Article(id=1322954452159824066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954407050092740, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506089, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=1757520000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346520700, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346520700, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346520700, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346520700, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954407050092740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='19', pageStart='2289', pageEnd='2444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346509945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346509945, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2351, endPage=2364, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954452377927875, articleId=1322954452159824066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=ATF3 regulates macrophage autophagy and inflammatory responses by suppressing ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in suppressing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced autophagy and inflammatory responses in macrophages.

Methods

Firstly, the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database was used to analyze ATF3 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from sepsis patients, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify enriched signaling pathways. Secondly, RAW264.7 macrophages were divided into a blank control group and an LPS-stimulated group (100 ng/mL LPS). Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay were used to detect ATF3 protein expression and observe its subcellular localization, respectively. Lentiviral transduction was used to generate ATF3 knockdown and overexpression cell lines to evaluate their effects on cytokine release and bacterial clearance. Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) sequencing was employed to identify downstream target genes transcriptionally regulated by ATF3. Furthermore, the impact of ATF3 knockdown or overexpression on autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related gene 16-like 1 (ATG16L1), and autophagy levels was evaluated.

Results

GEO analysis revealed that ATF3 expression was significantly elevated in PBMCs from sepsis patients (P<0.01), and GSEA showed significant enrichment of autophagy-related and inflammation-related pathways (P<0.01). In RAW264.7 cells, 100 ng/mL LPS stimulation significantly increased ATF3 expression in the nucleus than the blank control group (P<0.01). ATF3 knockdown led to increased secretions of TNF-α and IL-6 and enhanced bacterial clearance of macrophages (P<0.01), whereas ATF3 overexpression significantly suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 releases, and remained bacterial clearance at a low level when compared with the conditions in the negative control (NC) group (P<0.01). CUT&Tag results demonstrated that ATF3 was enriched at the promoter regions of key autophagy genes Atg5 and Atg16l1. Compared with the NC group, ATF3 knockdown significantly up-regulated the protein levels of LC3-II/I, ATG5, and ATG16L1 while decreased p62 expression (P<0.01). Conversely, ATF3 overexpression inhibited the expression of LC3-II/I, ATG5, and ATG16L1 (P<0.01), but had no significant effect on p62 level.

Conclusion

Sepsis induces elevated ATF3 expression in macrophages, and suppresses autophagic activity and down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, which probably mediated by ATF3 regulating transcription of ATG5 and ATG16L1, suggesting ATF3 as a potential therapeutic target for autophagy-inflammation imbalance.

, authors=Yujie WANG1, 2, 3, Hongmei QIU1, 2, Ting YANG1, 2, Xinhui SHI1, 2, Xiong YANG1, 2, Qingsong JIANG1, 2, Xin LIU3, Xiaoli LI1, 2, authorsList=Yujie WANG, Hongmei QIU, Ting YANG, Xinhui SHI, Xiong YANG, Qingsong JIANG, Xin LIU, Xiaoli LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin LIU, Xiaoli LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954458853933271, articleId=1322954452159824066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=ATF3通过抑制ATG5和ATG16L1表达调控巨噬细胞自噬与炎症反应, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨活化转录因子3(activating transcription factor 3,ATF3)抑制脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激的巨噬细胞自噬与炎症反应的作用及机制。

方法

首先,采用基因表达综合数据库(gene expression omnibus,GEO)数据库分析脓毒症患者外周血单核细胞中ATF3的表达水平;基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)分析脓毒症患者外周血单核细胞中富集的信号通路;其次,将RAW264.7细胞分为空白组和模型组(100 ng/mL LPS刺激)。采用Western blot检测ATF3在内毒素刺激的RAW264.7细胞中的表达;免疫荧光法检测ATF3在细胞质和细胞核中的分布;通过慢病毒转染技术构建ATF3敲低和过表达细胞系,评估其炎症因子释放水平及细菌清除能力的影响;应用靶向剪切及转座酶(cleavage under targets and tagmentation,CUT&Tag)测序技术筛查受ATF3转录调控的靶基因;在ATF3敲低和过表达细胞系中,评估其对自噬相关基因5(autophagy-related gene 5,ATG5)与自噬相关基因16样蛋白1(autophagy-related gene 16-like 1,ATG16L1)的表达和自噬水平的影响。

结果

GEO数据库分析显示脓毒症患者外周血单核细胞中ATF3表达水平显著升高(P<0.01),GSEA分析表明自噬和炎症相关信号通路显著富集(P<0.01)。在内毒素刺激的RAW264.7细胞中,与Medium组相比,LPS100组中ATF3在细胞核中的表达显著升高(P<0.01);与NC(negative control,NC)组相比,敲低ATF3后,进一步增加肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的释放水平,增强巨噬细胞的细菌清除能力(P<0.01)。相反,过表达ATF3则显著降低TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平(P<0.01),同时细菌清除能力维持在较低水平。CUT&Tag结果表明,ATF3可在自噬关键基因Atg5和Atg16l1的启动子区域富集;与NC组相比,敲低ATF3后,可进一步增强微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ(LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ)、ATG5、ATG16L1的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01),降低自噬接头蛋白p62(p62)蛋白表达水平。相反,过表达ATF3则显著抑制LC3 II/I、ATG5、ATG16L1的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01),而对p62蛋白水平无显著差异。

