Article(id=1243220382585565990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774336437126, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774336437126, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774336437125, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336437125, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243220377556595432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='541', pageEnd='810', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774336435926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336648182, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=586, endPage=598, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243220383000802095, articleId=1243220382585565990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, language=EN, title=Impact of Slip Length on the Statistical Properties and Structure of Turbulent Channel Flow, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study systematically investigates the influence of the wall slip length (Ls) on the statistical properties and flow structures of turbulent channel flow. The Navier slip boundary condition is applied at the boundary of turbulent channel flow, and direct numerical simulation (DNS) is employed to numerically explore the evolution of turbulence for Ls ranging from 0 (no-slip) to 0.1. The results reveal that as Ls increases, the viscous damping effect at the wall is substantially reduced, resulting in an overall elevation of the mean velocity profile. Within the viscous sublayer, the mean velocity increment exhibits a linear relationship with Ls, satisfying the relation . In the near-wall region, the turbulence fluctuation intensity demonstrates an enhanced dependence on Ls, with the intensification of Q2 (ejection) events leading to an elevated Reynolds stress peak that shifts closer to the wall. Analysis of wall-attached low-speed streaks indicates that, for a dimensionless wall-normal structure scale , both their number and volume increase significantly with rising Ls. Furthermore, it is found that the effects of the wall slip condition are confined to the near-wall region, while the outer inertia-dominated region continues to follow the scaling laws of no-slip wall turbulence.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yahao LIU, Quan ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243220419990369147, articleId=1243220382585565990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, language=CN, title=滑移长度对槽道湍流统计特性及结构的影响, columnId=0, journalTitle=力学季刊, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文系统研究了无量纲壁面滑移长度(Ls)对槽道湍流流动的统计特性和流动结构的影响.在槽道湍流边界上引入Navier滑移边界条件,采用直接数值模拟方法对Ls在0(无滑移)至0.1区间内的湍流生成及演化规律进行数值研究.结果表明:随着Ls增大,壁面黏性抑制作用显著减弱,导致平均速度剖面整体抬升,其在黏性子层内的平均速度增量与Ls呈线性关系,满足;近壁区湍流脉动强度呈现Ls依赖性增强趋势,Q2(喷射)事件的强化使得雷诺应力峰值升高并向壁面靠近.壁面低速条带分析表明:当无量纲法向结构尺度时,其数量与体积均随Ls增加而显著增大.最终壁面滑移条件的影响局限于壁面附近,而外层惯性主导区仍遵循无滑移壁湍流的标度规律.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周全,教授,博士.研究方向:湍流、热对流.E-mail:
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刘亚昊,硕士生.研究方向:湍流、计算流体力学.E-mail:

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刘亚昊,硕士生.研究方向:湍流、计算流体力学.E-mail:

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Parameters of the computational domain

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LsLx/hLz/hNxNy
07.03.51801800.083.12
0.027.03.51801800.083.12
0.047.03.51801800.083.12
0.067.03.51801800.083.12
0.087.03.51801800.083.12
0.17.03.51801800.083.12
), ArticleFig(id=1243220426348934113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382585565990, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算域参数

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LsLx/hLz/hNxNy
07.03.51801800.083.12
0.027.03.51801800.083.12
0.047.03.51801800.083.12
0.067.03.51801800.083.12
0.087.03.51801800.083.12
0.17.03.51801800.083.12
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滑移长度对槽道湍流统计特性及结构的影响
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刘亚昊 , 周全
力学季刊 | 2025,46(3): 586-598
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力学季刊 | 2025, 46(3): 586-598
滑移长度对槽道湍流统计特性及结构的影响
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刘亚昊 , 周全
作者信息
  • 上海大学 力学与工程科学学院,上海市应用数学和力学研究所,上海 200072
  • 刘亚昊,硕士生.研究方向:湍流、计算流体力学.E-mail:

通讯作者:

周全,教授,博士.研究方向:湍流、热对流.E-mail:
Impact of Slip Length on the Statistical Properties and Structure of Turbulent Channel Flow
Yahao LIU , Quan ZHOU
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.003
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本文系统研究了无量纲壁面滑移长度(Ls)对槽道湍流流动的统计特性和流动结构的影响.在槽道湍流边界上引入Navier滑移边界条件,采用直接数值模拟方法对Ls在0(无滑移)至0.1区间内的湍流生成及演化规律进行数值研究.结果表明:随着Ls增大,壁面黏性抑制作用显著减弱,导致平均速度剖面整体抬升,其在黏性子层内的平均速度增量与Ls呈线性关系,满足;近壁区湍流脉动强度呈现Ls依赖性增强趋势,Q2(喷射)事件的强化使得雷诺应力峰值升高并向壁面靠近.壁面低速条带分析表明:当无量纲法向结构尺度时,其数量与体积均随Ls增加而显著增大.最终壁面滑移条件的影响局限于壁面附近,而外层惯性主导区仍遵循无滑移壁湍流的标度规律.

