Article(id=1243220382174524194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745769600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774336437028, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774336437028, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774336437028, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336437028, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243220377556595432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='541', pageEnd='810', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774336435926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336648182, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=614, endPage=630, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243220382921110315, articleId=1243220382174524194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, language=EN, title=Fracture Mechanism Evaluation of UHPC-NC Interface Based on Multiscale Interface Bond Characterization and Numerical Simulation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To elucidate the complex bonding and fracture mechanisms at the interface between Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) and Normal Concrete (NC), this study systematically investigates how interfacial roughness and mesoscale structural characteristics influence interface mechanical performance. Four interface treatments (i.e., smooth surface, high-pressure water jetting, sandblasting, and chiseling) were comparatively analyzed through direct tension and shear tests, complemented by quantitative surface roughness characterization using laser scanning. Furthermore, X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) facilitated the three-dimensional reconstruction of UHPC-NC mesoscale structures, enabling advanced segmentation of pores, fibers, and other structural phases via deep learning algorithms. Multi-scale finite element modeling based on X-CT data simulated the damage evolution and crack propagation at the interface. Results indicate that chiseling significantly increased interfacial roughness, yielding substantial improvements in direct tensile and shear bond strengths by 123% and 126%, respectively, relative to the smooth surface. X-CT analysis revealed a distinct hydration transition zone at the interface, significantly influencing chemical bonding and exhibiting notably lower porosity compared to the NC matrix. Steel fibers from UHPC penetrated into the NC substrate, creating enhanced mechanical interlocking effects. Numerical simulations demonstrated that interface failure mechanisms are jointly governed by tensile failure within the NC substrate and crack propagation through the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), consistent with experimental observations of mixed-mode fractures. Overall, enhanced interfacial roughness improved bonding strength through both mechanical interlocking and chemical adhesion, while mesoscale structural defects critically influenced crack development pathways. The proposed multi-scale analytical approach provides comprehensive methodological support for optimizing the design and rehabilitation of concrete interfaces in engineering practice.

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针对超高性能混凝土(Ultra-High Performance Concrete,UHPC)与普通混凝土(Normal Concrete,NC)界面粘结性能与断裂行为的复杂机制,为了揭示界面粗糙度与介观结构特征对界面力学性能的影响规律,本文通过界面直接拉伸与直接剪切试验对比光滑、高压水枪、喷砂和凿毛四种界面处理方法的粘结强度,结合激光扫描定量表征界面粗糙度;利用X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)重构UHPC-NC三维介观结构,采用深度学习算法分割孔隙、纤维等特征;建立基于X-CT数据的多尺度有限元模型,模拟界面损伤演化与裂纹扩展过程.结果显示,凿毛处理界面粗糙度最高,其直接抗拉与直接抗剪强度分别较光滑界面提升123%和126%;X-CT显示界面存在水化过渡区,其影响着界面化学粘结力,且孔隙率较NC基体显著降低,钢纤维向NC基体渗透形成机械咬合;有限元模拟表明界面失效由NC基体拉伸破坏与界面过渡区(Interfacial Transition Zone,ITZ)裂纹扩展共同主导,混合破坏模式预测结果与试验观察一致.界面粗糙度通过增强机械咬合与化学键合提升粘结强度,介观结构缺陷调控裂纹扩展路径,研究成果为混凝土界面优化设计与修复工程提供了多尺度分析方法支撑.

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乔丕忠,教授,博士.研究方向:智能与复合材料,混凝土材料与结构.E-mail:
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王洋辰,硕士生.研究方向:混凝土多尺度与温控模拟.E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220406547624447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Comparison of simulated failure mode and actually observed crack-Type A failure, figureFileSmall=hXQaL6CP+1U+5nd14ky4aw==, figureFileBig=/jYuBbsJ/IpYef/Mtwc4zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220406748951042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=CN, label=图18, caption=仿真破坏模式与实际观察裂纹的对比- A类破坏, figureFileSmall=hXQaL6CP+1U+5nd14ky4aw==, figureFileBig=/jYuBbsJ/IpYef/Mtwc4zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220406895751688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Comparison of simulated failure mode and actually observed crack-Type B failure, figureFileSmall=oTLPdrHChEMqW4/EDNfkOw==, figureFileBig=fdau+qifVc/gYRLLNdPRSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220407017386509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=CN, label=图19, caption=仿真破坏模式与实际观察裂纹的对比-B类破坏, figureFileSmall=oTLPdrHChEMqW4/EDNfkOw==, figureFileBig=fdau+qifVc/gYRLLNdPRSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220407109661199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mix proportions of UHPC and NC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialsNC/(kg·m-3)UHPC/(kg·m-3)
Cement420890
Water185187.40
River sand573935
Silica fume-157
Steel fiber-156
Water reducer1.2610.47
), ArticleFig(id=1243220407197741587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

UHPC和NC的配合比设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialsNC/(kg·m-3)UHPC/(kg·m-3)
Cement420890
Water185187.40
River sand573935
Silica fume-157
Steel fiber-156
Water reducer1.2610.47