结论

脓毒症诱导巨噬细胞ATF3上调,抑制自噬并干扰炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6释放,可能通过调控ATG5和ATG16L1转录介导,提示ATF3是自噬-炎症紊乱的潜在靶点。

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刘鑫,E-mail:
李小丽,E-mail:
LIU Xin,E-mail:
LI Xiaoli,E-mail:
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A:GEO dataset analysis of ATF3 expression level in sepsis patients; B:GEO dataset analysis of ATF3 expression level between “Survivors” and “Non-Survivors” in sepsis patients; C:GSEA pathway analysis of Toll-like receptor signaling and autophagy pathways in sepsis patients; D:Western blot analysis and semi-quantitative analysis of ATF3 protein level in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS at different time points. GEO:Gene expression omnibus; ATF3:Activating transcription factor 3; GSEA:Gene set enrichment analysis. a:P<0.01,in comparison with Control group; b:P<0.01,in comparison with Survivors group; c:P<0.01,in comparison with 0 h group

, figureFileSmall=E6yLjmWjdEMp0yb+Yh7YtA==, figureFileBig=gD9B1Dy96EfIU55o3ai7lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954464310722845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Protein expression and subcellular distribution of ATF3 in RAW264.7 cells after 100 ng/mL LPS stimulation, figureFileSmall=+PhT5KZC9ByT9aNjskHq6A==, figureFileBig=fLO5P/qojhDfd3c+GOo2EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954464562381086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=CN, label=图2, caption=RAW264.7炎症细胞中ATF3的蛋白表达及分布

A:Protein expression and semi-quantitative analysis of ATF3 in RAW264.7 cells after 100 ng/mL LPS stimulation; B:Expression and semi-quantitative analysis of ATF3 in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of RAW264.7 inflammatory cells; C:Nuclear localization of ATF3 protein in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells. ATF3:Activating transcription factor 3. a:P<0.01,in comparison with the Medium group

, figureFileSmall=+PhT5KZC9ByT9aNjskHq6A==, figureFileBig=fLO5P/qojhDfd3c+GOo2EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954464637878559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Identification of stable RAW264.7 cell lines with ATF3 knockdown and overexpression, figureFileSmall=izJbI1nPtxPSsbqXsq2TNQ==, figureFileBig=oVO9VYBk7E7sw+rc4egAJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954464910508320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=CN, label=图3, caption=稳定低表达和过表达ATF3的RAW264.7细胞株的鉴定

A:Immunofluorescence microscopy displaying the transfection efficiency of ATF3 knockdown lentivirus; B:Western blot analysis and semi-quantitative analysis of ATF3 expression after transfection; C:Immunofluorescence microscopy showing the transfection efficiency of ATF3 overexpression lentivirus; D:Western blot analysis and semi-quantitative analysis of ATF3 expression after transfection. ATF3:Activating transcription factor 3. a:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-Medium group; b:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-LPS100 group

, figureFileSmall=izJbI1nPtxPSsbqXsq2TNQ==, figureFileBig=oVO9VYBk7E7sw+rc4egAJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954464977617185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of ATF3 knockdown and overexpression on bacterial clearance and inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells, figureFileSmall=Eki0vph3Fx0zNJyKmOGTDg==, figureFileBig=nnEvW2c2JpIAeUkGkZ+RMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954465065697570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=CN, label=图4, caption=敲低及过表达ATF3对RAW264.7炎症细胞中的细菌清除能力及炎症反应的影响

A:Bacterial colony counts in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells with ATF3 knockdown; B:Changes in inflammatory cytokine levels in RAW264.7 cells with ATF3 knockdown; C:Bacterial colony counts in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells with ATF3 overexpression; D:Inflammatory cytokine levels in RAW264.7 cells with ATF3 overexpression.ATF3:Activating transcription factor 3. a:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-Medium group; b:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-LPS100 group

, figureFileSmall=Eki0vph3Fx0zNJyKmOGTDg==, figureFileBig=nnEvW2c2JpIAeUkGkZ+RMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954465766146339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=CUT&Tag sequencing analysis of ATF3 downstream target genes, figureFileSmall=hobP0wXnvrXEmJ/Iame+jw==, figureFileBig=tlj6zwOLyxPi71v0wN3sCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954467469033764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Cut&Tag测序分析ATF3下游靶基因

A:Heatmap of distribution near transcription start sites; B:KEGG analysis of increased ATF3-binding peaks in candidate target genes; C:Genome-wide distribution of ATF3-binding peaks in endotoxin-stimulated inflammatory cells; D:CUT&Tag genome browser tracks of ATF3 binding signals at the Atg5 and Atg16l1 loci; E:Motif analysis of ATF3 binding regions in the ATG16L1 and ATG5 promoters. ATF3:Activating transcription factor 3

, figureFileSmall=hobP0wXnvrXEmJ/Iame+jw==, figureFileBig=tlj6zwOLyxPi71v0wN3sCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954467569697061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of ATF3 knockdown on ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression and autophagy in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells, figureFileSmall=3cL226YWu90ZNmR14FmA6Q==, figureFileBig=ibn7RmewOE3ZbY0AGHJd4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954467938795814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=CN, label=图6, caption=敲低ATF3后对RAW264.7炎症细胞中ATG5和ATG16L1表达水平和自噬水平的影响

