Article(id=1243220380849127438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774336436711, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774336436711, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774336436711, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336436711, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243220377556595432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='541', pageEnd='810', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774336435926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774336648182, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243221267898282006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, issueId=1243220377556595432, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=631, endPage=648, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243220381142728720, articleId=1243220380849127438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, language=EN, title=Interfacial Consistency and Convergence Analysis of Multiscale Coupling Method Based on Bilinear Interpolation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Interface consistency and error convergence are central issues in concurrent multiscale computational methods, particularly critical for atomistic-to-continuum coupling models. However, existing theoretical studies remain limited and are mostly confined to one-dimensional settings. This work focuses on the multiresolution molecular mechanics (MMM) approach and systematically investigates the impact of various energy sampling schemes on interface consistency and error convergence. Two-dimensional square and triangular lattice models containing both atomistic and coarse-grained regions are constructed under bilinear element interpolation. The results show that interface secondary sampling schemes can significantly improve consistency in the interfacial region, with the scheme incorporating all neighboring layers achieving the best performance. Error analysis reveals that discretization error dominates the total error, and increasing the number of secondary sampling points effectively reduces the sampling error, particularly under tensile loading conditions. Moreover, both lattice types exhibit consistent error convergence behavior, demonstrating high generality of the method to different structures. This study highlights the advantages of energy sampling strategies in improving interface treatment and convergence behavior in MMM, providing theoretical support for the development of high-accuracy multiscale computational mechanics methods.

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界面一致性与误差收敛性是并发多尺度计算方法中的核心问题,尤其在原子-连续介质耦合模型中尤为关键.然而,现有理论研究工作较少并且多聚焦于一维情况.本文以多分辨率分子力学方法为研究对象,通过构建原子区域与粗化区域共存的二维方形与三角形原子晶格模型,系统探究了双线性单元插值条件下不同能量采样方案对界面一致性和误差收敛性的影响.研究发现:界面次采样方案可显著提升界面区域一致性,其中包含所有近邻层的采样方案性能最优;误差分析结果显示,离散误差是总误差的主要来源,增加次采样点数量可有效降低采样误差,尤其在拉伸工况下表现显著.此外,两类晶格结构在误差收敛性方面展现出一致规律,验证了方法在不同晶格结构中的普适性.本研究显示了多分辨率分子力学方法中能量采样方案在处理界面一致性与收敛性方面的优势,为发展高精度跨尺度计算力学方法提供了理论支撑.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨庆成,博士,教授.研究方向:计算力学、增材制造与机器学习的交叉研究.E-mail:
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李孜,硕士生.研究方向:计算力学.E-mail:

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李孜,硕士生.研究方向:计算力学.E-mail:

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Journal of Computational Physics, 2017, 336: 212-234., articleTitle=Multiresolution molecular mechanics: Surface effects in nanoscale materials, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243220412709061586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, awardId=12272214, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(12272214), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243220404773438084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243220404781826693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, companyId=1243220404773438084, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243220404790215302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, companyId=1243220404773438084, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海大学 力学与工程科学学院,上海应用数学与力学研究所,上海 200070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243220407784948536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic overview of the MMM method. Bilinear elements (represented by red dots) are employed to illustrate the domain decomposition and atomic classification in MMM: the domain occupied by black dots represents the atomic region, while the domainrepresented by finite elements represents the coarse-grained region. RAs and GAs denote representative atoms and ghost atoms, respectively. PSAs, SSAs, and NSAs represent Primary Sampling Atoms, Secondary Sampling Atoms, and Non-Sampling Atoms, respectively, figureFileSmall=1WJpiEaodAm467f7NTLv4Q==, figureFileBig=oJcqKpat6BdpWQ3wRKVQew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220407910777662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MMM方法基本思想示意图.以双线性单元(用红色点表示)为例阐明全原子模型的区域分解思想和原子分类:黑色点所占区域为原子区域,有限单元所占区域为粗化区域.RAs和GAs分别表示代表性原子(Representative Atoms)和幽灵原子(Ghost Atoms).PSAs、SSAs和NSAs分别表示主采样原子(Primary Sampling Atoms)、次采样原子(Secondary Sampling Atoms)和非采样原子(Non-Sampling Atoms), figureFileSmall=1WJpiEaodAm467f7NTLv4Q==, figureFileBig=oJcqKpat6BdpWQ3wRKVQew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220408187601740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic of different energy sampling schemes for a square lattice coarse-grained by bilinear elements: (a) Full Sampling (FS): all ghost atoms (GAs) are used as secondary sampling atoms (SSAs, green); (b) Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 1 (ISS1): one layer of interface atoms is used as SSAs; (c) Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 2 (ISS2): two layers of interface atoms are used as SSAs; (d) No Secondary Sampling Scheme (NSS): no