Article(id=1322954309545107823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954308836270447, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754755200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-10, revisedDate=1760803200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346486698, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1763136000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346486698, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346486698, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346486698, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954308836270447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='21', pageStart='2581', pageEnd='2724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1763136000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346486529, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346486529, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2641, endPage=2651, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954309759017329, articleId=1322954309545107823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Vismodegib regulates microenvironment of basal cell carcinoma via BRD9-mediated Hedgehog and PD-L1 signaling, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate how vismodegib (Vis) influences the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) via a chromatin remodeling factor, bromodomain containing protein 9 (BRD9), and to analyze the expression profile of BRD9 in BCC and its relationship with the immune checkpoint, programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway.

Methods

① A UVB-induced BCC model was established in SKH-1 hairless background Ptch1+/-; LacZ reporter mice. Then the mice were treated with Vis, and those without treatment served as control. X-gal staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, immunofluorescence (IF) assay, and Western blotting were used to assess the expression and localization of BRD9 and PD-L1 in tumor tissues and to evaluate immune-cell infiltration. ② In vitro, mouse BCC cell line ASZ001 (ASZ cells) were treated with Vis or a BRD9 degrader (dBRD9), and BRD9-overexpressing cells were generated. Cell viability and the protein and mRNA levels of BRD9, PD-L1, Gli1, and cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) were measured. ChIP-qPCR was performed to examine BRD9 and H3K27ac enrichment at the PD-L1 promoter, including the promoter-proximal site (P1) and an upstream active segment (P2).

Results

① At the tissue level, BRD9 was highly expressed in BCC, and co-localization of BRD9 and PD-L1 was observed within tumor regions, with evident immune-cell infiltration. Vis markedly suppressed UVB-induced BCC formation, reduced the probability of large-volume tumors (by probability-density analysis), decreased the X-gal-positive lesion area(P<0.000 1), down-regulated BRD9(P=0.024 9), and attenuated immune-cell infiltration. ② At the cellular level, Vis treatment reduced cell viability and down-regulated BRD9, Gli1, and Ccnd1 in ASZ cells(P<0.000 1). dBRD9 inhibited ASZ cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and decreased PD-L1, Gli1, and Ccnd1(P<0.000 1), whereas its overexpression increased the expression of these molecules(P<0.000 1). In ASZ cells, BRD9 and H3K27ac were enriched at the PD-L1 promoter P1/P2 regions. Treatment with dBRD9 or Vis reduced BRD9 and H3K27ac enrichment at P1/P2 regions(P<0.000 1).

Conclusion

In BCC, BRD9 maintains chromatin activation at the proximal PD-L1 promoter and modulates Hh/Gli1 signaling, thereby promoting immune evasion. Vis remodels the tumor immune microenvironment by inhibiting the Hh-BRD9-PD-L1 axis.

, authors=Hao WANG, Lei ZHANG, Junlong LI, Xintong LI, Meiyan SUN, authorsList=Hao WANG, Lei ZHANG, Junlong LI, Xintong LI, Meiyan SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Meiyan SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954310815981946, articleId=1322954309545107823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=维莫德吉通过BRD9介导的PD-L1调控基底细胞癌微环境, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨维莫德吉(vismodegib,Vis)通过染色质重塑因子BRD9影响基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma,BCC)发生发展的分子机制,分析BRD9在BCC中的表达特征及其与免疫检查点PD-L1及刺猬蛋白(Hedgehog,Hh)信号通路的关系。

方法

①通过SKH-1无毛背景的Ptch1+/-;LacZ报告基因小鼠构建紫外线B(ultraviolet B,UVB)诱导的BCC模型,并给予Vis干预。通过X-gal染色、免疫组化、免疫荧光和Western blot检测肿瘤组织中BRD9与PD-L1的表达与定位,并评估免疫细胞浸润。②体外以小鼠BCC的ASZ001细胞株(简称ASZ细胞)进行Vis与BRD9降解剂(dBRD9)处理,并构建BRD9过表达细胞株;检测细胞活力及BRD9、PD-L1、Gli1、Ccnd1的蛋白与mRNA表达。同时开展染色质免疫沉淀-定量聚合酶链反应,在PD-L1启动子近端(P1)与上游活跃片段(P2)检测BRD9与H3K27ac的富集变化。

结果

①组织水平发现BRD9在BCC中呈显著阳性表达,肿瘤区域可见BRD9与PD-L1的共定位及免疫细胞浸润;而Vis显著抑制UVB诱导的小鼠BCC形成(P<0.01),降低大体积肿瘤发生率并减少X-gal阳性病灶面积(P<0.000 1),并下调BRD9的表达(P=0.024 9),减弱免疫细胞浸润。②细胞水平发现Vis处理降低ASZ细胞活力,下调BRD9、Gli1、Ccnd1的表达(P<0.000 1);dBRD9剂量依赖性抑制ASZ细胞活力,并降低PD-L1、Gli1、Ccnd1表达(P<0.000 1);BRD9过表达则提高上述分子水平(P<0.000 1)。ASZ细胞中BRD9与H3K27ac在PD-L1启动子P1/P2位点富集,经dBRD9或Vis处理后,P1/P2位点的BRD9与H3K27ac富集水平均降低(P<0.000 1)。

