Article(id=1322954618581430427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954407050092740, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750953600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-27, revisedDate=1757433600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346560378, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346560378, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346560378, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346560378, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954407050092740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='19', pageStart='2289', pageEnd='2444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346509945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346509945, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2327, endPage=2339, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954618778562716, articleId=1322954618581430427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Impact of various administration routes of fullerenol nanoparticles on therapeutic outcomes of radiation-induced retinal injury, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the differences in therapeutic efficacy and possible mechanism of different routes of administration of fullerene nanoparticles in the treatment of radiation retinopathy.

Methods

Eight-week-old adult male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group (Control), irradiation group (X-Ray), irradiation+vitreous cavity administration group [X+F(IVT)], irradiation+ocular surface administration group [X+F(OS)], and irradiation+intravenous administration group [X+F (IV)], with 5 rats in each group. The blank group was not treated, the irradiation groups exposed to X-ray irradiation to establish the model, and fullerenol nanoparticles were given to the treatment groups through different routes after irradiation. At 7, 14, and 28 d after modeling, body weight and fundus changes were measured to evaluate drug safety, retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to observe the change in retinal tissue structure, and electroretinography (ERG) was applied for oscillatory potentials (OPs) to evaluate visual function. CD31 immunofluorescence staining was carried out to evaluate retinal endothelial vascular status, and in vivo imaging was utilized to evaluate the accumulation of fullerenol nanoparticles in the eyes.

Results

The growth curves of body weight demonstrated that fullerenol nanoparticles did not affect the growth and development of rats, with no statistical difference between the treatment groups and the control group. Irradiation resulted in a significant reduction in visual function, decreased amplitudes of a-wave and b-wave, and declined OPs (P<0.01), and significantly increased thicknesses of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL) in the retinas, as evidenced by OCT (P<0.01), along with a notably absent presence of CD31-positive cells (P<0.01). Notably, the X+F(IVT) group obtained significantly improved visual function after intravitreal administration, effectively maintained thickness of the GCL and INL, and prevention against the loss of CD31-positive cells (P<0.01). However, no such effective results were observed in the irradiated groups receiving intravenous either ocular surface administration. In vivo imaging revealed that intravitreal administration maintained high ocular accumulation of fullerene for 96 h, while ocular surface administration sustained these concentrations for only 12 h. Intravenous administration, in contrast, only led to a predominant drug distribution in vascular-rich areas, but reduced ocular accumulation.

Conclusion

Fullerene nanoparticles possess a therapeutic effect on radiation retinopathy, and the intravitreal administration route demonstrates better efficacy than ocular surface and intravenous administration.

, authors=Guangjun AO1, Xia CHEN1, Junlin YANG2, Haiwei XU1, Wei BIAN1, authorsList=Guangjun AO, Xia CHEN, Junlin YANG, Haiwei XU, Wei BIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haiwei XU, Wei BIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954620598890669, articleId=1322954618581430427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对放射性视网膜损伤安全性及有效性评价, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对放射性视网膜损伤治疗效果的差异及可能机制。

方法

将8周龄成年雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为空白组(Control)、辐照组(X-Ray)、辐照+玻腔给药组[X+F(IVT)]、辐照+眼表给药组[X+F(OS)]、辐照+静脉给药组[X+F(IV)],每组5只。空白组不做处理,辐照组用X射线辐照造模,剩余组在辐照后接受不同途径的富勒醇纳米颗粒治疗,对应检测时间点分别为7、14、28 d;通过检测各组大鼠体质量及眼底改变评估药物安全性,视网膜光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)评比视网膜组织结构变化,视网膜电图(electroretinogram,ERG)和功能振荡电位(oscillatory potentials,OPs)评价视觉功能,CD31免疫荧光染色评价视网膜内皮血管状态,活体成像评价富勒醇纳米颗粒在眼部的蓄积情况。

结果

体质量生长曲线结果显示,富勒醇纳米颗粒不影响大鼠生长发育,给药组与对照组无统计学差异;与空白组相比,辐照组的视觉功能显著降低,视网膜电图a波、b波和OPs振幅显著下降(P<0.01),OCT检测显示视网膜节细胞层(ganglion cell layer,GCL)和内核层(inner nuclear layer,INL)厚度显著增加(P<0.01),同时CD31+细胞明显缺失(P<0.01)。辐照+玻璃体腔给药组大鼠视觉功能显著改善,治疗有效维持GCL+INL厚度和挽救CD31+细胞缺失(P<0.01),辐照+静脉给药组和辐照+眼表给药组治疗效果不明显。活体成像结果显示玻璃体腔注射能维持96 h眼部高浓度药物蓄积,眼表滴药仅能维持12 h眼部高浓度药物蓄积,静脉注射药物主要分布在血管丰富的区域,在眼部蓄积浓度低。

