Article(id=1322954456270250499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954407050092740, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=1757692800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346521680, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346521680, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346521680, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346521680, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954407050092740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='19', pageStart='2289', pageEnd='2444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346509945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346509945, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2437, endPage=2444, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954456450605572, articleId=1322954456270250499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Subjective sleep problems is associated with epigenetic age acceleration: a Mendelian randomization study, columnId=1320435226828980311, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Medical Psychology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the potential causal associations between 3 common subjective sleep problems, daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and sleep apnea, and epigenetic age acceleration.

Methods

A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted the publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to assess the causal effects of self-reported sleep problems on 4 indicators of epigenetic age acceleration, including intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (IEAA), GrimAge acceleration, HannumAge acceleration, and PhenoAge acceleration. The primary analytical method was inverse-variance weighting (IVW), supplemented by sensitivity analyses using MR-Egger regression and the weighted median (WM) method to examine the robustness of the findings.

Results

IVW showed that daytime sleepiness was significantly positively associated with IEAA (β=1.83, 95%CI: 0.17~2.49, P=0.031) and HannumAge acceleration (β=1.81, 95%CI: 0.21~2.42, P=0.027), suggesting a potential accelerating effect on epigenetic aging. Insomnia also showed significant positive associations with IEAA (β=1.57, 95%CI: 0.40~2.73, P=0.009) and GrimAge acceleration (β=1.37, 95%CI: 0.18~2.56, P=0.024). No significant causal relationship was observed between sleep apnea and any indicator of epigenetic age acceleration (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Daytime sleepiness and insomnia may accelerate epigenetic aging, indicating their potential biological role in the aging process. The impact of sleep apnea remains unclear and warrants further investigation.

, authors=Xiaomei LI1, Hao REN2, Zheng ZHANG3, 4, 5, Yimo SHEN5, authorsList=Xiaomei LI, Hao REN, Zheng ZHANG, Yimo SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zheng ZHANG, Yimo SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954459298537999, articleId=1322954456270250499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=主观睡眠问题与表观遗传年龄加速关联的孟德尔随机化研究, columnId=1322954452243723136, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·医学心理学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨3种常见主观睡眠问题(白天嗜睡、失眠和睡眠呼吸暂停)与表观遗传年龄加速之间的因果关系。

方法

本研究采用两样本孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization,MR)方法,基于公开的全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association studies,GWAS)数据,评估自评睡眠问题对4种表观遗传年龄加速指标,即内在表观遗传年龄加速(intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration,IEAA)、GrimAge、HannumAge和PhenoAge的潜在因果效应。主要分析方法为逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighting,IVW),并通过MR-Egger回归与加权中位数法(weighted median method,WM)进行敏感性分析,以验证结果的稳健性。

结果

IVW显示,白天嗜睡与IEAA(β=1.83,95%CI:0.17~2.49,P=0.031)和HannumAge(β=1.81,95%CI:0.21~2.42,P=0.027)呈显著正相关,提示其可能加速表观遗传衰老进程。失眠亦与IEAA(β=1.57,95%CI:0.40~2.73,P=0.009)和GrimAge(β=1.37,95%CI:0.18~2.56,P=0.024)呈显著正向关联。睡眠呼吸暂停未见与任何表观遗传年龄加速指标存在显著因果关系。

结论

白天嗜睡和失眠与表观遗传年龄加速存在因果关联,可能在衰老过程中发挥不利作用,睡眠呼吸暂停未见显著关联。

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沈伊默,E-mail:
张郑,E-mail:
SHEN Yimo,E-mail:
ZHANG Zheng,E-mail:
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GWAS sample characteristics of exposure and outcome traits

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PhenotypeSample SizeGender DistributionPopulationMean Age/yearsAge Range/yearsPMID
Daytime sleepiness452 071-European-40.0~69.031 409 809
Insomnia453 379-European-40.0~69.030 804 566
Sleep apnea523 36648% female,52% maleEuropean-Not specified36 525 587
Epigenetic age markers34 71042.7% female,57.3% maleEuropean54.827.2~79.134 187 551
), ArticleFig(id=1322954464646275657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954456270250499, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

