Article(id=1322954505716904135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954356680696647, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=1758643200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346533469, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1761753600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346533469, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346533469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346533469, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954356680696647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='20', pageStart='2445', pageEnd='2580', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761753600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346497936, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346497936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2483, endPage=2494, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954505989533896, articleId=1322954505716904135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Paeoniflorin alleviates LPS-induced aerobic glycolysis in HK-2 cells by modulating the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the effects of paeoniflorin (PF) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced aerobic glycolysis in renal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 and its underlying mechanism of action.

Methods

This study consists of a preliminary experiment and a formal experiment. Preliminary experiment: CCK-8 assay and RT-qPCR were used respectively to measure cell viability and mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors in HK-2 cells after LPS stimulation to determine the optimal LPS concentration for modeling as well as to evaluate the toxicity of PF and screen for its appropriate concentration. Formal experiment: HK-2 cells were divided into control group (CON group), LPS group, LPS+PF group and LPS+PF+740Y-P group. LPS was used to establish a cell model of sepsis associated-acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) in HK-2 cells, and then the cell model was treated with PF and PI3K activator 740Y-P, correspondingly for 24 h. CCK-8 assay was employed to detect cell viability, and Extracellular Acidification Rate (ECAR) Kit was utilized to measure the rate. The contents of IL-1β, IL-18, lactic acid (Lac) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) were determined with ELISA. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT, HIF-1α, pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2, a key enzyme in aerobic glycolysis) and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), and immunofluorescence assay was performed to observe the expression and distribution of PKM2.

Results

① Our preliminary experiment identified that the optimal concentration of LPS for modeling was 20.0 μg/mL, a safe dosage range of PF was 0~100.0 μmol/L, and its optimal therapeutic concentration was 25.0 μmol/L. ② Compared with the CON group, LPS stimulation resulted in significantly decreased cell viability (P<0.05), increased ECAR (P<0.05), elevated contents of IL-1β, IL-18, Lac and LDHA (P<0.05), up-regulated protein levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, HIF-1α, p-PKM2 and NLRP3 (P<0.05), and enhanced fluorescence intensity of PKM2 in the nucleus of cells (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, PF treatment reversed all above effects induced by LPS stimulation (all P<0.05). Compared with the LPS+PF group, in the LPS+PF+740Y-P group, ECAR was elevated (P<0.05), the contents of IL-1β, IL-18, Lac and LDHA were increased (P<0.05), and the relative expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, HIF-1α, p-PKM2 and NLRP3 were increased (P<0.05), and the fluorescence intensity of PKM2 was strengthened (P<0.05) and enhanced in the nucleus (P<0.05).

Conclusion

PF reduces aerobic glycolysis in HK-2 cells and alleviates the inflammatory response by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

, authors=Jing XIE1, Ruonan LI1, Huihui GAO1, Shunkai YANG1, Yuqing MA2, authorsList=Jing XIE, Ruonan LI, Huihui GAO, Shunkai YANG, Yuqing MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuqing MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954508938129623, articleId=1322954505716904135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=芍药苷通过调控PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路减轻脂多糖诱导的HK-2细胞有氧糖酵解, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨芍药苷(paeoniflorin,PF)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2细胞)有氧糖酵解的影响及其作用机制。

方法

本研究分为预实验和正式实验两部分。①预实验:体外培养HK-2细胞,CCK-8实验检测细胞活力,RT-qPCR检测炎症因子mRNA的水平,进行LPS最佳造模浓度筛选、芍药苷毒性实验和浓度筛选。正式实验:将HK-2细胞分成对照组(CON组)、LPS组、LPS+PF组和LPS+PF+740Y-P组。通过建立LPS诱导的SA-AKI肾小管细胞损伤的体外模型,分别给予PF和PI3K激活剂740Y-P干预,造模24 h后取材,CCK-8实验检测细胞活力;细胞外酸化率(extra cellular acidification rate,ECAR)试剂盒检测ECAR;ELISA检测IL-1β、IL-18、乳酸(lactic acid,Lac)以及乳酸脱氢酶A(lactate dehydrogenase A,LDHA);Western blot检测p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、丙酮酸激酶2(pyruvate kinase 2,PKM2)、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)的表达;免疫荧光观察有氧糖酵解关键酶PKM2的表达和分布情况。