A:mRNA levels of Atg5 and Atg16l1 in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells; B:Protein levels of ATG5 and ATG16L1 in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells; C:Protein levels of LC3II/I and p62 in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells; D:Protein levels of ATG5 and ATG16L1 in RAW264.7 cells with ATF3 knockdown; E:Protein levels of LC3II/I and p62 in RAW264.7 cells with ATF3 knockdown . ATF3:Activating transcription factor 3. a:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-Medium group; b:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-LPS100 group; c:P<0.01,in comparison with sh-ATF3-LPS100 group

, figureFileSmall=3cL226YWu90ZNmR14FmA6Q==, figureFileBig=ibn7RmewOE3ZbY0AGHJd4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954468286923047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=EN, label=Figure 6(continued), caption=Effects of ATF3 knockdown on ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression and autophagy in RAW264.7, figureFileSmall=20IxtrlaW/j6Wvq2bGJgFg==, figureFileBig=y4ll1cHd/7PBtMWfqLnIyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954468358226216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=CN, label=续图6, caption=敲低ATF3后对RAW264.7炎症细胞中ATG5和ATG16L1表达水平和自噬水平的影响

F:Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of autophagosome formation in RAW264.7 cells with ATF3 knockdown; G:Effect of autophagy inhibitors on inflammatory cytokine release in RAW264.7 cells with ATF3 knockdown. ATF3:Activating transcription factor 3. a:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-Medium group; b:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-LPS100 group; c:P<0.01,in comparison with sh-ATF3-LPS100 group inflammatory cells

, figureFileSmall=20IxtrlaW/j6Wvq2bGJgFg==, figureFileBig=y4ll1cHd/7PBtMWfqLnIyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954468685381930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effects of ATF3 overexpression on ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression and autophagy in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells, figureFileSmall=uJ1/14CTfLK6oCfl/wHHbw==, figureFileBig=YnmWnd+py1uj2R+Lqrm9uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954468765073707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=CN, label=图7, caption=过表达ATF3后对RAW264.7炎症细胞中ATG5和ATG16L1表达水平和自噬水平的影响

A:Protein levels of ATG5 and ATG16L1 in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells with ATF3 overexpression; B:Protein levels of LC3II/I and p62 in RAW264.7 inflammatory cells with ATF3 overexpression. ATF3:Activating transcription factor 3. a:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-Medium group; b:P<0.01,in comparison with NC-ATF3-LPS100 group

, figureFileSmall=uJ1/14CTfLK6oCfl/wHHbw==, figureFileBig=YnmWnd+py1uj2R+Lqrm9uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954468848959788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primer (5′→3′)Reverse primer (5′→3′)
Atg5AGAAGCTGTTTCGTCCTGTGGAGGTGTTTCCAACATTGGCTC
Atg16l1AAGCCGAATCTGGACTGTGGTATGCAGACTTTGCTGCGGA
β-actinGTGACGTTGACATCCGTAAAGAGCCGGACTCATCGTACTCC
), ArticleFig(id=1322954469113200941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954452159824066, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primer (5′→3′)Reverse primer (5′→3′)
Atg5AGAAGCTGTTTCGTCCTGTGGAGGTGTTTCCAACATTGGCTC
Atg16l1AAGCCGAATCTGGACTGTGGTATGCAGACTTTGCTGCGGA
β-actinGTGACGTTGACATCCGTAAAGAGCCGGACTCATCGTACTCC
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ATF3通过抑制ATG5和ATG16L1表达调控巨噬细胞自噬与炎症反应
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王宇洁 1, 2, 3 , 邱红梅 1, 2 , 杨婷 1, 2 , 时新惠 1, 2 , 杨雄 1, 2 , 蒋青松 1, 2 , 刘鑫 3 , 李小丽 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(19): 2351-2364
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (19) : 2351 -2364
ATF3通过抑制ATG5和ATG16L1表达调控巨噬细胞自噬与炎症反应
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2Faculty of Pharmacology,College of Pharmacy,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing
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王宇洁1, 2, 3, 邱红梅1, 2, 杨婷1, 2, 时新惠1, 2, 杨雄1, 2, 蒋青松1, 2, 刘鑫3 , 李小丽1, 2
作者信息
  • 1重庆高校生物化学与分子药理学重点实验室,重庆
  • 2重庆医科大学药学院药理学系,重庆
  • 3陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院临床医学研究中心,重庆
通讯作者:
刘鑫,E-mail:
李小丽,E-mail:
LIU Xin,E-mail:
LI Xiaoli,E-mail:
ATF3 regulates macrophage autophagy and inflammatory responses by suppressing ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression
Yujie WANG1, 2, 3, Hongmei QIU1, 2, Ting YANG1, 2, Xinhui SHI1, 2, Xiong YANG1, 2, Qingsong JIANG1, 2, Xin LIU3 , Xiaoli LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology,Chongqing
  • 2Faculty of Pharmacology,College of Pharmacy,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing
  • 3Clinical Research Center,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506089
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目的

探讨活化转录因子3(activating transcription factor 3,ATF3)抑制脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激的巨噬细胞自噬与炎症反应的作用及机制。

