Article(id=1322954361294434519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954253676979072, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751817600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-07, revisedDate=1762790400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346499035, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1764432000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346499035, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346499035, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346499035, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954253676979072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='22', pageStart='2725', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764432000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346473378, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346473378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2868, endPage=2880, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954361491566808, articleId=1322954361294434519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Machine learning-driven personalized tranexamic acid administration recommendations improve perioperative outcomes in orthopedic surgery patients: A large-scale database study, columnId=1322190400052380037, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Biomedical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective To develop a personalized recommendation strategy for tranexamic acid administration during the perioperative period of orthopedic surgery based on machine learning, aiming to reduce perioperative bleeding and related complications and improving clinical outcomes.
Methods A total of 11 727 patients undergoing orthopedic surgery from the INSPIRE database were subjected in this study. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation methods, and relevant feature variables were screened using Boruta analysis. We constructed various machine learning models, including Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Neural Network (NNET), Naive Bayes (NB), and Random Forest (RF), to evaluate their performance in predicting intraoperative bleeding and prolonged postoperative length of hospital stay. The optimal model was then selected and further integrated using a weighted ensemble, aiming to achieve the best prognosis by recommending usage strategies for tranexamic acid. The predictive performance of the constructed model was then verified against the testing set, and compared with the physician decision-making to complete the evaluation.
Results In predicting intraoperative bleeding, the RF model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.73, which was significantly better than other models. In predicting the prolonged postoperative length of hospital stay, the XGBoost model performed the best, with an AUC value of 0.84. Based on the above best-performing models, an ensemble strategy was implemented. The patients who followed the recommended strategy had reduced intraoperative bleeding and shorter postoperative length of hospital stay.
Conclusion The use of tranexamic acid is associated with intraoperative bleeding and postoperative length of hospital stay. Personalized decision-making recommendation based on our constructed model can effectively improve the outcomes of the patients undergoing orthopedic surgery.
, authors=Jian LI
1, Mi ZHOU
1, Xiang LIU
2, Yiziting ZHU
2, Xin SHU
2, Xuhao ZHANG
2, Wenquan HE