), ArticleFig(id=1243220407369708055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Constitutive parameters of UHPC-NC interfacial cohesive zone model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Constitutive parametersSmoothWater jetSand blastingChiseling
Normal cohesive stiffness-Kn/(N·mm-3)5.2174.9494.0005.493
Tangential cohesive stiffness-Ks and Kt/(N·mm-3)5.5565.3784.3325.670
Maximum separation stress/MPa1.7382.5963.2653.934
Total/plastic displacement/mm0.330.500.780.70
Stabilization0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1243220407524897306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

UHPC-NC界面内聚力模型本构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Constitutive parametersSmoothWater jetSand blastingChiseling
Normal cohesive stiffness-Kn/(N·mm-3)5.2174.9494.0005.493
Tangential cohesive stiffness-Ks and Kt/(N·mm-3)5.5565.3784.3325.670
Maximum separation stress/MPa1.7382.5963.2653.934
Total/plastic displacement/mm0.330.500.780.70
Stabilization0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1243220407730418207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Interfacial tensile and shear strength results under different treatment methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatment methodMean axial tensile strength/MPaP-value of direct tensile test results/%Mean interfacial shear strength/MPa
Smooth1.51385.201.738
Water jet1.83187.452.596
Sand blasting2.103-3.265
Chiseling3.24166.203.934
), ArticleFig(id=1243220407822692900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220382174524194, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同界面处理方法的直接拉伸和直接剪切试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatment methodMean axial tensile strength/MPaP-value of direct tensile test results/%Mean interfacial shear strength/MPa
Smooth1.51385.201.738
Water jet1.83187.452.596
Sand blasting2.103-3.265
Chiseling3.24166.203.934
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基于UHPC-NC界面粘结性能多尺度表征与模拟的断裂机制研究
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王洋辰 1 , 王久祎 1 , 王艳芝 2 , 乔丕忠 1 , 聂柯夫 1, 3 , 贾磊 4
力学季刊 | 2025,46(3): 614-630
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力学季刊 | 2025, 46(3): 614-630
基于UHPC-NC界面粘结性能多尺度表征与模拟的断裂机制研究
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王洋辰1 , 王久祎1, 王艳芝2, 乔丕忠1 , 聂柯夫1, 3, 贾磊4
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 2.北京交通大学 土木工程学院,北京 100044
  • 3.中国铁路上海局集团有限公司 杭州铁路枢纽工程建设指挥部,浙江 金华 321002
  • 4.中铁三局集团有限公司,山西 晋中 030600
  • 王洋辰,硕士生.研究方向:混凝土多尺度与温控模拟.E-mail:

通讯作者:

乔丕忠,教授,博士.研究方向:智能与复合材料,混凝土材料与结构.E-mail:
Fracture Mechanism Evaluation of UHPC-NC Interface Based on Multiscale Interface Bond Characterization and Numerical Simulation
Yangchen WANG1 , Jiuyi WANG1, Yanzhi WANG2, Pizhong QIAO1 , Kefu NIE1, 3, Lei JIA4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
  • 3.Hangzhou Railway Hub Project Construction Headquarter, China Railway Shanghai Group Co., Ltd., Jinhua 321002, Zhejiang, China
  • 4.China Railway No.3 Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.005
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针对超高性能混凝土(Ultra-High Performance Concrete,UHPC)与普通混凝土(Normal Concrete,NC)界面粘结性能与断裂行为的复杂机制,为了揭示界面粗糙度与介观结构特征对界面力学性能的影响规律,本文通过界面直接拉伸与直接剪切试验对比光滑、高压水枪、喷砂和凿毛四种界面处理方法的粘结强度,结合激光扫描定量表征界面粗糙度;利用X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)重构UHPC-NC三维介观结构,采用深度学习算法分割孔隙、纤维等特征;建立基于X-CT数据的多尺度有限元模型,模拟界面损伤演化与裂纹扩展过程.结果显示,凿毛处理界面粗糙度最高,其直接抗拉与直接抗剪强度分别较光滑界面提升123%和126%;X-CT显示界面存在水化过渡区,其影响着界面化学粘结力,且孔隙率较NC基体显著降低,钢纤维向NC基体渗透形成机械咬合;有限元模拟表明界面失效由NC基体拉伸破坏与界面过渡区(Interfacial Transition Zone,ITZ)裂纹扩展共同主导,混合破坏模式预测结果与试验观察一致.界面粗糙度通过增强机械咬合与化学键合提升粘结强度,介观结构缺陷调控裂纹扩展路径,研究成果为混凝土界面优化设计与修复工程提供了多尺度分析方法支撑.

超高性能混凝土  /  普通混凝土  /  界面粘结强度  /  X射线计算机断层扫描  /  多尺度有限元分析  /  断裂行为

To elucidate the complex bonding and fracture mechanisms at the interface between Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) and Normal Concrete (NC), this study systematically investigates how interfacial roughness and mesoscale structural characteristics influence interface mechanical performance. Four interface treatments (i.e., smooth surface, high-pressure water jetting, sandblasting, and chiseling) were comparatively analyzed through direct tension and shear tests, complemented by quantitative surface roughness characterization using laser scanning. Furthermore, X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) facilitated the three-dimensional reconstruction of UHPC-NC mesoscale structures, enabling advanced segmentation of pores, fibers, and other structural phases via deep learning algorithms. Multi-scale finite element modeling based on X-CT data simulated the damage evolution and crack propagation at the interface. Results indicate that chiseling significantly increased interfacial roughness, yielding substantial improvements in direct tensile and shear bond strengths by 123% and 126%, respectively, relative to the smooth surface. X-CT analysis revealed a distinct hydration transition zone at the interface, significantly influencing chemical bonding and exhibiting notably lower porosity compared to the NC matrix. Steel fibers from UHPC penetrated into the NC substrate, creating enhanced mechanical interlocking effects. Numerical simulations demonstrated that interface failure mechanisms are jointly governed by tensile failure within the NC substrate and crack propagation through the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), consistent with experimental observations of mixed-mode fractures. Overall, enhanced interfacial roughness improved bonding strength through both mechanical interlocking and chemical adhesion, while mesoscale structural defects critically influenced crack development pathways. The proposed multi-scale analytical approach provides comprehensive methodological support for optimizing the design and rehabilitation of concrete interfaces in engineering practice.