SSAs, figureFileSmall=N0J9JwFdqTtK8wX9hEbUNg==, figureFileBig=mvgYOsgB0418Bv/X2XmVKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220408397316947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图2, caption=方形晶格中采用双线性单元进行区域分解的不同能量采样方案示意图:(a)完全采样(FS):所有幽灵原子(GNs)作为次级采样点(SSAs,绿色);(b)界面次采样方案1(ISS1):一层界面原子作为次级采样点;(c)界面次采样方案2(ISS2):两层界面原子作为次级采样点;(d)无次采样方案(NSS):无次级采样点, figureFileSmall=N0J9JwFdqTtK8wX9hEbUNg==, figureFileBig=mvgYOsgB0418Bv/X2XmVKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220408535728985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Displacement field distribution along the vertical central y-axis of the coarse-grained square lattice model based on the respective full-atom (FA) scheme, full-sampling (FS) scheme, and MMM method (Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 1 (ISS1), Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 2 (ISS2), and No Secondary Sampling Scheme (NSS)), figureFileSmall=mcewhgUBr/HHV9HgxQRkOw==, figureFileBig=SBFiD8Iwkj+BBY5d+uxTWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220408674141019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图3, caption=方形晶格多尺度模型中基于全原子(FA)方案、全采样(FS)方案及MMM方法(界面次采样方案1(ISS1)、界面次采样方案2(ISS2)及无次采样方案(NSS))沿竖直中心y轴的位移场分布, figureFileSmall=mcewhgUBr/HHV9HgxQRkOw==, figureFileBig=SBFiD8Iwkj+BBY5d+uxTWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220408774804322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic of different energy sampling schemes for a triangular lattice coarse-grained by bilinear elements: (a) Full Sampling (FS): all ghost atoms (GAs) are used as secondary sampling atoms (SSAs, green); (b) Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 1 (ISS1): one layer of interface atoms is used as SSAs; (c) Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 2 (ISS2): two layers of interface atoms are used as SSAs; (d) No Secondary Sampling Scheme (NSS): no SSAs, figureFileSmall=JHTu8W0kpTWYbAtfelJN6Q==, figureFileBig=g+JDj/6D0oYOSsxenib2Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220408967742316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图4, caption=三角形晶格中采用双线性单元进行区域分解的不同能量采样方案示意图:(a)完全采样(FS):所有幽灵原子(GNs)作为次级采样点(SSAs);(b)界面次采样方案1(ISS1):一层界面原子作为次级采样点;(c)界面次采样方案2(ISS2):两层界面原子作为次级采样点;(d)无次采样方案(NSS):无次级采样点, figureFileSmall=JHTu8W0kpTWYbAtfelJN6Q==, figureFileBig=g+JDj/6D0oYOSsxenib2Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220409127125876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Displacement field distribution along the vertical central y-axis of the coarse-grained triangular lattice model based on the respective full-atom (FA) scheme, full-sampling (FS) scheme, and MMM method (Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 1 (ISS1), Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 2 (ISS2), and No Secondary Sampling Scheme (NSS)), figureFileSmall=U8lmr3JE7pw3Gm4Mg76spQ==, figureFileBig=HKwTITSLkeoEKEN9ggTeKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220409382978426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三角形晶格多尺度模型中基于全原子(FA)方案、全采样(FS)方案及MMM方法(界面次采样方案1(ISS1)、界面次采样方案2(ISS2)及无次采样方案(NSS))沿竖直中心y轴的位移场分布, figureFileSmall=U8lmr3JE7pw3Gm4Mg76spQ==, figureFileBig=HKwTITSLkeoEKEN9ggTeKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220409492030335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Schematic of different energy sampling schemes for a coarse-grained square lattice using uniform bilinear elements in convergence analysis: (a) Full Sampling (FS): all ghost atoms (GNs) are used as secondary sampling atoms (SSAs, green); (b) Edge Secondary Sampling Scheme (ESS): interpolating element boundary atoms are used as SSAs; (c) Neighbor-Assisted Secondary Sampling Scheme (NAS): neighboring atoms of rep-atoms (RAs) are used as SSAs; (d) No Secondary Sampling Scheme (NSS): no SSAs, figureFileSmall=4EmPUeGVfZtmZtZYbz0CrA==, figureFileBig=Rj3ljxq6lQaOYu8GTZBVYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220409752077188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图6, caption=方形晶格中采用均匀双线性单元进行粗化和收敛性分析的不同能量采样方案示意图:(a)完全采样(FS):所有幽灵原子(GNs)作为次级采样点(SSAs);(b)边界次级采样方案(ESS):插值单元边界原子作为SSAs;(c)近邻次级采样(NAS)方案:代表性原子(RAs)的近邻原子作为SSAs;(d)无次级采样(NSS)方案:无次级采样点, figureFileSmall=4EmPUeGVfZtmZtZYbz0CrA==, figureFileBig=Rj3ljxq6lQaOYu8GTZBVYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220409886294921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Convergence behavior under different energy sampling schemes for the square lattice model under stretching conditions, figureFileSmall=Fps/t48oVI2ez8tfP7K/hA==, figureFileBig=OguQrxKV5sBJ0pB1d98GmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220410070844299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图7, caption=在拉伸条件下方形晶格模型中不同能量采样方案的收敛行为, figureFileSmall=Fps/t48oVI2ez8tfP7K/hA==, figureFileBig=OguQrxKV5sBJ0pB1d98GmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220410276365198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic of a square lattice beam under bending conditions with edge secondary sampling (ESS), figureFileSmall=073oANHnqwynHTlDnilypg==, figureFileBig=dLMz4qLfUH9ha/nQrD2kQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220410398000023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图8, caption=方形晶格梁在弯曲条件下采用单元边界次采样方案的示意图, figureFileSmall=073oANHnqwynHTlDnilypg==, figureFileBig=dLMz4qLfUH9ha/nQrD2kQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220410561577882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Convergence behavior of different energy sampling schemes for the square lattice model under bending conditions, figureFileSmall=oYhI1KEEyIxnZDoAJe6PQA==, figureFileBig=2RuZlMiFlmTG6zeEVMZqlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220410699989918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图9, caption=方形晶格模型在弯曲条件下不同能量采样方案下的收敛行为, figureFileSmall=oYhI1KEEyIxnZDoAJe6PQA==, figureFileBig=2RuZlMiFlmTG6zeEVMZqlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220410821624739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relative displacement and energy errors under tensile (a~b) and bending (c~d) conditions for the triangular