结论

BCC中BRD9维持PD-L1近端染色质活化并调节Hh/Gli1信号,促进免疫逃逸,Vis通过抑制Hh-BRD9-PD-L1通路重塑基底细胞癌微环境。

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孙美艳,E-mail:
SUN Meiyan,E-mail:
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Australas J Dermatol,2024,65(8):e248-e254., articleTitle=Real-world data on the efficacy and safety of hedgehog pathway inhibitors in patients with basal cell carcinoma:Experience of a tertiary Australian centre, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322954317812081102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, doi=10.1007/s11523-019-00648-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=253, pageEnd=267, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=33, authorNames=GUTZMER R, SOLOMON J A, journalName=Target Oncol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUTZMER R,SOLOMON J A. Hedgehog pathway inhibition for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma[J]. Target Oncol,2019,14(3):253-267., articleTitle=Hedgehog pathway inhibition for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954311063445883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954311071834492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, companyId=1322954311063445883, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Medical Laboratory Science,Jilin Medical University,Jilin,Jilin,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954311084417405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, companyId=1322954311063445883, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1吉林医药学院检验学院,吉林 吉林)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954314246922657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Effects of vismodegib (Vis) on the phenotype of UVB-induced mouse basal cell carcinoma and BRD9 protein expression, figureFileSmall=HI9a+NAzz6kJ1exeYyJ+JQ==, figureFileBig=ovWCqzT05esHgZbtvC2WdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954314314031522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Vis对UVB诱导的小鼠基底细胞癌表型及BRD9表达的影响

A:Representative gross images of skin tumor burden in Con and Vis-treated mice (n=5); B:Probability-density plots of tumor area and groupwise tumor area analysis for Con and Vis-treated mice (n=5); C:X-gal staining of BCC-like lesions in skin sections from Con and Vis-treated groups; D:Immunohistochemical results for BRD9 in tumor tissues from Con and Vis-treated groups; E:Western blot analysis for BRD9 in mouse tumor tissues with densitometric quantification (n=3)

, figureFileSmall=HI9a+NAzz6kJ1exeYyJ+JQ==, figureFileBig=ovWCqzT05esHgZbtvC2WdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954314502775203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Vismodegib(Vis) inhibits cell proliferation and down-regulates BRD9 and its downstream effector molecules in ASZ cells, figureFileSmall=DsFPU036ptf6BxJs6YzMwg==, figureFileBig=1dnUPNrAXrsBms6hxoPIag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954314611827108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Vis抑制ASZ细胞增殖并下调BRD9及其下游分子表达

A:Cell viability of ASZ cells across Vis concentrations and time points assessed by CCK-8 assay,with IC₅₀ estimation (n=6); B:Western blot analysis of BRD9 in ASZ cells treated with the indicated Vis concentrations,with densitometric quantification (n=3); C:RT-qPCR analysis of Gli1 and Ccnd1 mRNA levels in Vis-treated versus control ASZ cells (n=4); D:Western blot analysis of Gli1 and Ccnd1 in mouse tumor tissues after Vis treatment,with densitometric quantification (n=3)

, figureFileSmall=DsFPU036ptf6BxJs6YzMwg==, figureFileBig=1dnUPNrAXrsBms6hxoPIag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954314674741669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of BRD9 degradation and overexpression on Hedgehog pathway effectors in ASZ cells, figureFileSmall=PaPmseJj6k8+ksVmcxZ8RA==, figureFileBig=fF/1xbCLXXHEJ5JqEdZz/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954314733461926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=CN, label=图3, caption=BRD9降解及过表达对ASZ细胞中相关信号通路分子表达的影响

A:Cell viability of ASZ cells after 24 h treatment with increasing concentrations of dBRD9 (n=6); B:Western blot analysis of BRD9,Ccnd1,PD-L1,and Gli1 in ASZ cells treated with dBRD9,with densitometric quantification (n=3); C:Schematic diagram of the BRD9 overexpression plasmid; D:Western blot analysis of BRD9,PD-L1,and Ccnd1 following BRD9 overexpression in ASZ cells,with densitometric quantification (n=3); E:RT-qPCR analysis of BRD9 and Gli1 mRNA levels after BRD9 overexpression in ASZ cells (n=4); F:ChIP-qPCR showing BRD9 and H3K27ac enrichment at 3 sites within the PD-L1 promoter after dBRD9 or Vis treatment (n=3)