ultra-high performance concrete  /  normal concrete  /  interface bond strength  /  X-ray computed tomography  /  multiscale finite element simulation  /  fracture behavior
王洋辰, 王久祎, 王艳芝, 乔丕忠, 聂柯夫, 贾磊. 基于UHPC-NC界面粘结性能多尺度表征与模拟的断裂机制研究. 力学季刊, 2025 , 46 (3) : 614 -630 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.005
Yangchen WANG, Jiuyi WANG, Yanzhi WANG, Pizhong QIAO, Kefu NIE, Lei JIA. Fracture Mechanism Evaluation of UHPC-NC Interface Based on Multiscale Interface Bond Characterization and Numerical Simulation[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 614 -630 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.005
随着城市化进程加速与基础设施老龄化加剧,传统普通混凝土(Normal Concrete,NC)结构因耐久性不足导致的性能劣化问题日益突出.统计数据显示,我国1930-1970年间建造的铁路隧道中,超过90%存在裂缝问题[1],1950-1980年间房屋倒塌事故近600起[2],而美国超过13万座桥梁因耐久性退化面临承载能力下降的风险[3].此类结构损伤不仅威胁公共安全,更带来高昂的维护成本.传统加固技术(如截面增大法、外包钢加固法)虽被纳入国家标准,但其核心瓶颈在于新旧混凝土界面粘结性能的不可控性——界面失效导致的剥离破坏占比达60%以上[4],严重制约加固结构整体性能.
近年来,超高性能混凝土(Ultra-High Performance Concrete,UHPC)因其卓越的抗压强度(120~230 MPa)、断裂能(20~40 kJ/m2)与耐久性(氯离子扩散系数低至0.02×10-12 m2/s),成为混凝土修复领域的研究热点[5].全球已有30余座桥梁采用UHPC作为主结构材料[6],如加拿大Sherbrooke步行桥(1997年)与中国长沙全预制UHPC桥梁(2016年)[7],验证了其工程适用性.然而,UHPC-NC界面粘结机理尚未完全阐明[8].现有研究主要从界面处理技术、材料配比优化、环境因素影响及数值模型开发等方向展开.例如,电钻凿毛、喷砂、高压水枪等物理粗糙化方法被证明可提升机械咬合力[9],但不同工艺对界面形貌的定量影响缺乏系统对比[10];Cleland等[11]发现界面湿润状态与混凝土浇筑方向显著影响粘结强度,而硅灰掺量[12]、纤维类型[13]等参数对界面化学键合的调控机制仍需深入探讨;大连理工大学研究表明,200~900 ℃高温会导致界面粘结强度下降70%以上[14],但冻融循环[15]等长期环境耦合效应研究仍不充分;Paschalis等[16]采用二维接触单元模拟UHPC-NC界面行为,但未考虑粗糙度引起的应力集中效应,Al-Osta等[17]开发的有限元模型虽引入界面参数,但骨料-基体相互作用过度简化.
尽管上述研究取得一定进展,仍存在关键局限性:其一,界面表征尺度单一,现有工作多聚焦宏观力学性能测试[18],缺乏介观尺度(如孔隙分布、纤维取向)与宏观行为的关联分析.例如,Muñoz等[19]通过劈裂试验评估界面条件影响,但未建立Interface Transition Zone(ITZ)孔隙梯度与失效模式的定量关系;Zhao等[20]虽提出ITZ和粗糙度影响假设,但未通过三维成像技术验证.其二,结构表征技术受限,传统显微镜与二维切片难以捕捉界面过渡区的三维特征,导致孔隙连通性、裂纹扩展路径等关键参数无法精准量化[21].其三,数值模型简化过度,多数模型基于均匀化假设构建界面本构,忽略真实介观结构(如骨料形状、纤维分散度)对裂纹扩展的调控作用[22]
针对上述挑战,本文提出一种多尺度研究方法:通过直接拉伸和直接剪切试验量化四种界面处理方法(光滑、高压水枪、喷砂、凿毛)的粘结强度;采用X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)重构UHPC-NC界面三维结构,利用深度学习算法分割孔隙、纤维等特征;基于真实介观结构建立有限元模型,采用内聚力模型(Cohesive Zone Model,CZM)模拟界面和ITZ的断裂行为,揭示NC基体破坏与界面失效的竞争机制.本研究通过实验-表征-模拟的闭环验证,为混凝土界面性能优化与修复材料设计提供理论支撑.
本文采用的是C40普通混凝土和工业钢纤维掺量2%的超高性能混凝土.普通强度混凝土由P.O. 42.5普通硅酸盐水泥、细度模数介于2.3至2.6的河砂、粒径介于5至20 mm的碎石、实验室自来水和基于聚羧酸的高效减水剂组成.对于超高性能混凝土,其基本构成材料涵盖了P.O. 52.5普通硅酸盐水泥、硅灰和光滑铜镀钢纤维,还加入了适当比例的水以控制水胶比在8%至9%的范围内.具体的配合比见表1.NC和UHPC均在标准养护箱中进行养护.经过力学性能测试,其强度均达到规范标准.