湍流槽道流动  /  滑移边界  /  能量输运  /  湍流结构

This study systematically investigates the influence of the wall slip length (Ls) on the statistical properties and flow structures of turbulent channel flow. The Navier slip boundary condition is applied at the boundary of turbulent channel flow, and direct numerical simulation (DNS) is employed to numerically explore the evolution of turbulence for Ls ranging from 0 (no-slip) to 0.1. The results reveal that as Ls increases, the viscous damping effect at the wall is substantially reduced, resulting in an overall elevation of the mean velocity profile. Within the viscous sublayer, the mean velocity increment exhibits a linear relationship with Ls, satisfying the relation . In the near-wall region, the turbulence fluctuation intensity demonstrates an enhanced dependence on Ls, with the intensification of Q2 (ejection) events leading to an elevated Reynolds stress peak that shifts closer to the wall. Analysis of wall-attached low-speed streaks indicates that, for a dimensionless wall-normal structure scale , both their number and volume increase significantly with rising Ls. Furthermore, it is found that the effects of the wall slip condition are confined to the near-wall region, while the outer inertia-dominated region continues to follow the scaling laws of no-slip wall turbulence.

turbulent channel flow  /  slip boundary conditions  /  energy transport  /  turbulent structures
刘亚昊, 周全. 滑移长度对槽道湍流统计特性及结构的影响. 力学季刊, 2025 , 46 (3) : 586 -598 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.003
Yahao LIU, Quan ZHOU. Impact of Slip Length on the Statistical Properties and Structure of Turbulent Channel Flow[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 586 -598 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.003
在壁湍流研究中,壁面边界条件对统计特性与流动结构具有重要作用[1-2].传统流体力学理论普遍采用无滑移边界条件[3],即假设流体在固体壁面处速度为零.然而,这一假设在微尺度流动、界面工程与先进表面技术中正面临挑战[4-5].尤其是近年来,随着微纳制造与表面修饰技术的发展,诸如超疏水表面、液体浸润表面和微纹理壁面等新型材料[6-7]的出现,使得壁面具备滑移特性,导致流体在接触壁面时呈现出非零切向速度.滑移边界条件的引入不仅拓展了传统湍流理论的适用范围,也为摩阻控制、能耗优化等应用提供了新的可能性[8-9]
带有滑移边界条件的槽道湍流是研究滑移效应对湍流行为影响的经典模型之一[10].该模型保持流体系统几何与驱动方式的简洁性,便于控制滑移强度与湍流特征之间的对应关系[11-12].在理论分析、直接数值模拟及湍流建模中,滑移槽道模型广泛用于研究滑移对速度分布、涡结构、自维持机制等关键物理量的影响.此外,滑移槽道湍流模型还可作为理想化框架,描述多种实际工程问题中发生滑移现象的流动过程.例如,在超疏水涂层作用下的管道或船体流动,微尺度器件中的流体输运等[13-15]
为了探究壁面滑移效应在槽道流动中的影响,许多学者开展了相关研究.Min和Kim[11]在摩擦雷诺数180的槽道湍流中引入壁面滑移边界条件,发现壁面流向滑移通过削弱流向涡度实现减阻,而展向滑移却因加剧顺流涡度导致阻力增加,凸显了滑移方向各向异性对湍流调控的复杂作用.Martell等[16]通过非均匀壁面条件下的研究,证实壁面滑移对近壁流动的影响范围受限于壁面单元特征间距.Jelly等[17]发现滑移边界条件导致缓冲层旋涡结构的衰减与第二、四象限事件的减少密切相关,表明近壁结构调控对减阻的关键作用.Yoon等[18]通过对比流向滑移与无滑移边界条件下湍流大尺度运动(Large-Scale Motions,LSMs)的时空演化特征,揭示了大尺度负LSMs通过扩大空间尺度与增强滚涡运动,显著削弱近壁涡量,从而降低摩擦阻力.这些研究揭示了滑移边界条件对近壁自维持湍流实现系统性的调控作用[19-20].Serafini等学者[21]在最近的研究中通过数值模拟分析了具有纵向凹槽的超疏水表面在湍流管流中的减阻效应,发现当凹槽宽度与黏性长度的比值超过50壁面单位时,壁面滑移效应能够有效传递至流体主体区域,显著提升减阻效果.