结论

富勒醇纳米颗粒对放射性视网膜损伤具有治疗作用,玻璃体腔给药组相比于眼表给药组和静脉给药组疗效更好。

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徐海伟,E-mail:
卞薇,E-mail:
XU Haiwei,E-mail:
BIAN Wei,E-mail:
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Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,2023,39(03):187-193., articleTitle=One-stop intravitreal injection model:expert consensus on establishment and management, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954620821188782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954620829577391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, companyId=1322954620821188782, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Ophthalmology,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954620833771696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, companyId=1322954620821188782, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院眼科,视觉损伤与再生修复重庆市重点实验室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954620892491953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954620900880562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, companyId=1322954620892491953, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Ophthalmology,General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954620909269171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, companyId=1322954620892491953, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南部战区总医院眼科,广东 广州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954622742180053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Irradiation of SD rat eyes with X-RAD 320-OptiMAX Biological Irradiation Apparatus, figureFileSmall=+f2UleYinlWhRrDDPwWf3A==, figureFileBig=jCntwI1L0g3J+7OBMEah8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954622805094614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=CN, label=图1, caption=X-RAD 320-OptiMAX生物学辐照仪辐照SD大鼠眼部图示, figureFileSmall=+f2UleYinlWhRrDDPwWf3A==, figureFileBig=jCntwI1L0g3J+7OBMEah8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954622964478167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Characterization and in vivo toxicity of fullerenol nanoparticles, figureFileSmall=2uLWaTKgOsDO55smDvj60A==, figureFileBig=PNMWiOgJlnxeNWWZr0jzPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623031587032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=CN, label=图2, caption=富勒醇纳米颗粒表征和在体毒性评价

A:Hydrodynamic particle size of fullerenol nanoparticles (approximately 13 nm); B:Zeta potential of fullerenol nanoparticles; C:Raman spectrum of fullerenol nanoparticles; D:X-ray photoelectron spectrum of fullerenol nanoparticles; E:Body weight curves of rats after different administration routes of fullerenol nanoparticles within 30 d; F:Representative image of rat fundus after fullerenol nanoparticle treatment through different administration routes

, figureFileSmall=2uLWaTKgOsDO55smDvj60A==, figureFileBig=PNMWiOgJlnxeNWWZr0jzPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623111278809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Fluorescence accumulation of fullerenol nanoparticles in rat eyes with different administration routes, figureFileSmall=csso/DXkpq3oaEQaaTaUhQ==, figureFileBig=45gG63Z5tJclbzwlKm4qSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623195164890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=CN, label=图3, caption=富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式在大鼠眼部荧光蓄积

A:Representative images of in vivo imaging with Cy5 fluorescently labeled fullerenol nanoparticles at 6,12,24,48 and 96 h after administration,through intravitreal injection [F(IVT)],intravenous injection [F(IV)],and ocular surface drop [F(OS)]; B~F:Statistic analysis of eye fluorescence intensity at 6 (B),12 (C),24 (D),48 (E) and 96 (F) h after administration. a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=csso/DXkpq3oaEQaaTaUhQ==, figureFileBig=45gG63Z5tJclbzwlKm4qSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623270662363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Efficacy of fullerenol nanoparticles through different administration routes on retinal tissue evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT), figureFileSmall=ZmUwm8wFHymQEy9/XpoQ3A==, figureFileBig=/AFoXOeLoIXZ3REemS2Mvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623329382620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=CN, label=图4, caption=富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对视网膜组织效果评价OCT

A:OCT showing retinal thickness in the blank group (control),irradiation group(X-Ray),irradiation +vitreous cavity treatment group [X+F(IVT)],irradiation+intravenous treatment group [X+F(IV)],and irradiation+ocular surface treatment group [X+F(OS)] respectively at 7,14 and 28 d after administration; B~D:Statistic analysis of retinal GCL+INL thickness during OCT circular scanning in the control,X-Ray,X+F(IVT),[X+F(IV)],and [X+F(OS)] groups at 7 (B),14 (C) and 28 (D) d after administration. GCL:Ganglionic cell layer; INL:Inner nuclear layer. a:P<0.05; b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=ZmUwm8wFHymQEy9/XpoQ3A==, figureFileBig=/AFoXOeLoIXZ3REemS2Mvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623417463005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Efficacy of fullerenol nanoparticles through different administration routes evaluated by electroretinography (ERG), figureFileSmall=AcATRsV5grHFrlr71QlA1Q==, figureFileBig=L2v7s4cdVy4+e4gDDaddXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623484571870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=CN, label=图5, caption=富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对视网膜电图效果评价

A:ERG showing a-waves and b-waves in blank group (Control),irradiation group (X-Ray),irradiation+vitreous cavity treatment group [X+F(IVT)],irradiation+intravenous treatment group [X+F(IV)],and irradiation+ocular surface treatment group [X+F(OS)] at 7,14 and 28 d after irradiation; B and C:Statistic analysis of a-wave (B) and b-wave (C) amplitude of each group at 7 d after administration; D and E:Statistic analysis of a-wave (D) and b-wave (E) amplitude of each group at 14 d after administration:F and G:Statistic analysis of a-wave (F) and b-wave (G) amplitude of each group at 28 d after administration. a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=AcATRsV5grHFrlr71QlA1Q==, figureFileBig=L2v7s4cdVy4+e4gDDaddXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623560069343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Efficacy of fullerenol nanoparticles through different administration routes on oscillatory potential (OP), figureFileSmall=t+NscJTpKWwtnN+j8/WnQA==, figureFileBig=8Z79b5p9auurN7RvTfcDQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623669121248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=CN, label=图6, caption=富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对振荡电位效果评价

A:OPs waves in blank group (Control),irradiation group (X-Ray),irradiation+vitreous cavity treatment group [X+F(IVT)],irradiation+intravenous treatment group [X+F(IV)],and irradiation+ocular surface treatment group [X+F(OS)] at 7,14 and 28 d after irradiation; B~D:Statistic analysis of ∑OPs amplitude of the blank group and above treatment groups at 7 (B),14 (C) and 28 (D) d after irradiation. a:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=t+NscJTpKWwtnN+j8/WnQA==, figureFileBig=8Z79b5p9auurN7RvTfcDQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623748813025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Electroretinogram and functional oscillatory potential (OP) of the rats at different time points after irradiation (n=5), figureFileSmall=Qp1U/KDsA9Fc2TuaLBd9iA==, figureFileBig=UuCK2gG79dLr9n9oDlp4jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623836893410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SD大鼠辐照后不同时间点视网膜电图及功能振荡电位图示