2, authorsList=Jian LI, Mi ZHOU, Xiang LIU, Yiziting ZHU, Xin SHU, Xuhao ZHANG, Wenquan HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenquan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954362707914980, articleId=1322954361294434519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=机器学习驱动的个性化氨甲环酸用药推荐改善骨科手术患者围手术期预后:一项基于大样本数据库的研究, columnId=1322954361592230105, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·生物医学工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 基于机器学习构建骨科手术围手术期氨甲环酸使用的个性化推荐策略,以减少围手术期出血及相关并发症,改善患者预后。
方法 从INSPIRE数据库中纳入了11 727例骨科手术患者,通过多重插补方法处理缺失数据,并采用Boruta分析筛选出相关特征变量。构建了多种机器学习模型,包括梯度提升机(gradient boosting machine,GBM)、广义线性模型(generalized linear model,GLM)、极端梯度提升机(eXtreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)、K最近邻(k-nearest neighbors,KNN)、神经网络(neural network,NNET)、朴素贝叶斯(naive bayes,NB)及随机森林(random forest,RF),评估各模型在预测术中出血及术后住院时间延长的效能。筛选最优模型后采用加权集成法进行整合,以达到最佳预后为目标对氨甲环酸使用策略进行推荐。通过测试集验证及与医生决策对比,完成模型性能评估。
结果 针对术中出血,RF模型的受试者操作曲线下面积(area under the subject curve,AUC)达到0.73,显著优于其他模型;而针对术后住院时间延长,XGBoost模型表现得最佳(AUC=0.84)。基于上述最佳模型,实施了集成策略,结果显示符合推荐策略的患者术中出血量降低,术后住院时间缩短。
结论 氨甲环酸的使用与术中出血和术后住院时间相关,应用构建的模型进行个性化决策推荐能有效改善患者预后。
, authors=李剑
1, 周秘
1, 刘祥
2, 朱易紫婷
2, 舒欣
2, 张序昊
2, 贺文泉
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31(10):513-519., articleTitle=Tranexamic acid in orthopaedic trauma surgery:a meta-analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954362946990309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954362955378918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, companyId=1322954362946990309, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1Department of Anesthesiology,Hechuan People’s Hospital,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954362963767527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, companyId=1322954362946990309, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1重庆市合川区人民医院麻醉科 ,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954364570185960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954364574380265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, companyId=1322954364570185960, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2Department of Anesthesiology,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954364582768874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, companyId=1322954364570185960, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954366977716502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Patients inclusion and exclusion flowchart, figureFileSmall=nEj/INtl5UTpCqLctW0OlQ==, figureFileBig=l1LUqC7uXiAWKDABpbYyEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954367028048151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
患者纳入与排除流程图, figureFileSmall=nEj/INtl5UTpCqLctW0OlQ==, figureFileBig=l1LUqC7uXiAWKDABpbYyEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954367195820312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Schematic diagram of research process, figureFileSmall=z7q4zFVh+grt/uD3u12qYg==, figureFileBig=GcPNMlXEbfFoGQXYTKIPcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954367267123481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
研究流程示意图, figureFileSmall=z7q4zFVh+grt/uD3u12qYg==, figureFileBig=GcPNMlXEbfFoGQXYTKIPcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954367359398170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Feature selection by Boruta analysis, figureFileSmall=roQD6HNUaY155LNQ0r7Oeg==, figureFileBig=Vn+jfy8FihMJEejRrXUPBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954369037119771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
