等[24]通过数值模拟和室内试验,分析钻孔卸压(Drilling Pressure Relief,DPR)参数(数量、孔径、深度、位置、角度)对红砂岩强度及储能能力的影响.
综上所述,上述研究通过室内试验、理论分析和数值模拟获得了多裂纹的力学性能、变形和破坏机理,具有一定的价值和指导意义.然而,目前对组合多裂纹岩体的力学性能和能量演化特征研究较少,受到试验局限限制,导致对组合多裂纹岩体力学行为和耗能机理知之甚少.因此,本文基于室内试验,利用PFC2D研究组合多裂纹岩体的失稳破坏机制及能量演化规律,有助于揭示组合多裂纹岩体的破坏机理,为岩石工程施工和设计提供基础.
颗粒流离散元程序是从宏-细观角度研究类岩石材料力学特性的数值软件,可以准确地表征出材料细观变化与宏观现象的关系[25].颗粒流程序(Particle Flow Code,PFC)的基本单元是球体颗粒,颗粒与颗粒间粘结在一起,从而形成接触.PFC中有10种接触模型,其中平行黏结模型是一种更符合实际情况的岩石类材料模型,能够较为真实地模拟岩石在受拉应力或剪应力作用下的破坏行为[26].在该模型中,材料的黏结强度会随着外部拉应力或剪应力的增加逐渐衰减,并在应力超过相应的抗拉强度或抗剪强度时,颗粒间的连接会发生断裂,当外荷载过大时,黏结刚度断裂会导致宏观强度降低,即平行黏结模型退化成线性接触模型,如图1(b)所示.该破坏准则能够较好地反映岩石材料在实际工程中所表现出的破坏特征,相较于传统模型,平行黏结模型更能接近岩石的真实破坏机制.因此,本文选择采用平行黏结模型研究组合多裂纹红砂岩,以期更准确地模拟和分析岩石在不同应力条件下的破坏过程和力学行为.
红砂岩的数值模型尺寸为100 mm×50 mm(高×直径),红砂岩数值模型试件颗粒最小半径为0.3 mm,最大半径为0.75 mm,Rmax/Rmin=2.5,试件颗粒尺寸均匀分布,随机共生成6 273个颗粒,共含有12 542个接触,数值模型试件密度为2 650 kg/m3,如图1(a)所示.
室内单轴压缩试验采用万能试验机的电液伺服压缩试验系统,该设备由微机伺服控制器、液压加载机构和试验主机三部分组成,具备4 000 kN轴向加载能力和150 mm最大位移量.试验过程中采用轴向位移控制模式,以0.001 mm/s的恒定速率加载,并利用应变仪与试验机同步采集数据,实时监测试件变形直至破坏,如图2所示.红砂岩标准圆柱体试件尺寸为直径50 mm、高度100 mm,直径和高度尺寸公差均控制在±0.03 mm范围内;巴西圆盘的尺寸为50 mm(直径)×25 mm(高度),符合规范要求.
本文根据红砂岩室内单轴压缩试验与巴西劈裂的试验结果标定数值模型细观参数,由细观参数在根本上决定数值模型的力学行为,合理、准确标定数值模型细观参数是开展组合多裂纹红砂岩数值模型试验的关键.室内试验得出标准红砂岩试件的抗压强度σ、弹性模量E和破坏模式等,影响数值模型试验的细观参数有颗粒接触模量E*、平行黏结有效模量、颗粒刚度比k*、平行黏结刚度比、法向黏结强度、切向黏结强度、颗粒摩擦系数μ和平行黏结摩擦角等.细观参数标定的步骤为:首先,通过弹性模量E对颗粒接触模量E*和平行黏结有效模量进行标定;其次,通过泊松比ν调整颗粒刚度比k*和平行黏结刚度比进行标定,使得其破坏模式与室内试验破坏模式相似;然后,通过抗压强度σ调整法向黏结强度和切向黏结强度,使得起峰值应力与室内试验一致;最后,微调颗粒摩擦系数μ和平行黏结摩擦角[27].基于“试错法”反复校准参数,得到一组细观参数能表征出红砂岩室内单轴压缩试验,如表1所示.