A:Representative images of ERG a-waves and b-waves in the blank group (Control) and X-Ray irradiation groups at 7,14 and 28 d after irradiation; B~D:Statistic analysis of a-wave (B),b-wave (C) and ∑OP-wave (D) amplitude of the blank group,and X-Ray irradiation groups at 7,14 and 28 d after irradiation; E:Representative images of OP waveforms in the blank group and X-Ray irradiation group at 7,14 and 28 d after irradiation. a:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=Qp1U/KDsA9Fc2TuaLBd9iA==, figureFileBig=UuCK2gG79dLr9n9oDlp4jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623916585187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Fluorescent staining of retinal slices after fullerenol nanoparticle treatment through different administration routes, figureFileSmall=vVLAZotc5rcvDScw4IEd6w==, figureFileBig=GLmOQy3aUUb1HQHRSP0MMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954623979499748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954618581430427, language=CN, label=图8, caption=富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对视网膜切片荧光染色

A~C:CD31+ (green) retinal endothelial vessels of rats in blank group (Ccontrol),irradiation group (X-Ray),irradiation+vitreous cavity treatment group [X+F(IVT)],irradiation+intravenous treatment group [X+F(IV)],and irradiation+ocular surface treatment group [X+F(OS)] at 7 (A),14 (B) and 28 (C) d after irradiation; D~F:Statistic analysis of fluorescence intensity of CD31 in retinal slices at 7 (D),14 (E) and 28 (F) d after irradiation. GCL:Ganglionic cell layer; INL:Inner nuclear layer; ONL:Outer nuclear layer. a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

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富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对放射性视网膜损伤安全性及有效性评价
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敖光军 1 , 陈霞 1 , 杨君玲 2 , 徐海伟 1 , 卞薇 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(19): 2327-2339
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (19) : 2327 -2339
富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对放射性视网膜损伤安全性及有效性评价
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敖光军1, 陈霞1, 杨君玲2, 徐海伟1 , 卞薇1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院眼科,视觉损伤与再生修复重庆市重点实验室,重庆
  • 2南部战区总医院眼科,广东 广州
通讯作者:
徐海伟,E-mail:
卞薇,E-mail:
XU Haiwei,E-mail:
BIAN Wei,E-mail:
Impact of various administration routes of fullerenol nanoparticles on therapeutic outcomes of radiation-induced retinal injury
Guangjun AO1, Xia CHEN1, Junlin YANG2, Haiwei XU1 , Wei BIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Ophthalmology,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 2Department of Ophthalmology,General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506081
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目的

探究富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对放射性视网膜损伤治疗效果的差异及可能机制。

方法

将8周龄成年雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为空白组(Control)、辐照组(X-Ray)、辐照+玻腔给药组[X+F(IVT)]、辐照+眼表给药组[X+F(OS)]、辐照+静脉给药组[X+F(IV)],每组5只。空白组不做处理,辐照组用X射线辐照造模,剩余组在辐照后接受不同途径的富勒醇纳米颗粒治疗,对应检测时间点分别为7、14、28 d;通过检测各组大鼠体质量及眼底改变评估药物安全性,视网膜光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)评比视网膜组织结构变化,视网膜电图(electroretinogram,ERG)和功能振荡电位(oscillatory potentials,OPs)评价视觉功能,CD31免疫荧光染色评价视网膜内皮血管状态,活体成像评价富勒醇纳米颗粒在眼部的蓄积情况。

结果

体质量生长曲线结果显示,富勒醇纳米颗粒不影响大鼠生长发育,给药组与对照组无统计学差异;与空白组相比,辐照组的视觉功能显著降低,视网膜电图a波、b波和OPs振幅显著下降(P<0.01),OCT检测显示视网膜节细胞层(ganglion cell layer,GCL)和内核层(inner nuclear layer,INL)厚度显著增加(P<0.01),同时CD31+细胞明显缺失(P<0.01)。辐照+玻璃体腔给药组大鼠视觉功能显著改善,治疗有效维持GCL+INL厚度和挽救CD31+细胞缺失(P<0.01),辐照+静脉给药组和辐照+眼表给药组治疗效果不明显。活体成像结果显示玻璃体腔注射能维持96 h眼部高浓度药物蓄积,眼表滴药仅能维持12 h眼部高浓度药物蓄积,静脉注射药物主要分布在血管丰富的区域,在眼部蓄积浓度低。

结论

富勒醇纳米颗粒对放射性视网膜损伤具有治疗作用,玻璃体腔给药组相比于眼表给药组和静脉给药组疗效更好。

富勒醇  /  给药方式  /  X射线辐照  /  视网膜损伤
Objective

To explore the differences in therapeutic efficacy and possible mechanism of different routes of administration of fullerene nanoparticles in the treatment of radiation retinopathy.

Methods

Eight-week-old adult male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group (Control), irradiation group (X-Ray), irradiation+vitreous cavity administration group [X+F(IVT)], irradiation+ocular surface administration group [X+F(OS)], and irradiation+intravenous administration group [X+F (IV)], with 5 rats in each group. The blank group was not treated, the irradiation groups exposed to X-ray irradiation to establish the model, and fullerenol nanoparticles were given to the treatment groups through different routes after irradiation. At 7, 14, and 28 d after modeling, body weight and fundus changes were measured to evaluate drug safety, retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to observe the change in retinal tissue structure, and electroretinography (ERG) was applied for oscillatory potentials (OPs) to evaluate visual function. CD31 immunofluorescence staining was carried out to evaluate retinal endothelial vascular status, and in vivo imaging was utilized to evaluate the accumulation of fullerenol nanoparticles in the eyes.