结果

①筛选出LPS最佳造模浓度为20.0 μg/mL,芍药苷安全剂量为0~100.0 μmol/L,芍药苷的最佳治疗浓度为25.0 μmol/L。②与CON组相比,LPS组细胞活力明显下降(P<0.05),ECAR明显升高(P<0.05),IL-1β、IL-18、Lac、LDHA水平明显增加(P<0.05),p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、p-PKM2、NLRP3蛋白相对表达量明显增加(P<0.05),细胞核内PKM2荧光强度明显增强(P<0.05)。与LPS组相比,LPS+PF组ECAR明显下降(P<0.05),IL-1β、IL-18、Lac、LDHA水平明显下降(P<0.05),p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、p-PKM2、NLRP3蛋白相对表达量明显减少(P<0.05),细胞核内PKM2荧光强度明显减弱(P<0.05)。与LPS+PF组相比,LPS+PF+740Y-P组ECAR明显升高(P<0.05),IL-1β、IL-18、Lac、LDHA水平明显增加(P<0.05),p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、p-PKM2、NLRP3蛋白相对表达量明显增加(P<0.05),细胞核内PKM2荧光强度明显增强(P<0.05)。

结论

芍药苷通过抑制PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α信号通路,降低HK-2细胞有氧糖酵解水平,减轻炎症反应。

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马玉清,E-mail:
MA Yuqing,E-mail:
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Front Immunol,2023,14:1117548., articleTitle=The role of immunometabolism in macrophage polarization and its impact on acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322954522468954424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, doi=10.1002/ptr.7471, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=2558, pageEnd=2571, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=39, authorNames=LI L, WANG H, ZHAO S P, journalName=Phytother Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI L,WANG H,ZHAO S P,et al. Paeoniflorin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via SIRT1/FOXO1a/SOD2 signaling in rats[J]. Phytother Res,2022,36(6):2558-2571., articleTitle=Paeoniflorin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via SIRT1/FOXO1a/SOD2 signaling in rats, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954509164622040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954509181399257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, companyId=1322954509164622040, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1First School of Clinical Medicine,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954509193982170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, companyId=1322954509164622040, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1兰州大学:第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954509273673947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954509282062556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, companyId=1322954509273673947, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954509399503069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, companyId=1322954509273673947, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2兰州大学:第一医院麻醉科,甘肃 兰州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954513677693185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Screening of cell treatment conditions and detection of expression levels of inflammatory factors in HK-2 cells after LPS and combined treatment, figureFileSmall=WbK+j4HCbW8Slo5WDhf28w==, figureFileBig=SnvGdR1O4IpYiZHCxHNbIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954513753190658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=CN, label=图1, caption=细胞处理条件的筛选及联合处理后HK-2细胞炎症因子表达水平检测

A、D、E:CCK-8 assay showing the effects of different concentrations of LPS (A),PF (D) and their combined treatment (E) on cell viability; B and C:Relative mRNA levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β (B) and IL-18 (C) after stimulation of different concentrations of LPS in HK-2 cells; F and G:Relative mRNA levels of IL-1β (F) and IL-18 (G) after stimulation of LPS and different concentrations of PF in HK-2 cells. LPS:Lipopolysaccharide; PF:Paeoniflorin. a:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,compared with the LPS group

, figureFileSmall=WbK+j4HCbW8Slo5WDhf28w==, figureFileBig=SnvGdR1O4IpYiZHCxHNbIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954514982121731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effect of paeoniflorin (PF) on extra cellular acidification rate (ECAR) in HK-2 cells, figureFileSmall=UO1QgdcJxNaBCPHvWlZJFw==, figureFileBig=kQWSzxzKIEVElqscWXi91A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954515296694532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PF对HK-2细胞ECAR的影响

A:Changes in fluorescence values in each group detected by ECAR kit; B:Changes of ECAR in each group. a:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,compared with the LPS group; c:P<0.05,compared with the LPS+PF group

, figureFileSmall=UO1QgdcJxNaBCPHvWlZJFw==, figureFileBig=kQWSzxzKIEVElqscWXi91A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954516877947141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of paeoniflorin (PF) on aerobic glycolytic indicators lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA,as shown in A) and lactic acid (Lac,as shown in B),and on inflammatory factors IL-1β (C) and IL-18 (D) in HK-2 cells, figureFileSmall=fRfDVRuQig1k1OD2xCSi2w==, figureFileBig=vyMojD1zyK/4/rRKP0/yUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954516961833222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PF对HK-2细胞有氧糖酵解指标LDHA(A)、Lac(B)及炎症因子IL-1β(C)、IL-18(D)的影响

a:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,compared with the LPS group; c:P<0.05,compared with the LPS+PF group

, figureFileSmall=fRfDVRuQig1k1OD2xCSi2w==, figureFileBig=vyMojD1zyK/4/rRKP0/yUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954517033136391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of paeoniflorin (PF) on the expression of NLRP3 protein in HK-2 cells, figureFileSmall=FDqcazMyiRfqJAngWkhKPw==, figureFileBig=vBrXtSEe0c4WQ/0vYoYcLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954517129605384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PF对HK-2细胞NLRP3蛋白表达的影响

A:Western blotting results of NLRP3 in each group; B:Relative expression level of NLRP3 protein. a:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,compared with the LPS group; c:P<0.05,compared with the LPS+PF group

