Article(id=1243220383109854000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774336437251, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774336437251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774336437251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336437251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243220377556595432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='541', pageEnd='810', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774336435926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336648182, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=761, endPage=774, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243220383583810361, articleId=1243220383109854000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, language=EN, title=Electromechanical Coupling Modelling and Experimental Study of Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam Under Water Droplet Impact, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the dynamic process of harvesting energy from water droplet impact by using piezoelectric beams, a water droplet impact force model was developed. Based on the Euler Bernoulli beam theory, an electromechanical coupling prediction model of piezoelectric cantilever beam was established. Droplet impact tests were conducted, the voltage output characteristics and dynamic response characteristics of the piezoelectric beams were analyzed. By comparing the experimental results and model prediction results under different impact conditions (droplet diameter Dd=2.4~4.4 mm and impact velocity Vd=1.0~3.4 m/s), the accuracy of the force electromechanical coupling model was verified. Results showed that there is a linear relationship between the maximum deformation of cantilever end and the peak voltage under the impact excitation of water droplets. Water droplets exhibit "rebound" and "splashing" characteristics under low and high Weber number conditions, respectively, and the experimental results are highly consistent with the predicted results of the model, verifying the applicability and accuracy of the model. As the cantilever length increases, the natural frequency and the bending stiffness of the system gradually decreases, the output voltage and the total energy harvested gradually increase; however, the electric energy density shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching a maximum of dE=4.27 mJ/m2 when the cantilever beam length L=35 mm.

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针对水滴冲击超疏水表面压电悬臂梁的动态俘能过程,建立了水滴冲击力模型,根据欧拉-伯努利梁理论构建了压电悬臂梁力电耦合预测模型.搭建了水滴冲击试验台,测试了多种冲击参数下(水滴直径Dd=2.4~4.4 mm和冲击速度Vd=1.0~3.4 m/s)压电梁的动态响应特性,设计混合水平正交实验L18(36×61),分析了不同结构参数对压电梁输出总电能和峰值电压的影响规律.结果表明,水滴冲击激励作用下压电悬臂梁末端最大变形与输出峰值电压之间始终呈线性关系.水滴在低韦伯数和高韦伯数条件下分别呈现“反弹”特性和“飞溅”特性,且实验结果与模型预测结果均高度一致,验证了模型的适用性和准确性.悬臂梁基础层厚度是影响电学响应的关键因素,且存在最优结构尺寸使其电学输出达到最大.随悬臂梁长度的增大,抗弯刚度逐渐减小,输出电压和总电能逐渐增大;但电能密度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在悬臂梁长度L=35 mm时达到最大dE=4.27 mJ/m2.研究结果还可以为后续小尺寸压电梁的结构优化提供参考依据.

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郝冠男,博士,讲师.研究方向:振动能量收集,新能源发电.E-mail:
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李志楠,硕士生.研究方向:液滴冲击发电,无网格数值模拟.E-mail:

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李志楠,硕士生.研究方向:液滴冲击发电,无网格数值模拟.E-mail:

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李志楠,硕士生.研究方向:液滴冲击发电,无网格数值模拟.E-mail:

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Main performance parameters of materials

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NameDensity ρ/(kg/m3)Elastic modulus Y/GPaPoisson's ratio υPiezoelectric strain constant d31/(pC/N)Piezoelectric stress constant e31/(C/m2)Dielectric constant ɛS/(F/m)
PVDF1 7803.30.1813.60.0460.12
PET1 370130.3---
), ArticleFig(id=1243220412063134410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220383109854000, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料主要性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameDensity ρ/(kg/m3)Elastic modulus Y/GPaPoisson's ratio υPiezoelectric strain constant d31/(pC/N)Piezoelectric stress constant e31/(C/m2)Dielectric constant ɛS/(F/m)