Results

The growth curves of body weight demonstrated that fullerenol nanoparticles did not affect the growth and development of rats, with no statistical difference between the treatment groups and the control group. Irradiation resulted in a significant reduction in visual function, decreased amplitudes of a-wave and b-wave, and declined OPs (P<0.01), and significantly increased thicknesses of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL) in the retinas, as evidenced by OCT (P<0.01), along with a notably absent presence of CD31-positive cells (P<0.01). Notably, the X+F(IVT) group obtained significantly improved visual function after intravitreal administration, effectively maintained thickness of the GCL and INL, and prevention against the loss of CD31-positive cells (P<0.01). However, no such effective results were observed in the irradiated groups receiving intravenous either ocular surface administration. In vivo imaging revealed that intravitreal administration maintained high ocular accumulation of fullerene for 96 h, while ocular surface administration sustained these concentrations for only 12 h. Intravenous administration, in contrast, only led to a predominant drug distribution in vascular-rich areas, but reduced ocular accumulation.

Conclusion

Fullerene nanoparticles possess a therapeutic effect on radiation retinopathy, and the intravitreal administration route demonstrates better efficacy than ocular surface and intravenous administration.

fullerenol  /  administration route  /  X-ray irradiation  /  retinal injury
敖光军, 陈霞, 杨君玲, 徐海伟, 卞薇. 富勒醇纳米颗粒不同给药方式对放射性视网膜损伤安全性及有效性评价. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2327 -2339 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506081
Guangjun AO, Xia CHEN, Junlin YANG, Haiwei XU, Wei BIAN. Impact of various administration routes of fullerenol nanoparticles on therapeutic outcomes of radiation-induced retinal injury[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2327 -2339 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506081
放射治疗是利用放射线治疗疾病的一种局部治疗方法,其作用原理是利用放射线的电离能力破坏细胞结构,从而导致细胞死亡[1]。随着放射治疗广泛应用在眼部、面部、鼻咽部及颅骨等区域肿瘤,其电离辐射的生物效应在发挥治疗效果的同时,也诱导眼部并发症。除放疗患者外,放疗医务工作者、高原官兵及居民、辐射研究的科研工作者及工人都是接触放射线较多人员,职业暴露后放射性网膜病变(radiation retinopathy,RR)发生潜在风险增加[2-3]。放射性视网膜病变损伤的核心机制是辐射诱导的氧化应激以及视网膜血管损伤,其中血管损伤包括内皮细胞丢失、血管闭塞和毛细血管脱落,会造成血管功能不全和视网膜缺血[2-5]。辐射导致血-视网膜屏障受损,显著改变视网膜微血管系统的结构和功能,严重威胁视功能,甚至引发失明[6]。目前治疗手段仅能延缓疾病进展,无法治愈损伤,且国内外尚无治疗放射视网膜病变的权威指南[7-8]。