特征选择Boruta分析A:Boruta analysis of intraoperative bleeding; B:Boruta analysis of postoperative length of hospital stay. Green indicates importance,yellow indicates temporary importance,and red indicates unimportance. The black shadow represents shadow features,which are “false” features generated by randomly shuffling the original features to aid in evaluating the importance of the original features. If the importance of an original feature is significantly higher than the maximum importance of a shadow feature (shadowMax),then that feature is considered important.BMI:Body mass index; BUN:Blood urea nitrogen; ALT:Alanine aminotransferase; AST:Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP:Alkaline phosphatase; STP:Serum total protein; LYMPH%:Lymphocyte percentage; NEUT%:Neutrophil percentage; PLT:Platelet count; WBC:White blood cell count; CRP:C-reactive protein; APTT:Activated partial thromboplastin time; INR:International normalized ratio; PACD:Preoperative use of anticoagulants; PAPD:Preoperative use of antiplatelet drugs
, figureFileSmall=roQD6HNUaY155LNQ0r7Oeg==, figureFileBig=Vn+jfy8FihMJEejRrXUPBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954369108422940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Predictive performance of the 7 models for intraoperative bleeding and postoperative length of hospital stay, figureFileSmall=lup8ym8Y1jAQM/7t7cvAdw==, figureFileBig=Vn/B+0Z4UyikPqzyvuHbzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954369200697629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
术中出血预测模型和术后住院时间延长预测7种模型表现A~C:ROC curve,calibration curve,and decision curve of the 7 prediction models for intraoperative bleeding; D~F:ROC curve,calibration curve,and decision curve of the 7 prediction models for postoperative length of hospital stay. ROC curve:Receiver operating characteristic curve
, figureFileSmall=lup8ym8Y1jAQM/7t7cvAdw==, figureFileBig=Vn/B+0Z4UyikPqzyvuHbzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954369292972318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=
SHAP beeswarm plot of feature importance, figureFileSmall=CrFa/Q22mDlXNYr+2Tslvg==, figureFileBig=iKbbDw2sHJ5i1Y2/KNVE0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954369389441311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
特征重要性SHAP蜂群图A:SHAP bee swarm plot of the RF model for predicting intraoperative bleeding risk; B:SHAP bee swarm plot of the XGBoost model for predicting postoperative length of hospital stay. BMI:Body mass index; ALT:Alanine aminotransferase; ALP:Alkaline phosphatase; STP:Serum total protein; PLT:Platelet count; WBC:White blood cell count; CRP:C-reactive protein; INR:International normalized ratio
, figureFileSmall=CrFa/Q22mDlXNYr+2Tslvg==, figureFileBig=iKbbDw2sHJ5i1Y2/KNVE0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954369498493216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Final indicators for analysis
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Category | Indicator |
|---|
| Preoperative | General information | Age,gender,BMI |
| Comorbidities | Diabetes,hypertension,coronary heart disease |
| Medication | Anticoagulant drugs,antiplatelet drugs,tranexamic acid |
| Laboratory test | Creatinine,BUN,phosphorus,chlorine,potassium,sodium,ALT,AST,ALP,TBIL,albumin,STP,calcium,fibrinogen,APTT,INR,glucose,LYMPH%,NEUT%,PLT,hematocrit,hemoglobin,WBC,CRP |
| Intraoperative | Anesthesia | ASA classification,anesthesia method,anesthesia time |
| Surgery | Surgical site,surgical time,emergency surgery |
| Medication | Tranexamic acid |
| Postoperative | outcome | HCT,length of hospital stay,extended length of hospital stay |
), ArticleFig(id=1322954369573990689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
最终分析指标
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Category | Indicator |
|---|
| Preoperative | General information | Age,gender,BMI |
| Comorbidities | Diabetes,hypertension,coronary heart disease |
| Medication | Anticoagulant drugs,antiplatelet drugs,tranexamic acid |