PVDF1 7803.30.1813.60.0460.12
PET1 370130.3---
), ArticleFig(id=1243220412243489485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220383109854000, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Factors and levels of the orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LevelsFactors
[A] PVDF thickness hp/μm[B] PET thichness hM/mm[C] Cantilever length L/mm[D] Cantilever width b/mm
1280.05258
2520.103012
3(52)0.153516
40.20
50.25
60.30
), ArticleFig(id=1243220412323181266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220383109854000, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验中各因素水平配置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LevelsFactors
[A] PVDF thickness hp/μm[B] PET thichness hM/mm[C] Cantilever length L/mm[D] Cantilever width b/mm
1280.05258
2520.103012
3(52)0.153516
40.20
50.25
60.30
), ArticleFig(id=1243220412461593302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220383109854000, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Orthogonal test results and range analysis of peak voltage and total electrical energy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number[A][B][C][D]Vp/VE0/nJ
1280.05258
2520.10351611.235.4
3520.1535129.218.9
4280.2030163.61.65
5520.253087.96.3
6520.3025126.01.6
7520.3030164.21.38
8280.2535122.81.1
9520.053012----
10520.10258918
11520.203588.513.6
12280.1525165.83.8
13520.2025129.87.6
14520.153081435
15520.2525166.12.2
16280.303582.90.99
17280.103012918.7
18520.053516
k15.88 (10.27)0.00 (0.00)7.34 (6.64)8.46 (14.78)
k29.16 (17.56)9.73 (24.03)7.74 (10.51)7.36 (7.98)
k38.02 (10.44)9.67 (19.23)6.92 (14)6.18 (8.89)
k47.30 (7.62)
k55.60 (3.20)
k64.37 (1.32)
Range3.28 (7.29)5.37 (22.71)0.82 (7.36)2.28 (6.79)
Rank2 (3)1 (1)4 (2)3 (4)
), ArticleFig(id=1243220412566450904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220383109854000, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

悬臂梁峰值电压及输出总电能的正交实验L18(36×61)实验结果与极差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number[A][B][C][D]Vp/VE0/nJ
1280.05258
2520.10351611.235.4
3520.1535129.218.9
4280.2030163.61.65
5520.253087.96.3
6520.3025126.01.6
7520.3030164.21.38
8280.2535122.81.1
9520.053012----
10520.10258918
11520.203588.513.6
12280.1525165.83.8
13520.2025129.87.6
14520.153081435
15520.2525166.12.2
16280.303582.90.99
17280.103012918.7
18520.053516
k15.88 (10.27)0.00 (0.00)7.34 (6.64)8.46 (14.78)
k29.16 (17.56)9.73 (24.03)7.74 (10.51)7.36 (7.98)
k38.02 (10.44)9.67 (19.23)6.92 (14)6.18 (8.89)
k47.30 (7.62)
k55.60 (3.20)
k64.37 (1.32)
Range3.28 (7.29)5.37 (22.71)0.82 (7.36)2.28 (6.79)
Rank2 (3)1 (1)4 (2)3 (4)
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水滴冲击超疏水压电悬臂梁力电耦合模型研究及实验验证
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李志楠 , 郝冠男 , 于然 , 张帅 , 卢立欣
力学季刊 | 2025,46(3): 761-774
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力学季刊 | 2025, 46(3): 761-774
水滴冲击超疏水压电悬臂梁力电耦合模型研究及实验验证
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李志楠 , 郝冠男 , 于然, 张帅, 卢立欣
作者信息
  • 青岛大学 机电工程学院,山东 青岛 266071
  • 李志楠,硕士生.研究方向:液滴冲击发电,无网格数值模拟.E-mail:

通讯作者:

郝冠男,博士,讲师.研究方向:振动能量收集,新能源发电.E-mail:
Electromechanical Coupling Modelling and Experimental Study of Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam Under Water Droplet Impact
Zhinan LI , Guannan HAO , Ran YU, Shuai ZHANG, Lixin LU
Affiliations
  • College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.017
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针对水滴冲击超疏水表面压电悬臂梁的动态俘能过程,建立了水滴冲击力模型,根据欧拉-伯努利梁理论构建了压电悬臂梁力电耦合预测模型.搭建了水滴冲击试验台,测试了多种冲击参数下(水滴直径Dd=2.4~4.4 mm和冲击速度Vd=1.0~3.4 m/s)压电梁的动态响应特性,设计混合水平正交实验L18(36×61),分析了不同结构参数对压电梁输出总电能和峰值电压的影响规律.结果表明,水滴冲击激励作用下压电悬臂梁末端最大变形与输出峰值电压之间始终呈线性关系.水滴在低韦伯数和高韦伯数条件下分别呈现“反弹”特性和“飞溅”特性,且实验结果与模型预测结果均高度一致,验证了模型的适用性和准确性.悬臂梁基础层厚度是影响电学响应的关键因素,且存在最优结构尺寸使其电学输出达到最大.随悬臂梁长度的增大,抗弯刚度逐渐减小,输出电压和总电能逐渐增大;但电能密度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在悬臂梁长度L=35 mm时达到最大dE=4.27 mJ/m2.研究结果还可以为后续小尺寸压电梁的结构优化提供参考依据.

