Article(id=1322954387630469552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954308836270447, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=1761494400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346505314, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1763136000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346505314, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346505314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346505314, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954308836270447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='21', pageStart='2581', pageEnd='2724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1763136000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346486529, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346486529, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2678, endPage=2687, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954387840184753, articleId=1322954387630469552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Effect of cinnamaldehyde on Bax/Bak and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells in diabetic ulcers, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the effects of cinnamic aldehyde (CA) on Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak) in vascular endothelial cells of diabetic ulcer wound tissues, as well as on cell apoptosis.

Methods

① Forty-eight healthy SPF-grade male SD rats (5 weeks old, weighing 180~220 g) were randomly assigned to a control group (12 rats) and a diabetes group (36 rats). The diabetic model was established with an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg STZ-citrate sodium solution and high-fat diet feeding. The diabetes group was further randomly divided into Model group, CA group, and the rb-bFGF group, with 12 animals in each group. Wounds in the Con and Model groups were disinfected and topically treated with normal saline, CA group received topical application of 4 µmol/L CA in PEG 400 gel, and those of the rb-bFGF group were treated with bevacizumab gel. The wound healing rate of each group was calculated at 3, 7 and 14 d after intervention. At 14 d after intervention, pathological changes in the wounds were observed with HE staining, and the expression levels of Bax and Bak were detected by Western blotting. ② Human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA.hy926 was treated with 175 mmol/L glucose for 48 h to establish a cell model of high glucose injury. The experimental cells were divided into control group, model group and CA treatment group. Cell scratch test and tube formation test were performed respectively to determine the migration ability and angiogenesis of the cells. The expression levels of Bax and Bak was detected with immunofluorescence assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining.

Results

①The diabetic rats in the Model group exhibited significantly higher blood glucose level (P<0.05), declined wound healing rate at 7 and 14 d after intervention (P<0.05), and enhanced expression levels of Bax and Bak (P<0.05) when compared with the control group. Pathological observation revealed that, at 14 d after intervention, accompanied with inflammatory reactions, dense infiltration of inflammatory cells, fewer new blood vessels, and continuous fluid exudation in the wound were observed in the Model group, but the control group presented complete epithelialization in full-thickness skin. Compared with the conditions in the Model group, both CA and rb-bFGF treatment improved the epithelialization process, with mature granulation tissues, showing good healing condition, promoted wound healing rate (P<0.05), and decreased the expression levels of Bax and Bak (P<0.05). ② The results of cell experiments showed that the cells of the model group showed significantly reduced migration ability and tube formation ability (P<0.05), reduced protein levels of Bax and Bak (P<0.05), and lower apoptotic rate (P<0.05) when compared with the cells in the model group.

Conclusion

CA can inhibit the expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bak, promote the migration and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells, and inhibit the cell apoptosis under high glucose condition, which may be an important reason for its promoting wound healing in diabetic ulcer rats.

, authors=Zheyu JIN1, Chenlei XIE1, Xinqi FAN1, Shu YANG1, Ruiyi DONG1, Yanyu BAI1, Yarong DING2, Zhongzhi ZHOU2, Li CHEN2, authorsList=Zheyu JIN, Chenlei XIE, Xinqi FAN, Shu YANG, Ruiyi DONG, Yanyu BAI, Yarong DING, Zhongzhi ZHOU, Li CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954389417243072, articleId=1322954387630469552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=肉桂醛对糖尿病溃疡血管内皮细胞Bax/Bak和凋亡的影响, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究肉桂醛(cinnamic aldehyde,CA)对糖尿病溃疡创面组织血管内皮细胞中Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,Bax)和Bcl-2拮抗因子(Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer,Bak)及细胞凋亡的影响。

方法

①将48只5周龄健康SPF级雄性SD大鼠(体质量180~220 g)采用随机数字法选取12只作为空白(Con)组,剩余36只作为糖尿病(Diabetes)组。对Diabetes组进行50 mg/kg的STZ-柠檬酸钠混合液腹腔注射联合高脂饲料喂养建立糖尿病大鼠模型。将Diabetes组采用随机数字法分为(n=12):模型(Model)组、CA组和贝复新(rb-bFGF)组,Con组和Model组创面常规消毒后予以生理盐水涂抹,CA组涂抹含4 µmol/L CA的聚乙二醇400(PEG 400)凝胶,rb-bFGF组创面涂抹贝复新凝胶。记录大鼠糖尿病造模后血糖监测情况,分别于干预后第3、7、14天计算各组创面愈合率,干预后第14天HE染色监测创面组织病理变化和Western blot法检测Bax、Bak表达水平。②采用175 mmol/L高糖干预人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(EA.hy926)48 h,建立细胞高糖损伤模型。实验细胞分为正常(Cell-Con)组、模型(Cell-Model)组、CA(Cell-CA)组。通过划痕实验检测血管内皮细胞迁移能力,成管实验检测血管内皮细胞形成血管的能力,运用免疫荧光技术分析Bax、Bak荧光蛋白的表达水平,运用TUNEL染色检测血管内皮细胞凋亡水平。