尽管已有大量研究揭示了壁面滑移条件在槽道湍流中的减阻效果及其对统计特性的影响,但现有工作多数仅聚焦于特定滑移长度条件或不同减阻策略下的表现,而滑移长度Ls的变化对能量输运和流动结构的影响尚未得到充分的解析.当滑移长度与流动几何的特征尺度相当时,可显著降低壁面摩擦阻力[22-24].近年来,在实际工程与微尺度流动系统中,具有较长滑移长度的界面类型正日益增多,这为通过界面调控实现阻力控制提供了新的可能性.以超疏水表面为例,通过增大表面微纳结构之间的间距或提升气-液界面在整体投影面积中的比例,滑移长度可以进一步增加,从而显著增强滑移效应.因此,进一步研究不同滑移长度对湍流流动的影响,有助于推动超疏水表面减阻技术在船舶、航空器、微尺度器件等领域的应用.本研究采用直接数值模拟方法,系统构建在恒定压力梯度驱动下的槽道湍流中Ls影响槽道湍流的分析框架,重点揭示不同的滑移长度对能量输运的演变规律及流动结构的影响机制.
图1所示,我们采用壁面滑移边界条件的槽道湍流模型,研究壁面滑移长度对壁湍流结构演化和统计特性的影响.系统坐标系定义如下:流向为x轴,壁面法向为y轴,展向为z轴.计算域尺寸取为Lx×Ly×Lz=723.5hh为槽道半高).槽道内流动由流向的恒定压力梯度dP/dx驱动,其控制方程为不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程组
式中,U=(UVW)为瞬时速度矢量,p为动压力,ν为运动粘度,ρ为流体密度,ex为流向单位矢量.
边界条件设置如下:在流向和展向方向上,采用周期性边界条件;在上下壁面处,法向速度V满足无穿透条件V|wall=0,对于滑移情况,流向和展向速度UslipWslip采用滑移边界条件[25]
其中,ls对应为滑移长度.对应应力边界条件为壁面切应力,与平均压力梯度的关系为:- dP/dx=τw/h
选取壁面摩擦速度,槽道半高hh/uτ分别为特征速度,特征长度,特征时间,对控制方程(1)和(2),以及边界条件(3)和(4)进行无量纲化,得到摩擦雷诺数与无量纲滑移长度
其中,由uττwUslip的关系可得,代入ReτLs后可得Uslip=LsReτν/h
图1(b)~(d)展示了不同滑移长度(Ls=0,0.02,0.1)下的流向滑移边界条件示意图.壁面滑移速度Uslip由滑移长度Ls控制,在恒定压力梯度驱动下,∂U/∂y|wall为常数,由流向滑移边界条件可得,UslipLs增大而增大,整个速度剖面随之增加.Navier滑移边界条件与自由界面(free interface)存在本质区别,自由界面在边界具有无剪切应力特点∂U/∂y|interface=0,允许流体在边界上自由滑移,不受切向阻力的约束,用于描述流体与流体的交界面.Navier滑移边界条件则用于描述壁面部分滑移的情形,具有一定的阻尼效应,阻尼大小与滑移长度密切相关,Ls越小,阻尼越大;Ls趋于无穷大时,接近完全滑移.