| Laboratory test | Creatinine,BUN,phosphorus,chlorine,potassium,sodium,ALT,AST,ALP,TBIL,albumin,STP,calcium,fibrinogen,APTT,INR,glucose,LYMPH%,NEUT%,PLT,hematocrit,hemoglobin,WBC,CRP |
| Intraoperative | Anesthesia | ASA classification,anesthesia method,anesthesia time |
| Surgery | Surgical site,surgical time,emergency surgery |
| Medication | Tranexamic acid |
| Postoperative | outcome | HCT,length of hospital stay,extended length of hospital stay |
), ArticleFig(id=1322954369649488162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Baseline data of original information [M(P25,P75),n (%)]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Indicators | Training dataset(n=9 383) | Test dataset(n=2 344) | P |
|---|
| Age /years | 60.00 (45.00,70.00) | 60.00 (45.00,70.00) | 0.513 |
| BMI/(kg/m2) | 24.24 (21.80,26.78) | 24.24 (21.78,26.81) | 0.849 |
| Surgical time /min | 95.00 (60.00,150.00) | 95.00 (65.00,155.00) | 0.327 |
| Anesthesia time /min | 140.00 (100.00,205.00) | 140.00 (105.00,205.00) | 0.456 |
| Creatinine/(mg/dL) | 0.80 (0.68,0.92) | 0.80 (0.68,0.92) | 0.909 |
| BUN/(mg/dL) | 15.00 (12.00,18.00) | 15.00 (12.00,18.00) | 0.413 |
| Phosphorus/(mg/dL) | 3.60 (3.20,3.90) | 3.60 (3.20,3.90) | 0.831 |
| Chlorine/(mmol/L) | 103.00 (102.00,106.00) | 103.00 (102.00,106.00) | 0.932 |
| Potassium/(mmol/L) | 4.00 (3.60,4.40) | 4.00 (3.60,4.40) | 0.325 |
| Sodium/(mmol/L) | 139.00 (137.00,141.00) | 139.00 (137.00,141.00) | 0.519 |
| ALT/(UI/L) | 20.00 (13.00,30.00) | 20.00 (13.00,30.00) | 0.768 |
| AST/(UI/L) | 22.00 (18.00,28.00) | 22.00 (18.00,26.00) | 0.043 |
| ALP/(UI/L) | 68.00 (55.00,86.00) | 68.00 (55.00,86.00) | 0.367 |
| TBIL/(mg/dL) | 0.50 (0.50,0.80) | 0.50 (0.50,0.80) | 0.827 |
| Albumin/(g/dL) | 4.20 (4.00,4.40) | 4.20 (4.00,4.40) | 0.811 |
| STP/(g/dL) | 7.00 (6.80,7.50) | 7.00 (6.80,7.50) | 0.524 |
| Calcium/(mg/dL) | 9.20 (8.90,9.60) | 9.20 (8.90,9.60) | 0.363 |
| Fibrinogen/(mg/dL) | 313.00 (276.00,376.00) | 313.00 (276.00,376.00) | 0.429 |
| APTT/s | 30.60 (29.10,33.00) | 31.20 (29.10,33.00) | 0.593 |
| INR | 0.98 (0.93,1.03) | 0.98 (0.93,1.03) | 0.154 |
| Glucose/(mg/dL) | 105.00 (96.00,126.00) | 105.00 (96.00,120.00) | 0.031 |
| LYMPH/% | 31.30 (22.10,37.80) | 28.70 (22.10,37.80) | 0.438 |
| NEUT/% | 61.00 (53.10,69.60) | 61.00 (53.10,69.60) | 0.661 |
| PLT/(×109) | 245.00 (200.00,291.00) | 245.00 (200.00,291.00) | 0.270 |
| Hematocrit/% | 39.10 (35.20,42.00) | 39.10 (36.10,42.00) | 0.286 |
| Hemoglobin/(g/dL) | 13.20 (12.20,15.00) | 13.20 (12.20,15.00) | 0.682 |
| WBC (×109) | 6.67 (5.58,8.38) | 6.67 (5.58,8.38) | 0.024 |
| CRP/(mg/dL) | 0.11 (0.02,0.50) | 0.11 (0.02,0.50) | 0.791 |
| Gender | | | 0.536 |
| Female | 5 225 (55.69) | 1 288 (54.95) | |
| Male | 4 158 (44.31) | 1 056 (45.05) | |
| ASA classification | | | 0.662 |
| Ⅰ | 3 136 (33.30) | 800 (34.93) | |
| Ⅱ | 5 191 (56.78) | 1 283 (56.04) | |
| Ⅲ | 783 (8.56) | 200 (8.73) | |
| Ⅳ | 32 (0.35) | 6 (0.26) | |
| Ⅴ | 1 (0.01) | 1 (0.04) | |
), ArticleFig(id=1322954369724985635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
原始数据基线资料 [M(P25,P75),例(%)]
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| Indicators | Training dataset(n=9 383) | Test dataset(n=2 344) | P |
|---|
| Age /years | 60.00 (45.00,70.00) | 60.00 (45.00,70.00) | 0.513 |
| BMI/(kg/m2) | 24.24 (21.80,26.78) | 24.24 (21.78,26.81) | 0.849 |
| Surgical time /min | 95.00 (60.00,150.00) | 95.00 (65.00,155.00) | 0.327 |
| Anesthesia time /min | 140.00 (100.00,205.00) | 140.00 (105.00,205.00) | 0.456 |
| Creatinine/(mg/dL) | 0.80 (0.68,0.92) | 0.80 (0.68,0.92) | 0.909 |
| BUN/(mg/dL) | 15.00 (12.00,18.00) | 15.00 (12.00,18.00) | 0.413 |
| Phosphorus/(mg/dL) | 3.60 (3.20,3.90) | 3.60 (3.20,3.90) | 0.831 |