结果

①动物实验结果显示,造模后Diabetes组大鼠血糖值明显高于Con组(P<0.05)。干预后第7、14天,与Con组相比,Model组创面愈合率显著下降(P<0.05)。干预后第14天,Con组全损皮层完成上皮化,而Model组溃疡处炎症细胞密集浸润,新生血管罕见,创面表面表现为持续液体渗出,并伴有炎症反应,Bax、Bak表达显著上升(P<0.05)。与Model组相比,CA组和rb-bFGF组上皮化进程明显,肉芽组织趋于成熟,愈合情况良好,创面愈合率显著上升(P<0.05),CA组Bax、Bak表达显著下降(P<0.05),rb-bFGF组Bax、Bak表达显著下降(P<0.05)。②细胞实验结果显示,与Cell-Con组相比,Cell-Model组血管内皮细胞迁移活力、成管能力均显著下降(P<0.05),Bax、Bak荧光蛋白表达水平上升(P<0.05),细胞凋亡明显增加(P<0.05)。与Cell-Model组相比,Cell-CA组血管内皮细胞迁移活力、成管能力均显著上升(P<0.05),Bax、Bak荧光蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),细胞凋亡明显减少(P<0.05)。

结论

CA能够抑制凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bak的表达,促进血管内皮细胞迁移与成管,抑制高糖下的血管内皮细胞凋亡,可能是促进糖尿病溃疡大鼠伤口愈合的重要原因。

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Cytokine Growth Factor Rev,2019,50:52-59., articleTitle=Role of the PI3K/AKT (mTOR and GSK3β) signalling pathway and photobiomodulation in diabetic wound healing, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954389769564609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954389782147522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, companyId=1322954389769564609, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine,Hunan University of Chinese Medicine,Changsha,Hunan), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954389790536131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, companyId=1322954389769564609, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1湖南中医药大学血管生物学与转化医学湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954391417926084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954391426314693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, companyId=1322954391417926084, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Burn Wounds and Plastic Surgery,First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine,Changsha,Hunan,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954391434703302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, companyId=1322954391417926084, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2湖南中医药大学第一附属医院烧伤疮疡整形科,湖南 长沙)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954396019077631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The effect of cinnamaldehyde (CA) on wound healing in each group of rats and the analysis of wound healing rate(n=3), figureFileSmall=JCrIMyHOzwAHhw0HqvHYFA==, figureFileBig=OiwajUdji+GECqpreN50QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954396119740928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CA对各组大鼠创面愈合的影响及创面愈合率分析(n=3)

A:Macroscopic observation diagrams of rat wound surfaces at various time points; B:The effect of cinnamaldehyde on the wound healing rate of diabetic rats. a:P<0.05,in comparison with the Con; b:P<0.05,in comparison with the Model

, figureFileSmall=JCrIMyHOzwAHhw0HqvHYFA==, figureFileBig=OiwajUdji+GECqpreN50QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954398212698626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=HE staining results of the wound tissues of rats in each group in 14 d after intervention, figureFileSmall=k0sGAGw8QbuiqD72XkK1pA==, figureFileBig=R3YSmIdH93JnGShaUeSbAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954398296584707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=CN, label=图2, caption=干预后第14天各组大鼠创面组织HE染色结果, figureFileSmall=k0sGAGw8QbuiqD72XkK1pA==, figureFileBig=R3YSmIdH93JnGShaUeSbAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954398367887876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Western blot analysis of Bax and Bak protein expression in the wound tissues of rats in each group(n=3), figureFileSmall=fiUZtd8oyyMcGUxIsDmodA==, figureFileBig=HAnrtJbSk6eBnFEVEOjLgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954398443385349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Western blot检测各组大鼠创面组织Bax、Bak蛋白表达情况(n=3)

A:Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of Bax and Bak;B and C:Statistical analysis of relative protein levels of Bax and Bak. a:P<0.05,in comparison with the Con;b:P<0.05,in comparison with the Model

, figureFileSmall=fiUZtd8oyyMcGUxIsDmodA==, figureFileBig=HAnrtJbSk6eBnFEVEOjLgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954398518882822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Migration ability of vascular endothelial cells in each group at various time points after intervention, figureFileSmall=p4cO0urjOj4r00E1Kt+iJQ==, figureFileBig=oULRQOnFvTbPyIVnPqikbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954398590185991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=CN, label=图4, caption=干预后各时间点各组血管内皮细胞迁移能力

A:Migration patterns of cells in each experimental group at different time points after the scratch experiment;B:Statistical analysis of scratch migration rate in each growp. a:P<0.05,in comparison with the Cell-Con;b:P<0.05,in comparison with the Cell-Model