数值模拟采用有限差分方法,该代码已在先前的研究中得到广泛验证[26-29].空间离散采用基于交错网格的二阶中心差分格式,对流项亦采用二阶中心差分处理,时间推进上采用三阶Runge-Kutta显式处理瞬态项,Crank-Nicolson隐式处理黏性项,时间步长动态调整满足Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)条件[30-31]压力泊松方程利用快速傅里叶变换在谱空间求解[32-33]
研究中固定Reτ=180并模拟计算了不同Ls的滑移槽道湍流的问题,其中Ls在0(对应无滑移槽道)至0.1范围内变化.网格设置为180×180×180,以满足湍流自维持及大尺度涡结构的发展需求.由于计算对网格精度、分辨率的要求较高,针对壁湍流流动特性,法向(y)在壁面位置采用加密的非均匀网格,流向(x)和展向(z)采用均匀网格,Δy+的范围为0.08~3.12,网格分辨率满足解析湍流最小尺度(Kolmogorov尺度)的流动结构.计算域与网格参数详见表1,其中标有上标“+”的物理量表示基于壁面单位(uτν)的无量纲量.湍流统计量的计算在系统达到准稳态(tuτ/h>50)后开始,累积使用tuτ/h=200的湍流特征时间尺度数据,空间平均在均匀方向(xz)实施.
为验证数值模拟结果的准确性,选取Ls=0和Ls=0.02作为基准工况,并将计算结果与Min等学者[11]和Du等学者[34]的经典数值结果进行了对比,如图2所示,无量纲化平均速度剖面和无量纲化脉动速度均方根随壁法向坐标y+的分布特征均与文献[1134]结果呈现高度一致性,表明了本研究中所使用的程序在滑移槽道湍流模拟中具有很好的准确性和可靠性.
为了研究不同Ls对槽道湍流的平均流特征的影响,重点分析了平均速度剖面和壁面剪切应力随Ls的变化趋势.图3(a)展示了无量纲平均流向速度随壁法向坐标y+的分布,结果表明随着Ls增大,剖面整体向上偏移,表明在滑移边界条件下中心区流动速度显著增强,获得减阻效果[35].值得注意的是,黏性子层内的速度增量要大于在外区的速度增量,这种速度分布的非均匀性源于壁面流向与展向滑移的耦合效应.图3(b)中展示了黏性子层内速度增量Ls的变化,其中Ls=0下的无量纲平均速度.结果表明,在黏性子层内,Ls增大呈线性增长趋势,平均流速度增量满足,因此,平均流速度在黏性子层内满足,Li等[36]的数值结果(Reτ=150)也报道了相同的线性关系.图4为不同Lsy+<5的流向平均速度剖面及黏性子层内的理想线性关系,结果表明,随着Ls增大,实际速度剖面逐渐偏离黏性子层内的理想线性关系,反映出黏性子层厚度的减小.
壁法向总剪切应力τtotal控制着槽道湍流流动中的动量传递机制.图5(a)展示了无量纲总剪切应力随壁法向距离y+的分布,不同的Ls下,总剪切应力未出现明显的变化.基于雷诺平均动量平衡,τtotal可分解为黏性剪切应力和雷诺剪切应力
其中,表征由平均速度梯度引起黏性动量输运,描述湍流脉动导致的动量通量,uv为流向和法向脉动速度分量.图5(b)为无量纲黏性剪切应力和雷诺剪切应力随y+的分布,表现出与无滑移情况下的显著偏差.在壁面附近,所有工况下均呈现,与黏性效应主导的动量平衡相符.然而,随着y+增大,在近壁区域的衰减速率随Ls增大而加剧,抑制了缓冲层(5<y+<30)内的黏性应力产生.与黏性抑制的趋势相反,雷诺剪切应力的峰值随Ls增大而增大,且其峰值位置向壁面移动.剪切应力分布的变化说明Ls的增大引起了壁面附近的湍流强度的增强.在对数律区域及外区(y+>30),的曲线在不同Ls下重合.
为进一步研究Ls对湍流脉动特性的影响,我们分析了不同Ls条件下,不同壁面法向位置处的以u0,rms归一化的流向脉动速度u的概率密度分布函数(Probability Density Function,PDF),其中为无滑移边界条件下的流向脉动速度u0的均方根.结果表明:在近壁位置的y+ ≈ 5处(如图6(a)所示),当Ls=0时,u的PDF峰值位于u<0区域,且脉动速度幅度较小,表示该区域流动结构主要以低速条带为主.随着Ls的增大,PDF的形态呈现出显著的变化,低速条带的主导地位减弱,PDF的峰值下降,u的分布范围逐渐增大,极端脉动速度出现的概率增加,并且趋于对称分布.这一现象表明高脉动事件的发生概率随Ls的增加而提升.在对数区y+ ≈ 75(如图6(b)所示),不同Ls条件下的PDF分布表现出较高的一致性,此时PDF的峰值均位于u>0的区域,Ls的变化对该区域的湍流脉动影响较小.