辐射损伤治疗现有策略包括对症支持治疗(人工泪液、抗生素、改善微循环)及使用抗辐射药物等,传统抗辐射药物以抗氧化剂为主,如谷胱甘肽、维生素E、氨磷汀等,往往针对一种或少数自由基,谱系窄,难以透过血-视网膜屏障,且需要保持高浓度、高频率给药才能发挥治疗效果[9-11]。富勒醇纳米颗粒是富勒烯的羟基化衍生物,具有独特笼状分子结构和良好的生物相容性,在体外和体内生物体系中均表现出良好生物安全性及强大的抗氧化活性,是传统抗氧化剂的几十倍甚至上百倍[9-12]。研究表明,富勒醇纳米颗粒通过清除活性氧挽救辐射损伤,在心肌细胞、胃肠道和皮肤辐射损伤模型中均显示出良好的治疗效果[9-10,13-15]。并且本实验室已掌握成熟的富勒醇纳米颗粒技术,证明了富勒醇纳米颗粒可以保护紫外辐射诱导的角膜氧化应激损伤[10]。然而,富勒醇纳米颗粒对放射性视网膜损伤保护作用仍不清楚。
常规眼部给药方式包括眼表滴药(滴眼液、眼膏、眼凝胶等)、静脉注射药物、玻璃体腔注射给药等。由于眼睛复杂的解剖结构及生理屏障,药物在眼部的生物利用度较低。眼病给药技术成为科学研究攻克的重点和难点。随着纳米药物在临床应用不断扩大,纳米药物治疗眼部疾病已成新的热点,因此评估纳米药物安全性、规范化使用是医务工作者的重中之重。考虑到目前尚无评估不同眼部给药方式治疗放射性视网膜病变效果的报道,本研究通过X射线辐照SD大鼠建立放射性视网膜损伤模型,采用传统眼表滴药、静脉注药、玻璃体腔注药3种不同给药方式,从动物实验层面探究富勒醇纳米药物安全性,评价不同给药方式眼部治疗效果,为下一步纳米药物临床应用提供理论支持。
6周龄(体质量200~250 g)雄性SD大鼠由陆军军医大学实验动物中心提供,动物饲养在无特定病原体(SPF)级的12/12 h明/暗交替动物房内,温度保持在22~25 ℃,湿度保持在(55±5)%,光强维持在150~300 lx,动物饮食饮水不受限制。所有动物为基础的实验操作按照《陆军军医大学实验动物管理条例》,经过陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会审核(AMUWEC 20237098),符合动物伦理和动物福利要求,实验动物生产许可证号为SCXK(渝)2022-0011,使用许可证号为SYXK(渝)2022-0018。
眼科手术显微镜购于日本NSKLTD公司,荧光显微镜购于日本奥林巴斯公司,激光共聚焦显微镜购于德国Zeiss公司,辐照仪购于美国PXi公司,IVIS成像系统购于美国PerkinElmer公司,光学相干断层扫描仪购于美国Phoenix Micron Inc公司,视网膜电图记录仪购于日本MAYO公司,蔗糖、BSA购于美国Sigma公司,4%多聚甲醛、Triton X-100、DAPI原液、PBS购于中国碧云天公司,三溴乙醇购于中国南京爱贝生物公司,复方托吡卡胺滴眼液、盐酸奥布卡因滴眼液购于日本参天制药公司,冰冻切片包埋剂购于美国Sakura公司,一抗羊抗CD31购于美国R&D公司,二抗驴抗山羊抗体购于美国Invitrogen公司。
采用随机数字法将6周龄SD大鼠右耳使用耳标夹进行编号,喂养2周,将其分为空白组(Control)、辐照组(X-Ray)、辐照+玻腔给药组[X+F(IVT)]、辐照+眼表给药组[X+F(OS)]、辐照+静脉给药组[X+F(IV)],共5组,每组每次实验3只老鼠,重复5次实验,双侧眼实施相同干预措施。除空白组以外,治疗组、辐照组大鼠在8周龄开始进行辐照,辐照后治疗组3 h内富勒醇纳米颗粒给药治疗,玻腔给药组接受玻璃体腔注射给药,给药量为3 μL,浓度为500 μg/mL;眼表给药组接受眼表滴药,滴药量为0.1 mL,3次/7 d,浓度为25 μg/mL;静脉给药组则接受尾静脉注射给药,给药量为20 mg/kg,富勒醇纳米颗粒使用浓度和剂量参考前期研究[9-10,13,16-17],给药后7、14、28 d分别采集实验数据。
将8周龄的SD大鼠通过腹膜内注射2.5%三溴乙醇(10 μL/g)和0.25%速眠新(10 μL/100 g)麻醉,1%复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散瞳,总剂量为30 Gy X射线照射(2×15 Gy,间隔7 d),通过X-RAD 320-OptiMAX生物学辐照仪限制性照射大鼠眼部区域(用铅板遮挡头部及身体,图1),辐照剂量参考前期研究[17-20],具体辐照参数如下:电压:160 kV,电流:12.5 mA,高度:33 cm,滤光片:2,剂量率:0.24 Gy/min。
使用Phoenix Micron IV视网膜光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)成像系统分析大鼠视网膜厚度,腹膜内注射2.5%三溴乙醇(10 μL/g)和0.25%速眠新(10 μL/100 g)麻醉,1%复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散瞳,盐酸奥布卡因滴眼液眼表麻醉,操作过程中保持大鼠的角膜湿润,在正式成像之前,需要将大鼠放到载台上,与镜头呈一定夹角,在Micron Ⅳ配备的软件Discover里监测大鼠眼底,使其可以清楚观察到主要的视网膜血管,通过调整鼠台高度和位置,让大鼠视神经定位在视野的中心,确定好以上步骤后,调节镜头距离,直到镜头轻轻接触角膜,视神经通过精确的位置调整重新定位在视野的中心,并将视网膜OCT图像位置水平设置OCT界面的中间位置,对15张图像进行平均以消除伪影,使用环形扫描,每只眼睛采3~5张OCT图像,使用InSight®软件(Phoenix Research Labs)对获取的OCT图像进行定量分析。