方法

首先,采用基因表达综合数据库(gene expression omnibus,GEO)数据库分析脓毒症患者外周血单核细胞中ATF3的表达水平;基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)分析脓毒症患者外周血单核细胞中富集的信号通路;其次,将RAW264.7细胞分为空白组和模型组(100 ng/mL LPS刺激)。采用Western blot检测ATF3在内毒素刺激的RAW264.7细胞中的表达;免疫荧光法检测ATF3在细胞质和细胞核中的分布;通过慢病毒转染技术构建ATF3敲低和过表达细胞系,评估其炎症因子释放水平及细菌清除能力的影响;应用靶向剪切及转座酶(cleavage under targets and tagmentation,CUT&Tag)测序技术筛查受ATF3转录调控的靶基因;在ATF3敲低和过表达细胞系中,评估其对自噬相关基因5(autophagy-related gene 5,ATG5)与自噬相关基因16样蛋白1(autophagy-related gene 16-like 1,ATG16L1)的表达和自噬水平的影响。

结果

GEO数据库分析显示脓毒症患者外周血单核细胞中ATF3表达水平显著升高(P<0.01),GSEA分析表明自噬和炎症相关信号通路显著富集(P<0.01)。在内毒素刺激的RAW264.7细胞中,与Medium组相比,LPS100组中ATF3在细胞核中的表达显著升高(P<0.01);与NC(negative control,NC)组相比,敲低ATF3后,进一步增加肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的释放水平,增强巨噬细胞的细菌清除能力(P<0.01)。相反,过表达ATF3则显著降低TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平(P<0.01),同时细菌清除能力维持在较低水平。CUT&Tag结果表明,ATF3可在自噬关键基因Atg5和Atg16l1的启动子区域富集;与NC组相比,敲低ATF3后,可进一步增强微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ(LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ)、ATG5、ATG16L1的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01),降低自噬接头蛋白p62(p62)蛋白表达水平。相反,过表达ATF3则显著抑制LC3 II/I、ATG5、ATG16L1的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01),而对p62蛋白水平无显著差异。

结论

脓毒症诱导巨噬细胞ATF3上调,抑制自噬并干扰炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6释放,可能通过调控ATG5和ATG16L1转录介导,提示ATF3是自噬-炎症紊乱的潜在靶点。

脓毒症  /  炎症  /  活化转录因子3  /  自噬功能
Objective

To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in suppressing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced autophagy and inflammatory responses in macrophages.

Methods

Firstly, the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database was used to analyze ATF3 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from sepsis patients, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify enriched signaling pathways. Secondly, RAW264.7 macrophages were divided into a blank control group and an LPS-stimulated group (100 ng/mL LPS). Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay were used to detect ATF3 protein expression and observe its subcellular localization, respectively. Lentiviral transduction was used to generate ATF3 knockdown and overexpression cell lines to evaluate their effects on cytokine release and bacterial clearance. Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) sequencing was employed to identify downstream target genes transcriptionally regulated by ATF3. Furthermore, the impact of ATF3 knockdown or overexpression on autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related gene 16-like 1 (ATG16L1), and autophagy levels was evaluated.

Results

GEO analysis revealed that ATF3 expression was significantly elevated in PBMCs from sepsis patients (P<0.01), and GSEA showed significant enrichment of autophagy-related and inflammation-related pathways (P<0.01). In RAW264.7 cells, 100 ng/mL LPS stimulation significantly increased ATF3 expression in the nucleus than the blank control group (P<0.01). ATF3 knockdown led to increased secretions of TNF-α and IL-6 and enhanced bacterial clearance of macrophages (P<0.01), whereas ATF3 overexpression significantly suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 releases, and remained bacterial clearance at a low level when compared with the conditions in the negative control (NC) group (P<0.01). CUT&Tag results demonstrated that ATF3 was enriched at the promoter regions of key autophagy genes Atg5 and Atg16l1. Compared with the NC group, ATF3 knockdown significantly up-regulated the protein levels of LC3-II/I, ATG5, and ATG16L1 while decreased p62 expression (P<0.01). Conversely, ATF3 overexpression inhibited the expression of LC3-II/I, ATG5, and ATG16L1 (P<0.01), but had no significant effect on p62 level.

Conclusion

Sepsis induces elevated ATF3 expression in macrophages, and suppresses autophagic activity and down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, which probably mediated by ATF3 regulating transcription of ATG5 and ATG16L1, suggesting ATF3 as a potential therapeutic target for autophagy-inflammation imbalance.