, figureFileSmall=FDqcazMyiRfqJAngWkhKPw==, figureFileBig=vBrXtSEe0c4WQ/0vYoYcLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954517196714249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of paeoniflorin (PF) on the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway in HK-2 cells, figureFileSmall=DoRCB2FxT7203UaahOrc6g==, figureFileBig=Tv9xKidTxPdSJqUaIeuZIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954517263823114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PF对HK-2细胞PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路的影响

A:Western blotting results of the pathway proteins in each group; B~D:Relative expression levels of p-PI3K (B),p-AKT (C) and HIF-1α (D). a:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,compared with the LPS group; c:P<0.05,compared with the LPS+PF group

, figureFileSmall=DoRCB2FxT7203UaahOrc6g==, figureFileBig=Tv9xKidTxPdSJqUaIeuZIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954517326737675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effect of paeoniflorin (PF) on the expression of PKM2 protein in HK-2 cells, figureFileSmall=dDN6NeCx76zIxP+kOCG2vw==, figureFileBig=iyvMJUUJdgYLizbEhaY9Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954517452566796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PF对HK-2细胞PKM2蛋白表达的影响

A:Western blotting results of PKM2 and p-PKM2 in each group; B:Relative expression levels of p-PKM2 protein. a:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,compared with the LPS group; c:P<0.05,compared with the LPS+PF group

, figureFileSmall=dDN6NeCx76zIxP+kOCG2vw==, figureFileBig=iyvMJUUJdgYLizbEhaY9Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954517519675661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effect of paeoniflorin (PF) on the expression and distribution of PKM2 in HK-2 cells, figureFileSmall=TvV7SBg3mcks7+AzrpKvyg==, figureFileBig=5ZgGywN5YmIYf0RduLtK9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954517582590222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PF对HK-2细胞PKM2的表达及其分布情况的影响

A:Expression and distribution of PKM2 in each group by immunofluorescence assay; B:Relative expression level of PKM2 in the nucleus. a:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,compared with the LPS group; c:P<0.05,compared with the LPS+PF group

, figureFileSmall=TvV7SBg3mcks7+AzrpKvyg==, figureFileBig=5ZgGywN5YmIYf0RduLtK9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954517662281999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences of target genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequences
IL-1βUpstream:5'-AGAAGTACCTGAGCTCGCCA-3'
Downstream:5'-GTCCATGGCCACAACAACTG-3'
IL-18Upstream:5'-CCTCAGACCTTCCAGATCGC-3'
Downstream:5'-GGTCCGGGGTGCATTATCTC-3'
β-actinUpstream:5'-AACCGCGAGAAGATGACCCA-3'
Downstream:5'-GAGGTAGTCAGTCAGGTCCC-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1322954517754556688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954505716904135, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目标基因引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequences
IL-1βUpstream:5'-AGAAGTACCTGAGCTCGCCA-3'
Downstream:5'-GTCCATGGCCACAACAACTG-3'
IL-18Upstream:5'-CCTCAGACCTTCCAGATCGC-3'
Downstream:5'-GGTCCGGGGTGCATTATCTC-3'
β-actinUpstream:5'-AACCGCGAGAAGATGACCCA-3'
Downstream:5'-GAGGTAGTCAGTCAGGTCCC-3'
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芍药苷通过调控PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路减轻脂多糖诱导的HK-2细胞有氧糖酵解
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谢菁 1 , 李若男 1 , 高慧慧 1 , 杨顺凯 1 , 马玉清 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(20): 2483-2494
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (20) : 2483 -2494
芍药苷通过调控PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路减轻脂多糖诱导的HK-2细胞有氧糖酵解
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谢菁1, 李若男1, 高慧慧1, 杨顺凯1, 马玉清2
作者信息
  • 1兰州大学:第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州
  • 2兰州大学:第一医院麻醉科,甘肃 兰州
通讯作者:
马玉清,E-mail:
MA Yuqing,E-mail:
Paeoniflorin alleviates LPS-induced aerobic glycolysis in HK-2 cells by modulating the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway
Jing XIE1, Ruonan LI1, Huihui GAO1, Shunkai YANG1, Yuqing MA2
Affiliations
  • 1First School of Clinical Medicine,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu,China
  • 2Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou,Gansu,China
出版时间: 2025-10-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505035
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目的

探讨芍药苷(paeoniflorin,PF)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2细胞)有氧糖酵解的影响及其作用机制。

方法

本研究分为预实验和正式实验两部分。①预实验:体外培养HK-2细胞,CCK-8实验检测细胞活力,RT-qPCR检测炎症因子mRNA的水平,进行LPS最佳造模浓度筛选、芍药苷毒性实验和浓度筛选。正式实验:将HK-2细胞分成对照组(CON组)、LPS组、LPS+PF组和LPS+PF+740Y-P组。通过建立LPS诱导的SA-AKI肾小管细胞损伤的体外模型,分别给予PF和PI3K激活剂740Y-P干预,造模24 h后取材,CCK-8实验检测细胞活力;细胞外酸化率(extra cellular acidification rate,ECAR)试剂盒检测ECAR;ELISA检测IL-1β、IL-18、乳酸(lactic acid,Lac)以及乳酸脱氢酶A(lactate dehydrogenase A,LDHA);Western blot检测p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、丙酮酸激酶2(pyruvate kinase 2,PKM2)、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)的表达;免疫荧光观察有氧糖酵解关键酶PKM2的表达和分布情况。