大鼠在黑暗环境中适应12 h后,腹膜内注射2.5%三溴乙醇(10 μL/g)和0.25%速眠新(10 μL/100 g)麻醉,1%复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散瞳,盐酸奥布卡因滴眼液眼表麻醉,操作过程中保持大鼠角膜湿润,每个角膜上放置一个金属电极作为记录电极,参考电极和接地电极分别放置在嘴和尾部。根据国际电生理标准,用3.0 cd·s/m2光刺激大鼠,该波由视网膜电图(electroretinogram,ERG) device(MAYO LS-100,Inazawa,Aichi,Japan)记录和处理,当闪光强度为3.0 cd·s/m2时,使用70~300 Hz带通过滤器记录OP响应。所有操作均在一个黑暗的房间里进行,房间里亮昏暗的红色安全灯,将原始数据输入Excel软件中以产生波形图。
分别选择玻璃体腔注射、尾静脉注射、眼表滴药3种给药方式将带有Cy5标记的富勒醇纳米颗粒移植入大鼠,在6、12、24、48、96 h后分别采用IVIS成像系统(PerkinElmer,Hopkinton,USA)捕获富勒醇纳米颗粒在预定时间点成像,并对眼部荧光强度进行定量分析。
将大鼠安乐死,摘除的眼球用4%多聚甲醛固定30 min,在显微镜下去除眼前节。将去除前节的眼球在4 ℃下继续固定2 h,然后转移到30%蔗糖4 ℃下过夜脱水,次日将眼球晾干,用冷冻包埋剂包埋,并在-80 ℃下冷藏,待冷冻包埋剂凝固后制作冰冻组织切片。用PBS洗掉冰冻切片包埋剂,并用含有3% Trion-X和5%BSA的破膜固定,在4℃下一抗(CD31 R&D,AF3628,1∶200)温育过夜,然后用含有0.1%Triton-X的PBS在室温下清洗3次,每次5 min,随后加入二抗在37 ℃下孵育1h,室温下用PBS洗涤3次,每次5 min,加入DAPI 10 min,然后在室温下用PBS清洗3次,持续5 min,最后激光共聚焦拍照,Image J图像软件分析各组CD31+ 荧光强度。
采用GraphPad Prism9.0统计学软件进行分析,数据以x¯±s表示,采用Shapiro-Wilk检验正态分布,2组间数据比较采用非配对t检验,多组间数据比较采用单因素方差分析或双因素方差分析;正态分布数据采用Pearson相关性分析,非正态分布数据采用Spearman相关性分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
采用催化剂辅助机械化学策略,简易合成方法合成了富勒醇纳米颗粒,根据水动力学直径(dynamic light scattering ,DLS)尺寸分布,制备的富勒醇纳米颗粒粒径约为13 nm(图2A)。为了确定全烯醇的分子结构,用Zeta电位和拉曼光谱仪对产物进行进一步表征,如图2B所示,在超纯水中(pH≈5.6),所制备的富勒醇纳米颗粒Zeta电位为-11.9±5.2 mV,说明材料表面附有阴离子根,表明其具有优异的稳定性。在拉曼光谱中,1 568.93 cm-1和1 391.81 cm-1 2个主峰与富勒醇碳笼上C-C的D和G波段一致(图2C),红外光谱和拉曼光谱结果证实羟基被成功引入碳笼中形成羟基化富勒醇纳米颗粒。X射线光电子能谱(X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)证实O1s解耦在533 nm波长附近氧存在的形式是羟基(O-H),高C-OH占比([B]%)与低C=O([C]%)表明羟基化主导修饰过程,说明富勒醇纳米颗粒合成成功,卫星峰强度下降(%)反映sp²共轭体系部分破坏(图2D)。通过对SD大鼠30 d体质量记录分析,3种方式给药富勒醇纳米颗粒对SD大鼠体质量无明显影响(图2E),表明富勒醇纳米颗粒可以通过3种给药方式给药,且均具有良好生物安全性,对SD大鼠生长发育无影响。同时本研究观察了药物移植后眼底是否有毒副作用,结果显示各给药组与对照组相比眼底无明显变化,无明显毒副作用(图2F)。
为了探究富勒醇纳米颗粒在眼部的分布情况,将富勒醇纳米颗粒与Cy5合成带有Cy5荧光标记的富勒醇,采用玻璃体腔注射、静脉注射、眼表滴药3种方式将带有荧光的富勒醇移植入大鼠体内,通过活体成像技术在移植后6、12、24、48、96 h分别分析3种给药方式下富勒醇纳米颗粒在眼部的蓄积情况。荧光强度量化统计结果显示:在注射后6 h,与对照组相比,玻璃体腔给药组和眼表滴药组荧光强度显著增加(P<0.01),且眼表滴药组荧光强度更高,表明玻璃体腔给药组和眼表滴药组眼内有大量富勒醇纳米颗粒蓄积;而静脉给药组在眼部蓄积量较少,荧光主要分布在四肢和颈部血管丰富的区域(图3A、B)。注射12 h后,与对照组相比,玻璃体腔给药组和眼表滴药组仍有大量富勒醇纳米颗粒蓄积(P<0.05),玻璃体腔给药组荧光强度更高,而静脉给药组较6 h眼部荧光强度有所增加,与对照组相比仍无统计学差异,其主要分布在四肢和头颈部血管丰富的区域(图3A、C);注射24 h后,与对照组相比,玻璃体腔给药组仍有大量荧光富勒醇纳米颗粒蓄积在眼部,而眼表滴药组与静脉给药组无统计学差异,静脉给药组主要分布在头颈部及胸腹部区域(图3A、D);注射48、96 h后的结果与24 h结果一致,玻璃体腔给药组在眼部仍有大量蓄积,与对照组相比明显升高(P<0.01),而静脉给药组和眼表滴药组在眼部蓄积较少,无统计学差异(图3A、E、F)。