采用表1中的细观参数,对红砂岩开展颗粒流数值模拟单轴压缩试验,然后将模型试验与室内试验进行对比,如图3所示.岩石数值模拟中,强度参数的允许误差范围应控制在实验室测试结果的±5%以内.由图3可知,完整红砂岩单轴压缩试验下的峰值应力为40.89 MPa,颗粒流数值模拟试验下得到的峰值应力为40.52 MPa,两者相差0.9%;完整红砂岩单轴压缩试验下的弹性模量为3.17 GPa,颗粒流数值模拟试验下得到的弹性模量为3.08 GPa,两者相差2.8%;完整红砂岩单轴压缩试验下的峰值应变为1.456×10-2,PFC模型试验下得到的峰值应变为1.42×10-2,两者相差2.5%.通过比对完整红砂岩单轴压缩试验和数值模型试验的力学参数和宏观破坏模式可知,本文选取的细观参数较合理.
为了进一步验证颗粒流数值模拟细观参数和平行黏结模型的可靠性,并模拟捕捉真实岩石的力学行为,开展巴西劈裂试验,然后得出红砂岩的抗拉强度和宏观劈裂破坏模式.根据弹性力学原理,已知在直线载荷作用下,圆盘试样直径平面沿垂直方向产生的近似均匀水平拉应力σx
在直径平面上,水平方向产生的σy压应力是
式中,P为载荷,单位为N,DH分别为试样的直径和高度,单位为mm.
该试样由于在x方向的拉应力而沿y方向的直径导致劈裂破坏,破坏载荷Pt可以根据岩石的抗拉强度σt获得
采用PFC2D进行了巴西圆盘劈裂试验.红砂岩数值模型试样的最小半径为0.3 mm,最大半径为0.75 mm,Rmax/Rmin=2.5,试样颗粒尺寸均匀分布,总共随机生成了1 632个颗粒,包含3 667个接触点,采用表1中的细观参数.将载荷-位移曲线代入式(3),将获得其应力-应变曲线,如图3所示.
红砂岩巴西圆盘劈裂试验下的峰值应力为2.89 MPa,颗粒流数值模拟试验下得到的峰值应力为2.76 MPa,两者相差4.4%;红砂岩巴西圆盘劈裂试验下的峰值应变为6.21×10-4,颗粒流数值模拟试验下得到的峰值应变为6.08×10-4,两者相差2.09%,红砂岩巴西圆盘劈裂试验的宏观破坏模式与颗粒流数值模拟试验破坏模式相似,顶部和顶部出现裂纹集中和红砂岩小块体脱落现象.观察图3可以发现,红砂岩单轴压缩强度为40.89 MPa,红砂岩抗拉强度为2.89 MPa,红砂岩在试验中的抗拉抗压强度比约为1/13,而在数值模型试验中为1/14.因此,颗粒流模型能模拟真实岩石的宏观行为,能够准确捕捉岩石体的压缩和拉伸行为,提高了红砂岩损伤行为和失效机制的有效性.为后续开展组合多裂纹岩体单轴压缩试验,分析宏-细观特征规律和揭示组合多裂纹岩体失稳机制提供了基础.
为了探究组合多裂纹岩体的失稳破坏机制及能量演化规律,本文选取红砂岩为规则形状,利用颗粒流建立了与室内试验试件尺寸相同的数值模型,设计了组合多裂纹形式的岩体,如图4所示.试件宽度和高度分别为50 mm和100 mm,在建立数值模型后,移除模型两侧的约束条件,仅保留上端和下端边界墙体.利用颗粒流程序中的FISH语言编程,对红砂岩模型的载荷区域施加对称的载荷速率,即在上端和下端墙体施加大小相等且方向相反的加载速率.其中裂隙L=2a=20 mm,宽度D=1.5 mm,多裂纹由直裂隙形状逐渐过渡为半椭圆,椭圆中心与试件上部中心和下部中心重合,椭圆的半长轴为a=10 mm,椭圆的半短轴为bb取0、5和10 mm,短长轴比λ=b/a,当λ由直裂隙多裂纹逐渐转化为弧形多裂纹时,保持L不变,探究λ(0、0.5、1)和多裂纹倾角α(0°、30°、45°、60°、90°)对多裂纹岩体的失稳破坏机制及能量演化规律,具体如图4所示.