, figureFileSmall=p4cO0urjOj4r00E1Kt+iJQ==, figureFileBig=oULRQOnFvTbPyIVnPqikbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954398657294856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Tube-forming ability of vascular endothelial cells in each group at 4 h after intervention, figureFileSmall=V7tnBw/VJwejsPbEH5Iq7Q==, figureFileBig=3nfwaA9afWH0UCef4qRS0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954400330822154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=CN, label=图5, caption=干预后4 h各组血管内皮细胞成管能力

A:Graph showing the number of nodes,the number of tubes,and the total branch length;B:Number of nodes;C:Number of blood tubes;D:Total branch length. a:P<0.05,in comparison with the Cell-Con;b:P<0.05,in comparison with the Cell-Model

, figureFileSmall=V7tnBw/VJwejsPbEH5Iq7Q==, figureFileBig=3nfwaA9afWH0UCef4qRS0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954400410513931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Immunofluorescence staining to detect the expression levels of Bax and Bak proteins in vascular endothelial cells of each group, figureFileSmall=AKmLmvDn7BZlDOXFprFMGw==, figureFileBig=4XPfo2Yk1CPPa2JtTVoxzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954400490205708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=CN, label=图6, caption=免疫荧光染色检测各组血管内皮细胞Bax、Bak蛋白表达情况

A:Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Bax protein in EA.hy926 cells;B:Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Bak protein in EA.hy926 cells;C:Relative fluorescence histogram of Bax protein;D:Relative fluorescence histogram of Bak protein. a:P<0.05,in comparison with the Cell-Con ;b:P<0.05,in comparison with the Cell-Model

, figureFileSmall=AKmLmvDn7BZlDOXFprFMGw==, figureFileBig=4XPfo2Yk1CPPa2JtTVoxzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954400582480397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=TUNEL staining to detect the apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells in each group, figureFileSmall=PtWff5h9JdrL6UnUfNBLJg==, figureFileBig=ymJw9vgLHKQqCQggV3po0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954400662172174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=CN, label=图7, caption=TUNEL染色检测各组血管内皮细胞凋亡情况

A:TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis levels of vascular endothelial cells in each group;B:Apoptosis ratio. a:P<0.05,in comparison with the Cell-Con;b:P<0.05,in comparison with the Cell-Model

, figureFileSmall=PtWff5h9JdrL6UnUfNBLJg==, figureFileBig=ymJw9vgLHKQqCQggV3po0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954400741863951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Monitoring of blood glucose levels in rats at various time points after diabetes model establishment(mmol/L,n=3,x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupAfter injection
3 d7 d14 d21 d24 d28 d
Con5.83±0.786.10±0.966.40±1.735.73±0.615.30±0.535.57±0.90
Diabetes23.43±7.32a24.03±7.81a25.48±6.17a25.91±6.38a25.59±7.23a24.77±6.46a
), ArticleFig(id=1322954400846721552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954387630469552, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

糖尿病造模后各时间点大鼠血糖监测情况(mmol/L,n=3,x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupAfter injection
3 d7 d14 d21 d24 d28 d
Con5.83±0.786.10±0.966.40±1.735.73±0.615.30±0.535.57±0.90
Diabetes23.43±7.32a24.03±7.81a25.48±6.17a25.91±6.38a25.59±7.23a24.77±6.46a
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肉桂醛对糖尿病溃疡血管内皮细胞Bax/Bak和凋亡的影响
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金哲羽 1 , 谢晨磊 1 , 范心琪 1 , 杨树 1 , 董睿怡 1 , 白雁瑜 1 , 丁雅容 2 , 周忠志 2 , 陈丽 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(21): 2678-2687
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (21) : 2678 -2687
肉桂醛对糖尿病溃疡血管内皮细胞Bax/Bak和凋亡的影响
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金哲羽1, 谢晨磊1, 范心琪1, 杨树1, 董睿怡1, 白雁瑜1, 丁雅容2, 周忠志2, 陈丽2
作者信息
  • 1湖南中医药大学血管生物学与转化医学湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙
  • 2湖南中医药大学第一附属医院烧伤疮疡整形科,湖南 长沙
通讯作者:
陈丽,E-mail:
CHEN Li,E-mail:
Effect of cinnamaldehyde on Bax/Bak and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells in diabetic ulcers
Zheyu JIN1, Chenlei XIE1, Xinqi FAN1, Shu YANG1, Ruiyi DONG1, Yanyu BAI1, Yarong DING2, Zhongzhi ZHOU2, Li CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine,Hunan University of Chinese Medicine,Changsha,Hunan
  • 2Department of Burn Wounds and Plastic Surgery,First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine,Changsha,Hunan,China
出版时间: 2025-11-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506009
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目的

探究肉桂醛(cinnamic aldehyde,CA)对糖尿病溃疡创面组织血管内皮细胞中Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,Bax)和Bcl-2拮抗因子(Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer,Bak)及细胞凋亡的影响。