为了深入分析不同的Ls对高脉动流向速度的影响,我们提取出了近壁区域的高脉动事件(|u|>3u0,rms,如图7所示),图7(a)~(c)分别展示了Ls=0,Ls=0.02及Ls=0.1时高脉动事件的分布.当Ls=0时,近壁区的高脉动事件占比极低,随着Ls的增加,高脉动结构显著增多,且正脉动与负脉动区域开始变得更加平衡.表明近壁区脉动的强度随Ls增大而增强.该趋势与图6(a)u的PDF分布范围逐渐增大的特征一致.
湍流脉动的分析结果表明:近壁区域的湍流强度随Ls增大而增强,而湍流强度的增强可以通过湍动能(Turbulence Kinetic Energy,TKE)加以表征.为进一步研究其潜在机制,我们考虑TKE的输运方程
其中,表示平均湍动能,为湍动能的产生项,为黏性耗散项,其中u=(uvw),为扩散项.
图8(a)展示了TKE随y+的分布,结果显示Ls对近壁湍动能有显著影响,特别当y+<10时,Ls增大导致TKE显著增强,且峰值向壁面位置偏移.
图8(b)~(d)系统地比较了在不同LsLs=0,0.02,0.1)下TKE输运方程中产生项Pk、耗散项εk和扩散项Dk沿y+的分布.Ls=0时,产生项在缓冲区是主要的贡献项,在y+≈ 12处达到峰值.随着Ls的增大,产生项的峰值增大且逐渐向壁面移动.当Ls=0时,εk在近壁区域达到最大值,而随着Ls的增大,近壁εk显著减小,反映了Ls增大而导致了黏性作用的减弱.相应地,由于式(7)的稳态平衡,Dk随着Ls增大相应地在近壁区域降低.图9展示了不同y+y+≈ 1,75)下产生项Pk、耗散项εk和扩散项DkLs的变化趋势,结果表明Ls对湍动能输运的影响主要集中在近壁区域,Ls的增大导致εkDk减小及Pk的增大,远离壁面的区域则对Ls变化不敏感.
以上结果表明:随着Ls的增大,近壁区域的湍动能平衡更多地依赖局部的生成与耗散过程,湍流扩散作用遭到了削弱.这一再分配机制进一步导致了近壁区域TKE的增强.
雷诺剪切应力τReynolds作为动量输运的核心载体,其演化机制直接关联流动阻力的重分布机制.图5(b)中显示随着Ls增大,的峰值增强并向壁面移动.图10分析了雷诺剪切应力的象限事件(Q1~Q4).结果表明:当Ls=0时,Q2(喷射:u<0,v>0)和Q4(扫掠:u>0,v<0)主导了雷诺剪切应力的贡献(>80%),符合经典壁湍流特征[37-38].随着Ls的增大,在近壁区域Q2事件的贡献提高而Q4事件的贡献下降.说明Ls的增加增强了近壁区域低速流体喷射,削弱了高速扫掠的作用.
通过使用可变间隔空间平均[38-39](Variable-Interval Space Averaging)的方法提取了不同Ls下较强的Q2事件(u<0,v>0,)(图11)发现,随着Ls的增大,Q2事件在近壁区域携带有更多的动量,不仅提升湍流输运效率,还使雷诺剪切应力的峰值更靠近壁面.
为了研究雷诺剪切应力的演化,考虑其输运方程,该方程由雷诺平均动量和脉动速度方程导出[40]
其中,为产生项,为耗散项,为湍流输运项,为压力-应变项,为黏性扩散项.