结果

①筛选出LPS最佳造模浓度为20.0 μg/mL,芍药苷安全剂量为0~100.0 μmol/L,芍药苷的最佳治疗浓度为25.0 μmol/L。②与CON组相比,LPS组细胞活力明显下降(P<0.05),ECAR明显升高(P<0.05),IL-1β、IL-18、Lac、LDHA水平明显增加(P<0.05),p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、p-PKM2、NLRP3蛋白相对表达量明显增加(P<0.05),细胞核内PKM2荧光强度明显增强(P<0.05)。与LPS组相比,LPS+PF组ECAR明显下降(P<0.05),IL-1β、IL-18、Lac、LDHA水平明显下降(P<0.05),p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、p-PKM2、NLRP3蛋白相对表达量明显减少(P<0.05),细胞核内PKM2荧光强度明显减弱(P<0.05)。与LPS+PF组相比,LPS+PF+740Y-P组ECAR明显升高(P<0.05),IL-1β、IL-18、Lac、LDHA水平明显增加(P<0.05),p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、p-PKM2、NLRP3蛋白相对表达量明显增加(P<0.05),细胞核内PKM2荧光强度明显增强(P<0.05)。

结论

芍药苷通过抑制PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α信号通路,降低HK-2细胞有氧糖酵解水平,减轻炎症反应。

脓毒症相关急性肾损伤  /  有氧糖酵解  /  PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路  /  芍药苷  /  肾小管上皮细胞
Objective

To investigate the effects of paeoniflorin (PF) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced aerobic glycolysis in renal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 and its underlying mechanism of action.

Methods

This study consists of a preliminary experiment and a formal experiment. Preliminary experiment: CCK-8 assay and RT-qPCR were used respectively to measure cell viability and mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors in HK-2 cells after LPS stimulation to determine the optimal LPS concentration for modeling as well as to evaluate the toxicity of PF and screen for its appropriate concentration. Formal experiment: HK-2 cells were divided into control group (CON group), LPS group, LPS+PF group and LPS+PF+740Y-P group. LPS was used to establish a cell model of sepsis associated-acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) in HK-2 cells, and then the cell model was treated with PF and PI3K activator 740Y-P, correspondingly for 24 h. CCK-8 assay was employed to detect cell viability, and Extracellular Acidification Rate (ECAR) Kit was utilized to measure the rate. The contents of IL-1β, IL-18, lactic acid (Lac) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) were determined with ELISA. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT, HIF-1α, pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2, a key enzyme in aerobic glycolysis) and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), and immunofluorescence assay was performed to observe the expression and distribution of PKM2.

Results

① Our preliminary experiment identified that the optimal concentration of LPS for modeling was 20.0 μg/mL, a safe dosage range of PF was 0~100.0 μmol/L, and its optimal therapeutic concentration was 25.0 μmol/L. ② Compared with the CON group, LPS stimulation resulted in significantly decreased cell viability (P<0.05), increased ECAR (P<0.05), elevated contents of IL-1β, IL-18, Lac and LDHA (P<0.05), up-regulated protein levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, HIF-1α, p-PKM2 and NLRP3 (P<0.05), and enhanced fluorescence intensity of PKM2 in the nucleus of cells (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, PF treatment reversed all above effects induced by LPS stimulation (all P<0.05). Compared with the LPS+PF group, in the LPS+PF+740Y-P group, ECAR was elevated (P<0.05), the contents of IL-1β, IL-18, Lac and LDHA were increased (P<0.05), and the relative expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, HIF-1α, p-PKM2 and NLRP3 were increased (P<0.05), and the fluorescence intensity of PKM2 was strengthened (P<0.05) and enhanced in the nucleus (P<0.05).