方法

①将48只5周龄健康SPF级雄性SD大鼠(体质量180~220 g)采用随机数字法选取12只作为空白(Con)组,剩余36只作为糖尿病(Diabetes)组。对Diabetes组进行50 mg/kg的STZ-柠檬酸钠混合液腹腔注射联合高脂饲料喂养建立糖尿病大鼠模型。将Diabetes组采用随机数字法分为(n=12):模型(Model)组、CA组和贝复新(rb-bFGF)组,Con组和Model组创面常规消毒后予以生理盐水涂抹,CA组涂抹含4 µmol/L CA的聚乙二醇400(PEG 400)凝胶,rb-bFGF组创面涂抹贝复新凝胶。记录大鼠糖尿病造模后血糖监测情况,分别于干预后第3、7、14天计算各组创面愈合率,干预后第14天HE染色监测创面组织病理变化和Western blot法检测Bax、Bak表达水平。②采用175 mmol/L高糖干预人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(EA.hy926)48 h,建立细胞高糖损伤模型。实验细胞分为正常(Cell-Con)组、模型(Cell-Model)组、CA(Cell-CA)组。通过划痕实验检测血管内皮细胞迁移能力,成管实验检测血管内皮细胞形成血管的能力,运用免疫荧光技术分析Bax、Bak荧光蛋白的表达水平,运用TUNEL染色检测血管内皮细胞凋亡水平。

结果

①动物实验结果显示,造模后Diabetes组大鼠血糖值明显高于Con组(P<0.05)。干预后第7、14天,与Con组相比,Model组创面愈合率显著下降(P<0.05)。干预后第14天,Con组全损皮层完成上皮化,而Model组溃疡处炎症细胞密集浸润,新生血管罕见,创面表面表现为持续液体渗出,并伴有炎症反应,Bax、Bak表达显著上升(P<0.05)。与Model组相比,CA组和rb-bFGF组上皮化进程明显,肉芽组织趋于成熟,愈合情况良好,创面愈合率显著上升(P<0.05),CA组Bax、Bak表达显著下降(P<0.05),rb-bFGF组Bax、Bak表达显著下降(P<0.05)。②细胞实验结果显示,与Cell-Con组相比,Cell-Model组血管内皮细胞迁移活力、成管能力均显著下降(P<0.05),Bax、Bak荧光蛋白表达水平上升(P<0.05),细胞凋亡明显增加(P<0.05)。与Cell-Model组相比,Cell-CA组血管内皮细胞迁移活力、成管能力均显著上升(P<0.05),Bax、Bak荧光蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),细胞凋亡明显减少(P<0.05)。

结论

CA能够抑制凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bak的表达,促进血管内皮细胞迁移与成管,抑制高糖下的血管内皮细胞凋亡,可能是促进糖尿病溃疡大鼠伤口愈合的重要原因。

肉桂醛  /  糖尿病溃疡  /  细胞凋亡  /  Bcl-2相关X蛋白  /  Bcl-2拮抗因子
Objective

To investigate the effects of cinnamic aldehyde (CA) on Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak) in vascular endothelial cells of diabetic ulcer wound tissues, as well as on cell apoptosis.

Methods

① Forty-eight healthy SPF-grade male SD rats (5 weeks old, weighing 180~220 g) were randomly assigned to a control group (12 rats) and a diabetes group (36 rats). The diabetic model was established with an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg STZ-citrate sodium solution and high-fat diet feeding. The diabetes group was further randomly divided into Model group, CA group, and the rb-bFGF group, with 12 animals in each group. Wounds in the Con and Model groups were disinfected and topically treated with normal saline, CA group received topical application of 4 µmol/L CA in PEG 400 gel, and those of the rb-bFGF group were treated with bevacizumab gel. The wound healing rate of each group was calculated at 3, 7 and 14 d after intervention. At 14 d after intervention, pathological changes in the wounds were observed with HE staining, and the expression levels of Bax and Bak were detected by Western blotting. ② Human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA.hy926 was treated with 175 mmol/L glucose for 48 h to establish a cell model of high glucose injury. The experimental cells were divided into control group, model group and CA treatment group. Cell scratch test and tube formation test were performed respectively to determine the migration ability and angiogenesis of the cells. The expression levels of Bax and Bak was detected with immunofluorescence assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining.

Results

①The diabetic rats in the Model group exhibited significantly higher blood glucose level (P<0.05), declined wound healing rate at 7 and 14 d after intervention (P<0.05), and enhanced expression levels of Bax and Bak (P<0.05) when compared with the control group. Pathological observation revealed that, at 14 d after intervention, accompanied with inflammatory reactions, dense infiltration of inflammatory cells, fewer new blood vessels, and continuous fluid exudation in the wound were observed in the Model group, but the control group presented complete epithelialization in full-thickness skin. Compared with the conditions in the Model group, both CA and rb-bFGF treatment improved the epithelialization process, with mature granulation tissues, showing good healing condition, promoted wound healing rate (P<0.05), and decreased the expression levels of Bax and Bak (P<0.05). ② The results of cell experiments showed that the cells of the model group showed significantly reduced migration ability and tube formation ability (P<0.05), reduced protein levels of Bax and Bak (P<0.05), and lower apoptotic rate (P<0.05) when compared with the cells in the model group.