图12(a)~(e)展示了不同Ls下雷诺剪切应力输运项的分布,在近壁区域,随着Ls增大,壁面位置的耗散与扩散项同步增大,这些输运项的峰值位置向壁面位置移动.随着Ls的增大也表现出显著的非线性特征,尤其是Ls=0到Ls=0.02的变化,体现了滑移条件下与无滑移条件的显著差异.同时也反映出近壁区域的动量输运被增强,与雷诺应力曲线随Ls变化趋势一致.
低速条带作为近壁湍流拟序结构的核心组分,其演化过程与Q2事件存在密切的动力学关联,基于湍流自维持理论[41],低速条带在黏性底层的发展通过流向涡诱导的抬升效应触发Q2事件,而Q2事件的动量输运又会反作用于条纹结构的失稳与再生,这种非线性相互作用构成了近壁湍流自维持的关键机制.为深入解析Ls对湍流再生循环的调制,本节聚焦于不同Ls对低速条带特性的影响.采用聚类连通算法[42-43]识别瞬态流场中的壁面附着低速条带,即满足速度条件uxt)<- αurmsy)且最小壁距的连通区域.阈值参数α通过图13中的渗流分析确定,其中xt分别表示空间坐标和时间.为量化低速条带的统计特征,将其总数N和总体积V分别以各自的最大观测值NmaxVmax进行归一化处理.随着α减小,新的条纹出现或相邻条纹合并,导致这两种效应之间的竞争.结果显示在不同的Ls下,N/Nmaxα=1.5处均达到峰值,表明新条纹的形成在α>1.5时占主导地位,而条纹合并在α<1.5时占主导地位.同时,V/Vmax随着α减小而增加,在1.3<α<1.7范围内变化剧烈,表明发生了渗透转变.基于此,选择α=1.5用于壁面附着低速条带的识别.每个低速条带通过在笛卡尔坐标中给定节点的六正交网格的连通性来进行检测[44-45],同时根据所提取结构的外接正方体的高度,定义结构在法向上的无量纲长度
壁面附着低速条带的分布和动量输运特征对Ls有着强烈的依赖性.随着Ls增加,近壁区域低速条带的数量密度和体积随无量纲高度的分布如图14所示.其中,na表示壁面附着低速条带数量随其的变化函数,而低速条带的数量密度na定义为每单位壁面平行面积内的结构数量,即,体积分数定义为计算域单位体积内的体积占比,即,其中Axzδ表征计算域体积.结果表明,na呈幂律衰减,近似为,当时观测到随着Ls增大,数量密度的显著增多,Ls的增加促进了小尺度低速条带的形成.低速条带体积与其高度在中等尺度时也呈线性关系,即.当时,随着Ls增大,低速条带的体积显著增大,表明Ls的增加不仅促进了低速条带的生成,同时也可以使它们能够维持更大的空间尺度.图15进一步展示了的低速条带的总数量密度与体积Ls的变化,结果表明,对于的低速条带的总数量密度与体积随Ls增大而增大,而的低速条带的总数量密度与体积则几乎不随Ls变化而变化.在图16中显示了瞬时场中的壁面附着低速条带的三维结构,随着Ls增大,壁面附近的小尺度低速条带呈现数量与体积的同步增长,而较大的结构伴随Ls增长并未出现显著的变化.
本文通过对Reτ=180、Ls在0~0.1范围内的滑移边界槽道湍流进行直接数值模拟,对比分析了Ls对槽道湍流的能量输运和湍流结构的影响.得到的主要结论如下
(1)随着Ls的增大,流向平均速度整体增加,其增加量在黏性子层内与Ls呈线性关系.同时,壁面总剪切应力中黏性分量随Ls增大占比下降.
(2)湍流脉动强度在近壁区域随着Ls增大而增强,湍流活动更加局部化,导致湍动能和雷诺剪切应力的增强且峰值向壁面位置移动,同时促进小尺度壁面附着低速条带的生成与演化,进而主导近壁动量输运与能量再分配过程.
(3)在本文所研究的Ls范围内,Ls对于对数区以外的湍流统计特性及流动结构的影响较小,Ls的影响主要作用于近壁黏性子层及缓冲层区域.
  • 国家自然科学基金(12588201; 12432011)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.003
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
基金
国家自然科学基金(12588201; 12432011)
作者信息
    上海大学 力学与工程科学学院,上海市应用数学和力学研究所,上海 200072

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周全,教授,博士.研究方向:湍流、热对流.E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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