放射性视网膜病变的核心事件是血管内皮血管丢失,视网膜中内皮血管主要分布在视网膜节细胞层(ganglino cell layer,GCL)和内核层(inner nuclear layer,INL)。通过OCT分别观察辐照后7、14、28 d的GCL+INL厚度变化(图4A),结果显示辐照7 d后X射线组GCL+INL厚度明显增加,与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.01),玻璃体腔治疗组、眼表治疗组GCL+INL厚度相比X射线组均有显著改善(P<0.01),而静脉治疗组无统计学差异。值得注意的是玻璃体腔治疗组改善GCL+INL厚度效果更明显,与眼表治疗组、静脉治疗组均存在显著差异(P<0.01,图4B);辐照14 d后结果与辐照7 d结果一致(图4C);辐照28 d后X射线组GCL+INL厚度轻微增厚,且与对照组存在统计学差异(P<0.05),各治疗组与辐照组之间均无统计学差异(图4D)。
为了检测富勒醇纳米颗粒是否能改善视网膜损伤后的视功能,通过记录辐照后7、14、28 d视网膜电图(ERG)的a波和b波以评估各组视网膜功能(图5A)。辐照组和对照组的a波和b波振幅存在显著差异(P<0.01),辐照大鼠的视网膜波形反应降低,玻璃体腔注射富勒醇纳米颗粒可显著增加a波和b波振幅,与辐照组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),眼表给药组和静脉给药组a波和b波振幅与辐照组差异无统计学意义,而玻璃体腔给药组相比于眼表给药组和静脉给药组明显升高(图5B~G)。功能振荡电位(oscillatory potentials,OPs)是反映视网膜血管病变的敏感指标,通过记录辐照后7、14、28 d视网膜OPs以评估视网膜血管反应(图6A),结果显示辐照组和对照组的∑OPs波振幅存在显著差异(P<0.01),辐照大鼠∑OPs波振幅降低,表明辐照后视网膜血管反应降低,玻璃体腔注射富勒醇纳米颗粒可显著增加∑OPs波振幅(P<0.01),眼表给药组和静脉给药组不能改善∑OPs波振幅,与辐照组相比差异无统计学意义,而玻璃体腔给药组相比于眼表给药组和静脉给药明显升高(P<0.01),∑OPs波振幅增加(图6B~D)。为了确认辐照后大鼠视功能降低是否具有自我修复,纵向将7、14、24 d辐照组与空白组ERG与OPs进行评估比较,代表图示见(图7A、E),结果显示与空白组相比,7、14、28 d辐照组a波、b波、∑OPs波幅值显著降低(P<0.01),7、14、28 d辐照组各组间相比差异无统计学意义(图7B~D)。
对大鼠视网膜组织切片进行荧光染色分析,结果显示在辐射后7、14、28 d,视网膜CD31⁺血管内皮细胞缺失(图8A~C),CD31的相对荧光强度在辐射后显著降低(图8D~F),玻璃体腔注药组荧光强度与辐照组相比明显升高(P<0.01),表明玻璃体腔注药能显著改善辐照诱导的内皮血管缺失。眼表给药组和静脉给药组与辐照组相比无统计学差异。此外,玻璃体腔给药组逆转内皮血管缺失能力相比于眼表给药组和静脉给药组明显升高(P<0.05),与前文中视功能评价结果一致。
本研究OCT结果显示,辐照后大鼠视网膜GCL+INL明显增厚,玻璃体腔注射富勒醇纳米颗粒可有效抑制辐照引起的视网膜GCL+INL厚度增加,表明富勒醇纳米颗粒可有效改善辐照对视网膜结构的损伤。ERG结果显示,辐照后大鼠ERG中a波、b波及OPs波振幅明显降低,玻璃体腔注射富勒醇纳米颗粒可显著增加大鼠视网膜电图中a波、b波、OPs波振幅,表明富勒醇纳米颗粒可挽救辐照引起的视觉功能障碍。免疫荧光结果显示,辐照组视网膜CD31+比例明显降低,内皮血管明显缺失,玻璃体腔注射富勒醇组CD31+比例相对辐照组显著增加,表明富勒醇纳米颗粒可有效挽救放射性视网膜病变大鼠视网膜血管内皮缺失。综上,富勒醇纳米颗粒可从组织学、功能学、形态学上治疗辐照引起视网膜损伤,挽救视功能,防止视力丧失,该研究结果将为放射性视网膜病变的精准防治提供理论依据。
放射性视网膜病变的核心病理机制是辐射诱导的ROS爆发,引发视网膜微血管内皮细胞凋亡和神经血管单元损伤。辐射能量导致水分子电离产生自由基,引发脂质过氧化链式反应。传统抗氧化剂如谷胱甘肽因分子结构限制,自由基清除能力有限且稳定性差。富勒醇纳米颗粒的笼状碳结构具有多个共轭双键,可高效中和多种ROS,其抗氧化能力在rd1视网膜变性小鼠模型中显著优于谷胱甘肽(视觉功能提高40%以上)[9],为目前已知最强的自由基清除剂之一。这种具有广谱、高效的抗氧化特性使其适合应对辐射后爆发的复杂自由基环境。
近来研究发现,辐射除了介导视网膜氧化损伤以外,还能直接破坏分子键,导致细胞DNA碱基对受损、细胞膜破裂和溶酶体破坏,影响DNA转录、翻译,因此DNA损伤是辐射另一个重要致伤机制[21-22]。氧化应激可引起DNA损伤,DNA损伤也可加重氧化应激,二者相辅相成,因此氧化应激、DNA损伤为放射性视网膜病变发展中重要一环,是引起视网膜细胞死亡、丢失的重要因素[2-4]。研究表明,富勒醇纳米颗粒对放射性相关疾病治疗效果显著,在辐射损伤模型中,富勒醇纳米颗粒通过清除活性氧,挽救辐射损伤,对心肌细胞、胃肠道、皮肤均显示出良好的保护及治疗作用[12-15]。本课题组前期研究工作也发现,富勒醇纳米颗粒可通过抗氧化应激、促进DNA双键同源重组修复紫外线B造成的角膜损伤[10]。
在视网膜变性模型中,富勒醇纳米颗粒能够调控感光细胞内的氧化水平,且抗氧化作用优于传统抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽[9],同时富勒醇纳米颗粒可通过影响Müller细胞的命运转化,拯救光诱导的视网膜损伤[16],富勒醇纳米颗粒可重塑Müller细胞的代谢表型,抑制其向成纤维细胞转化,同时促进其向视网膜干细胞分化,这一“双效调节”为神经再生提供了基础。富勒醇纳米颗粒对胶质细胞命运的调控在放射性视网膜病变的治疗中尤为重要,因为辐射引发的慢性炎症持续驱动胶质细胞病理性活化。但富勒醇纳米颗粒对放射性视网膜病变具有什么样的作用目前仍不清楚。