lattice, figureFileSmall=Onu19hoIArGEtmX/suJ0yQ==, figureFileBig=bwJT/2D/1ymMQz5vYdEsMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220410918093733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图10, caption=三角形晶格拉伸条件下的(a)相对位移误差和(b)相对能量误差与(c)弯曲条件下的相对位移误差和(d)相对能量误差, figureFileSmall=Onu19hoIArGEtmX/suJ0yQ==, figureFileBig=bwJT/2D/1ymMQz5vYdEsMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220411006174120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Error structure analysis of the respective ESS ((a) and (b)), NAS ((c) and (d)), and NSS ((e) and (f)) schemes for the square lattice under tensile loading, figureFileSmall=xWJ8vYQmgkNzQaHFdbfWbA==, figureFileBig=TyrQtmUFX1ZIDHns6cBilQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220411132003244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图11, caption=方形晶格拉伸条件下分别采用边界次采样方案((a)和(b))、近邻次采样方案((c)和(d))和无次采样方案((e)和(f))的误差结构分析, figureFileSmall=xWJ8vYQmgkNzQaHFdbfWbA==, figureFileBig=TyrQtmUFX1ZIDHns6cBilQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220411278803888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Error structure analysis of the respective ESS ((a) and (b)), NAS ((c) and (d)), and NSS ((e) and (f)) schemes for the square lattice under bending, figureFileSmall=JEEhxkscmkLbh5yGWzhiAA==, figureFileBig=pMfLkLGGNDNvMf+PACXFhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220411580793781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图12, caption=方形晶格弯曲条件下分别采用边界次采样方案((a)和(b))、近邻次采样方案((c)和(d))和无次采样方案((e)和(f))的误差结构分析, figureFileSmall=JEEhxkscmkLbh5yGWzhiAA==, figureFileBig=pMfLkLGGNDNvMf+PACXFhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220411715011512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Error structure analysis of the respective ESS ((a) and (b)), NAS ((c) and (d)), and NSS ((e) and (f)) schemes for the triangular lattice under stretching condition, figureFileSmall=Xm7dcYdJqX43d7N08hytTQ==, figureFileBig=H18B49qVs76K0/M8mKhTCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220411819869115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图13, caption=三角形晶格拉伸条件下分别边界次采样方案(ESS,(a)和(b))、近邻次采样方案(NAS,(c)和(d))和无次采样方案(NSS,(e)和(f))的误差结构分析, figureFileSmall=Xm7dcYdJqX43d7N08hytTQ==, figureFileBig=H18B49qVs76K0/M8mKhTCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220411928921022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Error structure analysis of the respective ESS ((a) and (b)), NAS ((c) and (d)), and NSS ((e) and (f)) schemes or the triangular lattice under bending, figureFileSmall=c6nF9zB1ud3CAi0iNopvrg==, figureFileBig=6qGRcSoosyFFuhsl6n0JJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220412029584322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=图14, caption=三角形晶格弯曲条件下分别采用边界次采样方案(ESS,(a)和(b))、近邻次采样方案(NAS,(c)和(d))和无次采样方案(NSS,(e)和(f))的误差结构分析, figureFileSmall=c6nF9zB1ud3CAi0iNopvrg==, figureFileBig=6qGRcSoosyFFuhsl6n0JJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243220412197356487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Displacement and energy field errors in the tensile example of 2D square lattice using different energy sampling approaches

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sampling approachDisplacement error edispEnergy error eE
Full-Sampling Scheme (FS)0.83%0.88%
Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 1 (ISS1)1.25%1.57%
Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 2 (ISS2)1.10%1.36%
No Secondary Sampling Scheme (NSS)2.55%3.68%
), ArticleFig(id=1243220412314796998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

二维方形晶格拉伸算例中不同能量采样方案的位移场误差和能量场误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sampling approachDisplacement error edispEnergy error eE
Full-Sampling Scheme (FS)0.83%0.88%
Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 1 (ISS1)1.25%1.57%
Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 2 (ISS2)1.10%1.36%
No Secondary Sampling Scheme (NSS)2.55%3.68%
), ArticleFig(id=1243220412457403339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Displacement and energy field errors in the tensile example of 2D triangular lattice using energy sampling approaches

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sampling approachDisplacement error edispEnergy error eE
Full-Sampling Scheme (FS)1.43%1.34%
Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 1 (ISS1)2.01%2.22%
Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 2 (ISS2)1.85%1.88%
No Secondary Sampling Scheme (NSS)3.11%4.12%
), ArticleFig(id=1243220412558066638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1242844143416819734, articleId=1243220380849127438, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

二维三角形晶格拉伸算例中不同能量采样方案的位移场误差和能量场误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sampling approachDisplacement error edispEnergy error eE
Full-Sampling Scheme (FS)1.43%1.34%
Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 1 (ISS1)2.01%2.22%
Interface Secondary Sampling Scheme 2 (ISS2)1.85%1.88%
No Secondary Sampling Scheme (NSS)3.11%4.12%
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基于双线性插值的多尺度耦合一致性与收敛性研究
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李孜 , 杨庆成
力学季刊 | 2025,46(3): 631-648
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力学季刊 | 2025, 46(3): 631-648
基于双线性插值的多尺度耦合一致性与收敛性研究
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李孜 , 杨庆成
作者信息
  • 上海大学 力学与工程科学学院,上海应用数学与力学研究所,上海 200070
  • 李孜,硕士生.研究方向:计算力学.E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨庆成,博士,教授.研究方向:计算力学、增材制造与机器学习的交叉研究.E-mail:
Interfacial Consistency and Convergence Analysis of Multiscale Coupling Method Based on Bilinear Interpolation
Zi LI , Qingcheng YANG
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200070, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.006
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界面一致性与误差收敛性是并发多尺度计算方法中的核心问题,尤其在原子-连续介质耦合模型中尤为关键.然而,现有理论研究工作较少并且多聚焦于一维情况.本文以多分辨率分子力学方法为研究对象,通过构建原子区域与粗化区域共存的二维方形与三角形原子晶格模型,系统探究了双线性单元插值条件下不同能量采样方案对界面一致性和误差收敛性的影响.研究发现:界面次采样方案可显著提升界面区域一致性,其中包含所有近邻层的采样方案性能最优;误差分析结果显示,离散误差是总误差的主要来源,增加次采样点数量可有效降低采样误差,尤其在拉伸工况下表现显著.此外,两类晶格结构在误差收敛性方面展现出一致规律,验证了方法在不同晶格结构中的普适性.本研究显示了多分辨率分子力学方法中能量采样方案在处理界面一致性与收敛性方面的优势,为发展高精度跨尺度计算力学方法提供了理论支撑.