为了研究超高性能混凝土与普通混凝土之间的界面粘结性能,设计了界面直接拉伸和直接剪切试验[23].在直接拉伸试验中,使用了直径为100 mm、高度为200 mm的圆柱形试样,其中UHPC和NC分别占据试样高度的相等部分(每部分100 mm).试样两端使用螺杆锚固,以便进行拉伸加载.在直接剪切试验中,采用边长为150 mm的立方体试样,以确保与剪切试验设备的兼容性.为了防止试验结果的离散性过大出现偶然现象,每组试验制备了6个试件,并且在普通混凝土界面处理过后运用激光扫描仪(中观RigelScan Plus)对界面进行扫描,以方便后续对界面进行粗糙度参数定量分析和计算.
对于UHPC-NC界面粘结强度的直接拉伸和直接剪切试验,根据《GB/T 50081—2019混凝土物理力学性能试验方法标准》[24]中规定的劈裂拉伸试验方法进行试验.图1分别展示了界面的直接拉伸试验和直接剪切试验.该试验程序的计算公式如下所示
其中,ftfτ分别为UHPC-NC混凝土的轴向抗拉强度和界面抗剪强度,精度为0.01 MPa;FtFτ分别为最终的拉伸破坏荷载和剪切破坏荷载(单位:N);A为界面面积,对于直接拉伸试验为π×50 mm×50 mm,对于直接剪切试验为150 mm×150 mm.
不同的界面处理方法可以改变界面的结构特征[25],从而影响界面力的传递和化学键的形成,进而影响界面处的粘结强度[26].本试验一共设计了4种工程中较为常用的界面粗糙化处理方式,分别为光滑、凿毛、喷砂、高压水枪.对于这4种界面处理方式,其具体步骤分别是:(1)光滑:用自来水冲洗掉界面表面的浮浆以及杂质;(2)高压水枪:利用高压水枪冲洗界面至少5分钟,冲洗掉界面上松动以及质量不好的水泥及细骨料,冲洗至界面无水泥或者骨料脱落;(3)喷砂:用连接气泵装有细石英砂的喷砂枪对界面进行喷砂不少于5 min,其本质和高压水枪处理一样,用高速喷出的细石英砂去除界面上质量不好的部分,同时带有轻微的凿毛作用;(4)凿毛:用手持电钻式凿毛机对界面进行凿毛,凿毛深度控制在4 mm左右,用自来水冲洗干净.最终的界面处理效果如图2所示,这里以直接拉伸试验的NC界面为例.
界面粘结强度与界面结构特征密切相关,不同的表面处理方法改变了界面的介观结构,导致界面粗糙度和粘结面积的变化.激光扫描仪能够准确捕捉界面的微小结构特征,生成详细的形态特征并记录全面的点云数据,从而实现精确的粗糙度计算.在本文中,使用了RigelScan手持3D激光扫描仪对界面进行扫描.扫描生成的点云数据随后被导入Geomagic Wrap软件,用于计算表面粗糙度并生成表面形态网格模型.
表面粗糙度主要指材料表面的平滑程度,反映了表面不规则性和起伏的程度,其定义公式如下
其中,Rs为粗糙度,定义为实际表面积St与投影面积S0之比[27]StS0分别对应单元的实际表面积(si,t)和投影表面积(si,0)的总和.这种定义属于一种无量纲参数定义,若表面平坦,则Rs=1;若表面因粗糙度增加而实际面积增大,则Rs>1.一般情况下,通过一定的关系转换,则可以通过表面点云的方式对粗糙度进行准确的计算.对于激光扫描仪捕获得到的界面点云数据,通过其基于表面高度的标准偏差运算,则可以得到描述其物理起伏高度的粗糙度参数,此处单位为毫米.
X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)是一种基于X射线透射与物质相互作用的三维无损成像技术,相较于传统表征手段,X-CT技术无需破坏试样即可实现微观至介观尺度的结构可视化,空间分辨率可达亚微米级,尤其适用于混凝土等多相异质材料的内部缺陷(如孔隙、裂纹)及组分分布(如骨料、纤维)[28]的定量分析.在UHPC-NC介观结构表征中,可利用X-CT精准识别NC水泥砂浆、UHPC基体、粗骨料、钢纤维及孔隙的分布,量化界面过渡区(ITZ)的组分梯度,通过三维体素分析,评估钢纤维在界面区域的取向、分散度及其与基体的结合状态[29]
为了捕获UHPC-NC内部介观结构的三维形貌,需要按照X-CT的要求制备小型样品.试样制备方法是:在完整的UHPC-NC试件养护完毕后,从试样中心的界面附近区域钻孔,以得到UHPC-NC圆柱体样品,其直径为50 mm,高度为60 mm,UHPC和NC从界面处分隔开来,各占一半体积,如图3(a)所示.对于X-CT设备而言,若需要进行高分辨率的扫描测试,为了获得最佳的成像质量,样品的宽度和厚度应尽量越小越好,最好在1 mm左右.然而,对于混凝土领域来说,制备此种尺寸的样品显然不太现实,因为难以完整捕捉较大的组成部分以进行研究,如粗骨料等.尽管本文用于扫描的样本尺寸相对较大,但可通过优化扫描参数以确保最佳的成像条件.
本试验采用上海交通大学分析测试中心的X射线显微镜(Xradia 520 Versa型号),属于高分辨率级别CT,X射线源加速电压可达160 kV,最高空间分辨率可达700 nm,CCD像素为2 048×2 048,可实现各类样品内部微米级的无损三维形貌成像,应用面非常广泛,如图3(b)所示.由于混凝土样品的尺寸较大,因此需要提高X射线源的工作电压,使其激发出较高强度的X射线强度,因此设置为仪器的电压上限,即160 kV,功率则设置为10 W.同时,将光学放大倍数设置为0.4,曝光时间设置为3.5 s.上述参数是本文经过多次试验后的结果,可以综合平衡CT扫描质量和扫描时间成本,每次扫描大约需要两小时即可完成,包括预热扫描和正式扫描阶段.扫描结束后,最终采集得到的CT切片具有1 004×1 024的像素矩阵.再手动去除样品边缘扫描到的空气区域,最后共获得了1 016张高质量的CT图像.