压电俘能  /  水滴冲击  /  动态响应  /  力电耦合

For the dynamic process of harvesting energy from water droplet impact by using piezoelectric beams, a water droplet impact force model was developed. Based on the Euler Bernoulli beam theory, an electromechanical coupling prediction model of piezoelectric cantilever beam was established. Droplet impact tests were conducted, the voltage output characteristics and dynamic response characteristics of the piezoelectric beams were analyzed. By comparing the experimental results and model prediction results under different impact conditions (droplet diameter Dd=2.4~4.4 mm and impact velocity Vd=1.0~3.4 m/s), the accuracy of the force electromechanical coupling model was verified. Results showed that there is a linear relationship between the maximum deformation of cantilever end and the peak voltage under the impact excitation of water droplets. Water droplets exhibit "rebound" and "splashing" characteristics under low and high Weber number conditions, respectively, and the experimental results are highly consistent with the predicted results of the model, verifying the applicability and accuracy of the model. As the cantilever length increases, the natural frequency and the bending stiffness of the system gradually decreases, the output voltage and the total energy harvested gradually increase; however, the electric energy density shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching a maximum of dE=4.27 mJ/m2 when the cantilever beam length L=35 mm.

piezoelectric energy harvesting  /  water droplet impact  /  dynamic response  /  electromechanical coupling
李志楠, 郝冠男, 于然, 张帅, 卢立欣. 水滴冲击超疏水压电悬臂梁力电耦合模型研究及实验验证. 力学季刊, 2025 , 46 (3) : 761 -774 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.017
Zhinan LI, Guannan HAO, Ran YU, Shuai ZHANG, Lixin LU. Electromechanical Coupling Modelling and Experimental Study of Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam Under Water Droplet Impact[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 761 -774 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.017
对环境能的开发利用是推进可再生能源技术发展以及实现“碳中和”的必要途径,与较为成熟的新能源技术相比,如太阳能、水力、风力、生物质能等,雨水作为一种新兴的环境能已受到广泛关注[1].雨水分布广泛且容易获取,雨水能量收集装置的成本较低,若将其转换为可利用电能并存储起来,对解决低功耗微小型电子元器件(如无线传感网络和物联网技术中广泛分布的无线传感器节点)的自主供能问题将具有十分重要的意义[2].对于降雨量丰富的国家和地区(如在马来西亚地区),每年可利用的雨水能量是太阳能的1/12[3],我国东南沿海区域年降水量也可达到2 000~3 000 mm[4].随着无线传感器的体积和功率在不断减小(μW或mW),雨滴冲击累积的电能足以保证一个低功耗无线传感器节点正常工作[5],因此将雨水蕴藏的能量进行充分收集利用,将有望成为太阳能等其它新能源技术的有效补充.
针对降雨时高速下落的雨滴,通过设计合理高效的俘能结构,可以提高对雨滴动量的俘获效率.而雨滴的地面微物理特征对冲击俘能结构的能量转换效率也具有重要影响,包括降雨强度、雨滴尺寸分布规律和运动速度[6].雨滴在空中分布的尺寸比例,即雨滴粒径分布特征(Drop Size Distribution,DSD),一般采用雨滴谱来描述[7],与降雨强度有关.目前,对雨滴谱分布模型的微物理参数化方案主要分为两大类,即Bin方案和Bulk方案[8].随着对DSD认知的加深,相应的拟合数学模型也在不断改进,目前应用的参数模型主要有三种,分别是M-P单参数模型[9]、双参数模型[10]和Gamma三参数模型[11],其中M-P模型的适用性更广且稳定性好.另外,雨滴从高空降落过程中主要受到重力和空气阻力的作用,当两者达到平衡时雨滴以匀速下落,也就是雨滴下落末速度,一般情况下,雨滴在下落20 m之后就基本可以达到末速度[12].国外很早就开始了对雨滴末速度的研究,Best[13]最早通过试验测量得出了一个关于雨滴直径的指数型经验公式,该公式随后被广泛的应用.对于雨滴末速度的计算,目前主要还是采用经验公式,其中使用最多的是G-K公式[14]和Best[13]公式,其中Best经验公式提出较早,数学形式相对更简单实用,具有很强的适用性.