并发多尺度计算方法  /  多分辨率分子力学  /  界面一致性  /  收敛性分析  /  双线性单元  /  能量采样

Interface consistency and error convergence are central issues in concurrent multiscale computational methods, particularly critical for atomistic-to-continuum coupling models. However, existing theoretical studies remain limited and are mostly confined to one-dimensional settings. This work focuses on the multiresolution molecular mechanics (MMM) approach and systematically investigates the impact of various energy sampling schemes on interface consistency and error convergence. Two-dimensional square and triangular lattice models containing both atomistic and coarse-grained regions are constructed under bilinear element interpolation. The results show that interface secondary sampling schemes can significantly improve consistency in the interfacial region, with the scheme incorporating all neighboring layers achieving the best performance. Error analysis reveals that discretization error dominates the total error, and increasing the number of secondary sampling points effectively reduces the sampling error, particularly under tensile loading conditions. Moreover, both lattice types exhibit consistent error convergence behavior, demonstrating high generality of the method to different structures. This study highlights the advantages of energy sampling strategies in improving interface treatment and convergence behavior in MMM, providing theoretical support for the development of high-accuracy multiscale computational mechanics methods.

concurrent multiscale method  /  multiresolution molecular mechanics  /  interface consistency  /  convergence analysis  /  bilinear finiteelement  /  energy sampling
李孜, 杨庆成. 基于双线性插值的多尺度耦合一致性与收敛性研究. 力学季刊, 2025 , 46 (3) : 631 -648 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.006
Zi LI, Qingcheng YANG. Interfacial Consistency and Convergence Analysis of Multiscale Coupling Method Based on Bilinear Interpolation[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (3) : 631 -648 . DOI: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.006
研究工程材料和结构的力学变形以及破坏对于确保工程安全来说至关重要.一方面,建立在连续介质力学理论基础上的传统宏观力学分析方法(如有限元)虽然比较高效,但难以准确刻画裂纹及其扩展等复杂变形的机理[1-4];另一方面,分子动力学(Molecular Dynamics,MD)、蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo,MC)等原子尺度的高精度模拟方法虽然可揭示原子级变形与破坏机制,但其庞大自由度导致计算成本呈指数增长,难以实现大规模的高效模拟[5-7].因此,如何将原子尺度模拟方法和连续介质力学进行结合从而实现精度和效率的平衡,是计算力学领域研究的重点问题之一.近些年来,许多耦合连续介质力学和原子尺度模拟方法的并发多尺度计算方法被提出[8-27]
以Tadmor等[8]提出的准连续介质方法(Quasicontinuum,QC)为例,该方法将分子静力学(Molecular Statics,MS)与宏观连续介质力学结合,在变形梯度较小的区域使用基于“代表性原子”的粗化有限元方法来计算材料响应,而在变形梯度比较大的区域使用分子静力学,用来捕捉原子离散运动引起的裂纹、位错、晶界等材料缺陷及其演化.这种区域分解的方式经过策略性设计,能够在大幅降低计算成本的前提下,再现全原子模拟所得到的结果[28-34]
然而,不同尺度区域间的界面一致性问题始终是制约并发多尺度计算方法性能的关键挑战.针对此问题,Knap等[10]在粗化区域通过受力分析,引入聚类求和规则,提出了Cluster-based和Force-based Quasicontinuum方法(CQC-F),以消除原始QC方法中原子区域(即非局部作用区域)和连续介质区域(即局部作用区域)之间的非局部作用和局部作用引起的界面非协调性.Xiao等[11]通过在原子与连续介质重叠区域动态混合哈密顿量并利用拉格朗日乘子强制原子位移场与连续介质位移场在桥接域内一致,消除界面处的“鬼力(Ghost Force)”,实现了无需额外滤波的高效跨尺度动态模拟.Kochmann等[22]采用统一的局部最大熵插值和一致的能量求和规则,实现了原子区域与粗化连续介质区域之间无缝的界面耦合,从而有效避免了因界面不相容引发的“鬼力”问题.然而,传统处理不同尺度区域间界面相容性问题的方法需要复杂的界面处理,并不能从根本上解决由于原子间非局部作用和连续介质局部作用引起的本构非协调性问题.