在CT扫描中,体素分辨率(Pixel Size)是一种非常重要的参数,它代表着构成CT扫描图像的基本单元,是设备鉴别高对比度微小细节特征的能力体现.不同体素分辨率也对应着不同的图像视野范围.在调试好CT设备后,本文选取了两个体素分辨率,分别为41.735 μm和13.540 μm,分别对应整个UHPC-NC样品和界面局部处的CT扫描视野范围.
为了处理原始CT扫描切片,本文采用ORS公司开发的三维可视化商业软件Dragonfly进行图像的滤波处理、阈值分割以及三维模型重建等工作.通常,在CT扫描过程中容易产生噪声和伪影有损图像质量,以及图像重建时不同的算法也会影响CT图像的成像效果.因此接下来的步骤是对扫描获得的CT切片进行图像处理,并采用滤波和平滑技术来减少图像噪声.通常,CT扫描对象的尺寸越小,扫描过程中引入的噪声就越少,对于尺寸小于1 cm的对象,通常可以获得最佳的结果.对于尺寸在约50 mm左右的UHPC-NC样本,所得的CT切片显示出一定程度的噪声,这会显著影响图像的质量.尤其在样品边缘处特别明显.因此,首先对样品进行手动裁剪,去除边缘噪声变异的区域,保留内部核心的圆柱形区域,最后得到直径约36 mm、高度约36 mm的UHPC-NC扫描模型.之后,采用了基于3D的中值滤波处理方法,以增强图像清晰度并减少噪声干扰.图4展示了滤波后噪声减少情况下的XY平面和XZ平面的2D横截面图,其中可以清晰观察到粗骨料、纤维、水泥基体以及各种孔隙大小等组分.图5则展示了三维形态下完整的UHPC-NC样品模型.
在获得质量合格的UHPC-NC扫描切片图像后,接下来的主要目的是把图像中不同性质的区域进行分离和提取.在图像分割的方法中,常见的包括阈值分割法、边缘分割法、区域分割法和特定理论分割方法等.目前,大多数研究者通过应用基于阈值的分割方法对CT图像进行处理,因其简单方便且效果较好,被广泛采用.
阈值分割法,是根据灰度值来区分具有不同特性材料的一种方法.观察图4可以看出,由于密实度差异,不同属相的物质在CT图像上表现出不同的灰度值.其中,密实度越大的物质,如钢纤维,灰度值越高,在图像上呈现亮白色.而孔隙、裂缝等物质,内部充斥空气,密实度和灰度值也就更低,在图像上呈现暗黑色.而水泥基体、粗骨料等物质,灰度值介于钢纤维和孔隙之间,则在图像上呈现浅灰色.
为了确定UHPC-NC样品中不同属相物质的灰度值分布,需要进行简单的测试.如图6(a)所示,在CT图像中定义了一条路径,以提取灰度值的变化.灰度值的提取结果如图6(b)所示,其中,最大灰度值为32 957.88,最小灰度值为0(代表空气),平均灰度值为14 104.26.通过利用不同相的灰度值取值,可以相应地设置分割阈值.例如,对于孔隙和裂缝,可以应用小于10 000的灰度阈值;而对于纤维,则可以使用大于25 000的灰度阈值进行识别.
在混凝土介观研究领域,NC的典型分割方法包括识别粗骨料、水泥砂浆、孔隙和界面过渡区(Inter-Facial Transition Zone,ITZ),分割质量取决于CT的分辨率[30].对于UHPC,分割通常包括纤维、水泥基体和孔隙[31].截至目前,尚未有研究同时对UHPC和NC的扫描CT切片进行基于阈值的分割处理,因此出现了较多需要注意的问题.就UHPC-NC而言,本文将其视为孔隙、水泥基体-NC、水泥基体-UHPC、粗骨料、纤维、界面过渡区等多相复合材料.阈值分割的主要目的就是将这些不同相的材料区分开,以便后续的表征和计算工作.由于钢纤维和孔隙的灰度值相较于其它属相物质的差异较大,因此可以较为方便地通过阈值分割的方法将其分割提取出来.如图7所示,通过灰度值阈值的分割并归类于相应的ROI(Region of Interest,感兴趣区域,图像处理中一般指需要特别处理的某个区域),图中呈现绿色的ROI为孔隙,呈现红色的ROI为钢纤维.
通过基于灰度值阈值的分割方法,能够简洁方便地对复杂多相结构进行有效分割,进一步揭示不同材料相之间的界面特征和微观结构.这种分割方法虽然在很多情况下能有效区分不同物质,但也存在一定的局限性,特别是在不同相之间的灰度值接近时,可能在灰度重叠区域存在误判问题.例如,NC区域的水泥砂浆和粗骨料的灰度值在此体素分辨率情况下较为接近,因此阈值分割方法不是很理想,对孔隙和粗骨料的提取都存在过度分割的情况,将灰度较暗的水泥砂浆错误识别成了孔隙,两者之间存在显著的重叠,这使得直接的阈值分割变得不可行.