基于上述雨滴降落过程的不稳定因素,真实降雨环境下任意雨滴的粒径大小和运动速度均具有随机性,而用于雨滴俘能的结构装置尺寸较小,若直接对雨滴冲击动能进行回收利用,容易导致能量转换效率很低.因此,越来越多的俘能结构设计以及相关理论研究都围绕“先收集,再利用”的思路开展.设计专门的雨水收集装置并将富裕的雨水进行收集和存储,然后采用人工水滴生成装置模拟生成人工雨滴,准确控制生成水滴的冲击参数,从而更好地适应俘能结构参数,达到最优俘能效率.同时,用水滴代替雨滴作为研究对象也成为一种普遍的研究手段,并采用柔韧性较好的压电材料,如聚偏氟乙烯(Polyvinylidene Fluoride,PVDF),以匹配微弱的水滴冲击激励.与传统压电陶瓷材料相比,如锆钛酸铅陶瓷(Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics,PZT),在某些特定结构参数条件下PVDF构成的悬臂梁和两端固支梁结构均可产生更高的峰值电压[15]
水滴冲击压电薄膜的力学模型最早由法国学者Guigon等[16-17]提出,基于完全非弹性碰撞假设,分别从理论和实验方面验证了利用压电薄膜将水滴动能转化为电能的可行性,研究结果表明,单个直径为3.0 mm的水滴以4.5 m/s的速度冲击面积为1 m×1 m的PVDF压电薄膜可获得147 nJ的电能和73 μW的功率.后续大量研究结果表明,水滴冲击悬臂梁末端极易产生弯曲应变,且悬臂梁结构简单紧凑[18],因此被广泛应用于水滴俘能系统.刘丽兰等[19]提出了一种双稳态悬臂梁压电俘能装置,通过仿真和实验研究单个水滴与连续水滴冲击下的系统响应特性,但更多关注在引入非线性磁力的双稳态压电悬臂梁动力学特性,并未充分考虑冲击参数和悬臂梁结构参数的影响,关于动力学模型适用性和准确性的实验验证不够全面.
动力学模型是描述分析压电俘能结构力电耦合行为的理论基础,目前主要包含集中参数动力学建模方法[20]和分布式参数动力学建模方法[21]两大类.后者将压电梁等效为一个欧拉梁,再利用欧拉-伯努利方程进行建模,该方法可考虑压电梁空间振动及沿长度方向的应变分布情况,计算结果更加准确可靠,更加适用于水滴俘能系统的建模.与传统压电振动俘能系统的基础振动不同,水滴冲击作用下压电梁作自由衰减振动.由于PVDF悬臂微梁抗弯刚度较低,水滴冲击瞬态俘能过程的各种物理现象难以通过实验直接观察和测量,水滴冲击力变化对悬臂梁动力学特性也会产生较大影响.
综上,基于“先收集,再利用”的思路,由于超疏水表面压电梁具有更加稳定的电学输出,便于进行参数控制和实现定量预测,而水滴连续冲击超疏水悬臂梁的过程可以看作是单个水滴冲击工况的重复.因此,建立单个水滴冲击超疏水PVDF悬臂梁的力电耦合预测模型,明确水滴冲击参数与压电梁动态响应间的定理关系,是全面了解俘能系统力电耦合行为以及优化俘能效率的基础,但相关理论研究还很不充分.本文拟采用分布式参数建模方法,建立水滴冲击力模型,构建压电梁力电耦合预测模型,实现对悬臂梁输出电压和位移的准确预测,开展水滴冲击实验,研究不同工况参数下压电梁的电学响应特性,验证力电耦合模型的准确性.
水滴从高处下落,在水滴接触梁表面前的瞬时速度即为冲击速度,该速度与下落高度H有关.对单个自由下落的水滴进行受力分析,如图1所示,水滴在下落过程中主要受到三个竖向作用力,分别是自身重力P、空气浮力Fv和摩擦阻力Rf,表示为
式中,Aw为水滴与运动方向垂直平面的投影面积,单位为m2g为重力加速度;cf为空气阻力系数;Dd为水滴直径,单位为m;Vd为水滴下落速度,单位m·s-1ρaρw分别为空气和水的密度,单位为kg·m-3
根据单个水滴在竖直方向的受力情况,忽略风速等环境因素,其动力学方程可写为
式中,md为水滴质量,单位为kg;为水滴加速度,单位为m/s2.将式(1)~式(3)代入式(4),可得
对上式采用初等函数及其积分进行求解,可得到水滴下落过程中的速度为
由式(6)可见,水滴下落过程中速度快速增大,然后逐渐逼近最大值,即水滴末速度VT
图2给出了两种水滴直径条件(2.4 mm和4.4 mm)下由式(6)计算得到的水滴速度随下落高度H和空气阻力系数cf的变化规律.实验室条件下水滴降落高度控制在1.0 m以内,图中还显示了实验测得的水滴冲击速度随下落高度的变化规律,结果表明,两种水滴直径条件下的下落速度大致相同,且两种水滴下落速度的实验测量值均与空气阻力系数取0.5时的理论计算结果吻合较好,从而可以确定出实验条件下的空气阻力系数.同时,也验证了采用式(6)预测水滴冲击速度的准确性和可靠性.