暴露与结局表型的GWAS样本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhenotypeSample SizeGender DistributionPopulationMean Age/yearsAge Range/yearsPMID
Daytime sleepiness452 071-European-40.0~69.031 409 809
Insomnia453 379-European-40.0~69.030 804 566
Sleep apnea523 36648% female,52% maleEuropean-Not specified36 525 587
Epigenetic age markers34 71042.7% female,57.3% maleEuropean54.827.2~79.134 187 551
), ArticleFig(id=1322954464734356042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954456270250499, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensitivity analysis (scatter plots) of sleep apnea on 4 epigenetic age acceleration measures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposuresOutcomesMR-Egger RegressionCochran’s QMR-PRESSOF
Egger interceptPQPGlobal Test P
Daytime sleepinessPhenoAge0.0270.42226.690.5350.54420.55
GrimAge-0.0290.31340.720.1390.11417.44
HannumAge0.0130.63513.180.9880.98520.55
IEAA0.0530.06414.690.9730.96219.84
InsomniaPhenoAge0.0220.37715.910.9770.98317.36
GrimAge0.0130.52315.060.9850.9918.51
HannumAge0.0190.30225.740.7340.73817.36
IEAA-0.0120.59828.540.5930.63518.51
Sleep apneaPhenoAge0.0430.19630.220.5060.53616.19
GrimAge0.0090.72426.710.7310.72216.68
HannumAge0.0220.39528.340.6980.68116.19
IEAA0.0190.49138.550.2330.21117.20
), ArticleFig(id=1322954464814047819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954456270250499, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

睡眠障碍与4种表观遗传年龄指标的MR敏感性分析汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposuresOutcomesMR-Egger RegressionCochran’s QMR-PRESSOF
Egger interceptPQPGlobal Test P
Daytime sleepinessPhenoAge0.0270.42226.690.5350.54420.55
GrimAge-0.0290.31340.720.1390.11417.44
HannumAge0.0130.63513.180.9880.98520.55
IEAA0.0530.06414.690.9730.96219.84
InsomniaPhenoAge0.0220.37715.910.9770.98317.36
GrimAge0.0130.52315.060.9850.9918.51
HannumAge0.0190.30225.740.7340.73817.36
IEAA-0.0120.59828.540.5930.63518.51
Sleep apneaPhenoAge0.0430.19630.220.5060.53616.19
GrimAge0.0090.72426.710.7310.72216.68
HannumAge0.0220.39528.340.6980.68116.19
IEAA0.0190.49138.550.2330.21117.20
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主观睡眠问题与表观遗传年龄加速关联的孟德尔随机化研究
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李晓梅 1 , 任浩 2 , 张郑 3, 4, 5 , 沈伊默 5
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·医学心理学 2025,47(19): 2437-2444
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·医学心理学 2025 , 47 (19) : 2437 -2444
主观睡眠问题与表观遗传年龄加速关联的孟德尔随机化研究
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李晓梅1, 任浩2, 张郑3, 4, 5 , 沈伊默5
作者信息
  • 1重庆市精神卫生中心精神六科,重庆
  • 2重庆市长寿区精神卫生中心精神五科,重庆
  • 3重庆市妇幼保健院睡眠心理科,重庆
  • 4重庆医科大学附属妇女儿童医院睡眠心理科,重庆
  • 5西南大学心理学部,重庆
通讯作者:
沈伊默,E-mail:
张郑,E-mail:
SHEN Yimo,E-mail:
ZHANG Zheng,E-mail:
Subjective sleep problems is associated with epigenetic age acceleration: a Mendelian randomization study
Xiaomei LI1, Hao REN2, Zheng ZHANG3, 4, 5 , Yimo SHEN5
Affiliations
  • 1Sixth Department of Psychiatry,Chongqing Mental Health Center,Chongqing
  • 2Fifth Department of Psychiatry,Changshou Mental Health Center,Chongqing
  • 3Department of Sleep and Psychology,Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children,Chongqing
  • 4Department of Sleep and Psychology,Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing
  • 5School of Psychology,Southwest University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505006
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目的

探讨3种常见主观睡眠问题(白天嗜睡、失眠和睡眠呼吸暂停)与表观遗传年龄加速之间的因果关系。

方法

本研究采用两样本孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization,MR)方法,基于公开的全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association studies,GWAS)数据,评估自评睡眠问题对4种表观遗传年龄加速指标,即内在表观遗传年龄加速(intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration,IEAA)、GrimAge、HannumAge和PhenoAge的潜在因果效应。主要分析方法为逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighting,IVW),并通过MR-Egger回归与加权中位数法(weighted median method,WM)进行敏感性分析,以验证结果的稳健性。