| Chlorine/(mmol/L) | 103.00 (102.00,106.00) | 103.00 (102.00,106.00) | 0.932 |
| Potassium/(mmol/L) | 4.00 (3.60,4.40) | 4.00 (3.60,4.40) | 0.325 |
| Sodium/(mmol/L) | 139.00 (137.00,141.00) | 139.00 (137.00,141.00) | 0.519 |
| ALT/(UI/L) | 20.00 (13.00,30.00) | 20.00 (13.00,30.00) | 0.768 |
| AST/(UI/L) | 22.00 (18.00,28.00) | 22.00 (18.00,26.00) | 0.043 |
| ALP/(UI/L) | 68.00 (55.00,86.00) | 68.00 (55.00,86.00) | 0.367 |
| TBIL/(mg/dL) | 0.50 (0.50,0.80) | 0.50 (0.50,0.80) | 0.827 |
| Albumin/(g/dL) | 4.20 (4.00,4.40) | 4.20 (4.00,4.40) | 0.811 |
| STP/(g/dL) | 7.00 (6.80,7.50) | 7.00 (6.80,7.50) | 0.524 |
| Calcium/(mg/dL) | 9.20 (8.90,9.60) | 9.20 (8.90,9.60) | 0.363 |
| Fibrinogen/(mg/dL) | 313.00 (276.00,376.00) | 313.00 (276.00,376.00) | 0.429 |
| APTT/s | 30.60 (29.10,33.00) | 31.20 (29.10,33.00) | 0.593 |
| INR | 0.98 (0.93,1.03) | 0.98 (0.93,1.03) | 0.154 |
| Glucose/(mg/dL) | 105.00 (96.00,126.00) | 105.00 (96.00,120.00) | 0.031 |
| LYMPH/% | 31.30 (22.10,37.80) | 28.70 (22.10,37.80) | 0.438 |
| NEUT/% | 61.00 (53.10,69.60) | 61.00 (53.10,69.60) | 0.661 |
| PLT/(×109) | 245.00 (200.00,291.00) | 245.00 (200.00,291.00) | 0.270 |
| Hematocrit/% | 39.10 (35.20,42.00) | 39.10 (36.10,42.00) | 0.286 |
| Hemoglobin/(g/dL) | 13.20 (12.20,15.00) | 13.20 (12.20,15.00) | 0.682 |
| WBC (×109) | 6.67 (5.58,8.38) | 6.67 (5.58,8.38) | 0.024 |
| CRP/(mg/dL) | 0.11 (0.02,0.50) | 0.11 (0.02,0.50) | 0.791 |
| Gender | | | 0.536 |
| Female | 5 225 (55.69) | 1 288 (54.95) | |
| Male | 4 158 (44.31) | 1 056 (45.05) | |
| ASA classification | | | 0.662 |
| Ⅰ | 3 136 (33.30) | 800 (34.93) | |
| Ⅱ | 5 191 (56.78) | 1 283 (56.04) | |
| Ⅲ | 783 (8.56) | 200 (8.73) | |
| Ⅳ | 32 (0.35) | 6 (0.26) | |
| Ⅴ | 1 (0.01) | 1 (0.04) | |
), ArticleFig(id=1322954369804677412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Table 2(continued), caption=
Baseline data of original information [M(P25,P75),n(%)]
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| Indicators | Training dataset(n=9 383) | Test dataset(n=2 344) | P |
|---|
| Emergency surgery | | | 0.908 |
| Non-emergency | 8 376 (89.27) | 2 095 (89.38) | |
| Emergency | 1 007 (10.73) | 249 (10.62) | |
| Anesthesia method | | | 0.451 |
| MAC | 24 (0.26) | 6 (0.26) | |
| Neuraxial | 3 846 (40.99) | 1 004 (42.83) | |
| Regional | 42 (0.45) | 10 (0.43) | |
| General | 5 471 (58.30) | 1 324 (56.48) | |
| Surgical Site | | | 0.884 |
| Tendon | 652 (6.95) | 159 (6.78) | |
| Bursa and ligament | 341 (3.63) | 75 (3.20) | |
| Upper limb bone | 2 389 (25.46) | 601 (25.64) | |
| Lower limb bone | 707 (7.53) | 178 (7.59) | |
| Upper limb joint | 1 809 (19.28) | 440 (18.77) | |
| Lower limb joint | 3 485 (37.14) | 891 (38.01) | |
| Tranexamic acid | | | 0.447 |
| Neither before nor during the operation | 8 422 (89.76) | 2 104 (89.76) | |
| Only before the operation | 540 (5.76) | 147 (6.27) | |
| Only during the operation | 371 (3.95) | 79 (3.37) | |
| Both before and during the operation | 50 (0.53) | 14 (0.60) | |
| Preoperative use of anticoagulants drugs | | | 0.551 |
| No | 9 090 (96.88) | 2 277 (97.14) | |
| Yes | 293 (3.12) | 67 (2.86) | |
| Preoperative use of antiplatelet drugs | | | 0.862 |
| No | 9 072 (96.69) | 2 264 (96.59) | |
| Yes | 311 (3.31) | 80 (3.41) | |
| Hypertension | | | 0.649 |
| No | 8 491 (90.49) | 2 129 (90.83) | |
| Yes | 892 (9.51) | 215 (9.17) | |
| Diabetes | | | 0.910 |
| No | 8 943 (95.31) | 2 236 (95.39) | |
| Yes | 440 (4.69) | 108 (4.61) | |
| Coronary heart disease | | | 0.579 |
| No | 8 892 (94.77) | 2 214 (94.45) | |
| Yes | 491 (5.23) | 130 (5.55) | |
| Intraoperative bleeding | | | 0.351 |
| Intraoperative bleeding ≤200 mL | 4 222 (45.00) | 1 029 (43.90) | |