图5为组合多裂纹红砂岩的应力-应变曲线、裂纹演化示意图.由于PFC生成的试件模型无间隙,导致无法模拟出压密阶段.将图5的应力-应变曲线分为四个阶段,分别是线弹性压缩阶段、裂纹萌生阶段、裂纹扩展贯通阶段、峰后残余阶段.当短长轴比λ=0时,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,红砂岩多裂纹倾角α为90°与0°的相比峰值强度约提高了42%,增长速率居中,部分应力-应变曲线表现出“锯齿状”,是由于在预制裂隙端部出现应力集中现象,此时红砂岩表现出塑性变形,产生的微裂纹逐渐扩展贯通,形成微观损伤,应力应变曲线峰后部分由陡然下降变为平缓下降,表明多裂纹红砂岩经历了由脆性到韧性的变形转变.当短长轴比λ=0.5时,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度同样呈现出缓慢增加的趋势,90°多裂纹红砂岩与0°多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度相比约上升了52.7%,增长速率最快.当短长轴比λ=1时,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度呈现出先增加后降低再增加的趋势,90°多裂纹红砂岩与0°多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度相比约上升了24.8%,增长速率最慢.
随着短长轴比λ从0增大到1,保持多裂纹倾角不变,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度大部分逐渐降低,倾角0°时,峰值强度缓慢增加;随着倾角α逐渐增大,保持短长轴比λ不变,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度逐渐增加,表明裂隙倾角对红砂岩的力学行为影响较大.
多裂纹红砂岩在荷载作用下,裂纹开始萌生扩展和贯通,随着短长轴比λ从0增大到1,除倾角0°和90°试件外,其余试件均出现了上多裂纹与下多裂纹通过裂隙形成宏观破坏的状态,及斜剪破坏.微裂纹均从预制裂隙尖端或距离尖端一定范围内开始萌生裂纹,由于岩石本身的非均质性和裂纹产生的随机性,并通常沿着主应力方向发育.保持短长轴比λ不变,随着倾角α的增大,红砂岩试件中的微小裂纹逐渐增多,其破坏程度逐渐加剧,拉伸翼裂纹数量缓慢增加,二次拉伸裂纹数量逐渐减少.试件的破坏形态是剪切和张拉共同作用的结果,破坏形态呈现斜剪张拉破坏,以张拉为主,剪切为辅,试件破坏失稳模式均是沿着预制裂隙的延展方向贯通,表明多裂纹红砂岩破坏形态受短长轴比和倾角的共同影响.
组合多裂纹红砂岩的应力-应变曲线总体上可以反映出裂纹的萌生扩展贯通过程.不同组合多裂纹红砂岩的颗粒运动方向不同,导致红砂岩的宏观力学特征与破坏模式变化较大.为深入分析短长轴比和倾角对宏观参数的影响,根据不同组合多裂纹红砂岩试件应力-应变曲线,得出不同组合多裂纹红砂岩的弹性模量E、峰值应力σs图6为不同组合多裂纹红砂岩试件力学参数变化规律.
当短长轴比λ是0和0.5时,随着倾角α的增大,弹性模量与峰值应力越大,呈现出正相关.当倾角α保持不变时,弹性模量与峰值应力受到短长轴比λ的影响较小.当λ=0时,弹性模量的增幅为9.2%、6.8%、3.4%、12%,峰值应力的增幅为18.8%、1.2%、6.2%、23%;λ=0.5时,弹性模量的增幅为7%、4.3%、6.7%、9.8%,峰值应力的增幅为11.6%、1%、14.1%、12.8%;λ=1时,弹性模量的增幅为-1.5%、-2.2%、13.1%、10.8%,峰值应力的增幅为4.2%、-4.4%、12.5%、14%,表明弹性模量与峰值应力受倾角α的影响作用强于短长轴比λ
λ=0(直裂隙)时,α=90°(垂直加载方向)的峰值强度显著高于α=0°(42%差异),主要由于应力集中模式的转变:直裂隙在α=90°时产生纯Ⅱ型(剪切型)应力集中,裂纹萌生需克服较高抗剪强度;而α=0°时转为纯Ⅰ型(张拉型)应力集中,岩石抗拉强度较低导致早期破坏.相比之下,λ=1(半椭圆)的曲率半径增大了多裂纹端部应力扩散范围,削弱了α角度对应力集中程度的敏感性,因此强度差异缩小至24.8%.