Conclusion

CA can inhibit the expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bak, promote the migration and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells, and inhibit the cell apoptosis under high glucose condition, which may be an important reason for its promoting wound healing in diabetic ulcer rats.

cinnamaldehyde  /  diabetic ulcers  /  apoptosis  /  Bcl-2-associated X protein  /  Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer
金哲羽, 谢晨磊, 范心琪, 杨树, 董睿怡, 白雁瑜, 丁雅容, 周忠志, 陈丽. 肉桂醛对糖尿病溃疡血管内皮细胞Bax/Bak和凋亡的影响. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (21) : 2678 -2687 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506009
Zheyu JIN, Chenlei XIE, Xinqi FAN, Shu YANG, Ruiyi DONG, Yanyu BAI, Yarong DING, Zhongzhi ZHOU, Li CHEN. Effect of cinnamaldehyde on Bax/Bak and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells in diabetic ulcers[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (21) : 2678 -2687 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506009
糖尿病溃疡是糖尿病的一种严重的慢性并发症,占糖尿病患者非创伤性下肢截肢的85%,其治疗周期长,致残率和病死率较高,给患者和社会医疗带来了沉重的负担[1]。糖尿病溃疡的愈合需经过4个阶段:止血、炎症、增殖和重塑,其中血管生成在溃疡愈合过程中的增殖阶段尤为关键[2],其通过维持新生血管内皮细胞的生长和旧细胞的凋亡之间的平衡,形成溃疡修复细胞赖以生存、生长发育和成熟的细胞外基质微环境[3]。血管内皮细胞迁移通过向创面中心移动形成血管芽,促进伤口底部肉芽组织的形成,加速糖尿病溃疡愈合速率[4]。然而,在糖尿病溃疡伤口周围皮肤中,血管的生长与凋亡之间的平衡遭到破坏。同时,高糖环境可抑制血管内皮细胞迁移,导致创面血管生成延迟,造成糖尿病溃疡难愈[5]。研究表明,高葡萄糖导致血管内皮细胞中胆固醇的生物合成增加,加剧其细胞凋亡并导致糖尿病溃疡的延迟愈合[6]。
Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X protein,Bax)、Bcl-2拮抗因子(Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer,Bak)是促凋亡的B细胞淋巴瘤2(B cell lymphoma 2,Bcl-2)家族蛋白,在细胞凋亡的线粒体途径中发挥重要作用[7]。Bax、Bak可在一定条件下被激活,如与BH3蛋白相互作用、升高pH值等。激活后Bax、Bak同源寡聚化形成通道,促进线粒体膜通透性转变,使线粒体释放细胞色素C等膜间隙蛋白,激活下游Caspase级联反应,最终导致细胞凋亡[8]。在长期高糖环境下,二者表达水平增加,进而可诱发内皮细胞功能障碍,致细胞凋亡[9],使糖尿病溃疡难愈。此外,糖尿病环境会诱发内质网应激,内质网膜上的Bax、Bak发生寡聚化从而造成内质网膜完整性的损坏,内质网出现池肿胀与空泡化现象,从而加剧细胞凋亡过程,这被认为与膜的渗透性改变有关[10]。
肉桂醛(cinnamic aldehyde,CA)是中药肉桂的主要药用活性成分,可发挥温阳的功效,为“祛腐生肌”提供能量。其具有抗细菌、抗真菌、降低血糖、抗炎症反应等多种生物活性,在生物医学领域已获得广泛的研究和应用[11]。CA可通过促进抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达、抑制Bax的表达、降低Bax/Bcl-2比值来抑制凋亡线粒体级联途径的激活,从而减缓细胞凋亡[12]。并且有研究发现CA可以提高胰岛素敏感性、增加糖尿病动物的葡萄糖摄取、恢复胰岛功能、减轻炎症反应以及改善糖尿病并发症损伤,进而达到促进慢性创面愈合的效果[13]。既往的研究表明,在糖尿病创口动物模型中,于创缘局部应用CA,可激活Nrf2通路,抑制创缘皮肤组织的氧化应激反应[14]。但CA是否通过调控Bax、Bak等凋亡蛋白减轻血管内皮细胞凋亡进而促进糖尿病溃疡愈合,其具体机制尚未明确。基于此,本研究拟通过动物实验及细胞实验探究CA对糖尿病溃疡血管内皮细胞Bax、Bak表达水平和凋亡的影响。