sepsis  /  inflammation  /  activating transcription factor 3  /  autophagy function
王宇洁, 邱红梅, 杨婷, 时新惠, 杨雄, 蒋青松, 刘鑫, 李小丽. ATF3通过抑制ATG5和ATG16L1表达调控巨噬细胞自噬与炎症反应. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2351 -2364 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506089
Yujie WANG, Hongmei QIU, Ting YANG, Xinhui SHI, Xiong YANG, Qingsong JIANG, Xin LIU, Xiaoli LI. ATF3 regulates macrophage autophagy and inflammatory responses by suppressing ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2351 -2364 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506089
脓毒症是一种由宿主对感染反应失调引发的危及生命的器官功能障碍,具有高发病率和高死亡率,是重症医学面临的重大挑战[1]。其复杂的病理生理过程涉及过度的炎症反应、免疫抑制、凝血功能障碍及组织损伤等多个方面。在脓毒症的早期阶段,巨噬细胞作为固有免疫的核心效应细胞,其过度活化和释放的大量促炎因子(如TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等)是引发“细胞因子风暴”和全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory responses syndrome,SIRS)的关键驱动因素,可导致组织器官的广泛损伤[2]。然而,随着病程进展,巨噬细胞也可能转向免疫抑制状态,表现为抗炎因子(如IL-10)分泌增加和吞噬杀菌能力下降,削弱宿主清除病原体的能力,增加继发感染风险[3]。而在脓毒症的发病过程中,过度炎症反应是推动病情迅速恶化的关键因素,贯穿整个病理进程并起着决定性作用[4]。因此,精确调控巨噬细胞的功能状态,维持其适度的炎症反应与有效的抗感染免疫之间的动态平衡,对于脓毒症的转归至关重要。
自噬作为细胞内重要的保守性分解代谢过程,通过形成自噬体包裹受损细胞器、错误折叠蛋白和入侵病原体,并将其运送至溶酶体降解,在维持细胞稳态、能量代谢和应对应激中发挥核心作用[5-6]。近年来,大量研究表明,巨噬细胞自噬在脓毒症的发生发展中扮演着重要的保护性角色[7-9]。一方面,自噬可通过选择性清除胞内病原体(异源自噬)直接增强巨噬细胞的杀菌能力[10];另一方面,自噬能有效抑制NLRP3炎症小体的过度活化,减少促炎因子的成熟与释放,从而缓解炎症反应过度造成的组织损伤[11]。更重要的是,自噬有助于维持巨噬细胞自身的稳态和功能完整性,防止其在持续炎症刺激下发生凋亡或功能耗竭,为机体提供持续的免疫防御能力。因此,增强或维持巨噬细胞的自噬活性,被认为是改善脓毒症预后的潜在干预策略。
激活转录因子3(activating transcription factor 3,ATF3)是ATF/CREB转录因子家族的成员,通常被视为细胞应激反应的“分子开关”[12]。在脓毒症等炎症性疾病中,ATF3在巨噬细胞内被多种刺激(如LPS、TNF-α、氧化应激)快速诱导表达[13]。研究表明,ATF3在调节巨噬细胞炎症反应中具有双重作用:一方面,它可通过负反馈机制抑制TLR4信号通路下游关键促炎因子(如TNF-α、IL-6、IL-12)的产生,发挥抗炎效应[14];另一方面,也有报道提示ATF3可能参与调控巨噬细胞的极化、迁移及吞噬功能[15-16]。然而,关于ATF3是否以及如何调控巨噬细胞的自噬过程,目前尚缺乏深入研究,其在脓毒症背景下通过自噬途径影响巨噬细胞炎症-杀菌平衡的作用机制更是尚未阐明。基于此,本研究聚焦于探讨ATF3对巨噬细胞自噬的调控作用及其在脓毒症中的病理生理意义,为理解脓毒症免疫紊乱机制和寻找新的治疗靶点提供实验依据。
小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司,且经STR鉴定正确。
脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS) 055:B5购自美国Sigma公司;铜绿假单胞菌(pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)临床分离株由陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院临床医学研究中心实验室保存(1423SP42);3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)购自美国MCE公司;氯喹(Chloroquine,CQ)购自美国Selleck公司;胎牛血清购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;DMEM高糖培养基购自赛默飞世尔科技公司;皂苷购自Sigma公司;兔抗ATF3重组抗体购自美国CST公司;兔抗ATG5、ATG16L1、LC3II/I和p62多克隆抗体购自武汉三鹰生物有限技术公司;鼠抗β-actin多克隆抗体购自美国SantaCruz公司;HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)和HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)购自ABclonal公司;嘌呤霉素和Western及IP细胞裂解液等购自碧云天生物技术有限公司;ECL试剂盒购自Advansta公司;Hyperactive Universal CUT&Tag Assay Kit for Illumina Pro购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司。
将RAW264.7巨噬细胞分为以下2组进行处理:空白组(Medium)、100 ng/ml LPS组(LPS100)。Medium组不加入LPS,LPS100组加入100 ng/mL LPS处理4 h以建立内毒素刺激的炎症细胞模型。