基于能量转化机制,岩体在外力荷载作用下,经历了裂纹压密阶段、弹性阶段、裂纹萌生扩展塑性变形阶段、失稳破坏阶段,本质上是能量交换的过程,包括能量的输入、积累、耗散和释放.在转化过程中岩体的力学行为在发生改变,也对应着多种能量形式如弹性势能、表面能、塑性势能、辐射能、动能和其余能量[28-29],在PFC模型中,通常其能量主要包含边界能、黏结能、动能、摩擦能、应变能.其中系统的边界能是指边界力即外部荷载对颗粒体所做的功,即总能量U;应变能为加载时克服颗粒体间接触力所做的功;边界能为上下加载板及左右墙体对试样做的总功,即弹性能Ue;黏结能是指颗粒间黏结体变形、破坏所需要的能量、摩擦能是颗粒间接触摩擦耗散的能量、动能指的是模型内所有颗粒体动能的和,黏结能、摩擦能和动能的总和是耗散能Ud.总能量等于耗散能与弹性能之和
式中,U为总能量,单位为J·cm-3Ud为耗散能,单位为J·cm-3Ue为弹性能,单位为J·cm-3
在单轴压缩过程中,无围压即σ2=σ3=0,能量计算过程如下
式中,E为线弹性阶段卸载弹性模量,单位为GPa;ε为试样应变.
因此,根据式(5)和式(6),则岩体的耗散能计算为
通过分析组合多裂纹红砂岩能量演化的规律,可以进一步揭示红砂岩的变形机理,直观反映岩石破裂失稳进程.根据能量计算原理,计算出短长轴比λ和多裂纹倾角α的红砂岩在单轴压缩过程中的能量大小,能量演化曲线如图7所示.
通过对图7的深入分析,在不同组合多裂纹下红砂岩在单轴压缩过程中的能量演化进程具有显著的一致性.在弹性压密阶段,红砂岩内部的总能量构成中,弹性能占据绝对主导地位,几乎等同于内部总能量.随着荷载持续施加,裂纹开始萌生,此时弹性能逐步降低,而耗散能则以较为缓慢的速率开始上升.经过一定时间后,试样内部总能量的主要构成转变为耗散能,弹性能作用减缓.表明在外部荷载作用期间,红砂岩内部裂纹迅速扩展并相互贯通,耗散能以近乎线性的方式不断增长,成为红砂岩能量的主要存在形式.总能量在弹性压密阶段,其增长速率较为平缓,波动极小;进入稳定破坏阶段后,总能量呈现出线性增长态势,增长速率变化微弱,同时岩石变形也较为缓慢.而在不稳定破坏阶段以及失稳破坏阶段,由于残余应力的作用,试样会持续吸收能量,致使总能量快速增长,增长速率也逐渐加快,直至总能量达到峰值,此时红砂岩发生失稳破坏.弹性能的变化规律方面,在弹性压密阶段和稳定破坏阶段,其变化趋势与总能量基本一致,初期呈现非线性增长,随后转变为线性增长.在不稳定破坏阶段,弹性能急剧下降,这一变化与应力-应变曲线中的下降部分相对应,直至最后弹性能迅速归零,不再对岩石破坏产生影响.耗散能在弹性压密阶段数值近乎为零,此时岩石主要是吸收外部荷载传递的能量,尚未产生微裂纹.进入稳定破坏阶段,岩石开始逐步产生少量微裂纹,耗散能也随之缓慢增加,其增长曲线呈现出类似“台阶”的形态.当进入不稳定破坏阶段后,耗散能增长显著,开始在岩石能量构成中发挥关键作用,此时红砂岩内部产生大量微裂纹.直至耗散能达到峰值,岩石内部裂纹已发展为宏观破坏,完全丧失承载能力.在峰值强度前,岩石主要表现为能量积累特征;当达到峰值强度后,岩石进入破坏阶段,此时以能量释放和耗散为主导机制;而在残余强度阶段,岩石虽重新开始积累能量,但其能量存储能力较峰值前显著降低.这一能量演化过程反映了岩石从完整状态到破坏状态再到残余强度状态的能量转化特征.