CA(分子式:C9H8O3,分子量:132.162,纯度:≥95%)购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;贝复新购自珠海亿胜生物制药有限公司。
5周龄健康SPF级雄性SD大鼠48只,体质量180~220 g,由湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司提供[实验动物合格证号SCXK(湘)2019-0004]。大鼠于室温20~28 ℃、湿度45%~75%条件下饲养。人脐静脉血管内皮细胞株(EA.hy926)由武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司提供。
葡萄糖购自美国Gibco公司;链脲佐菌素(strepto-zotocin,STZ)、0.1%柠檬酸钠缓冲液购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;二辛可宁酸(bicinchoninic acid,BCA)试剂盒购自亚科因(武汉)生物技术有限公司;蛋白分子量marker购自美国ThermoFisher公司;Bax Rabbit PolyAb、Bak Mouse McAb购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;兔抗β-actin一抗购自艾博抗(武汉)生物科技有限公司;Matrigel基质胶购自美国CORNING公司;TUNEL试剂盒购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司。
掌上离心机购自武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司;台式常温低速离心机购自湖南凯达科学仪器有限公司;电子天平购自湘仪天平仪器设备有限公司;Forma Steri-Cycle i160二氧化碳培养箱购自赛默飞世尔科技公司;恒温震荡仪购自美国精骐有限公司;倒置荧光显微镜购自德国卡尔蔡司股份公司;SCIENTZ-Ⅱ D超声波细胞粉碎机购自宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;化学发光凝胶成像系统购自伯乐生命医学产品有限公司。
将48只5周龄健康SPF级雄性SD大鼠采用随机数字法选取12只作为空白(Con)组,剩余36只作为糖尿病(Diabetes)组。适应性喂养7 d后,Con组大鼠予以普通饲料连续喂养,并注射生理盐水;对Diabetes组进行高脂饲料喂养联合50 mg/kg的STZ-柠檬酸钠混合液腹腔注射建立糖尿病大鼠模型[15],若在注射后连续3 d血糖值均≥16.7 mmol/L,则符合糖尿病高血糖标准。在此基础上,将Diabetes组采用随机数字法分为(n=12):模型(Model)组、CA组和贝复新(rb-bFGF)组。Con组、Model组、CA组和rb-bFGF组大鼠背部裸区两侧进行手术,形成2个直径为1 cm的圆形全层皮肤缺损创面,建立大鼠背部全层皮肤缺损模型。Con组和Model组创面常规消毒后予以生理盐水涂抹,CA组涂抹含4 µmol/L CA的聚乙二醇400(PEG 400)凝胶,rb-bFGF组创面涂抹贝复新凝胶。
选取培养状态良好的EA.hy926,将其分为:空白(Cell-Con)组,使用DMEM培养基培养;模型(Cell-Model)组,使用175 mmol/L葡萄糖处理48 h建立高糖细胞模型[16];CA(Cell-CA)组,10 µmol/L CA和175 mmol/L葡萄糖处理48 h。
分别于注射STZ-柠檬酸钠混合液后第3、7、14、21、27、28天记录每只大鼠随机血糖数值。
分别于干预后第3、7、14天观察各组大鼠创面愈合情况,并用Image J软件测定拍摄创面的面积计算创面愈合率,其公式为:创面愈合率=(原始创面面积-观察时间点创面面积)/ 原始创面面积×l00%。
给药第14天后取大鼠背部创缘组织,常温下于4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h后,经过脱水、石蜡包埋、切片处理后进行HE染色,扫片机扫描后观察创面组织新生血管生长情况、炎细胞浸润程度、肉芽生长及再上皮化进程。
将蛋白样品通过10%SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后转移到PVDF膜上,加入无蛋白快速封闭液孵育0.5 h,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,二抗37 ℃孵育2 h,滴加ECL化学发光液后,置于化学发光凝胶成像系统显影,并收集图像,并用Image J软件进行灰度值分析。
划痕插件固定于24孔板中,按照插件外左-上-右-下-插件内左右孔的顺序将6×105个/mL细胞悬液种于孔板中,每孔100 µL,移入细胞培养箱中培养约24 h。细胞均匀铺满板底后取出插件。冲洗细胞后,加入175 mmol/L高糖培基和药物干预。观察12、24 h细胞迁移情况,使用倒置显微镜采集划痕图像。