在LPS100组加入100 ng/mL LPS处理前2 h加入3-MA(5 mmol/L)或者是CQ(2 μmol/L),然后更换上清液,加入100 ng/mL LPS处理4 h后收集上清液和细胞。
ATF3敲低慢病毒(HBLV-m-Atf3 shRNA-ZsGreen-PURO)及其对照慢病毒(HBLV-ZsGreen-PURO)、ATF3过表达慢病毒(HBLV-m-Atf3-3×flag-mcherry-PURO)及其对照慢病毒(HBLV- mcherry-PURO)购自汉恒生物科技有限公司。然后根据慢病毒操作手册中的方案感染RAW264.7 细胞。培养 48 h 后,用嘌呤霉素筛选稳定敲低和过表达ATF3的细胞。用敲低ATF3基因及空载体的慢病毒感染RAW264.7细胞,分别记为敲低(sh-ATF3)组及空载对照(NC-ATF3)组,用过表达ATF3基因及空载体的慢病毒感染RAW264.7细胞,分别记为过表达(OE-ATF3)组及空载对照(NC-ATF3)组。
建立内毒素刺激的RAW264.7细胞后,收集细胞上清液,用ELISA法检测TNF-α和IL-6水平。步骤包括:先用捕获抗体包被板,4 ℃过夜;次日洗板,加入稀释的ELISA稀释液活化板,孵育1 h;再加入标准品或样本,孵育2 h;洗板后加入检测抗体,孵育1 h;再加Avidin-HRP,避光孵育30 min;最后加TMB显色,15 min后加入终止液,测D(450)吸光度,并根据标准曲线计算细胞因子浓度。
建立内毒素刺激的RAW264.7细胞后,加入浓度为5×106 CFU/ml 的铜绿假单胞菌继续处理2 h。PBS洗5次,加入0.3%皂苷裂解细胞20 min后,收集上清涂布于琼脂营养平板中,置37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱培养18 h,使用G6自动菌落计数器获取琼脂平板图像和CFU计数。
用RNAiso Plus试剂提取RAW264.7细胞总RNA,测定RNA浓度后,参照逆转录反应试剂说明书合成cDNA。基于NCBI GenBank中小鼠基因序列合成目的基因引物(表1)。RT-qPCR反应体系配制后,在定量PCR仪器中进行RT-qPCR反应。按照以下程序进行扩增:预变性95 ℃ 、30 s,PCR反应 95 ℃、5 s ,60 ℃ 、30 s循环39次。以β-actin为内参基因,采用2-ΔΔCt法分析目的基因相对表达量,数据统计以Ct值为基准,实验全程设置了4次重复。
用Western及IP细胞裂解液裂解细胞,提取总蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白浓度,调整蛋白上样量后,进行SDS-PAGE电泳,电泳完成后将蛋白转移到PVDF膜上,用5%脱脂奶粉溶液室温封闭2 h后,TBST洗5次后4 ℃过夜,分别按1∶1 000稀释比孵育ATG5、ATG16L1、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ,p62,ATF3,β-actin,Histone H3等一抗。次日,按1∶5 000稀释HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L)和HRP-conjugated Goat anti-Mouse IgG(H+L)孵育二抗,TBST洗5次,在Tanon 4600成像系统中使用ECL底物通过增强化学发光显现目标蛋白质条带。
建立内毒素刺激的RAW264.7细胞后,用PBS冲洗细胞3次,用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞 20 min,PBS 洗后,用免疫荧光封闭液含Triton封闭20 min。然后按1∶200稀释一抗ATF3,4 ℃孵育过夜。次日,按1∶200稀释二抗,孵育1 h。用DAPI进行核染色。使用Leica SP8共聚焦显微镜观察成像。
收集细胞后,加入3%戊二醛固定液进行预固定,轻柔重悬细胞,4 ℃静止5 min,高速离心10 min,弃去上清,再加入3%戊二醛固定液进行固定,4 ℃保存,送样检测。
收集细胞并计数,将细胞与ConA Beads Pro混合后孵育,形成细胞-磁珠复合物,加入ATF3一抗,4 ℃静置过夜。洗净一抗后,加入二抗,混合混匀后,室温下旋转孵育60 min。洗净二抗,加入pA/G-Tnp Pro室温下旋转孵育60 min,加入片段化试剂。混合后于PCR仪中37 ℃孵育60 min,加入DNA Extract Beads Pro提取DNA。随后进行CUT&Tag文库测序,向重悬DNA Extract Beads Pro中分别加入2×CAM、N5和N7接头序列进行文库扩增,在PCR仪中以72 ℃孵育3 min,95 ℃孵育3 min,98 ℃~60 ℃扩增10个扩增,72 ℃孵育1 min为条件进行反应,涡旋振荡混匀VAHTSDNA Clean Beads加入100 μL至上诉PCR反应产物中,室温孵育5 min。80%乙醇漂洗磁珠,ddH2O洗脱,室温孵育5 min,离心,吸取上清液,加入20 μL ddH2O溶解文库,-20 ℃保存,随后进行文库测序,通过诺唯赞云分析平台(http://cloud.vazyme.com/)进行后续测序分析。
使用 GraphPad Prism 9.0 软件进行统计学作图,使用Image J 1.8.0软件分析ATF3、ATG5、ATG16L1、LC3II/I、p62的表达定量。每组实验重复3次,所有数值结果均以x¯±s表示,采用单因素方差分析、双尾无配对Student’s t检验进行分析,P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
本研究分析了GEO数据库中脓毒症患者的转录组表达数据。在GSE4607和GSE137342数据集中,根据其原始注释信息提取了符合脓毒症诊断标准的患者样本,并与健康对照进行比较,结果发现脓毒症患者中ATF3基因表达显著上调(P<0.01,图1A)。为进一步探讨ATF3表达水平与患者预后的关系,我们分析了GSE26440和GSE26378两个包含明确预后标签(幸存者 vs 非幸存者)的脓毒症患者数据集。结果显示,“非幸存者”组中ATF3的表达水平明显高于幸存者组(P<0.01,图1B)。这提示ATF3表达水平可能与脓毒症患者的临床结局相关。此外,对GSE4607数据集中脓毒症患者与健康对照之间的差异表达基因进行了GSEA分析,发现自噬通路和Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLR)信号通路显著富集(P<0.01,图1C),提示这些信号通路在脓毒症发病过程中可能具有重要作用。随后,本研究也在内毒素刺激的RAW264.7细胞中验证了ATF3水平变化。通过Western blot 观察不同时间点ATF3蛋白水平的变化,结果显示,LPS可呈时间依赖性升高ATF3的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01,图1D)。以上结果表明,脓毒症患者中ATF3表达显著上调,且与自噬及炎症反应密切相关。