当短长轴比λ是0时,随着倾角α的增大,峰值处的总能量由0.118 J/cm3上升到0.164 J/cm3再降低至0.157 J/cm3最后提升到0.248 J/cm3,试件破坏需要的总能量是逐渐增加的,弹性能的变化规律同总能量变化规律一致;反之,耗散能是先逐渐提升然后下降.当短长轴比λ是0.5时,随着倾角α的增大,峰值处的总能量由0.123 J/cm3上升到0.215 J/cm3,而弹性能呈现出先增加再降低最后缓慢上升的趋势,耗散能演化规律与弹性能相反.当短长轴比λ是1时,随着倾角α的增大,峰值处的总能量由0.130 J/cm3上升到0.153 J/cm3再降低至0.144 J/cm3最后提升到0.183 J/cm3.在峰值强度时,红砂岩的总能量以弹性能为主、耗散能为辅;但在失稳破坏时,红砂岩的总能量以耗散能为主、弹性能为辅.可见,岩石的损伤失稳破坏与能量耗散呈正相关,多裂纹形状与倾角显著影响红砂岩的能量演化过程,不同的外部条件对能量影响各异,能量演化指标可为灾害预警提供重要参考.
岩体在高应力条件下的强度失效并不必然引发整体失稳现象.现有的强度理论及准则在解释岩石加载过程中强度变异性和整体失稳行为方面存在局限性[30].从初始能量积累到能量释放,整个过程中必然存在最大弹性能量[31]
Ue为储蓄能量的能力,随着该值的增加,外部环境对岩石的破坏需要更多的功.因此,可以用来衡量不同岩石或同一岩石在不同应力状态下的蓄能能力和破坏难度.在本文模拟中,将作为储能密度的极限,将储能极限与总能量比值Kmax定义为弹性能的最大转换率,列出如式(8)所示
将不同工况下的弹性能的最大转换率绘制出如图8所示,其中红色虚线为不同工况下的弹性能最大转换率的平均值.
图8可知,在λ1工况下,在多裂纹倾角α较小时,Kmax维持在较高水平,说明此时岩石的储能能力较强,破坏难度较大,随着α逐渐增大,Kmax逐渐下降,意味着岩石的储能能力减弱,更容易被破坏,当α接近60°时,Kmax又有所回升,说明此时岩石的储能能力再次增强,破坏难度增大,当α达到90°时,Kmax达到最大值0.904,此时破坏难度达到最大值;在λ0.5工况下,整体趋势与λ1工况类似,但其变化幅度更为显著,呈现出对称的“V”字形,具体表现为:在α增大到45°时,下降幅度更为明显,Kmax的数值达到最低值0.778,此时岩石的储能能力最弱,破坏最容易发生,而当α接近60°时,Kmax的回升幅度也较大,表明此时岩石的储能能力有所恢复,破坏难度再次增加;在λ0工况下,随着多裂纹倾角的增大,Kmax先减小后增大,但总体变化趋势较为平缓,在α接近90°时,Kmax达到最高值0.931,表明此时岩石的储能能力最强,破坏难度最大.
综上可知,红砂岩的储能能力和破坏难度随多裂纹倾角α和工况条件的变化而变化.在实际工程中,可以利用这一特性来优化破岩作业,提高效率并减少工作量.例如,在需要破岩的工程中,选择在多裂纹倾角接近45°时进行操作,此时岩石的储能能力最弱,破坏最容易,从而提高破岩效率.同时,在设计和施工过程中,应充分考虑多裂纹倾角对岩石储能能力和破坏难度的影响,以确保工程的安全性和稳定性.