为了实现更加准确和合理的UHPC与NC区域分割,本文采用了一种基于深度学习模型的分割模型.此模型采用了2D U-Net架构以进行CT图像分割任务,训练数据集包含1 016张标注CT切片,采用深度(Depth Level)为5的架构,初始滤波器数量为64.2D U-Net通过其编码器-解码器结构和跳跃连接,能够有效提取多层次特征并实现像素级分割.编码器逐步提取特征,解码器恢复空间分辨率,结合跳跃连接保留的局部信息,生成精确的分割结果.对于无法准确阈值分割的粗骨料和水泥基体部分,通过手动输入初始ROI并开展深度学习训练,并通过交互式标注与迁移学习优化分割模型,可以很好地完成UHPC-NC的CT图像分割工作,有效解决传统阈值法在灰度重叠区域的误判问题,表现优异,得分为0.993 0.最终的分割结果如图8所示.
完成不同属性物质的精准分割后,识别并归类出七种不同的ROI:NC的粗骨料、水泥砂浆、界面过渡区(ITZ)、孔隙;UHPC的钢纤维、水泥基体、孔隙.至此,对UHPC-NC样品的所有属相的分割提取均已完成,可以分别对它们进行处理分析.随后,可以对这些ROI进行三维模型的重构,并转换为有限元网格的形式进行表示,为进一步的数值分析提供模型基础.经过网格平滑操作后,最终重构的三维网格模型如图9所示,图中展示了UHPC-NC中一些主要的网格结构,包括NC的粗骨料、孔隙以及UHPC的钢纤维网格模型.
上述使用的图像和数据结果都是基于41.735 μm体素分辨率的CT扫描切片进行的,然而,选择此体素分辨率主要是为了适应UHPC-NC样品的较大尺寸,可以观察到样品整体的形态,并提取到大部分的内部介观结构,如粗骨料、纤维等.因此,为了更加深入地观察到界面微米级的介观结构,采用了一种高分辨率的CT扫描方案,即在CT设备进行扫描时,通过设置合适的参数来调节体素分辨率,重点关注UHPC-NC界面处的微观构造,最后得到合适的体素分辨率为13.54 μm.在此分辨率下,CT成像视野受到限制,但可以精准地提取和观察感兴趣的某一区域的结构.
图10展示了UHPC-NC界面处高分辨率扫描情况下的结构,并揭示了多个显著特征.在UHPC浇筑至NC界面后,其在界面处的粗糙形貌及化学渗透区等区域清晰可见.如图10(a)所示,经过界面处理方法后,界面的概念变得不那么明显,界面更接近于存在一定厚度的化学渗透区,其中的水化产物如氢氧化钙(Calcium Hydroxide,CH)和C-S-H凝胶(硅酸钙水合物)都会逐渐渗透到NC中[32],与NC本身的水泥砂浆区域形成一定程度的色差.NC是预制件,UHPC后浇到NC的粗糙界面上,其水化产物侵入到界面乃至NC内部,形成了稳定的化学连接键,这就是UHPC-NC界面的基本粘结强度成因.此外,在UHPC与界面的交接处,如图10(b)所示,可以明显观察到UHPC的水泥基体和界面区域相互交织,NC界面粗糙的形貌等因素与侵入的UHPC进行作用,形成了强大的机械咬合力.同时可以看出,UHPC中钢纤维已经渗透进入到界面的区域中,进一步增强了界面的整体粘结强度.这一现象表明,界面水化产物与粗糙度、纤维的相互作用在提升界面强度方面起到了关键作用,从而显著提高了UHPC-NC材料的整体力学性能.
已有研究结果证明,界面行为通常分为法向(拉伸)和切向(剪切)分量,其中切向剪切强度通常大于法向拉伸强度.本文所呈现的试验结果与这一研究结果一致,且其中也进一步进行了分析和解释.根据AASHTO LRFD桥梁设计规范[33],新老混凝土界面处的剪切应力表达式为
式中,vu为新老混凝土界面切向的剪应力;c为界面粘结;Acv为混凝土界面区域的面积;μ为摩擦系数;Avffy为钢筋提供的力,在本文研究中已忽略;Pc为垂直于界面的法向压力,在界面直接拉伸试验中,此项值为零.
AASHTO LRFD桥梁设计规范对混凝土界面提供了具体的cμ值,这些值的大小主要由表面条件决定.这一表达式说明了剪切应力在实际工程应用中新老混凝土界面上的分布特征.
界面抗拉强度(法向方向)主要由UHPC与NC之间水化反应生成的化学键和范德华力决定,其他因素的影响较小.相反,界面抗剪强度(切向方向)不仅受化学键和范德华力的影响,还受到机械咬合、摩擦力等因素的较大贡献作用,使得界面产生的力学作用更加复杂.对于直接拉伸状态下的界面行为,由于缺乏摩擦和机械咬合作用,界面粘结力仅由水化反应过程中生成的化学键和范德华力支持.因此,为了模拟这一界面粘结过程,本文在Abaqus中采用了内聚力模型(Cohesive Zone Model,CZM)以建立界面数值模型,并在获得数值结果后与试验结果进行验证.四种工况处理方法下的界面内聚力模型本构参数如表2所示.
值得注意的是,在UHPC-NC界面直接拉伸试验结束后,意外发现试件最终的破坏形态与普通的界面破坏有很大不同.除了最为常见的界面处发生直接拉断的情况,有相当数量的试件发生了NC区域的结构性破坏,造成了大量粗骨料的裸露,且形态很不规则,这是试验方案设计时没有预期到的结果.为了方便对得到的破坏形态进行总结和对比,本文总结了三种直接拉伸试件的破坏形态,对试验试件的破坏形态进行定义和分类,具体如图11所示.