结果

IVW显示,白天嗜睡与IEAA(β=1.83,95%CI:0.17~2.49,P=0.031)和HannumAge(β=1.81,95%CI:0.21~2.42,P=0.027)呈显著正相关,提示其可能加速表观遗传衰老进程。失眠亦与IEAA(β=1.57,95%CI:0.40~2.73,P=0.009)和GrimAge(β=1.37,95%CI:0.18~2.56,P=0.024)呈显著正向关联。睡眠呼吸暂停未见与任何表观遗传年龄加速指标存在显著因果关系。

结论

白天嗜睡和失眠与表观遗传年龄加速存在因果关联,可能在衰老过程中发挥不利作用,睡眠呼吸暂停未见显著关联。

睡眠障碍  /  表观遗传学  /  衰老  /  孟德尔随机化
Objective

To investigate the potential causal associations between 3 common subjective sleep problems, daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and sleep apnea, and epigenetic age acceleration.

Methods

A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted the publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to assess the causal effects of self-reported sleep problems on 4 indicators of epigenetic age acceleration, including intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (IEAA), GrimAge acceleration, HannumAge acceleration, and PhenoAge acceleration. The primary analytical method was inverse-variance weighting (IVW), supplemented by sensitivity analyses using MR-Egger regression and the weighted median (WM) method to examine the robustness of the findings.

Results

IVW showed that daytime sleepiness was significantly positively associated with IEAA (β=1.83, 95%CI: 0.17~2.49, P=0.031) and HannumAge acceleration (β=1.81, 95%CI: 0.21~2.42, P=0.027), suggesting a potential accelerating effect on epigenetic aging. Insomnia also showed significant positive associations with IEAA (β=1.57, 95%CI: 0.40~2.73, P=0.009) and GrimAge acceleration (β=1.37, 95%CI: 0.18~2.56, P=0.024). No significant causal relationship was observed between sleep apnea and any indicator of epigenetic age acceleration (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Daytime sleepiness and insomnia may accelerate epigenetic aging, indicating their potential biological role in the aging process. The impact of sleep apnea remains unclear and warrants further investigation.