| Intraoperative bleeding >200 mL | 5 161 (55.00) | 1 315 (56.10) | |
| Extended PLOS | | | 0.936 |
| No | 6 907 (73.61) | 1 728 (73.72) | |
| Yes | 2 476 (26.39 ) | 616 (26.28 ) | |
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原始数据基线资料 [M(P25,P75),例(%)]
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| Indicators | Training dataset(n=9 383) | Test dataset(n=2 344) | P |
|---|
| Emergency surgery | | | 0.908 |
| Non-emergency | 8 376 (89.27) | 2 095 (89.38) | |
| Emergency | 1 007 (10.73) | 249 (10.62) | |
| Anesthesia method | | | 0.451 |
| MAC | 24 (0.26) | 6 (0.26) | |
| Neuraxial | 3 846 (40.99) | 1 004 (42.83) | |
| Regional | 42 (0.45) | 10 (0.43) | |
| General | 5 471 (58.30) | 1 324 (56.48) | |
| Surgical Site | | | 0.884 |
| Tendon | 652 (6.95) | 159 (6.78) | |
| Bursa and ligament | 341 (3.63) | 75 (3.20) | |
| Upper limb bone | 2 389 (25.46) | 601 (25.64) | |
| Lower limb bone | 707 (7.53) | 178 (7.59) | |
| Upper limb joint | 1 809 (19.28) | 440 (18.77) | |
| Lower limb joint | 3 485 (37.14) | 891 (38.01) | |
| Tranexamic acid | | | 0.447 |
| Neither before nor during the operation | 8 422 (89.76) | 2 104 (89.76) | |
| Only before the operation | 540 (5.76) | 147 (6.27) | |
| Only during the operation | 371 (3.95) | 79 (3.37) | |
| Both before and during the operation | 50 (0.53) | 14 (0.60) | |
| Preoperative use of anticoagulants drugs | | | 0.551 |
| No | 9 090 (96.88) | 2 277 (97.14) | |
| Yes | 293 (3.12) | 67 (2.86) | |
| Preoperative use of antiplatelet drugs | | | 0.862 |
| No | 9 072 (96.69) | 2 264 (96.59) | |
| Yes | 311 (3.31) | 80 (3.41) | |
| Hypertension | | | 0.649 |
| No | 8 491 (90.49) | 2 129 (90.83) | |
| Yes | 892 (9.51) | 215 (9.17) | |
| Diabetes | | | 0.910 |
| No | 8 943 (95.31) | 2 236 (95.39) | |
| Yes | 440 (4.69) | 108 (4.61) | |
| Coronary heart disease | | | 0.579 |
| No | 8 892 (94.77) | 2 214 (94.45) | |
| Yes | 491 (5.23) | 130 (5.55) | |
| Intraoperative bleeding | | | 0.351 |
| Intraoperative bleeding ≤200 mL | 4 222 (45.00) | 1 029 (43.90) | |
| Intraoperative bleeding >200 mL | 5 161 (55.00) | 1 315 (56.10) | |
| Extended PLOS | | | 0.936 |
| No | 6 907 (73.61) | 1 728 (73.72) | |
| Yes | 2 476 (26.39 ) | 616 (26.28 ) | |
), ArticleFig(id=1322954369964060966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Data distribution of interpolated data and original data [M(P25,P75), n(%)]
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| Indicators | Original data(n=11 433) | Imputed data(n=11 727) | P | Missing rate/% |
|---|
| BMI/(kg/m2) | 24.24 (21.80,26.78) | 24.24 (21.80,26.78) | 0.971 | 0.79 |
| Creatinine/(mg/dL) | 0.80 (0.68,0.92) | 0.80 (0.68,0.92) | 0.990 | 0.06 |
| BUN/(mg/dL) | 15.00 (12.00,18.00) | 15.00 (12.00,18.00) | 0.989 | 0.39 |
| Phosphate/(mg/dL) | 3.60 (3.20,3.90) | 3.60 (3.20,3.90) | 0.946 | 4.25 |
| Chloride/(mmol/L) | 103.00 (102.00,106.00) | 103.00 (102.00,106.00) | 0.953 | 0.37 |
| Potassium/(mmol/L) | 4.00 (3.60,4.40) | 4.00 (3.60,4.40) | 0.984 | 0.10 |
| Sodium/(mmol/L) | 139.00 (137.00,141.00) | 139.00 (137.00,141.00) | 0.975 | 0.11 |
| ALT/(UI/L) | 20.00 (13.00,30.00) | 20.00 (13.00,30.00) | 0.976 | 0.46 |
| AST/(UI/L) | 22.00 (18.00,28.00) | 22.00 (18.00,28.00) | 0.977 | 0.44 |
| ALP/(UI/L) | 68.00 (55.00,86.00) | 68.00 (55.00,86.00) | 0.992 | 0.44 |
| TBil/(mg/dL) | 0.50 (0.50,0.80) | 0.50 (0.50,0.80) | 0.510 | 8.96 |
| Albumin/(g/dL) | 4.20 (4.00,4.40) | 4.20 (4.00,4.40) | 0.944 | 0.49 |
| STP/(g/dL) | 7.00 (6.80,7.50) | 7.00 (6.80,7.50) | 0.977 | 0.37 |
| Calcium/(mg/dL) | 9.20 (8.90,9.60) | 9.20 (8.90,9.60) | 0.964 | 0.38 |
| Fibrinogen/(mg/dL) | 313.00 (276.00,376.00) | 313.00 (276.00,376.00) | 0.488 | 6.50 |
| APTT/s | 30.60 (29.10,33.00) | 30.60 (29.10,33.00) | 0.950 | 0.61 |