短长轴比λ与多裂纹倾角α会引起岩石力学特性的变化,在试样加载过程中,损伤与裂隙的产生扩展有关,裂隙的数量能够反映试样内部的损伤程度,因此构建损伤本构模型来表征其关系[32].假设试样在压缩前完好无损,用损伤因子D表征损伤为
式中,Ac为初始状态下损伤试样的横截面积,Aw为未损伤试样的横截面积,由式(9)可知,D∈(0,1].
岩石受荷载作用时,其单元体的破坏是随机发生的,假设试样破坏过程符合Weibull分布,其概率密度函数为
式中,L为试样裂隙数,mn分别为Weibull分布的形状参数和尺度参数.
假设损伤因子D与试样裂隙数L之间存在如下关系
则损伤因子D可以通过对式(11)积分得到
Lall为整个压缩过程中的累计裂纹数,Lt)为任意时刻t的累计裂纹数,则有
式在,Q1,Q2,Q3为概率密度函数参数,其中Q1,Q3为形状参数,Q2为尺度参数.
根据有效应力理论,损伤应力-应变关系为
式中,ε为试样应变,E为试样弹性模量,单位为GPa.
将上述公式代入式(13),则可得到统计损伤本构模型为
式中,L为试件裂隙数目.
上式为统计损伤本构模型,式中还存在三个可变参数:Q1,Q2,Q3将每组模型的弹性模量、应力应变曲线与裂隙累积量代入上式并进行非线性拟合求解出Q1,Q2,Q3,与此同时,得出拟合精度R
Q1,Q2,Q3在不同工况下的数值以及拟合精度R列于表2
将不同工况下的Q1,Q2,Q3在不同短长轴比λ和多裂纹倾角α下进行修正,得到其表达式(16)
为进一步验证损伤本构关系式的正确性,将基于不同短长轴比λ、多裂纹倾角α下的理论值与模拟值进行对比,并绘制出应力-应变对比图,需要说明的是,由于弹性模量取的是弹性阶段的数值,故只拟合峰值前的结果,如图9所示.
图9可知,上述构建的本构模型理论计算结果与基于各种因素下模拟的结果基本吻合,故该模型可更准确地描述基于不同短长轴比λ和多裂纹倾角α下红砂岩的变形破坏特性,可为相关研究和工程应用提供有力的理论支持.
本文采用离散元颗粒流程序建立多裂纹红砂岩数值模型试验,基于完整红砂岩试件单轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验结果对数值模型进行细观参数标定,在此基础上开展组合多裂纹红砂岩的颗粒流模拟试验,研究组合多裂纹岩体的失稳破坏机制及能量演化规律,有助于揭示组合多裂纹岩体的破坏机理,得到以下主要结论
(1)随λ的增大,倾角不变,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度大部分逐渐降低;随着倾角α逐渐增大,保持短长轴比λ不变,多裂纹红砂岩的峰值强度逐渐增加,表明裂隙倾角对红砂岩的力学行为影响较大.
(2)破坏形态呈现斜剪张拉破坏,以张拉为主,剪切为辅,试件破坏失稳模式均是沿着预制裂隙的延展方向贯通,表明多裂纹红砂岩破坏形态受短长轴比和倾角的共同影响.
(3)在峰值强度前,岩石主要表现为能量积累特征;在峰值强度时,红砂岩的总能量以弹性能为主、耗散能为辅;在失稳破坏时,红砂岩的总能量以耗散能为主、弹性能为辅.红砂岩的储能能力和破坏难度随多裂纹倾角α和工况条件的变化而变化,但基本都是在多裂纹倾角为45°时,储能能力最弱,破坏难度最小,在多裂纹倾角为45°时,储能能力最弱,破坏难度最小,在多裂纹倾角为90°时,储能能力最强,破坏难度最大,可为破岩作业做参照.
(4)建立了基于不同高径比λ与不同节理倾角下α的红砂岩损伤本构模型,并进行了验证,结果表明,该本构模型精度较高.
  • 青海省科技成果转化专项计划(2023-SF-128)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.019
  • 接收时间:2025-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-10
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青海省科技成果转化专项计划(2023-SF-128)
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    1.青海省交通建设管理有限公司,青海 西宁 817101
    2.招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司,重庆 400067

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郭鸿雁,博士,正高级工程师.研究方向:隧道与地下工程.E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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