此外,收敛性和误差分析对于并发多尺度计算方法的发展也至关重要.近年来部分研究已为多尺度方法的误差分析和收敛研究提供了数值与分析方法[35-40].Lin[35]基于非协调有限元方法构建了准连续介质框架的严格数学理论体系.通过引入离散变分与自适应势能近似模型,在假设势能严格凸性与最近邻主导条件下,证明了准连续介质方法与全原子模型解的误差受限于线性收敛阶.Espanol等[39]通过Γ收敛理论,在连续介质极限下严格证明了准连续介质方法能量泛函的正确性,建立了其与原子模型的多尺度一致性.Wang等[40]基于几何重构型原子-连续介质耦合(Geometrically Reconstructed Atomistic-Continuum Coupling,GRAC)模型,构建了后验误差估计的理论框架.在其研究中,误差项被分解为模型误差和离散误差,并结合局部测试函数和势函数的Lipschitz连续性,推导出了误差估计器效率的上下界.通过设计基于梯度恢复算子的混合型误差估计器和自适应数值实验验证了其最优收敛阶.尽管如此,大多并发多尺度方法的收敛性和误差分析主要集中在一维情况,仍缺乏类似连续介质问题中的系统性理论框架并且部分多尺度方法的理论框架与全原子模型存在本质性不兼容问题[41]
综上所述,本文将基于前期工作中提出的一种并发多尺度计算方法——多分辨率分子力学方法(Multiresolution Molecular Mechanics,MMM)[20,42-44],以双线性插值函数为例,重点研究其在二维情况下的界面一致性和收敛性并进行误差分析.MMM是一种基于能量的并发多尺度耦合方法,实现了原子模型与“粗化”原子模型的融合.与传统的连续介质方法不同,MMM框架完全摒弃了应力、应变等连续介质概念,仅通过形函数插值降低自由度,而非引入连续场变量.其核心特点在于,无论是在原子区域还是粗化原子区域,均统一直接采用原子间势函数计算力与能量,这有效消除了界面上的本构非协调性和“鬼力”.这一特性不仅保证了物理建模的严谨性,也为收敛性和误差分析奠定了坚实基础.
图1所示,为了减少全原子模型的自由度,借鉴连续介质力学中的有限元方法,引入有限单元和形函数对原始的离散原子模型进行粗化(coarse-graining)或者插值,将其分为两种非重叠的子域:原子区域与粗化区域(图1(b)).在图1(b)中,模型的总自由度为原子区域的原子位移信息和粗化区域的单元节点位移信息.需要注意的是,为了计算粗化区域里单元的能量,需要对每一非自由度原子(绿色)的能量进行计算然后进行求和.因此,即使模型的自由度通过有限单元插值得到了大幅度降低,但粗化区域的能量计算仍需要较高的计算成本.为了进一步减少模型的计算量,借鉴连续介质力学中高斯积分的思想对插值单元内部原子进行能量采样(图1(c)),使用采样原子(蓝色)的能量来代替插值单元内部的非采样原子(灰色)能量.通过能量采样的处理,插值单元内部势能可被近似为
其中,为插值单元内部包含Ne个原子的索引集,Ei为原子的能量,为插值单元内部选取的Ns个采样原子的索引集,为采样原子的权重系数.在数学意义上,这些采样原子的作用类似于有限元方法(FEM)中的高斯积分点,即通过适当选择积分点并赋予相应的权重,实现对单元整体物理量的有效估计.通过这种方式,能够在保证计算精度的同时减少计算量,从而提高计算效率.
为了更好地展示MMM方法中能量采样的灵活性,本小节中将对各种原子类型进行分类.如图1(c)所示,将原子分成不同的组,以便于引入所提出的能量采样规则.从自由度的角度,原子被分为代表性原子(Representative Atoms,RAs)和幽灵原子(Ghost Atoms,GAs).通过使用的形函数,幽灵原子的位置信息可以通过代表性原子的位置信息插值得到.根据代表性原子是否参与插值,可将其进一步分为插值的代表性原子(Interpolative Representative Atoms,IRAs)(红色)和非插值的代表性原子(Non-interpolative Representative Atoms,NIRAs)(黑色).
从能量采样角度,原子被分为三类:主采样原子(Primary Sampling Atoms,PSAs)、次采样原子(Secondary Sampling Atoms,SSAs)和非采样原子(Non-Sampling Atoms,NSAs),如图1(c)所示.每个主采样原子都类似于有限元方法中的高斯积分点,其能量不仅用于自身采样,还用于非采样原子的能量计算.因此,每个主采样原子的权重为,而每个非采样原子的权重为.为了进一步提高能量采样精度,可以在必要时引入次采样原子,且不会显著增加计算成本.每个次采样原子的能量仅代表其自身的能量,并且是显式计算的,而不是由主采样原子的能量采样得到的.因此,每个次采样原子的权重为.值得注意的是,在所提出的分类中,代表性原子(RAs)属于次采样原子,所以每个代表性原子的权重也是1.