| INR | 0.98 (0.93,1.03) | 0.98 (0.93,1.03) | 0.975 | 0.43 |
| Glucose/(mg/dL) | 105.00 (96.00,120.00) | 105.00 (96.00,126.00) | 0.968 | 4.95 |
| LYMPH/% | 31.30 (22.10,37.80) | 31.30 (22.10,37.80) | 0.912 | 1.28 |
| NEUT/% | 61.00 (53.10,69.60) | 61.00 (53.10,69.60) | 0.935 | 1.31 |
| PLT/(×109) | 245.00 (200.00,291.00) | 245.00 (200.00,291.00) | 0.971 | 0.47 |
| Hemoglobin/(g/dL) | 13.20 (12.20,15.00) | 13.20 (12.20,15.00) | 0.987 | 0.32 |
| WBC/(×109) | 6.67 (5.58,8.38) | 6.67 (5.58,8.38) | 0.864 | 0.38 |
| CRP/(mg/dL) | 0.11 (0.02,0.50) | 0.11 (0.02,0.50) | 0.566 | 4.16 |
| ASA classification | | | 0.615 | 2.71 |
| Ⅰ | 3 936 (34.42) | 3 936 (33.57) | | |
| Ⅱ | 6 474 (56.63) | 6 768 (57.7) | | |
| Ⅲ | 983 (8.60) | 983 (8.38) | | |
| Ⅳ | 38 (0.33) | 38 (0.32) | | |
| Ⅴ | 2 (0.02) | 2 (0.02) | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1322954370060529959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
插补后的数据与原始数据的数据分布情况 [M(P25,P75),例(%)]
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| Indicators | Original data(n=11 433) | Imputed data(n=11 727) | P | Missing rate/% |
|---|
| BMI/(kg/m2) | 24.24 (21.80,26.78) | 24.24 (21.80,26.78) | 0.971 | 0.79 |
| Creatinine/(mg/dL) | 0.80 (0.68,0.92) | 0.80 (0.68,0.92) | 0.990 | 0.06 |
| BUN/(mg/dL) | 15.00 (12.00,18.00) | 15.00 (12.00,18.00) | 0.989 | 0.39 |
| Phosphate/(mg/dL) | 3.60 (3.20,3.90) | 3.60 (3.20,3.90) | 0.946 | 4.25 |
| Chloride/(mmol/L) | 103.00 (102.00,106.00) | 103.00 (102.00,106.00) | 0.953 | 0.37 |
| Potassium/(mmol/L) | 4.00 (3.60,4.40) | 4.00 (3.60,4.40) | 0.984 | 0.10 |
| Sodium/(mmol/L) | 139.00 (137.00,141.00) | 139.00 (137.00,141.00) | 0.975 | 0.11 |
| ALT/(UI/L) | 20.00 (13.00,30.00) | 20.00 (13.00,30.00) | 0.976 | 0.46 |
| AST/(UI/L) | 22.00 (18.00,28.00) | 22.00 (18.00,28.00) | 0.977 | 0.44 |
| ALP/(UI/L) | 68.00 (55.00,86.00) | 68.00 (55.00,86.00) | 0.992 | 0.44 |
| TBil/(mg/dL) | 0.50 (0.50,0.80) | 0.50 (0.50,0.80) | 0.510 | 8.96 |
| Albumin/(g/dL) | 4.20 (4.00,4.40) | 4.20 (4.00,4.40) | 0.944 | 0.49 |
| STP/(g/dL) | 7.00 (6.80,7.50) | 7.00 (6.80,7.50) | 0.977 | 0.37 |
| Calcium/(mg/dL) | 9.20 (8.90,9.60) | 9.20 (8.90,9.60) | 0.964 | 0.38 |
| Fibrinogen/(mg/dL) | 313.00 (276.00,376.00) | 313.00 (276.00,376.00) | 0.488 | 6.50 |
| APTT/s | 30.60 (29.10,33.00) | 30.60 (29.10,33.00) | 0.950 | 0.61 |
| INR | 0.98 (0.93,1.03) | 0.98 (0.93,1.03) | 0.975 | 0.43 |
| Glucose/(mg/dL) | 105.00 (96.00,120.00) | 105.00 (96.00,126.00) | 0.968 | 4.95 |
| LYMPH/% | 31.30 (22.10,37.80) | 31.30 (22.10,37.80) | 0.912 | 1.28 |
| NEUT/% | 61.00 (53.10,69.60) | 61.00 (53.10,69.60) | 0.935 | 1.31 |
| PLT/(×109) | 245.00 (200.00,291.00) | 245.00 (200.00,291.00) | 0.971 | 0.47 |
| Hemoglobin/(g/dL) | 13.20 (12.20,15.00) | 13.20 (12.20,15.00) | 0.987 | 0.32 |
| WBC/(×109) | 6.67 (5.58,8.38) | 6.67 (5.58,8.38) | 0.864 | 0.38 |
| CRP/(mg/dL) | 0.11 (0.02,0.50) | 0.11 (0.02,0.50) | 0.566 | 4.16 |
| ASA classification | | | 0.615 | 2.71 |
| Ⅰ | 3 936 (34.42) | 3 936 (33.57) | | |
| Ⅱ | 6 474 (56.63) | 6 768 (57.7) | | |
| Ⅲ | 983 (8.60) | 983 (8.38) | | |
| Ⅳ | 38 (0.33) | 38 (0.32) | | |
| Ⅴ | 2 (0.02) | 2 (0.02) | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1322954370140221736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Results of the 7 prediction models
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| Models | GBM | XGBoost | GLM | KNN | NB | NNET | RF |
|---|
| Intraoperative bleeding risk prediction |
| AUC | 0.704 | 0.703 | 0.705 | 0.660 | 0.619 | 0.707 | 0.731 |
| Accuracy | 0.651 | 0.649 | 0.662 | 0.625 | 0.588 | 0.662 | 0.674 |
| Sensitivity | 0.790 | 0.768 | 0.794 | 0.703 | 0.856 | 0.800 | 0.793 |
| Specificity | 0.473 | 0.497 | 0.493 | 0.526 | 0.245 | 0.485 | 0.522 |