将完全培养液换成含0.2%FBS的DMEM培养液,培养24 h。将Matrix-Gel™基质胶置于冰中并在4 ℃融化,使用预冷的移液管或吸头混合基质胶至均匀状态。使用DMEM培养液将Matrix-Gel™基质胶按2∶1的体积比例稀释。将96孔板置于冰上,按照每孔50 µL向96孔板中加入稀释后的基质胶,随后置于37 ℃孵育1 h以固化基质胶。用含10%FBS的DMEM进行重悬并计数。96孔板每孔加入50 µL细胞悬液,将96孔板置于培养箱培养4 h,使用倒置显微镜观察是否有血管形成,并利用Image J软件进行成管分析。
用组织细胞固定液固定细胞45 min后,使用0.3%Triton X-100通透处理15 min,加入山羊血清后在37 ℃孵育30 min,加一抗4 ℃冰箱孵育过夜;第2天回温30 min后滴加稀释好的荧光二抗,37 ℃避光孵育1 h,滴加DAPI避光孵育15 min,免疫荧光显微镜下观察采集图像。
将EA.hy926接种于6孔板中,分组处理后收集细胞,进行涂片,按TUNEL说明书用4%多聚甲醛将细胞固定、PBS清洗和0.3%TritonX-100通透与洗涤,TUNEL染色,使用激发波长为450 nm的荧光显微镜观察。
采用SPSS 26.0进行统计学分析,计量资料采用x¯±s表示;若符合正态性,则两组间比较采用t检验;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
大鼠在注射STZ-柠檬酸钠混合液后连续3 d血糖值均≥16.7 mmol/L,注射后第3、7、14、21、24、28天大鼠随机血糖数值显示,Diabetes组大鼠血糖值明显高于Con组(P<0.05,表1)。
CA对糖尿病大鼠创面愈合情况显示,干预后第3天,多组创面创缘结痂,中心残留干涸脓液,创面整体趋于干燥、色泽变暗,创周新生毛发;多组创面面积减小,其中Con组创面愈合效果最为突出;但Model组创面仍渗出明显,且愈合效果不佳。干预后第7天,各组创面在3 d基础上显著缩小,但Model组创面创周红肿渗血,散发腥臭气味,且愈合面积远小于其它处理组。干预后第14天,Model组创面表面持续液体渗出,仍伴有炎症反应,愈合效果显著落后其它组;其它3组绝大部分全损皮层完成上皮化,新皮呈现健康肉色。干预后第7、14天,与Con组相比,Model组创面愈合率显著降低(P<0.05);与Model组相比,CA组和rb-bFGF组创面愈合率显著升高(P<0.05)。见图1。
干预后第14天,Con组可见皮肤结构完整,层次清晰,可见规则排列的毛囊、皮脂腺等皮肤附属器,表皮细胞呈有序复层排列,基底层细胞整齐,真皮层胶原纤维致密且分布均匀,无炎症细胞浸润;Model组创面区域组织缺损显著,层次欠清晰,溃疡处炎症细胞密集浸润,新生血管罕见,成纤维细胞数量少且形态不规则,胶原纤维排列松散、断裂,愈合情况差;CA组上皮化进程明显,炎症细胞浸润显著减少,新生血管数量增加,成纤维细胞排列有序,肉芽组织成熟,创面愈合情况良好;rb-bFGF组溃疡腔基本被肉芽组织填充,成纤维细胞和新生血管分布均匀,胶原纤维排列紧密(图2)。
与Con组相比,Model组Bax、Bak表达量明显增加(P<0.05);与Model组相比,CA组和rb-bFGF组Bax、Bak表达量明显降低(P<0.05,图3)。
干预后第12小时,与Cell-Con组相比,Cell-Model组的血管内皮细胞迁移率显著降低(P<0.05);与Cell-Model组相比,Cell-CA组的血管内皮细胞迁移率明显上升(P<0.05)。干预后第24小时,与Cell-Con组相比,Cell-Model组的血管内皮细胞迁移率显著降低(P<0.05,图4)。
与Cell-Con组相比,Cell-Model组的血管交叉点数、血管数、总分支长度明显降低(P<0.05);与Cell-Model组相比,Cell-CA组血管交叉点数、血管数、总分支长度明显上升(P<0.05,图5)。
与Cell-Con组相比,Cell-Model组的Bax、Bak荧光强度显著增加(P<0.05);与Cell-Model组相比,Cell-CA组Bax、Bak荧光强度显著降低(P<0.05,图6)。
与Cell-Con组相比,Cell-Model组的TUNEL染色阳性率显著增加(P<0.05);与Cell-Model组相比,Cell-CA组TUNEL染色阳性率显著降低(P<0.05,图7)。
据统计,全球有5.37亿成年人患有糖尿病,其中有19%~34%的患者发生糖尿病合并阴症表现的慢性难愈性创面,每年有超过100万糖尿病患者需进行下肢截肢。糖尿病溃疡是体表慢性难愈合创面最常见的类型,其发病率高、溃疡反复溃破,迁延难愈,治疗难度大。但由于诱发糖尿病溃疡的因素众多,分子机制尚不明确,临床上缺少有效治疗手段。本研究通过建立糖尿病大鼠背部全层皮肤缺损模型,表明CA可通过下调促凋亡蛋白Bax、Bak的表达,促进糖尿病大鼠溃疡愈合;同时,通过高糖诱导的血管内皮细胞模型,明确了CA通过调控Bax、Bak的细胞凋亡途径改善血管内皮功能,抑制血管内皮细胞凋亡,具有一定的临床转化潜力。