结合上节中的原子分类,设Na为全原子模型中的总原子数,代表全原子模型中包含Na个原子的索引集,为原子的位置集合,ui分别为原子所受的外力矢量与位移矢量,那么对于每个原子都有ri=ri0+ui分别为代表性原子、幽灵原子、主采样原子、次采样原子的索引集.为代表性原子和幽灵原子的位置集.设定代表性原子α的形函数为ϕα,则ϕα有如下定义:如果代表性原子α为插值代表性原子,那ϕα为标准的插值形函数;如果代表性原子α为非插值代表性原子,则ϕα在自身处取值为1,在所有其他原子处取值为0.由此,幽灵原子β的变形后的位置rβ可通过以下表达式确定
所以,可表示为的函数
此时,MMM的能量采样框架对全原子模型的能量近似为
其中,wi为主采样原子所对应的权重,EiEj分别为主采样原子i和次采样原子j的能量,为原子k所受的外力矢量,为原子k的位移向量uk,它是根据代表性原子的位置矢量进行插值计算得到的.关于主采样原子的权重推导过程,可参考先前的研究[43];该研究系统地阐述了主采样原子的权重计算方法,并详细讨论了主采样原子数量及其选取位置的影响.在本文所采用的双线性单元中,每个单元包含6个主采样原子.
为了推导MMM方法的控制方程,需要对近似总能量关于模型的总自由度(即代表性原子的位移)求负导数,使其对应的力达到平衡.具体表达如下
式(5)右侧的最后一项求和描述了外力在原子间的分配机制,并最终传递至代表性原子.这一过程与有限元方法中的外力分配方式相似,即通过插值将外力分配至单元节点,从而确保力的合理传递.
本节将构建包含原子区域与粗化区域的方形晶格模型和三角形晶格模型,以研究MMM方法的界面一致性.原子间的相互作用采用二维非局部弹簧模型(2D non-local spring model).为了体现原子模型的典型非局部相互作用特性,计算中考虑了次近邻原子间相互作用.在该相互作用模型中,第一近邻相互作用的弹簧刚度记为k1,次近邻相互作用的弹簧刚度记为k2.设定最近邻弹簧的自然长度为l,次近邻弹簧的自然长度为2l.在数值实现中,模型参数取值设定为k1=1.0、k2=0.25以及l=1.
为了评估MMM方法在原子区域与粗化区域界面处的一致性,借鉴连续介质力学中广泛使用的位移误差范数(L2范数)和能量误差范数(H1范数),引入了适用于MMM方法的相应范数.具体地,分别定义了如下相对位移误差和能量误差
其中,分别为全原子模型(Full Atomistic,FA)和MMM方法得到的位移场;rij为原子ij之间的相对位移向量,而ni表示原子i的最近邻原子数.采用这些误差范数的理由在文献[42]中有详细讨论.值得注意的是,这种误差范数也适用于下一节的收敛性分析.
首先设置尺寸为48l×48l的方形原子晶格作为基准模型.边界条件设定为:底部原子在xy方向完全固定,顶部沿y轴施加向上的位移载荷.为验证界面一致性,在模型中央保留局部原子区域(图2中黑色区域),其余区域采用单元尺寸为16l的4节点双线性单元进行粗化插值.
利用次级能量采样的灵活性,除了全采样(Full Sampling,FS)基准方案(图2(a))外,设计了三种主-次采样原子组合方案:一层界面原子次采样(Interface Secondary Sampling 1,ISS1)方案(图2(b))、二层界面原子次采样(Interface Secondary Sampling 2,ISS2)方案(图2(c))和无次采样(No Secondary Sampling,NSS)方案(图2(d)).引入不同层数的界面次采样,旨在考虑次近邻原子间的相互作用.通过比较不同界面原子次级采样的情况,可以评估近邻效应对界面一致性的影响.
图3给出了MMM方法在不同能量采样方案下沿垂直中心y轴方向的位移分布,并与全原子(FA)模拟和全采样(FS)方案的结果进行了对比.可以看出,全采样方案、界面次采样方案1和界面次采样方案2的位移场与全原子方案的结果非常吻合,这表明界面一致性得到了满足.相比之下,无次采样(NSS)方案的位移场在界面附近出现了一些波动,这是由于局部原子区域与粗化区域之间分辨率骤变所致.不过这些波动仅局限在界面邻近区域,且误差幅度较小,因此总体计算精度仍令人满意.
此外,表1列出了整体模型在不同采样方案下的相对位移误差和相对能量误差.从整体结果来看,全采样方案在位移和能量上的误差均保持在1%以内,尽管其计算成本最高,但能够最准确地捕捉到界面及局部细节.界面次采样方案1和界面次采样方案2在界面处适度增加采样点,虽然误差略高于全采样方案,但仍控制在2%以下,较好地平衡了精度和效率.此外,在这两种方案中,界面次采样方案2(含两层界面采样原子)相比方案1能够更充分地捕捉界面过渡区域的细微变化,从而进一步降低位移和能量误差.尽管多增加了一层界面采样原子会略微提高计算成本,但这一代价换来界面区域精度的提升是可以接受的,尤其是在对界面细节要求较高的应用中.相较之下,无次采样方案在界面区域缺乏次级采样,导致位移和能量误差均有所上升(分别达到2.55%和3.68%),这也体现出分辨率骤降带来的不利影响.
为了验证MMM方法对不同晶格结构的适用性,将原子构型由方形晶格调整为三角形晶格,并相应设置体系尺寸为.采样方案(包括全采样方案(FS)、界面次采样方案1(ISS1)、界面次采样方案2(ISS2)及无次采样方案(NSS))和边界条件的设置保持与方形晶格测试一致,如图4所示.