放射性视网膜病变的病灶位于视网膜后极部,由于存在血-视网膜屏障(blood-retinal barrier ,BRB),给药途径成为决定疗效的关键因素。富勒醇纳米颗粒的多种递送方式在药代动力学、生物利用度及临床适用性方面呈现显著差异,需结合RR不同阶段的病理特点进行优化设计。眼睛具有复杂的解剖结构(角膜、结膜和巩膜)和各种生理屏障(角膜上皮紧密连接、泪液周转率、鼻泪引流等前屏障和动脉、静脉和脉络膜毛细血管网络紧密连接),能有效抵抗异物入侵,但也阻碍了药物输送。眼表滴药、全身静脉给药、玻璃体腔给药为3种常见的眼部给药途径。
玻璃体腔给药通过直接穿透眼球壁将药物输送至玻璃体腔,实现最高视网膜生物利用度(接近100%),特别适用于RR急性黄斑水肿或新生血管危象期。治疗优势体现在:光损伤小鼠模型中,单次玻璃体腔注射富勒醇纳米颗粒(0.5 mg/眼)可维持有效浓度4周以上,显著降低ROS水平并改善视网膜电图(ERG)的a/b波振幅。该方式绕过全身循环,避免肝肾首过效应,且剂量精确可控,对病灶集中的黄斑区提供即时保护[23]。本研究结果ERG、OCT、CD31免疫荧光染色显示,玻璃体腔注射富勒醇纳米颗粒相较于眼表滴药和静脉给药治疗效果更好,活体成像结果也证实玻璃体腔给药后在96 h内维持眼部较高浓度的药物蓄积。玻璃体腔内药物分布到视网膜组织,通过BRB和房水流出进入体循环代谢排出,本研究关于富勒醇纳米颗粒在眼部蓄积时间只研究到96 h,更长时间药物蓄积有待进一步观察评估。
眼表给药(包括球后、球旁和结膜下注射)在巩膜外层形成药物储库,通过缓慢扩散渗透进入视网膜,适用于RR慢性缺血期和弥漫性微血管病变。由于其非侵入性和操作方便,眼表给药是治疗眼前段疾病首选和最广泛使用的给药方式。然而,眼球精细复杂的解剖结构(角膜、结膜和巩膜)和生理特征(泪液稀释、鼻泪引流、反射性眨眼等)会降低药物在眼后段(玻璃体、视网膜色素上皮、视网膜和脉络膜)的生物利用度不到5%[24-25]。由于放射性视网膜病变位于眼后段,药物需依次穿透巩膜基质、脉络膜间隙和视网膜色素上皮层,最终有效药物浓度也受药物自身分子量影响。
本研究结果表明,富勒醇纳米颗粒眼表给药组对放射性视网膜损伤治疗效果欠佳。活体成像结果显示富勒醇纳米颗粒眼表给药组仅在12 h内维持较高浓度的药物蓄积,在12 h后眼部蓄积量极少,即使间隔一日多次给药,治疗效果仍然不佳,仅在7 d时对视网膜组织结构有保护作用。有研究学者认为,纳米化药物颗粒会其增强药物眼部穿透性[26],本研使用富勒醇纳米颗粒粒径大小约为13 nm,与传统药物相比,这些纳米颗粒可以更有效地穿透角膜上皮和结膜,从而增加对眼后段疾病药物输送。然而从本研究结果来看,尽管药物已经达到纳米级大小,相较于玻璃体腔给药,眼表给药治疗效果仍不明显。但由于眼表给药的安全性优势显著,能避免对眼球造成穿透性损伤,特别适用于眼内感染风险高的患者,例如合并糖尿病或免疫功能低下的RR患者(占临床病例的35%~60%)。
全身静脉给药往往针对同时病变涉及眼球前后段的疾病。然而由于血-眼屏障,特别是血-视网膜屏障(BRB)和血-水屏障(BAB)的存在,限制了药物进入眼后段组织,特别是视网膜和玻璃体,降低全身给药治疗眼后段疾病的疗效[27]。本研究结果显示,无论是7 d还是28 d,全身静脉给药相较于玻璃体腔给药,对放射性视网膜病变无明显治疗效果。活体成像结果也表明尾静脉注入荧光标记的富勒醇纳米颗粒后,从6 h至96 h,荧光在眼部蓄积量一直很少。这除了受限于生理屏障,也可能和辐照后BRB受损有关[6],因为在全身静脉给药后,药物必须穿过BRB才能到达视网膜。
综上所述,本研究发现玻璃体腔注射富勒醇纳米颗粒能有效减轻放射性视网膜损伤,可能因其有效规避生理性屏障从而直接递送高浓度富勒醇纳米颗粒至眼后段。眼表给药因角膜屏障等限制,而静脉给药则受血眼屏障影响,导致药物在视网膜分布效率低,疗效较差。然而,本研究未深入探讨富勒醇纳米颗粒的作用机制(如抗氧化、抗炎或基因调控途径),且缺乏长期疗效和安全性评估。此外,不同给药方式的生物利用度、最佳剂量及临床转化可行性(如玻璃体腔注射的侵入性风险)仍需进一步研究。眼部给药是眼科医疗工作者需掌握基本技能,由于玻璃体腔注射属于高侵入性操作,在国外很多医疗机构均由护士独立完成,但国内少有护士可独立操作。近年来,随着各学科专科护士团队的建立,玻璃体腔注射可能将成为眼科专科护士必备技能,目前国内已发布视网膜病玻璃体腔注药术质量控制标准[28]和一站式玻璃体腔注药模式的建立与管理专家共识[29],建立《规范化纳米药物玻璃体腔注射护理操作标准流程》也将是我们下一步研究工作。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506081
  • 接收时间:2025-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-27
  • 修回日期:2025-09-10
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院眼科,视觉损伤与再生修复重庆市重点实验室,重庆
    2南部战区总医院眼科,广东 广州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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