水滴冲击超疏水梁表面是一个瞬态过程,仅考虑水滴的激励作用时,大多认为水滴动力学行为满足完全非弹性碰撞假设,即撞击固体表面后水滴动能全部转化为固体结构的应变能.这时水滴在冲击时间τ内由初始冲击速度Vd迅速降为零,通常将冲击时间τ看作是水滴的“溃塌”时间,即水滴以初始速度Vd通过直径距离Dd所经历的时间为τ=Dd/Vd.因此,根据冲量定理,可将单个水滴的冲击力表示为
用单位脉冲函数δ来表示单个水滴冲击的激励Ft)时,可写为
图3给出了四种直径(2.0 mm、2.3 mm、3.0 mm和4.0 mm)的水滴以速度VT下落后所对应的冲击力模拟结果,冲击力分别为favg1=121.6 mN,favg2=184.9 mN,favg3=410.3 mN和favg4=972.6 mN,可以看出,当水滴直径增大一倍时,其冲击力增大了约8倍,冲击时间增大了约1.4倍.
式(6)、式(8)和式(9)构成了考虑冲击参数的水滴冲击力模型,根据不同冲击工况参数(包括下落高度和水滴直径),模拟预测水滴冲击压电悬臂梁这一瞬态过程的冲击力变化情况.
图4为单个水滴以集中力favg冲击长度为L的复合悬臂梁的动力学模型,悬臂梁一端固定于基座,另一端在水滴冲击力作用下自由振动.悬臂梁由上到下依次由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(Polyethylene Terephthalate,PET)基础层和聚偏氟乙烯(Polyvinylidene Fluoride,PVDF)压电层构成.
建立压电悬臂梁分布式参数动力学模型,利用欧拉-伯努利梁理论求解梁的横向位移wxt).根据牛顿第二定律,悬臂梁在水滴冲击力作用下的机械运动方程可写为
式中,wxt)为梁上任意位置的横向位移,单位为m;Mxt)为梁的内部弯矩,单位为N·m;ca为粘性空气阻尼系数;cs为应变率阻尼系数;I为悬臂梁惯性矩,单位为m4m为梁的单位长度质量,单位为kg·m-1Ft)为水滴冲击力,单位为N;δx)为狄拉克函数.
其中,梁的内部弯矩是其轴向应力对横截面的一阶矩,采用3-1模式的本构关系描述压电层材料,并利用胡克定律描述各向同性的基础层材料,则Mxt)可表示为
式中,H(·)为Heaviside阶跃函数,YI分别表示复合悬臂梁的等效弹性模量和截面惯性矩;voutt)为压电层两端的输出电压.其中,力电耦合系数表示为
式中,hP为压电层厚度,单位为m;d31为压电应变常数,单位为C·N-1YP为压电材料的弹性模量,单位为Pa;ybyc分别为压电层上表面和基础层上表面沿y轴的坐标;b为梁的宽度,单位为m.
将弯矩公式(11)代入式(10),可得压电悬臂梁的电耦合机械运动方程
针对PVDF压电层建立其电学方程,将压电应力常数e31表示成压电应变常数的形式d31YP,可得
式中,为常应变下的介电常数,单位为F·m-1为压电层的平均轴向应变,通过下式计算得到
式中,hPC为压电层中面到复合悬臂梁中性轴的垂直距离,中性轴位置ym可由相当截面法确定(如图4(a)所示),即
式中,YM为基础层材料的弹性模量,单位为Pa.
采用比例阻尼假设和模态叠加理论,则梁上任意位置的横向位移写为本征函数的收敛级数形式.根据高斯定律的积分形式,外接电阻Rl两端的输出电流可表示为
式中,D为压电层内电位移矢量,单位为C·m2n为外法线单位矢量.
根据式(13)和式(15),可以得到压电悬臂梁的力耦合电学方程为
式中,kr为正耦合系数,由振型函数决定;CP为复合悬臂梁的等效电容,单位为F.
基于悬臂梁的自由弯曲振动微分方程,利用分离变量法可得到振型函数和模态坐标的一般形式.根据悬臂梁的边界条件,即固定端挠度及转角为零(w(0,t)=∂w(0,t)/∂x=0),以及自由端弯矩和剪力为零(∂2wLt)/∂x2=∂3wLt)/∂x3=0),可得到无阻尼自由振动中的质量归一化本征函数
式中,σr=()sinλrL-sinhλrL/()cosλrL+coshλrLλr为无量纲频率系数,由特征频率方程cosλLcoshλL+1=0确定;Cr为模态幅值常数,根据满足正交条件确定.