Conclusion

PF reduces aerobic glycolysis in HK-2 cells and alleviates the inflammatory response by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

sepsis associated-acute kidney injury  /  aerobic glycolysis  /  PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway  /  paeoniflorin  /  renal tubular epithelial cells
谢菁, 李若男, 高慧慧, 杨顺凯, 马玉清. 芍药苷通过调控PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路减轻脂多糖诱导的HK-2细胞有氧糖酵解. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (20) : 2483 -2494 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505035
Jing XIE, Ruonan LI, Huihui GAO, Shunkai YANG, Yuqing MA. Paeoniflorin alleviates LPS-induced aerobic glycolysis in HK-2 cells by modulating the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α pathway[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (20) : 2483 -2494 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505035
脓毒症相关急性肾损伤(sepsis associated-acute kidney injury,SA-AKI)是脓毒症多器官功能障碍中一种常见且严重的并发症[1]。据统计,60%的AKI是由严重脓毒症引起[2],与非脓毒症所致肾损伤患者相比,SA-AKI患者的临床预后明显更差[3],病死率高达30%~70%[4]。研究表明,SA-AKI发病机制与肾小管上皮细胞、巨噬细胞、血管内皮细胞等多种细胞的损伤和功能障碍有关,有氧糖酵解和炎症反应也参与SA-AKI的发生发展[4-6]。
在细胞免疫应答过程中,有氧糖酵解发挥着关键调控作用,是炎症性疾病治疗的新靶点[7]。SA-AKI患者发生有氧糖酵解时,炎症反应显著加剧[8]。体内外实验研究发现,在盲肠结扎穿刺(cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)诱导的脓毒症小鼠模型和脂多糖(LPS)刺激HK-2细胞构建的SA-AKI体外模型中,有氧糖酵解终产物及其限速酶的表达上调,特异性抑制有氧糖酵解通路可有效缓解SA-AKI的发展进程[9-10]。
PI3K/AKT信号通路参与有氧糖酵解的发生[11-12],激活PI3K/AKT通路能够上调HIF-1α的表达[13]。HIF-1α作为关键的转录调控因子,可特异性结合有氧糖酵解关键酶如丙酮酸激酶M2亚型(pyruvate kinase 2,PKM2)和乳酸脱氢酶A(lactate dehydrogenase A,LDHA)的启动子区域,直接调控其转录表达[14]。但PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路是否参与SA-AKI的有氧糖酵解尚无研究。
芍药苷(paeoniflorin,PF)是一种单萜双环苷类化合物,是中药白芍和赤芍的主要活性成分,具有抗炎、免疫调节等作用。XIE等[15]发现,PF通过PI3K/AKT通路抑制LPS诱导的小鼠单核巨噬细胞炎症反应,但PF能否抑制HK-2细胞有氧糖酵解和炎症反应尚待探究。因此,本研究采用LPS诱导HK-2细胞,建立SA-AKI肾小管细胞损伤的体外模型,探讨PF是否通过调控PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α信号通路,减轻有氧糖酵解和炎症反应。
人来源的肾小管上皮细胞HK-2购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司。LPS、芍药苷购自美国MCE公司,PI3K特异性激动剂740Y-P购自美国Glpbio公司,IL-1β、IL-18、乳酸(lactic acid,Lac)、LDHA的酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)测定试剂盒购自江苏酶免实业有限公司,细胞外酸化率(extra cellular acidification rate,ECAR)荧光法测试盒购自武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技股份有限公司,反转录试剂盒、荧光定量试剂盒购自上海翌圣生物科技有限公司,p-PI3K、PI3K、p-AKT、AKT、HIF-1α、p-PKM2、PKM2抗体购自美国ImmunoWay公司,NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)抗体购自美国proteintech公司,Actin抗体购于美国GeneTex公司。