相较于方形晶格,三角形晶格在局部原子排列与几何约束方面存在差异,可能对界面一致性产生影响.但从图5展示的不同采样方案下三角形晶格模型沿垂直中心y轴的位移分布和表2中所示的相对位移误差和相对能量误差结果来看,各方案仍呈现与方形晶格情况下相似的趋势:全采样方案具有最高精度(位移和能量误差分别为1.43%和1.34%),无次采样方案则由于在界面区域缺少细化采样而导致较大误差(3.11%和4.12%).同时,界面次采样方案1和界面次采样方案2在界面处增加额外的采样原子,从而兼顾了较高的计算效率与精度,其中界面次采样方案2通过在界面区域设置两层次采样原子,进一步降低了误差(1.85%和1.88%),对界面处变形梯度的捕捉也更为充分.整体而言,尽管三角形晶格与方形晶格在构型上存在明显差异,但MMM方法中所采用的能量采样方案在两种晶格体系中均表现出良好的适用性和一致的相对性能,也为进一步扩展至更复杂的晶格构型提供了有力的数值支持.
在所提出的MMM方法中,粗化区域与原子区域采用了一致的本构模型,即描述原子相互作用的势函数.该本构模型一致性的优势在于,当粗化网格细化至原子分辨率时,该模型可自动收敛至全原子模型.先前的工作已经表明基于线性单元的MMM方法具有良好的收敛性[42].为进一步验证高阶单元下的收敛行为,本文采用4节点双线性单元开展相关测试.
收敛性测试同样采用尺寸为48l×48l的方形晶格作为基准模型,但不再设置局部原子区域,如图6所示.边界条件与前文保持一致:底部原子在xy方向完全固定,顶部施加沿y轴正方向的位移载荷.由于局部原子区域与粗化区域界面不再存在,本测试中引入了两种新的能量采样方案,即边界次采样(Edge Secondary Sampling,ESS)方案,将插值单元的边界原子作为次采样原子(图6(b)),和近邻次采样方案(Neighbor-Assisted Secondary Sampling,NAS),将代表性原子的近邻原子作为次采样原子(图6(c)).为了数值评估MMM的收敛行为,对施加拉伸载荷下的原子模型采用不同的均匀单元尺寸进行粗化.
由于在不同单元尺寸下的误差变化幅度较小,本研究未采用对数坐标图展示误差,而是直接在线性坐标轴下呈现误差的变化.这种做法有助于更直观地展示各采样方案的误差行为,并避免因坐标缩放而导致的误差幅度失真.图7展示了各采样方案在不同单元尺寸下的相对位移误差与相对能量误差.结果显示,无次采样(NSS)方案计算效率最高,但精度相对较低;全采样(FS)方案精度最高,但计算成本较高;近邻次采样(NAS)方案在精度和计算效率之间取得平衡;边界次采样(ESS)方案则在显著降低计算成本的同时,几乎达到全采样方案的精度.这种差异主要源于次采样点的数量和分布:全采样方案使用最多的次采样点,因此精度最高但计算成本较大,而无次采样方案完全不使用次级采样点,计算效率最高但精度相对较低.边界次采样方案的采样点数量介于二者之间,因此在精度与计算成本之间实现良好平衡.具体而言,L2范数下,采用最后四个误差点进行计算,全采样方案和边界次采样方案的收敛阶分别为0.861 1(R2=0.993 3)和0.757 4(R2=0.999 3);H1范数下,二者的收敛阶分别为0.216 9(R2=0.943 0)和0.170 4(R2=0.980 7).由于本研究基于离散的原子模拟,相较于连续介质模型,其解的光滑性较低,因此未呈现传统有限元方法的理想收敛阶.
为进一步评估MMM方法在复杂变形条件下的收敛性表现,对二维方形晶格梁在弯曲条件下的响应进行了分析.模型尺寸设置为192l×48l,边界条件设定为左端固定,右端施加沿y负方向的位移载荷(见图8).采样方案仍为边界次采样方案(ESS)、近邻次采样(NAS)方案和无次采样(NSS)方案.
图9展示了不同能量采样方案在弯曲变形条件下的收敛行为.从结果可见,相较于拉伸测试,弯曲条件下单元尺寸变化对误差的影响相对较小.这可能是因为双线性单元在捕捉弯曲等复杂变形时精度较低,因此误差对网格分辨率的敏感性较低.尽管误差存在一定波动,但随着单元尺寸的减小,误差整体呈下降趋势,说明MMM方法在弯曲问题中仍具有单调的收敛性.
此外,不同能量采样方案的表现趋势与拉伸测试相似.其中,边界次采样方案的计算结果与全采样方案最为接近,而近邻次采样方案在精度方面表现略逊于边界次采样方案,而无次采样方案仍然表现出相对较高的误差水平.
为了进一步验证MMM方法对不同晶格结构的适用性,本节将原子构型由方形晶格扩展至三角形晶格,并在拉伸和弯曲条件下进行收敛性测试.测试方案与边界条件均与方形晶格中的设置保持一致.