图片11(a)为纯界面破坏,界面断裂处光滑平整,UHPC和NC部分均未发生结构性破坏,定义为A类破坏模式;图片11(b)为界面和NC混合破坏,UHPC未破坏,部分界面发生破坏,部分NC发生破坏,定义为B类破坏模式;图片11(c)为纯NC破坏,UHPC和界面部分均未破坏,而NC区域发生了截断性的大面积破坏,定义为C类破坏模式.
以上即为试验后总结的三种破坏模式,从破坏形态上进行简单分析,可以推测出可能是NC的力学强度和UHPC-NC的界面粘结强度较为接近,在荷载的作用下,分别在此两者处产生了损伤,最终在相互影响下,就有可能产生这三种破坏模式.而UHPC由于本身的强度相对于NC抗拉强度和界面粘结强度较高,较难发生损伤断裂的情况,试验结果也验证了这一点.因此,这三种破坏模式是界面粘结强度与NC抗拉强度之间相互作用、相互制衡的结果.为定量分析这些破坏模式,引入了“界面破坏率”参数,使用P表示.在试验后,使用激光扫描仪扫描完整的破坏界面,去除因结构性破坏而暴露过于复杂的区域,则剩余的区域就代表了纯界面破坏的区域.界面破坏率(P)则定义为纯界面破坏区域的面积与界面总面积的比值.因此,P值反映了界面粘结强度的相对强弱:较小的P值表示较高的界面粘结强度,意味着更多的拉伸破坏发生在NC中,从而代表更优质的破坏模式.
因此,对于UHPC和NC的其余材料相的有限元建模,也需要进行相应地处理.对UHPC基体内部的钢纤维通过嵌入约束的方法进行了数值建模,可以成功模拟钢纤维在UHPC中的加固效果.对于粗骨料和水泥砂浆的本构模型,则是采用了广泛认可的Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma(RHT)损伤模型[34].同时,采用cohesive单元对粗骨料与水泥砂浆基体之间的界面过渡区进行了数值建模.cohesive单元能够有效模拟ITZ的粘结特性,并捕捉其在载荷作用下的损伤演化,从而准确反映粗骨料与周围水泥基体之间的力学行为.由于ITZ的尺度在数十微米尺度,较难获得其力学本构参数,通常ITZ的强度和断裂能等参数按照砂浆的相应参数折减获得,可以通过预试验进行相应地校准.
最终的网格划分结果和有限元模型分别如图12图13所示.由于整个模型是在介观尺度上开发的,模型包含约237万单元.模型的关键组成部分包括UHPC与NC之间的界面数值模型,以及基于cohesive单元的粗骨料-水泥砂浆断裂模型;而基体和粗骨料则使用C3D8R实体.由于直接拉伸试验采用两端锚固拉伸方式,因此边界条件设置为基于耦合点的准静态拉伸加载,最终拉伸位移设置为1.0 mm.
图14展示了不同界面处理方法下的平均粗糙度.表3列出了不同界面处理方法的抗拉强度和抗剪强度结果.图15展示了每个界面处理方法对应的点云图.其中,光滑界面的粗糙度最低,平均值仅为0.06 mm,这符合一般预期.其次是高压水枪和喷砂,而凿毛处理界面的粗糙度最高,平均值为0.24 mm.值得注意的是,喷砂界面处理的试件均呈现C类破坏模式,表明其界面粘结强度已超过NC本身的抗拉强度,并没有出现界面失效面积,这也解释了为何无法统计其界面破坏率P.
显然,无论是直接拉伸试验还是直接剪切试验,UHPC-NC的界面粗糙度和粘结强度都遵循以下趋势:光滑<高压水枪<喷砂<凿毛.随着粗糙度的增加,UHPC与NC之间的界面粘结接触面积扩大,界面的结构特征复杂度增加,从而显著提高了界面粘结强度[35].此外,对于同一个界面处理方法,界面抗剪强度始终高于抗拉强度.同时,随着粗糙度的增加,界面抗剪强度的增长速度明显超过抗拉强度的增长速度.这一现象可以通过界面粘结模型进行解释.界面抗拉强度(法向方向)主要由UHPC与NC之间水化反应生成的化学键和范德华力决定,其他因素的影响较小.相反,界面抗剪强度(切向方向)不仅受化学键和范德华力的影响,还受到机械咬合、摩擦力等因素的较大贡献作用,使得界面产生的力学作用更加复杂,表明UHPC与NC之间的粘结性能更强,界面粘结强度更高[36]
为了建立适合的UHPC-NC界面数值模型,以便后续基于介观尺度的断裂行为预测.因此对于四种不同的界面处理方法,开展了界面直接拉伸和直接剪切的数值模拟,通过拉伸和剪切测试获得的数据,在发生完全界面破坏的情况下,与有限元模型的仿真结果进行了比较.图16展示了相应的界面直接拉伸和直接剪切的载荷-位移曲线,与实际试验结果进行了验证.结果表明,无论哪一种界面处理方法,界面数值模型都能够有效地捕捉UHPC-NC之间的粘结行为,整体荷载-位移曲线的变化趋势几乎一致,能够有效模拟UHPC-NC界面的力学性能和破坏机制,可以为界面力学响应提供可靠表征.
前面的试验结果显示,在UHPC-NC的直接拉伸试验中,出现了较为复杂的破坏模式,且破坏规律不明显.因此,在介观尺度的有限元建模中,本文特别实施了可能的双重破坏机制.这种方法同时考虑了UHPC和NC之间的界面破坏,以及粗骨料-水泥砂浆之间的界面过渡区(ITZ)分离破坏,旨在提供对复合型混凝土整体破坏行为的更全面预测.通过采用这种双重破坏机制的仿真方法,不仅能够阐明界面处的破坏机制,还能够有效捕捉ITZ区域在载荷作用下对裂纹扩展的影响.