将HK-2细胞用含10%FBS、1%青霉素-链霉素的MEM培养基,在37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱中进行培养。待HK-2细胞融合度达到80%时:①筛选LPS最佳造模浓度:分别用不同浓度(0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、40.0 μg/mL)LPS处理24 h,以未处理的细胞作为对照,CCK-8实验检测细胞活力,RT-qPCR检测炎症因子mRNA的水平,筛选LPS最佳造模浓度。②芍药苷毒性实验:分别用不同浓度(12.5、25.0、50.0、100.0、200.0 μmol/L)PF处理HK-2细胞24 h,以未处理的细胞作为对照,CCK-8实验检测细胞活力,以评估PF对细胞的毒性作用,确定PF的安全剂量范围。③筛选芍药苷最佳治疗浓度:分为CON组、LPS组、LPS+DMSO组、LPS+PF(12.5 μmol/L)组、LPS+PF(25.0 μmol/L)组、LPS+PF(50.0 μmol/L)组、LPS+PF(100.0 μmol/L)组。其中CON组为未处理的细胞;LPS组用20.0 μg/mL的LPS处理HK-2细胞24 h;LPS+DMSO组作为溶剂对照组,同时加入20.0 μg/mL的LPS,及与LPS等体积的0.1%DMSO处理HK-2细胞24 h;LPS+PF各组用不同浓度(0~100.0 μmol/L)PF处理HK-2细胞4 h后,再给予LPS(20.0 μg/mL)处理24 h,CCK-8实验检测细胞活力,RT-qPCR检测炎症因子mRNA的水平,筛选PF最佳治疗剂量。
将HK-2细胞分为对照(CON)组、LPS组、LPS+芍药苷(LPS+PF)组、LPS+芍药苷+PI3K激活剂740Y-P(LPS+PF+740Y-P)组。CON组为未处理的细胞;LPS组给予20.0 μg/mL LPS处理24 h;LPS+PF组用25.0 μmol/L PF预处理4 h后,再加入20.0 μg/mL LPS处理24 h;LPS+PF+740Y-P组先用25.0 μmol/L PF和20.0 μmol/L740Y-P[16]共同预处理4 h后,再加入20.0 μg/mL LPS处理24 h。
将HK-2细胞按照每孔5 000个接种于96孔板中,空白组加入与LPS等体积的PBS,药物组分别给予不同浓度的LPS、PF(按照1.2.1的给药剂量及处理时间),每个浓度设置5个复孔处理24 h,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8染色液,在37 ℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱中孵育1 h后,利用酶标仪在450 nm处测定光密度值[D (450)],并计算细胞活力:
细胞活力%=D药物组-D空白组D对照组-D空白组×100%
按照1.2.1的给药剂量及处理时间予以HK-2细胞药物处理后,收集细胞样本,Trizol试剂提取总RNA,使用反转录试剂盒合成cDNA。通过PCR扩增仪(A300,杭州朗基科学仪器有限公司)、荧光定量PCR仪[201901003,鲲鹏基因(北京)科学仪器有限公司]检测完成RT-qPCR过程。目标基因引物序列见表1。
本测试盒使用特异性的探针(Ex/Em:490 nm/535 nm),当细胞外环境的pH发生变化时,探针的荧光值也会相应发生变化。发生酸化的细胞外环境会使探针的荧光值降低,以此来检测细胞外的酸化率。设计测定孔和空白孔,将细胞接种至96孔黑色透底酶标板孔中,接种细胞密度为2×105/mL,每孔100 μL细胞悬液。细胞接种完毕放入37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱,静置培养过夜后,去除细胞培养液,每孔加入100 μL试剂1;空白孔为不接种细胞的孔。根据实验设计加入相应药物刺激细胞,药物干预完成后,进行下一步实验。接种后细胞,37 ℃避光孵育30 min,同时将荧光酶标仪温度设置为37 ℃。向各孔中加入100 μL工作液,荧光酶标仪于激发波长490 nm、发射波长535 nm处检测各孔荧光值,每隔2~3分钟检测一次,总时间100~120 min,绘制荧光值随时间变化的曲线图,选择线性段计算细胞外酸化率(ECAR):ECAR =(∆F测定-∆F空白)/∆T。其中∆F测定指测定孔变化荧光值(F1-F2);∆F空白指空白孔变化荧光值(F1-F2);∆T指荧光值变化时间(T2-T1)。
收集各组细胞的上清液,按照ELISA试剂盒操作说明书配制试剂和操作。使用酶标仪在450 nm波长处依次读取各孔光密度值[D (450)]。绘制标准曲线,计算各组细胞上清中LDHA、Lac、IL-1β、IL-18的含量。
收集各组细胞,加入含有蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制剂的裂解液4 ℃充分裂解细胞,以12 000×g离心10 min,取上清。蛋白质定量后,取20 μg蛋白上样进行凝胶电泳分离,转至PVDF膜上。5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭4 ℃过夜,分别加入p-PI3K、PI3K、p-AKT、AKT、HIF-1α、p-PKM2、PKM2、NLRP3、β-actin抗体室温孵育1 h。加入二抗羊抗兔IgG(1∶20 000),室温孵育1 h。采用Image J量化条带灰度值,目标蛋白和内参蛋白灰度比值反映蛋白表达量。
将HK-2细胞经爬片种板处理后,PBS清洗,4%多聚甲醛(500 μL/孔)固定15 min,PBS漂洗3次。0.5% Triton X-100(PBS配制)室温通透5 min。PBS浸洗3次(3 min/次),3% BSA(200 μL/孔)37 ℃封闭30 min。一抗(PKM2,1∶200,200 μL/孔)4 ℃过夜孵育,PBS清洗3次(7 min/次)。二抗(山羊抗兔IgG,1∶1 000,500 μL/孔)37 ℃避光孵育1 h,PBS清洗3次(7 min/次)。DAPI染核5 min,PBS清洗3次(5 min/次)。封片后荧光显微镜观察并拍照,使用Image J对图片进行定量,统计平均荧光强度。