sleep disorders  /  epigenesis  /  aging  /  Mendelian randomization
李晓梅, 任浩, 张郑, 沈伊默. 主观睡眠问题与表观遗传年龄加速关联的孟德尔随机化研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2437 -2444 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505006
Xiaomei LI, Hao REN, Zheng ZHANG, Yimo SHEN. Subjective sleep problems is associated with epigenetic age acceleration: a Mendelian randomization study[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2437 -2444 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505006
睡眠障碍是全球范围内普遍存在且日益突出的公共卫生问题。一项涵盖多个国家的大型流行病学调查显示,约有30%的成年人存在至少一种睡眠问题,如入睡困难、维持睡眠障碍、非恢复性睡眠或白天嗜睡等[1]。在中国,人群研究提示失眠的患病率约为15%~22%[2]。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停影响着全球近10亿成年人,亚洲人群的患病率尤为显著[3]。此外,一项针对中国农村老年人群的研究显示,约9.3%的个体符合过度白天嗜睡的评估标准,提示其在高龄群体中亦较为常见[4]。上述证据表明,失眠、白天嗜睡与睡眠呼吸暂停的高发与持续存在,可能对个体健康轨迹与衰老过程产生深远影响,亟需进一步探讨其潜在的因果关系。
衰老作为一种不可逆的生物过程,传统上多以时间、年龄评估,但近年来研究者逐渐转向探索更具生物学意义的老化指标[5]。其中,基于DNA甲基化水平构建的表观遗传年龄指标,因其对生物学年龄的良好预测能力,已成为衰老研究中的重要工具[6]。常用的表观遗传年龄指标包括HannumAge[7]、内在表观遗传年龄加速(intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration,IEAA)以及综合多种血浆蛋白/死亡风险信息构建的GrimAge与PhenoAge[8],其中IEAA是在HORVATH等[9]提出的第一代表观遗传年龄(HorvathAge)基础上衍生而来[9]。既往研究指出,表观遗传年龄加速(epigenetic age acceleration,EAA)较时间年龄更能反映个体真实衰老状态[10]。并与多种不良健康结局密切相关,包括肺癌、绝经后乳腺癌、帕金森病以及较高的体质指数(body mass index,BMI)[11]。这些证据支持表观遗传年龄指标加速作为表征多种慢性病风险的潜在生物标志物。
尽管已有不少观察性研究探讨了睡眠问题与多种衰老相关表型之间的关联[12],但这些研究结果常常受到混杂因素、测量误差和反向因果关系的影响,从而限制了因果推断的力度。MR方法利用遗传变异作为工具变量,提供了一个稳健的框架,可以克服这些限制,通过模拟随机对照试验的结构[13]。本研究采用MR设计,旨在探讨主观睡眠问题(包括白天嗜睡、失眠和睡眠呼吸暂停)与表观遗传年龄指标(如IEAA、GrimAge、HannumAge和PhenoAge)之间的潜在因果效应。通过澄清这些关系,旨在加深对睡眠问题如何加速生物衰老的理解,并为公共卫生干预和个性化睡眠干预策略提供遗传学依据。
本研究中白天嗜睡的(genome-wide association studies,GWAS)数据来自英国生物样本库(UK Biobank,UKB),共纳入452 071名具有欧洲遗传背景的参与者[14]。白天嗜睡通过自我报告方式评估,问题为:“在您不打算睡觉的情况下,白天打瞌睡或入睡的可能性有多大?(例如在工作、阅读或开车时)”,回答选项从“从不”到“总是”不等。失眠的全基因组关联研究GWAS数据同样来自UK Biobank,涵盖453 379名欧洲血统参与者[15]。参与者通过回答“您是否存在入睡困难或夜间易醒的情况?”进行自我报告。其中29%的人表示经常出现失眠症状(选择“通常”),女性的患病率(32%)高于男性(24%),并且在年长者、轮班工作者及睡眠时长较短人群中更为常见。睡眠呼吸暂停相关数据来自目前最大规模的GWAS研究,覆盖5个队列共计523 366人,其中病例为25 008例[16]。3种睡眠问题诊断依据包括《国际疾病分类》第九版(international classification of diseases,ninth revision,ICD-9)和第十版(international classification of diseases,tenth revision,ICD-10)编码或参与者的自我报告,例如:“您是否在睡眠中出现呼吸暂停?”所有分析均调整了年龄、性别、基因分型批次及遗传主成分等协变量。