糖尿病高糖环境引起血管内皮细胞凋亡加剧,影响溃疡修复所需的血液供应及肉芽组织形成是糖尿病溃疡难愈的关键因素之一。在正常溃疡愈合早期,血管内皮细胞可分泌血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF),促进血管生成,并通过形成血管床,为溃疡组织提供氧气和营养物质;溃疡愈合后期,大多数新形成的毛细血管经过调节、成熟、最终选择性凋亡,达到与正常皮肤相似的血管密度[17]。而糖尿病溃疡愈合过程中,血管内皮细胞提前过度凋亡,会使新生血管生成减少,且长期的高血糖会干扰血管内皮细胞相关的生长因子,破坏内皮稳态,导致溃疡难以愈合[18]。可见,高糖环境下血管内皮细胞的过度凋亡阻碍了伤口血管生成,不利于伤口再上皮化的完成,最终造成糖尿病溃疡难愈。
细胞凋亡作为机体的一种调节机制,可选择性地消除不需要的细胞,保持细胞增殖和死亡之间的微妙平衡。而细胞凋亡的调节和执行需要多种蛋白质和其它分子的相互作用来完成[19]。Bcl-2家族在细胞凋亡过程中起主要调节作用,其家族包括抗凋亡的Bcl-2、Bcl-xL、Bcl-w和Mcl-1等蛋白以及促凋亡的BH3-only、Bax和Bak等蛋白,其中BH3-only蛋白包括BIK、BIM、NOXA[20]。Bax和Bak的结构表面有一个由BH1、BH2和BH3结构域形成的疏水沟槽,当BH3-only蛋白与Bax和Bak蛋白的BH3疏水沟槽结合的瞬间就会触发Bax和Bak蛋白的构象变化,导致BH3结构域分离,形成沟槽二聚体,促使Bax和Bak寡聚化,发挥促凋亡功能[21-22]。研究表明,Bax和Bak蛋白在凋亡信号刺激下被激活,在线粒体上集聚成簇后诱导细胞色素C等促凋亡物质释放,通过Caspase级联反应放大凋亡信号,最终诱导细胞凋亡。此外,内质网应激诱导内质网膜上Bax和Bak蛋白质的构象变化和寡聚化,形成孔道导致内质网Ca2+耗竭,诱导的内质网膜上的Caspase 12裂解,通过Caspase级联反应最终导致细胞死亡[23]。在正常皮肤组织细胞内,促凋亡的Bax、Bak蛋白含量较少,抗凋亡的Bcl-2蛋白含量较高,抑制细胞凋亡的过度发生,维持正常皮肤组织的完整状态[24]。而糖尿病溃疡创面组织中,Bax、Bak的表达显著升高,Bcl-2表达显著下降甚至无表达,失去抗凋亡作用,致使Bax、Bak诱导细胞凋亡的效应加强[25]。既往的研究通过局部应用CA于糖尿病小鼠创口,表明CA促进糖尿病溃疡愈合依赖Nrf2通路。本研究结果显示,CA可下调Bax、Bak表达,同时伴随血管内皮细胞凋亡减少及糖尿病溃疡愈合改善,提示CA对糖尿病溃疡的愈合作用可能与下调Bax、Bak表达和抑制血管内皮细胞凋亡有关。
本研究结果发现,动物实验结果显示,与Con组相比,Model组创面愈合率显著降低;与Model组相比,CA组和rb-bFGF组创面愈合率显著升高。与Con组相比,Model组Bax、Bak表达量明显增加;与Model组相比,CA组和rb-bFGF组Bax、Bak表达量明显降低。细胞实验结果显示,与Cell-Con组相比,Cell-Model组的血管内皮细胞迁移率、成管能力显著降低,Bax、Bak荧光强度显著增加,细胞凋亡水平明显上升;与Cell-Model组相比,Cell-CA组的血管内皮细胞迁移率、成管能力明显上升,Bax、Bak荧光强度显著减少,细胞凋亡水平明显下降。
综上所述,CA治疗糖尿病溃疡疗效显著,其机制可能与抑制凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bak的表达,从而抑制高糖下的血管内皮细胞凋亡有关。然而糖尿病溃疡难愈机制复杂,涉及凋亡的通路及机理众多,由于本研究未进行Bax/Bak通路特异性干预实验,CA是否直接通过下调Bax、Bak抑制凋亡进而促进糖尿病溃疡愈合的因果关系尚未明确,有待后续研究通过通路阻断或过表达实验进一步验证。本研究为CA治疗糖尿病溃疡提供一定的参考价值,对该病症的临床诊疗具有重要意义。

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2025年第47卷第21期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506009
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-11-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
  • 修回日期:2025-10-27
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    1湖南中医药大学血管生物学与转化医学湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙
    2湖南中医药大学第一附属医院烧伤疮疡整形科,湖南 长沙

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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