结合悬臂梁弯曲振动的模态坐标
式中,b1b2为系数,可利用模态叠加法确定.如图4(a),根据水滴冲击的初始条件确定,即初始时刻悬臂梁上任意位置的横向位移均为零(wx,0)=0);且根据动量守恒定律,受到水滴冲击作用后,由水滴和悬臂梁组成的系统具有一个瞬时初速度(∂wx,0)/∂t=0),以上两个初始条件和系统初速度V0如下所示
式中,mdmL分别为水滴和压电悬臂梁的质量,单位为kg.将式(19)和式(20)代入式(13)所示的悬臂梁电耦合机械运动方程,可得到模态坐标满足如下关系式
式中,为第r阶模态力,由水滴冲击力决定;ξr为瑞利阻尼系数;χr为逆耦合系数,由力电耦合系数和振型函数共同决定.
将水滴和压电梁看作一个系统,考虑前n阶模态振动,则系统响应可通过2n+1个常微分方程(ODEs)求解得到,其中包含2n个二阶模态方程和1个一阶外接电学方程.为便于获得数值解,表示成以下状态空间方程的形式
式中,系统矩阵和系统向量xyu的具体表达式为
式中,r=1,…,n0n,n是零矩阵;1n,n是单位矩阵;Γ=diag(ωr)和ξ=diag(ξr)都是对角矩阵;Φ=(φr)和χ=(χr)均为列矩阵;Ω=RlCP是复合悬臂梁等效电路的时间常数.
图5为单个水滴(Dd=4.6 mm,Vd=1.0 m/s)冲击悬臂梁末端时的电学响应特性.如图5(a)所示,电学开路条件下(Rl=1 MΩ),悬臂梁长度L从20 mm增大到40 mm过程中,其一阶弯曲振动频率从143 Hz降低到了35 Hz,对应的输出电压逐渐增大,为便于比较,采用对数坐标.由此可见,减小悬臂梁等效刚度是降低系统振动频率以及增大电学输出的有效途径.图5(b)对比了不同负载电阻Rl下悬臂梁的电学响应,输出电压随负载电阻的增大单调上升,且负载电阻的变化对系统振动频率几乎没有影响,输出电压在开路条件(1 MΩ)时达到最大.
水滴冲击实验台主要包括水滴生成系统、压电悬臂梁、数据采集和显示系统等,如图6所示.采用步进电机驱动微量泵推动注射器活塞缓慢移动,通过调节速度和针头孔径,准确控制生成水滴的直径.通过调节针头在铁架台的安装高度,可以准确控制水滴的冲击速度,实现模拟真实雨滴下落过程和多种冲击工况.
将PVDF压电梁(LDT1-028K)处理为超疏水表面,并固定于十字滑台(LGX60-R),再通过转接板(40/60 M6)固定于600 mm×600 mm的阵列工作台面板上,沿梁长度方向调节移动滑台可以改变水滴的冲击位置.数据采集和显示系统主要由示波器(DSO-X 3034A)和高速摄像机(NAC HX-7s)组成.将压电片正负电极直接与示波器连接,测量水滴冲击压电梁后产生的输出电压voutt).同时,利用高速摄像机(帧速20 000/s)捕捉水滴冲击压电梁动态全过程,以获得系统的动力学响应结果,如悬臂梁的位移曲线.每组工况重复测量三次,压电梁的材料参数如表1所示.
图7所示为不同冲击工况下压电悬臂梁峰值电压Vp与末端最大变形δmax间的变化关系,可以看出两者始终保持线性关系,说明任意冲击参数下压电悬臂梁均呈现稳定的3-1耦合模式.
图8对比了压电悬臂梁输出电压曲线的实验结果和模型预测结果.如图8(a)和(c)所示,实验结果和模型计算结果基本吻合.低韦伯数条件下,水滴在超疏水表面呈现“弹跳”运动特性,实验测得的电压曲线反映出由水滴二次冲击和三次冲击导致的电压波动.水滴一次冲击梁表面后回弹,分别在88.6 ms和153 ms时刻回落并多次冲击压电梁.结果表明,二次或三次冲击所产生的电压扰动远小于一次冲击所产生的峰值电压,对总电能的贡献更小,且超疏水弹性梁表面的水滴反弹行为具有一定随机性,如多次反弹的冲击速度、冲击位置以及反弹次数等,难以通过理论模型进行定量预测,因此理论建模中主要考虑液滴的一次冲击响应.如图8(b)和(c)所示,高韦伯数条件下,水滴在超疏水梁表面呈现“飞溅”运动特性,即接触梁表面的瞬间分裂为大量的卫星水滴,随后压电梁进入自由衰减振动阶段.实验测得的电压波形曲线与模型预测结果高度一致,验证了力电耦合模型的准确性.