图10显示了不同采样方案在拉伸与弯曲测试中的相对位移误差和能量误差.从结果来看,各采样方案的误差趋势与方形晶格中的表现基本一致,边界次采样(ESS)方案的误差最小且收敛速度最快,而无次采样(NSS)方案误差相对较高,收敛最慢.近邻次采样(NAS)方案的误差水平介于两者之间.在拉伸测试中,所有采样方案的误差均随单元尺寸减小而降低,其中边界次采样方案表现出最优的收敛性.能量误差的变化趋势与位移误差保持一致,进一步验证了MMM方法的稳定性.弯曲测试结果表明,整体误差波动相较于拉伸测试更小,且边界次采样方案仍具有最优精度,但收敛速度相对较慢.该现象与方形晶格测试中的趋势一致,表明MMM方法在不同晶格结构下的误差规律具有较强的一致性,验证了该方法对不同原子排列结构的普适性.然而,与方形晶格相比,三角形晶格下的离散误差略高,可能与其局部几何约束及节点分布特点相关.
本小节将进行误差结构分析,系统解释前述测试中边界次采样方案、近邻次采样方案和无次采样方案的性能.MMM方法中的整体数值误差主要来源于两部分:(1)使用形函数进行插值以减少自由度而引入的离散误差;(2)利用采样原子的能量对非采样原子的能量进行采样而产生的采样误差.因此在全采样方案中,仅存在离散误差.不同采样方案总的位移误差可写为
其中,UFA为从全原子模拟获得的位移矢量集,UMMM为一个MMM采样方案的位移矢量集.
然后,利用式(6)和式(7)中定义的误差范数,位移场的离散误差与采样误差分别定义如下
能量场的离散误差与采样误差分别定义如下
根据三角形不等式,整体误差与两类误差之间满足以下关系
式(13)和式(14)分别给出了位移误差范数和能量误差范数的上界.基于上述定义,接下来对前述收敛性测试中的误差结构进行详细分析,并在同一图中呈现各采样方案的总误差、离散误差与采样误差.全采样方案(FS)仅包含离散误差,因此不单独绘制.此外,我们将采用对数坐标以更好地显示离散误差和采样误差对总体误差的贡献.
图11展示了方形晶格拉伸条件下边界次采样方案(ESS)、近邻次采样方案(NAS)和无次采样方案(NSS)的误差结构.从结果可见,在所有单元尺寸下,边界次采样方案的采样误差始终较小,表明该方案能够有效地进行能量插值.随着单元尺寸减小,采样误差略有增加,但整体水平仍低于近邻次采样方案和无次采样方案.近邻次采样方案的误差相较边界次采样方案略大,且当单元尺寸较小时,采样误差占主导地位,但仍处于一个较小的量级.无次采样方案的误差最高,尤其是采样误差显著增大,但仍处于较低的水平.此外,当单元尺寸较大时,离散误差在各方案中占主导地位;随单元尺寸减小,近邻次采样方案和无次采样方案中的采样误差逐步增大,甚至在局部条件下超过离散误差,从而影响整体收敛性.
在弯曲测试条件下,各采样方案的误差结构如图12所示.整体而言,采样误差对总误差的贡献相较于拉伸测试显著降低,离散误差仍为主导因素.边界次采样方案在所有单元尺寸下均表现出最低误差水平,表明该方案在弯曲工况下依然适用.近邻次采样方案的误差高于边界次采样方案,但两者的采样误差在数值上相近.无次采样方案误差最大,且误差水平相较拉伸测试整体偏高.需注意的是,随着单元尺寸减小,离散误差未呈现明显下降趋势,与拉伸测试的表现存在差异,这可能与双线性单元的数值特性相关.这也表明了在处理弯曲问题时,单纯依赖网格细化并不足以显著提升计算精度,需要采用更高阶的单元类型.
图13展示了三角形晶格拉伸测试中边界次采样方案(ESS)、近邻次采样方案(NAS)和无次采样方案(NSS)的误差结构.整体趋势与方形晶格类似,表明MMM方法在不同晶格结构下的误差分布具有良好的一致性.值得注意的是,相较于方形晶格,三角形晶格的离散误差略高,这可能与其几何结构和局部约束条件有关.但整体而言,当单元尺寸不小于10l的原子间距时,离散误差均大于采样误差,显示了采样方案的有效性.
图14展示了三角形晶格在弯曲条件下不同能量采样方案的误差结构.与方形晶格类似,边界次采样方案表现最佳,其误差水平最低.与拉伸测试相比,近邻次采样方案与边界次采样方案的误差差距较小,表明近邻次采样在弯曲问题中的有效性有所提升.值得注意的是,对于不同的采样方案,在所采用的所有单元尺寸下,离散误差均显著大于采样误差,表明了所提出的采样方案的有效性.
并发多尺度计算方法的界面一致性与误差分析是耦合方法发展的关键.本文以多分辨率分子力学(MMM)方法为例,通过构建原子/粗化区域共存的方形和三角形晶格模型,系统评估了全采样(FS)、界面次采样(ISS1/ISS2)及无次采样(NSS)方案的影响.结果表明:ISS类方案显著提升界面一致性,其中ISS2(包含所有近邻层)性能最优.在拉伸/弯曲工况的误差收敛分析中,离散误差占主导地位,而次采样点增加可使采样误差显著降低(拉伸工况尤为明显).两种晶格的误差趋势一致,但三角形晶格因几何约束导致的离散误差略高,揭示了节点分布对误差积累的影响.尽管双线性单元在复杂变形中仍存在局限,MMM方法在界面一致性和收敛性方面具有显著优势,该优势为其多尺度建模应用奠定了理论基础.
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.15959/j.cnki.0254-0053.2025.03.006
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
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国家自然科学基金(12272214)
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    上海大学 力学与工程科学学院,上海应用数学与力学研究所,上海 200070

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杨庆成,博士,教授.研究方向:计算力学、增材制造与机器学习的交叉研究.E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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