本研究所使用的4项表观遗传年龄指标—PhenoAge、GrimAge、HannumAge和IEAA,均源自一项涵盖34 710名欧洲参与者的GWAS数据[17]。其中,PhenoAge属于第二代表观遗传年龄指标,结合年龄与多项临床生理指标构建,旨在提升对全因死亡风险的预测能力;GrimAge同样为第二代时钟,基于DNA甲基化特征,整合吸烟暴露与血浆蛋白相关信息,用于更精准地评估寿命预期。相比之下,HannumAge与IEAA均属于第一代时钟,主要依赖DNA甲基化图谱推算个体的生物学年龄。
4种表观遗传年龄指标的样本特征见表1。所有数据集均为欧洲血统,且暴露变量与结局变量之间无样本重叠。由于本研究仅使用公开的汇总GWAS数据,因此无需伦理审批。
在进行MR分析前,本研究对参考等位基因与效应等位基因进行了统一协调,确保白天嗜睡、失眠与睡眠呼吸暂停作为暴露变量与表观遗传年龄指标结局之间的一致性。为减少连锁不平衡的影响,SNP筛选设置的连锁阈值为r²<0.001,窗口宽度为10 000 kb。所有入选SNP需满足全基因组显著性标准(P<5×10-8)[18]。为剔除与潜在混杂因素相关的工具变量,本研究使用NIH提供的LDtrait Tool(https://ldlink.nih.gov)对每个SNP的已知关联表型进行交叉检索。对于筛选出的显著SNP,本研究计算F统计量以评估工具变量强度[19]。F值计算公式为:F=[(N-k-1)/k]×[R²/(1-R²)],其中R²代表该SNP解释的暴露变量变异比例,N为有效样本量。R²的计算依据为:R²=2×(1-MAF)×MAF×(β/SD)²,其中β为标准化效应值,MAF为次要等位基因频率。
本研究整合了多个数据来源,包括已发表的GWAS荟萃分析结果以及UKB提供的相关数据[20]。在MR分析中,使用单核苷酸多态性(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,SNP)作为工具变量(instrumental variable,IV),以获取睡眠问题的遗传变异及其表型影响。SNP的筛选依据3条核心假设:① IV需与暴露变量(即白天嗜睡、失眠和睡眠呼吸暂停)显著相关;② IV应与潜在混杂因素无关;③ SNP对结局变量的影响仅通过所研究的暴露变量作用产生[21]。为确保工具变量的有效性,本研究进一步设置以下筛选标准:纳入与暴露显著相关的SNP(P<5×10⁻⁸),剔除连锁不平衡(linkage disequilibrium,LD,r²>0.001)的位点,以及排除弱工具变量(F<10)。上述分析流程如图1所示。
采用随机效应模型下的逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighting,IVW),评估3种睡眠问题(失眠、睡眠呼吸暂停和白天嗜睡)与4种表观遗传年龄指标(PhenoAge、GrimAge、HannumAge、IEAA)之间的因果关系。为增强结果的稳健性并控制潜在的水平多效性偏倚,本研究开展了几种敏感性分析,包括加权中位数法(weighted median method,WM),MR-Egger回归以及,MR-PRESSO法等。WM在多数工具变量有效的前提下,仍可提供稳健的因果估计;MR-Egger回归用于识别并调整方向性多效性[22];MR-PRESSO可识别并剔除异常SNP,并评估其对估计结果的影响[23]。本研究使用Cochran’s Q统计检验SNP间的异质性,并通过F统计量评估工具变量的强度。每个结局变量的因果效应均以效应值β及其95%CI表示,对应暴露变量在log单位变化下的影响。所有分析均使用R语言(版本4.0.2,R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria)进行,借助TwoSampleMR、MR-PRESSO及MendelianRandomization[24]等R包完成。