为获得压电悬臂梁最优电学响应,分别采用直径为2.4 mm和4.4 mm的水滴以2.55 m/s的速度冲击超疏水悬臂梁,观测冲击过程中系统动力学特性.如图9所示,根据悬臂梁达到最大末端变形时水滴的动力学行为,将压电梁沿长度方向划分为三个冲击区域IIIIII,分别对应水滴达到最大铺展程度时的严重溢出、部分溢出和完全黏附行为,同时给出了不同冲击区域下测得的峰值电压Vp随冲击位置l0的变化曲线.水滴冲击位置由压电梁自由端(区域I)向固定端(区域III)移动时,电压呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势.区域I内,水滴铺展过程中产生严重溢出现象,造成大量水滴动能严重流失,产生的峰值电压较低.区域II内,尽管水滴部分溢出行为会造成一定的动能流失,但悬臂梁末端变形程度的增大对电能输出的贡献更为显著,因此,在两者综合作用下可获得较高的峰值电压.区域III内,水滴始终黏附于梁表面并随之振动,此时峰值电压仅与冲击位置有关,且随冲击位置的增大逐渐减小.由此可见,尽管水滴冲击区域II时可获得更高的峰值电压,但水滴溢出行为造成部分动能流失,给系统力电耦合行为的定量预测带来很多不稳定因素.因此,为了使系统能够提供稳定的力学和电学输出,实验中应避开冲击区域II,将水滴冲击位置控制在区域III的范围之内,同时,为使冲击位置尽可能靠近悬臂梁末端,从而最大程度地将水滴冲击动能转换为电能,选取的冲击位置为l0=7.0 mm.
为验证冲击参数对压电悬臂梁电学输出特性的影响,图10给出了多种水滴直径(Dd=2.4~4.4 mm)和冲击速度(Vd=1.0~3.4 m/s)条件下悬臂梁输出峰值电压Vp的实验结果与模型预测结果.可以看出,任意冲击参数下,模型预测结果与实验结果高度吻合,验证了本文建立的力电耦合模型在预测单个水滴冲击作用下超疏水悬臂梁电学响应结果的准确性.
为系统分析冲击速度和水滴直径对系统响应的耦合作用,采用韦伯数进行无量纲参数分析.图11对比了不同冲击参数下PVDF悬臂梁峰值电压随韦伯数的变化规律,由图可知,峰值电压与韦伯数呈近似线性关系,尤其是低韦伯数条件下(We<200),电压随韦伯数的增大快速提升,高韦伯数条件下(We>200),峰值电压的增长速率逐渐减低.图12展示了不同韦伯数条件下水滴形态演化规律,可将水滴冲击压电梁时的形态演化过程划分为水滴分裂、完全反弹和飞溅三种主要模式.如图12(a)所示,在低韦伯数条件下(We=32),水滴呈现“梨状”反弹,水滴变形反弹过程中,水滴尾部速度先下降为零,水滴头部部分继续回升,导致水滴分裂;韦伯数逐渐增大过程中(We=79),图12(b)展示了水滴的“饼状”反弹模式,水滴发生完全反弹,其表面能不足以维持其界面形状,导致水滴变形;图12(c)为高韦伯数(We=344)下水滴的飞溅行为,此时水滴惯性力作用占据主导,水滴由反弹模式演化为飞溅模式,行星水滴的产生导致系统能量耗散,水滴动能到压电梁应变能的转换效率降低.尽管如此,高韦伯数冲击条件下的水滴飞溅模式,是雨滴能量俘获过程中的重要冲击机制,可获得较大的输出电压.
结构参数是影响压电悬臂梁发电能力的重要因素,若悬臂梁刚度较大,则水滴微弱冲击力导致的末端变形很小,最终导致峰值电压及输出总电能的降低;若悬臂梁刚度很小,则呈现柔性悬臂梁特性,水滴冲击作用下悬臂梁产生的轴向应变会非常小,导致电学响应十分微弱.将峰值电压和总电能作为评价指标,分析其受到单个水滴冲击作用后的电学输出特性.水滴冲击激励下的悬臂梁振动过程中,PVDF压电层较柔软,其厚度及面积主要影响输出电能密度,而PET基础层弹性模量较大,其结构尺寸则主要影响结构的整体刚度.