Western blot结果显示,Medium组ATF3蛋白水平较低;与Medium组相比,LPS100组ATF3蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.01,图2A)。随后,分离细胞质和细胞核蛋白并进行Western blot实验。结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS100组ATF3蛋白在细胞质中的表达少量增加,在细胞核中显著增加(P<0.01,图2B)。同时,免疫荧光实验结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS100组的ATF3大量转入细胞核中(P<0.01,图2C)。以上结果表明,ATF3在内毒素刺激下的RAW264.7细胞中的表达和活性显著高表达。
用嘌呤霉素筛选出稳定敲低和过表达ATF3的RAW264.7 细胞。敲低和过表达对照组分别利用敲低空载病毒液和过表达空载病毒液转染RAW264.7 细胞作为对照。通过荧光显微镜拍照观察,结果显示,转染敲低慢病毒后可见细胞呈现绿色荧光,转染过表达慢病毒后可见细胞呈现红色荧光,提示转染成功(图3A、C)。将2组细胞分别收集起来制成蛋白样品,通过Western blot 实验结果显示,与NC-ATF3组相比,sh-ATF3组中蛋白表达显著减少(P<0.01,图3B)。与NC-ATF3组相比,OE-ATF3组中蛋白表达显著增加(P<0.01,图3D)。以上结果表明,稳定低表达ATF3和过表达ATF3的RAW264.7细胞株构建成功。
检测调控ATF3的表达在内毒素刺激下对细胞细菌清除能力的影响。结果显示,NC-ATF3组中,Medium组无细菌生长;与Medium组相比,铜绿假单胞菌(pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)感染组细菌数量显著增加(P<0.01,图4A);与NC-ATF3组相比,敲低ATF3后的PA组细菌数量显著降低(P<0.01,图4A);与NC-ATF3组相比,过表达ATF3后的PA组细菌数量仍维持在高水平,无显著性差异(图4C)。其次,检测调控ATF3的表达在内毒素刺激下对细胞炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6释放水平的影响。ELISA结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS100组炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平显著升高(P<0.01,图4B);与NC-ATF3组相比,敲低ATF3后的TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平显著升高(P<0.01,图4B);与NC-ATF3组相比,过表达ATF3后的TNF-α和IL-6的释放水平显著降低(P<0.01,图4D)。以上结果表明,在内毒素刺激下,敲低ATF3显著增强细胞的细菌清除能力,并伴随炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6水平的升高;相反,过表达ATF3对细胞的细菌清除能力影响并不显著,但能够有效降低炎症因子的释放水平,提示ATF3在控制炎症反应与维持免疫平衡中具有关键调节作用。
为了寻找受ATF3调控的下游靶基因,本研究利用CUT&Tag结合测序筛选出了ATF3与不同靶基因的结合情况。结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS100组中基因富集显著增多(图5A)。通过京都基因与基因组百科全书数据库(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路分析,结果显示,ATF3下游靶基因在自噬信号通路有明显富集(图5B)。对LPS100组中ATF3结合峰的全基因组分布进行分析,结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS100组中超过30%的结合峰位于启动子序列(<3 kb),见图5C。随后,对ATF3富集的下游靶基因进行整合基因组浏览器(integrative genomics viewer,IGV)可视化分析,结果显示,ATF3可富集于Atg5和Atg16l1基因的启动子区域(图5D)。随后,提取了其结合区域±100 bp范围的DNA序列,并进行motif对比分析。结果显示,在Atg16l1启动子结合区域中,识别出保守的TGACG[T/C]CA元件,属于ATF/CRE类典型motif的变体,具有较高匹配得分;在Atg5启动子区域中,也检测到具备高保守性的ATF/CRE识别位点(图5E)。以上结果提示,Atg5和Atg16l1可能是ATF3参与调控脓毒症的靶基因。
为探究调控ATF3对其下游靶基因Atg5和Atg16l1表达的影响。首先通过RT-qPCR和Western blot法检测内毒素炎症细胞中ATG5和ATG16L1表达水平。结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS100组Atg5和Atg16l1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.01,图6A、B)。同时检测了自噬标志性蛋白LC3II/I和p62的蛋白表达水平,结果显示,与Medium组相比,LPS100组LC3II/I和p62蛋白水平升高(P<0.01,图6C);然后检测敲低ATF3对内毒素炎症细胞ATG5和ATG16L1表达水平及自噬水平的影响。Western blot实验结果显示,与NC-ATF3组相比,敲低ATF3后LPS100组ATG5、ATG16L1和LC3II/I蛋白水平进一步增加,ATF3和p62蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.01,图6D、E)。透射电镜结果显示,在LPS刺激下,自噬小体数量较基础状态明显升高,而在ATF3敲低后自噬小体数量进一步增加(图6F)。进一步采用自噬抑制剂3-MA和Chloroquine(CQ)等分别处理敲低ATF3的细胞系,观察对内毒素刺激的巨噬细胞炎症因子释放水平的影响。研究表明,敲低ATF3后,炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6水平升高,但自噬抑制剂3-MA和CQ却能逆转敲低ATF3引起的炎症因水平升高(P<0.01,图6G)。以上结果表明,增强内毒素刺激下巨噬细胞的自噬活性并促进促炎因子释放,其中炎症因子的升高可被自噬抑制剂逆转。