采用IVW评估3种主观睡眠问题对4类表观遗传年龄加速指标的因果效应,并以WM作为敏感性分析(图2)。针对IEAA,IVW显示白天嗜睡(β=1.83,95%CI:0.17~2.49,P=0.031)与失眠(β=1.57,95%CI:0.40~2.73,P=0.009)均为显著正向,睡眠呼吸暂停不显著(β=-0.09,95%CI:-0.59~0.40,P=0.714);WM方向与IVW在白天嗜睡、失眠上一致,在睡眠呼吸暂停上不一致。提示白天嗜睡与失眠可加速IEAA,睡眠呼吸暂停无显著效应。采用IVW评估GrimAge的因果效应:仅失眠呈显著正向(β=1.37,95%CI:0.18~2.56,P=0.024);白天嗜睡与睡眠呼吸暂停均未达显著(β=-0.20,95%CI:-1.93~1.54,P=0.825;β=0.39,95%CI:-0.06~0.85,P=0.092)。WM方向与IVW在三者上均一致。提示失眠可加速GrimAge,白天嗜睡与睡眠呼吸暂停未见显著效应。采用IVW评估HannumAge的因果效应:白天嗜睡显著正向(β=1.81,95%CI:0.21~2.42,P=0.027);失眠与睡眠呼吸暂停均未达显著(β=-1.00,95%CI:-2.14~0.14,P=0.085;β=-0.05,95%CI:-0.49~0.40,P=0.828)。WM方向与IVW在三者上均一致。提示白天嗜睡可加速 HannumAge,失眠与睡眠呼吸暂停未见显著效应。采用IVW评估PhenoAge的因果效应:白天嗜睡显著正向(β=1.99,95%CI:-0.04~3.04,P=0.055),而失眠与睡眠呼吸暂停均未达显著(β=0.23,95%CI:-1.28~1.74,P=0.767;β=0.44,95%CI:-0.15~1.02,P=0.143)。WM方向与IVW在白天嗜睡与睡眠呼吸暂停上一致,在失眠上不一致。提示白天嗜睡可能加速PhenoAge,失眠与睡眠呼吸暂停未见显著效应。
为验证主要分析结果的稳健性,本研究进一步采用WM、MR-Egger回归、简单中位数法和加权模态法对3种睡眠问题与4种表观遗传年龄指标之间的因果关系进行了敏感性分析。
对于白天嗜睡,在IEAA和HannumAge中,多数方法的回归线方向一致,提示存在正向因果关系,结果与主分析IVW基本一致。其中,MR-Egger回归在IEAA中略显偏离,可能提示一定程度的多效性;而在GrimAge和PhenoAge中,各方法之间的估计值较为接近,且效应方向稳定,但结果不显著(图3)。
在失眠的分析中,IEAA和GrimAge显示出较为一致的正向效应,各方法回归线趋势一致,尤其在MR-Egger和WM下进一步支持正向关联。而在HannumAge中,各方法均显示负向估计,但效应值较小,可信度较低。PhenoAge则呈现弱正向趋势,但各方法结果差异不大(图4)。
对于睡眠呼吸暂停,所有方法在4种表观遗传年龄指标中均未显示出显著的因果趋势,且估计值变化不大。MR-Egger回归的回归线略微偏离其他方法,但总体结果未显示出明显的偏倚或方向性多效性,提示睡眠呼吸暂停与表观遗传年龄之间可能不存在线性因果关系(图5)。
综上,敏感性分析结果整体支持主要分析结论:白天嗜睡和失眠与部分表观遗传年龄指标存在正向因果关联,而睡眠呼吸暂停与表观遗传衰老无显著关联。
为评估本MR分析的多效性、异质性及IVs的稳健性,本研究进一步进行了MR-Egger回归、Cochran’s Q异质性检验、MR-PRESSO分析,并计算了平均F统计量,如表2所示。在MR-Egger回归中,大多数模型的截距项P值均大于0.05,未发现显著的方向性多效性。例如,白天嗜睡对IEAA的Egger截距为0.053(P=0.064),接近显著,但尚未构成统计学意义;其他暴露-结局对的截距项均无显著性(P>0.1)。Cochran’s Q检验未提示显著的异质性。所有组合的Q值、P值均大于0.1,例如失眠对IEAA的Q值为28.54(P=0.593),提示工具变量间效应一致性良好。MR-PRESSO全局多效性检验同样未发现明显异常,所有组合的P值均大于0.1。如白天嗜睡对GrimAge的全局检验P值为0.114,对IEAA为0.962,支持MR结果的稳健性。在工具变量强度方面,所有暴露变量的平均F值均大于10,表明工具变量具有足够的解释力。其中白天嗜睡对PhenoAge的F值为20.55,失眠对IEAA的F值为18.51,均支持工具变量的有效性。提示敏感性分析支持主要MR结果的可靠性,未发现明显多效性或异质性干扰,工具变量具有足够强度。
本研究基于MR分析,系统评估了3种常见睡眠问题(白天嗜睡、失眠和睡眠呼吸暂停)对4种表观遗传年龄指标(IEAA、GrimAge、HannumAge、PhenoAge)加速的潜在因果效应。本研究的研究结果显示,白天嗜睡显著关联于IEAA和HannumAge的加速,失眠则与IEAA和GrimAge呈显著正向关系,而睡眠呼吸暂停与各EAA指标未见显著因果效应。这提示失眠与白天嗜睡可能通过加速表观遗传层面的老化而影响健康轨迹,具有潜在的公共卫生与临床干预意义。
既往观察性研究提示睡眠问题与EAA相关,但受混杂与反向因果限制[25]。本研究在因果层面提供支持:失眠与第二代表观遗传时钟GrimAge存在正向关联,而对白天嗜睡则主要体现为IEAA与HannumAge增加,与先前“不同时钟对不同健康维度敏感性不同”的观点一致[26]。值得注意的是,PhenoAge未见一致显著结果,提示不同EAA指标捕捉到的衰老维度并不相同;这一异质性可解释为何同为“衰老标志物”,在睡眠暴露下呈现差异化响应。