为分析悬臂梁结构参数对其力电耦合行为的影响,基于多因素正交试验设计方法,研究压电层厚度hP、基础层厚度hM、悬臂梁长度L和宽度b对压电梁电学响应的影响.采用相同的冲击参数对压电悬臂梁进行测试,以峰值电压Vp和输出总电能E0作为指标参数,进行混合水平正交实验设计,设计了L18(36×61)的正交试验,各因素水平及实验结果分别如表2表3所示.其中,对PVDF厚度采用拟水平设计,通过对压电梁振动时间内测得的开路电压进行积分计算得到总电能
式中,ts为压电悬臂梁受到水滴冲击后的自由振动时间直至达到其平衡位置,电压也随之衰减为零.
表3中括号内数值对应总电能的极差分析结果,结果显示,除PET基础层厚度以外,其它三方面因素对两种指标参数的影响程度不同,这是由于峰值电压主要与悬臂梁的最大变形程度有关,而输出总电能还与悬臂梁振动周期T0=2π/ω0有关,受悬臂梁刚度的影响,振动周期越大,俘获的电能越多.由于PVDF和PET两种材料的刚度差异很大,对于小尺寸压电悬臂梁,其刚度主要由PET基础层决定.因此,PET基础层的厚度hM是影响悬臂梁峰值电压和输出总电能的最重要的因素.表3结果显示,当PET层厚度hM从0.05~0.30 mm变化时,峰值电压和输出总电能并不是随hM单调变化的,换言之,对于某一悬臂梁结构参数方案,PET层厚度存在一个最优值,使悬臂梁力电耦合性能达到最佳.
考虑PVDF材料的发电效率,将电能密度作为评价指标,由于PVDF压电层厚度均匀一致,计算电能密度时只考虑单位面积的发电量,可表示为
图13给出了直径为4.4 mm水滴以1.0 m/s速度冲击不同长度悬臂梁(b=16 mm,hP=28 μm,hM=0.15 mm)时悬臂梁输出总电能E0和电能密度dE的计算结果.由图可知,随悬臂梁长度的增加,抗弯刚度逐渐减小,悬臂梁输出总电能逐渐增大;但电能密度则呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在悬臂梁长度L=35 mm时达到最大.当水滴以1.0 m/s速度冲击压电梁时,该冲击的能量主要集中在低频,与压电梁的第一阶固有频率相耦合,激发了第一阶固有振动,能量密度达到峰值.
本文建立了水滴冲击压电悬臂梁的力电耦合数值模型,并进行了水滴冲击实验,验证了模型的准确性,分析了压电悬臂梁在水滴冲击作用下的输出性能,为后续的结构参数优化奠定理论基础.主要结论如下
(1)通过对水滴下落过程的运动分析,求解得到水滴冲击速度的表达式,并根据冲量定理和完全非弹性碰撞假设,建立了水滴冲击力模型,根据水滴下落高度H和水滴直径Dd,可以准确模拟水滴对压电悬臂梁的激励作用.
(2)利用欧拉-伯努利梁理论建立了压电悬臂梁分布式参数动力学模型,建立了水滴冲击压电悬臂梁的力电耦合预测模型.由模型计算结果可知,悬臂梁末端最大变形与峰值电压之间呈线性关系;随悬臂梁长度的增大,系统固有频率逐渐降低,输出电压逐渐增大.
(3)进行了水滴冲击实验,测试不同冲击工况下(冲击速度Vd=1.0~3.4 m/s,水滴直径Dd=2.4~4.4 mm)压电梁响应特性,通过对比输出电压和悬臂梁末端位移曲线,验证了本文建立的力电耦合预测模型的准确性和适用性.
(4)基于多因素正交试验设计方法,设计了L18(36×61)混合水平正交实验,结果显示,对于小尺寸PVDF悬臂梁,PET基础层厚度hM是影响输出峰值电压和总电能的重要因素,也决定了悬臂梁整体刚度,且峰值电压和输出总电能并不是随hM单调变化的,即存在一个最优值,使悬臂梁力电耦合性能达到最佳.
(5)以压电梁输出总电能和电能密度为指标,计算得到两者随悬臂梁长度的变化规律,结果显示,随悬臂梁长度的增加,抗弯刚度逐渐减小,悬臂梁输出总电能逐渐增大;但电能密度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在悬臂梁长度L=35 mm时达到最大(dE=4.27 mJ/m2).
  • 国家自然科学基金(12472203)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2024QE043)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.017
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(12472203)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2024QE043)
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    青岛大学 机电工程学院,山东 青岛 266071

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郝冠男,博士,讲师.研究方向:振动能量收集,新能源发电.E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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