探究过表达ATF3在内毒素炎症细胞中对ATG5和ATG16L1表达水平及自噬水平的影响。通过Western blot法检测过表达ATF3后对内毒素炎症细胞ATG5和ATG16L1蛋白水平及自噬水平的影响。结果显示,与NC-ATF3组相比过表达ATF3后LPS100组ATG5、ATG16L1和LC3II/I蛋白水平显著降低,ATF3蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.01,图7A、B),p62蛋白水平无明显变化(图7B)。以上结果过表达ATF3抑制ATG5及ATG16L1表达并降低内毒素炎症细胞的自噬水平。
脓毒症作为一种威胁生命的器官功能障碍,其病理生理机制复杂,涉及过度的炎症反应和随后的免疫抑制状态[17]。尽管近年来在重症监护治疗方面取得了显著进展,但脓毒症的死亡率仍居高不下,这凸显了深入探究其分子机制的必要性[18]。本研究聚焦于ATF3在脓毒症炎症反应中的调控作用,通过系统的实验研究揭示了ATF3通过调控自噬通路影响巨噬细胞炎症反应和杀菌活性的新机制。
ATF3作为应激反应中的关键转录因子,在多种感染与炎症环境中均可被快速诱导表达,进而发挥抑制炎症、维持稳态的功能。已有研究表明,在体内盲肠结扎穿孔(cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)小鼠模型中,ATF3敲除小鼠表现出更强的炎症因子释放与更高的死亡率,提示其在脓毒症早期具有保护作用[19]。本研究结合临床数据发现ATF3在脓毒症中作为负反馈调控因子发挥抗炎作用。GEO数据库显示,脓毒症患者外周血单核细胞中ATF3表达升高,并与炎症通路富集相关进一步支持其参与早期免疫应激反应的调控作用。综上,ATF3可能通过负向调节促炎信号通路,限制免疫过激反应,从而在脓毒症早期发挥稳态维持和保护作用。
ATF3作为应激反应中的关键转录因子,在细菌感染与免疫应答中具有典型的负调控功能。一方面,ATF3通过抑制NF-κB等促炎信号通路,限制炎症因子的释放,起到维持免疫稳态的作用;另一方面,ATF3的高表达也可能导致免疫反应受抑,从而削弱巨噬细胞的抗菌防御。在革兰氏阴性菌感染模型中,如大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,ATF3高表达被发现与促炎反应的抑制相关。敲低ATF3可显著增强促炎细胞因子如TNF-α和IL-6的释放,同时提升巨噬细胞的细菌清除能力和小鼠感染后生存率[20-21]。本研究中,内毒素诱导的炎症细胞模型显示,过表达ATF3时,炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6水平下降,细菌清除能力降低;而敲低ATF3则促进炎症因子释放并增强细菌清除。这表明ATF3可能作为炎症反应的负向调节因子,通过抑制促炎信号通路限制过度炎症,同时调节巨噬细胞的抗菌功能,从而在感染早期维持免疫稳态。
自噬是维持细胞内环境稳定、控制炎症反应和清除细胞内病原体的核心机制[22]。自噬对炎症信号通路的调控具有双重性且高度依赖情境,一方面,在急性免疫激活阶段,自噬增强有助于提升细菌清除效率,同时促进TNF-α、IL-6等炎症因子表达,从而增强宿主防御[23-25]。另一方面,自噬也可通过降解NLRP3炎症小体、清除DAMPs等机制,限制IL-1β、IL-18等炎症因子的释放,从而抑制过度免疫反[26-27]。因此,自噬在抗菌与炎症调控中具备双向功能,其效应取决于细胞类型与刺激环境。在脓毒症的炎症早期,自噬通常被激活,作为细胞应对感染和应激的保护性机制,参与清除病原体、受损细胞器及调控炎症反应[28-29]。其中,ATG5与ATG16L1是自噬小体膜伸展及闭合过程中的核心蛋白,其表达水平的下降将直接影响自噬小体的形成,阻断细胞对病原体的清除能力,体现其在自噬过程中不可或缺的重要性[30]。近年来,ATF3在多种疾病模型中普遍表现为自噬的负调控因子。例如,在病毒感染、心力衰竭及肺纤维化模型中,ATF3的上调均与自噬关键环节的抑制相关,如干扰自噬基因转录、阻断自噬体形成或抑制自噬体-溶酶体融合,提示其抑制自噬的作用具有一定的广泛性和保守性[31-33]。在本研究中,CUT&Tag结果显示ATF3可在关键自噬基因ATG5和ATG16L1的启动子区域富集。在内毒素诱导的炎症细胞模型中,过表达ATF3可显著抑制ATG5、ATG16L1以及LC3 II/I的蛋白水平,而敲低ATF3则增加其表达并增强细胞的抗菌能力和炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6)释放。进一步地,3-MA和CQ可逆转敲低ATF3所致的炎症因子升高,提示ATF3可能通过抑制关键自噬基因转录,限制自噬活性,从而削弱巨噬细胞的杀菌功能并调节炎症反应。
综上所述,本研究系统揭示了ATF3在脓毒症炎症反应中通过直接靶向ATG5和ATG16L1进而调控巨噬细胞的自噬水平和炎症反应。这些发现不仅深化了对脓毒症发病机制的理解,也为开发新型治疗策略提供了理论依据。

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2025年第47卷第19期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506089
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 修回日期:2025-09-11
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    1重庆高校生物化学与分子药理学重点实验室,重庆
    2重庆医科大学药学院药理学系,重庆
    3陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院临床医学研究中心,重庆

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