采用SPSS 22. 0软件对数据进行统计学分析,采用Graphpad Prism 10.0软件作图。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
与CON组比较,不同浓度LPS干预HK-2细胞24 h后,5.0~40.0 μg/mL LPS对细胞活力有明显影响(P<0.05,图1A),并呈剂量依赖性下降趋势。与CON组比较,不同浓度LPS干预HK-2细胞24 h后,10.0~40.0 μg/mL LPS组IL-1β、IL-18 mRNA水平明显升高(P<0.05,图1B、C)。结合CCK-8实验和RT-qPCR结果,选择20.0 μg/mL LPS作为最佳造模浓度。
与CON组比较,芍药苷干预24 h后,除200.0 μmol/L的PF显著降低细胞活力(P<0.05),其余不同浓度的芍药苷对细胞活力无明显影响(图1D)。因此确定PF安全药物浓度为0~100.0 μmol/L。
与CON组比较,LPS组明显降低细胞活力(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,不同浓度PF处理后,细胞活力有不同程度的增加(P<0.05)。其中,LPS+PF(25.0 μmol/L)组细胞活力最高(P<0.05),见图1E。与CON组比较,LPS组IL-1β、IL-18 mRNA水平明显升高(P<0.05),见图1B、C。与LPS组比较,不同浓度PF处理后,IL-1β、IL-18 mRNA水平明显下降(P<0.05),其中LPS+PF(25.0 μmol/L)组炎症因子mRNA水平下降最明显,故选择25.0 μmol/L作为PF的最佳治疗剂量,见图1F、G。
在相同时间段内,与CON组比较,LPS组荧光值降低,细胞外酸化率明显升高(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,LPS+PF组荧光值明显升高,细胞外酸化率明显下降(P<0.05);与LPS+PF组比较,LPS+PF+740Y-P组荧光值明显降低,细胞外酸化率明显升高(P<0.05),见图2。
与CON组比较,LPS组LDHA、Lac、IL-1β、IL-18表达明显增加(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,LPS+PF组LDHA、Lac、IL-1β、IL-18表达明显减少(P<0.05);与LPS+PF组比较,LPS+PF+740Y-P组LDHA、Lac、IL-1β、IL-18表达明显增加(P<0.05),见图3。
与CON组比较,LPS组NLRP3蛋白相对表达量显著升高(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,LPS+PF组NLRP3蛋白相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05);与LPS+PF组比较,LPS+PF+740Y-P组NLRP3蛋白相对表达量显著升高(P<0.05),见图4。
与CON组比较,LPS组p-PI3K、p-AKT及HIF-1α蛋白相对表达量显著增多(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,LPS+PF组p-PI3K、p-AKT及HIF-1α蛋白相对表达量显著减少(P<0.05);与LPS+PF组比较,LPS+PF+740Y-P组p-PI3K、p-AKT及HIF-1α蛋白相对表达量显著增多(P<0.05),见图5。
与CON组比较,LPS组p-PKM2蛋白相对表达量显著升高(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,LPS+PF组p-PKM2蛋白相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05);与LPS+PF组比较,LPS+PF+740Y-P组p-PKM2蛋白相对表达量显著升高(P<0.05),见图6。
与CON组比较,LPS组免疫荧光显示PKM2表达明显上调(P<0.05),且胞质与胞核中呈现不同程度的分布,大多数PKM2定位于细胞核内,细胞质内PKM2分布相对较少;与LPS组比较,LPS+PF组免疫荧光显示PKM2表达明显下调(P<0.05),定位于细胞核内的PKM2显著减少,细胞质内PKM2分布相对增多;与LPS+PF组比较,LPS+PF+740Y-P组免疫荧光显示PKM2表达明显上调(P<0.05),定位于细胞核内的PKM2显著增多,细胞质内PKM2分布相对减少,见图7。
本研究以HK-2细胞作为研究对象,使用LPS建立SA-AKI肾小管细胞损伤的体外模型。采用CCK-8实验评估细胞活力,RT-qPCR法检测炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18的mRNA水平,以筛选LPS最佳造模剂量。LPS造模24 h后,HK-2细胞炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18、有氧糖酵解关键酶PKM2、LDHA及其产物Lac表达上调,ECAR明显升高,证明SA-AKI肾小管细胞损伤的体外模型成功建立。
本实验在筛选PF的最佳治疗剂量时,发现50.0、100.0 μmol/L的治疗效果较25.0 μmol/L差,考虑可能是PF在培养基中的溶解度或细胞摄取机制(如转运蛋白)在25.0 μmol/L时已达饱和,更高浓度可能导致药物聚集或非特异性结合,降低了生物利用度。