| PPV | 0.657 | 0.661 | 0.667 | 0.655 | 0.592 | 0.665 | 0.68 |
| NPV | 0.637 | 0.626 | 0.652 | 0.581 | 0.571 | 0.656 | 0.664 |
| F1 | 0.717 | 0.711 | 0.725 | 0.678 | 0.700 | 0.727 | 0.732 |
| Kappa | 0.270 | 0.271 | 0.295 | 0.231 | 0.108 | 0.294 | 0.323 |
| Brier | 0.214 | 0.214 | 0.213 | 0.232 | 0.325 | 0.212 | 0.207 |
| Prolonged postoperative hospital stay prediction |
| AUC | 0.837 | 0.838 | 0.818 | 0.77 | 0.768 | 0.828 | 0.842 |
| Accuracy | 0.805 | 0.808 | 0.787 | 0.768 | 0.763 | 0.785 | 0.803 |
| Sensitivity | 0.446 | 0.477 | 0.405 | 0.305 | 0.19 | 0.462 | 0.465 |
| Specificity | 0.933 | 0.927 | 0.924 | 0.933 | 0.968 | 0.901 | 0.924 |
| PPV | 0.703 | 0.698 | 0.655 | 0.618 | 0.68 | 0.624 | 0.687 |
| NPV | 0.825 | 0.832 | 0.813 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.824 | 0.829 |
| F1 | 0.546 | 0.566 | 0.501 | 0.408 | 0.297 | 0.531 | 0.555 |
| Kappa | 0.429 | 0.449 | 0.375 | 0.284 | 0.205 | 0.395 | 0.434 |
| Brier | 0.138 | 0.137 | 0.145 | 0.159 | 0.221 | 0.142 | 0.137 |
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预测7种模型结果
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| Models | GBM | XGBoost | GLM | KNN | NB | NNET | RF |
|---|
| Intraoperative bleeding risk prediction |
| AUC | 0.704 | 0.703 | 0.705 | 0.660 | 0.619 | 0.707 | 0.731 |
| Accuracy | 0.651 | 0.649 | 0.662 | 0.625 | 0.588 | 0.662 | 0.674 |
| Sensitivity | 0.790 | 0.768 | 0.794 | 0.703 | 0.856 | 0.800 | 0.793 |
| Specificity | 0.473 | 0.497 | 0.493 | 0.526 | 0.245 | 0.485 | 0.522 |
| PPV | 0.657 | 0.661 | 0.667 | 0.655 | 0.592 | 0.665 | 0.68 |
| NPV | 0.637 | 0.626 | 0.652 | 0.581 | 0.571 | 0.656 | 0.664 |
| F1 | 0.717 | 0.711 | 0.725 | 0.678 | 0.700 | 0.727 | 0.732 |
| Kappa | 0.270 | 0.271 | 0.295 | 0.231 | 0.108 | 0.294 | 0.323 |
| Brier | 0.214 | 0.214 | 0.213 | 0.232 | 0.325 | 0.212 | 0.207 |
| Prolonged postoperative hospital stay prediction |
| AUC | 0.837 | 0.838 | 0.818 | 0.77 | 0.768 | 0.828 | 0.842 |
| Accuracy | 0.805 | 0.808 | 0.787 | 0.768 | 0.763 | 0.785 | 0.803 |
| Sensitivity | 0.446 | 0.477 | 0.405 | 0.305 | 0.19 | 0.462 | 0.465 |
| Specificity | 0.933 | 0.927 | 0.924 | 0.933 | 0.968 | 0.901 | 0.924 |
| PPV | 0.703 | 0.698 | 0.655 | 0.618 | 0.68 | 0.624 | 0.687 |
| NPV | 0.825 | 0.832 | 0.813 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.824 | 0.829 |
| F1 | 0.546 | 0.566 | 0.501 | 0.408 | 0.297 | 0.531 | 0.555 |
| Kappa | 0.429 | 0.449 | 0.375 | 0.284 | 0.205 | 0.395 | 0.434 |
| Brier | 0.138 | 0.137 | 0.145 | 0.159 | 0.221 | 0.142 | 0.137 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322954370303799594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Decision recommendation effectiveness of the integrated model
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| Indicator | Doctor’s decision | Consistent with model decision | P |
|---|
| Number of decisions | 2 344 | 251 | - |
| Amount of bleeding/mL | 235.49 (0.00,479.15) | 183.47 (0.00,436.50) | 0.003 |
| The average postoperative hospitalization time/min | 7 775.00(4 825.00,11 915.00) | 5 385.00(3 550.00,9 925.00) | <0. 001 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322954370375102763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954361294434519, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
集成模型决策推荐效果
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| Indicator | Doctor’s decision | Consistent with model decision | P |
|---|
| Number of decisions | 2 344 | 251 | - |
| Amount of bleeding/mL | 235.49 (0.00,479.15) | 183.47 (0.00,436.50) | 0.003 |
| The average postoperative hospitalization time/min | 7 775.00(4 825.00,11 915.00) | 5 385.00(3 550.00,9 925.00) | <0. 001 |
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