图17展示了UHPC-NC在直接拉伸加载下仿真的结果,即在介观尺度下粗骨料和钢纤维的Mises应力分布.选择粗骨料和钢纤维的应力分布进行展示的原因是,此两者可以较好地代表介观尺度下UHPC-NC整体的受力情况.在仿真结果中,粗骨料承受的平均应力约为2 MPa,并且在其边界处出现了一定程度的应力集中现象.与此同时,钢纤维承受的平均应力约为10 MPa,远远超过了其他属相的应力,这表明钢纤维在提高UHPC整体强度中的关键作用.
图18图19则展示了基于仿真结果预测的UHPC-NC试件的整体破坏模式与宏观试验观察结果的对比.图16的结果呈现为A类破坏模式,即几乎全部区域发生了界面的粘结破坏,只有较少区域存在基于ITZ的破坏.图中可见,界面附近区域出现了大体积的粗骨料,界面和粗骨料之间的水泥基体极易发生断裂,因此会引发断裂连锁反应.图17的结果呈现为B类破坏模式,界面区域破坏现象以及沿粗骨料边界的ITZ破坏现象均有发生,即混合破坏类型.界面处初始缺陷和ITZ区域萌生的裂纹在荷载作用下交替扩展,部分裂纹因应力集中率先贯穿界面,而另一部分则沿ITZ薄弱路径延伸,最终形成多支裂纹相互交织的破坏网络,多裂纹竞争扩展现象显著.这一仿真结果进一步凸显了复合混凝土在荷载作用下的断裂机制的复杂性和不确定性.
本文通过多尺度实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统研究了超高性能混凝土与普通混凝土界面粘结性能及破坏机理,主要研究成果如下
(1)揭示了界面处理方法对粘结强度的提升机制.通过直接拉伸与剪切试验对比光滑、高压水枪、喷砂和凿毛四种界面处理工艺,发现凿毛处理的界面抗拉与抗剪强度较光滑界面分别提升123%和126%.试验结果表明,界面处理通过改变界面形貌特征(如增加机械咬合接触面积、促进水化产物渗透)显著增强化学键合与机械互锁效应,从而提升界面粘结性能.试验中观察到的三类破坏模式(纯界面破坏、混合破坏及纯NC基体破坏)表明,界面失效行为受界面粘结强度与基体力学性能的动态协同作用调控.
(2)构建了基于X-CT的介观结构表征与建模方法.采用X射线计算机断层扫描技术重构了UHPC-NC三维介观结构,结合深度学习算法精准分割孔隙、钢纤维、粗骨料及水泥基体,提出了一种基于CT图像转换几何实体模型的介观建模方法.该方法通过优化图像分割与三维重构流程,实现了孔隙、纤维及界面过渡区等特征的高保真建模,为多尺度分析提供了可靠的结构基础.
(3)提出了多尺度耦合的界面失效预测框架.基于CT数据构建包含孔隙、纤维及ITZ的介观有限元模型,嵌入内聚力单元模拟界面损伤过程,并引入粗骨料-水泥砂浆断裂模型表征ITZ裂纹扩展.数值模拟成功复现了混合破坏模式,揭示了界面失效由NC基体拉伸破坏与ITZ裂纹扩展共同主导的竞争机制.仿真结果与试验数据的高度一致性验证了模型对界面力学行为预测的可靠性.
本文通过实验-CT-仿真的多尺度方法,实现了UHPC-NC界面介观结构的三维真实建模与断裂行为原理解析,突破了传统研究依赖均匀化假设的局限,基于真实介观结构的数值模型不仅复现了界面与基体协同失效的竞争机制,更通过三维CT数据进行了表征和量化.然而,仍存在以下关键问题需进一步探索:其一,X-CT分辨率虽能大体上识别钢纤维与粗骨料,但难以捕捉界面微米级缺陷或微小纤维的取向,导致在表征和建模上可能存在偏差;其二,仿真模型中因试件尺寸缩减及锚固简化(忽略钢筋-混凝土粘结滑移效应),可能弱化应力集中与裂纹扩展路径的真实性;其三,当前界面处理方法虽显著提升粘结强度,但其工艺参数对长期耐久性的影响尚未量化,工程适用性需结合全生命周期性能评估.
本文提出的多尺度研究方法,通过整合宏观力学测试、介观结构表征与跨尺度数值模拟,系统地揭示了界面处理工艺、介观结构特征与断裂力学行为的关联机制.通过结合先进的X-CT成像数据和精细化的多尺度耦合数值仿真,提供了一个稳健的框架,用于评估和优化下一代修复型复合混凝土材料的界面粘结性能,突破了传统单一尺度研究的局限性.这一框架不仅为复合材料的界面设计提供了理论支持,也为未来复杂环境下的混凝土修复技术和新型材料的应用提供了新的研究方向.
  • 国家自然科学基金(52478316)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.005
  • 接收时间:2025-04-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-28
基金
国家自然科学基金(52478316)
作者信息
    1.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    2.北京交通大学 土木工程学院,北京 100044
    3.中国铁路上海局集团有限公司 杭州铁路枢纽工程建设指挥部,浙江 金华 321002
    4.中铁三局集团有限公司,山西 晋中 030600

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乔丕忠,教授,博士.研究方向:智能与复合材料,混凝土材料与结构.E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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