在脓毒症期间,细胞能量代谢从氧化磷酸化转变为糖酵解,这种现象被称为代谢重编程[17]。研究表明,在脓毒症引起的多器官损伤中,由Toll样受体(Toll like receptors,TLRs)介导的先天免疫和炎症反应发挥关键作用[18-20],TLR涉及代谢重编程的调控[21]。值得注意的是,脓毒症期间代谢重编程并非涉及所有细胞,而是具有细胞类型特异性。研究发现,TLR配体(如革兰阴性菌的脂多糖LPS)可诱导巨噬细胞[22]、树突状细胞[20-22]和淋巴细胞[23]的代谢转换,从氧化磷酸化转变为有氧糖酵解。心肌细胞虽仍依赖氧化磷酸化,但可能因全身缺氧或微循环障碍导致功能抑制[24]。
研究发现,脓毒症期间肾小管上皮细胞的代谢变化呈现阶段性特征[25],在早期阶段,由于肾脏微循环障碍导致的缺氧以及TNF-α等炎症信号激活HIF-1α,促使糖酵解增强,糖酵解酶表达上调;同时,内毒素(LPS)、活性氧(ROS)和钙超载引起线粒体功能障碍,导致电子传递链受损和ATP合成减少。进入后期阶段,肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1(carnitine palmitoyltransferase1,CPT1)等关键酶表达下调,脂肪酸氧化(fatty acid oxidation,FAO)受到抑制,脂肪酸供能减少,从而加剧能量危机;此时细胞通过激活自噬途径降解受损线粒体(线粒体自噬)来维持能量平衡,但过度激活的自噬可能进一步导致细胞凋亡或坏死。
PKM2通过调控有氧糖酵解影响脓毒症的炎症反应[26-27]。PKM2是有氧糖酵解的关键酶,存在二聚体或四聚体两种活性形式。二聚体状态时,其催化活性降低,PKM2以二聚体形式发生核转位后,可与转录因子HIF-1α相互作用,协同激活HIF-1α下游靶基因[如葡萄糖转运蛋白1(glucose transporter 1,GLUT1)、LDHA等]的转录表达,这种调控作用显著促进有氧糖酵解的发生,形成正反馈[28]。LDHA作为糖酵解途径最后一步的关键酶,催化丙酮酸生成乳酸[29]。乳酸是有氧糖酵解过程中的关键代谢产物,可以反映细胞代谢水平[30],且乳酸增加直接促进SA-AKI的发展进程[31]。因此本研究选择PKM2、LDHA、Lac作为评估有氧糖酵解发生的指标。
本研究结果显示,LPS组p-PKM2蛋白表达上调,给予PF处理后,p-PKM2蛋白表达下调。采用免疫荧光检测HK-2细胞PKM2的表达及分布情况,结果发现,LPS组PKM2的荧光强度在细胞核内显著增强,经过PF处理后,其荧光强度明显减弱,因此推测PF可能通过调控PKM2核转位影响有氧糖酵解。同时发现,LPS组ECAR升高,有氧糖酵解关键酶LDHA、终产物Lac水平上升;给予PF处理后,HK-2细胞ECAR降低,LDHA、Lac水平下降。AN等[31]研究表明,在CLP诱导的SA-AKI小鼠模型和LPS刺激的HK-2细胞中,乳酸产生增加。在LPS诱导的脓毒症小鼠模型中,PF可以通过上调SIRT1表达,抑制PKM2介导的有氧糖酵解[32]。PF可以下调PKM2和LDHA的表达,减少巨噬细胞乳酸分泌,降低有氧糖酵解水平[33]。这些研究发现与本实验结果高度一致。因此,在SA-AKI肾小管细胞损伤的体外模型中,PF可以一定程度地抑制有氧糖酵解。
有氧糖酵解会影响NLRP3炎症小体的激活[34],NLRP3炎症小体激活后,介导IL-1β和IL-18的成熟和释放,导致炎症级联反应[35]。限制有氧糖酵解可减少脓毒症早期炎症因子释放,减轻炎症反应[36-37]。本研究发现,给予PF处理后,有氧糖酵解关键酶PKM2、LDHA表达下调,Lac生成减少,同时,NLRP3蛋白表达和炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18减少,表明PF可以抑制有氧糖酵解和NLRP3炎症小体激活,减轻炎症反应。LI等[38]研究表明,PF显著抑制了脓毒症急性肝损伤大鼠NLRP3炎症小体激活及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-18的表达。但PF调控有氧糖酵解,影响炎症反应的机制仍然不详。
为了进一步探究PF减轻有氧糖酵解的机制,本研究在PF干预基础上使用PI3K特异性激活剂740Y-P处理HK-2细胞。结果发现,有氧糖酵解关键酶PKM2、LDHA、终产物Lac的水平及ECAR反而升高;同时,NLRP3蛋白表达上调,炎症因子IL-1β、IL-18含量升高,表明740Y-P逆转了PF减轻有氧糖酵解及炎症反应的作用。此外,本研究还发现,LPS组通路蛋白p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α蛋白表达上调;给予PF处理后,p-PI3k、p-AKT、HIF-1α蛋白表达下调;经740Y-P处理后,通路蛋白p-PI3k、p-AKT、HIF-1α蛋白表达反而升高。因此,本研究认为PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路参与SA-AKI肾小管细胞损伤的体外模型有氧糖酵解和炎症反应的发生。
综上所述,PF减轻LPS诱导的HK-2细胞的有氧糖酵解和炎症反应,其机制是通过抑制PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α信号通路发挥作用。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505035
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
  • 修回日期:2025-09-24
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    1兰州大学:第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州
    2兰州大学:第一医院麻醉科,甘肃 兰州

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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