睡眠问题可能通过多种生物学机制加速衰老过程。例如,白天嗜睡和失眠常常伴随慢性炎症和氧化应激水平的升高,这些因素已知与表观遗传衰老的加速密切相关[27]。此外,失眠与免疫系统的失调有关,尤其是在影响T细胞功能和调节免疫应答方面[28]。这些机制可能通过影响基因表达和DNA甲基化模式,导致衰老的加速。相较于第一代指标本研究也发现失眠与第二代表观遗传年龄指标GrimAge之间存在潜在正向关联,但未发现与PhenoAge之间存在显著的因果关系。然而,一项纳入3 795名老年人的观察性研究指出,失眠症状与短睡眠时长(<6 h)与GrimAge加速显著相关,但与PhenoAge无明显关联25]。现有研究认为,PhenoAge在预测全因死亡率方面优于第一代时钟,尤其在10年及20年死亡风险评估中表现突出,GrimAge则更适用于死亡时间的估计[5]。
尽管本研究未观察到睡眠呼吸暂停对所用EAA指标的显著因果效应,既有证据并不一致。一方面,人群研究显示睡眠呼吸障碍严重度与DNAm-PhenoAge加速相关,支持“呼吸紊乱→EAA”的正向联系[29]。另一方面,临床研究报道睡眠呼吸暂停患者EAA升高,且规范依从的持续气道正压治疗12个月后EAA可部分逆转,提示该加速具有可塑性。与此相对,CARROLL等[28]对2 078名绝经后女性的研究未发现睡眠问题与IEAA之间存在关联,但报告了失眠症状与“扩展型表观遗传年龄加速”(extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration,EEAA)之间的显著关系。EEAA结合了HannumAge与免疫系统标志物(如CD8⁺ T细胞衰老)来评估免疫衰老,其在睡眠呼吸暂停的研究中可能更具应用价值,尤其是考虑到睡眠呼吸暂停可能通过免疫系统的衰退影响衰老[29]。此外,该研究团队还发现,产后女性若夜间睡眠时间少于7小时,IEAA水平亦显著升高[30]。这种不同的研究结论提示本研究,表观遗传年龄指标的选择(如IEAA与EEAA)对睡眠问题的研究结果有重要影响。未来研究应关注不同表观遗传年龄指标在睡眠问题中的作用,并探索免疫衰老如何在不同的睡眠问题中发挥作用。
本研究采用MR方法,减少了混杂因素和反向因果的影响,提高了因果推断的有效性。这一创新性方法与传统的观察性研究相比,提供了更加稳健的因果关系验证。利用大规模GWAS数据,本研究系统评估了3种睡眠问题对4种表观遗传年龄指标的作用,并通过敏感性分析验证了结果的稳健性。此外,在衰老相关的睡眠干预研究中,表观遗传年龄指标能够反映干预措施对生物年龄的影响,具有作为睡眠干预的潜在替代终点的应用前景[31]。尤其是在评估睡眠质量、睡眠时长等因素对衰老的影响时,表观遗传年龄指标可以提供更为精确和客观的测量结果,比传统的时间年龄和自我报告的健康状况更能准确反映睡眠干预的效果[32]。
然而,研究也存在一些局限:首先,数据来自欧洲人群,可能限制了结果的种群泛化性;其次,部分暴露的工具变量数量较少(如白天嗜睡为28个SNP),可能导致弱IVs偏倚;此外,MR分析基于汇总数据,缺乏对个体层面的环境和行为因素控制。未来的研究应结合纵向数据和多组学信息,进一步探索睡眠问题与生物衰老机制的关联。
综上所述,本研究提示:白天嗜睡与失眠与部分表观遗传年龄指标(IEAA、HannumAge/GrimAge)呈正向因果关联,可能加速表观遗传层面的衰老;睡眠呼吸暂停未见稳定因果效应,尚待以更精细的表型测量与多种群样本进一步验证。基于此,表观遗传年龄指标可作为睡眠干预的替代终点,用于量化“生物年龄”变化;未来结合客观睡眠评估及炎症、氧化应激等生物标志物的纵向或随机对照研究,有望阐明“睡眠改善→表观遗传年龄变化”的可逆性与机制,为临床干预与人群管理提供更为精确的生物学依据。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505006
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
  • 修回日期:2025-09-13
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    1重庆市精神卫生中心精神六科,重庆
    2重庆市长寿区精神卫生中心精神五科,重庆
    3重庆市妇幼保健院睡眠心理科,重庆
    4重庆医科大学附属妇女儿童医院睡眠心理科,重庆
    5西南大学心理学部,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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