, figureFileSmall=PaPmseJj6k8+ksVmcxZ8RA==, figureFileBig=fF/1xbCLXXHEJ5JqEdZz/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954314787987879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Dual immunofluorescence staining for BRD9/PD-L1 and Foxp3/CD4 in mouse BCC after vismodegib(Vis) treatment, figureFileSmall=uptyUCdFIiQMZrM4+0HKPA==, figureFileBig=6YXiaivYuY6HOS+SXRCyMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954314846708136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Vis处理后小鼠BCC中BRD9/PD-L1及Foxp3/CD4的免疫荧光双标染色

A:Immunofluorescence assay of skin sections from Con and Vis-treated mice showing BRD9 (green),PD-L1 (red),and their co-localization; nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue); B:Immunofluorescence assay showing Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells (green) and CD4⁺ T cells (red) in Con and Vis groups; nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue); C:HE staining of skin sections from Con and Vis groups

, figureFileSmall=uptyUCdFIiQMZrM4+0HKPA==, figureFileBig=6YXiaivYuY6HOS+SXRCyMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954314905428393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

RT-qPCR primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesSequences(5′→3′)
β-actinForward primer :CATCCTGCGTCTGGACCTG
Reverse primer :ATCTCCTTCTGCATCCTGTC
BRD9Forward primer :CTCAGACCACGAACGGGAG
Reverse primer :TTCCAGGGTCGAAAGCATCAG
Gli1Forward primer :CCAAGCCAACTTTATGTCAGGG
Reverse primer :AGCCCGCTTCTTTGTTAATTTGA
Ccnd1Forward primer :AGCTGTGCATCTACACCGAC
Reverse primer :TGTGAGGCGGTAGTAG
), ArticleFig(id=1322954314972537258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesSequences(5′→3′)
β-actinForward primer :CATCCTGCGTCTGGACCTG
Reverse primer :ATCTCCTTCTGCATCCTGTC
BRD9Forward primer :CTCAGACCACGAACGGGAG
Reverse primer :TTCCAGGGTCGAAAGCATCAG
Gli1Forward primer :CCAAGCCAACTTTATGTCAGGG
Reverse primer :AGCCCGCTTCTTTGTTAATTTGA
Ccnd1Forward primer :AGCTGTGCATCTACACCGAC
Reverse primer :TGTGAGGCGGTAGTAG
), ArticleFig(id=1322954315052229035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ChIP-qPCR primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesSequences(5′→3′)
PD-L1ChIP1Forward primer:GCTGTAGAGGAAGGCAACCTATGTG
Reverse primer:TTTGGGTGGGAGTGGAACCTGAGG
PD-L1ChIP2Forward primer:ACCTAAACTGAAAGCTTCCGC
Reverse primer:CCCAAGGCAGCAAATCCAGT
PD-L1ChIP3Forward primer:GCTGATGATGATAGTGACCAAGCG
Reverse primer:CCTGAACCCTGTGCTCAAATCC
), ArticleFig(id=1322954315131920812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954309545107823, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ChIP-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesSequences(5′→3′)
PD-L1ChIP1Forward primer:GCTGTAGAGGAAGGCAACCTATGTG
Reverse primer:TTTGGGTGGGAGTGGAACCTGAGG
PD-L1ChIP2Forward primer:ACCTAAACTGAAAGCTTCCGC
Reverse primer:CCCAAGGCAGCAAATCCAGT
PD-L1ChIP3Forward primer:GCTGATGATGATAGTGACCAAGCG
Reverse primer:CCTGAACCCTGTGCTCAAATCC
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维莫德吉通过BRD9介导的PD-L1调控基底细胞癌微环境
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王皓 , 张磊 , 李君龙 , 李欣童 , 孙美艳
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(21): 2641-2651
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (21) : 2641 -2651
维莫德吉通过BRD9介导的PD-L1调控基底细胞癌微环境
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王皓, 张磊, 李君龙, 李欣童, 孙美艳
作者信息
  • 1吉林医药学院检验学院,吉林 吉林
通讯作者:
孙美艳,E-mail:
SUN Meiyan,E-mail:
Vismodegib regulates microenvironment of basal cell carcinoma via BRD9-mediated Hedgehog and PD-L1 signaling
Hao WANG, Lei ZHANG, Junlong LI, Xintong LI, Meiyan SUN
Affiliations
  • 1College of Medical Laboratory Science,Jilin Medical University,Jilin,Jilin,China
出版时间: 2025-11-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508025
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目的

探讨维莫德吉(vismodegib,Vis)通过染色质重塑因子BRD9影响基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma,BCC)发生发展的分子机制,分析BRD9在BCC中的表达特征及其与免疫检查点PD-L1及刺猬蛋白(Hedgehog,Hh)信号通路的关系。

方法

①通过SKH-1无毛背景的Ptch1+/-;LacZ报告基因小鼠构建紫外线B(ultraviolet B,UVB)诱导的BCC模型,并给予Vis干预。通过X-gal染色、免疫组化、免疫荧光和Western blot检测肿瘤组织中BRD9与PD-L1的表达与定位,并评估免疫细胞浸润。②体外以小鼠BCC的ASZ001细胞株(简称ASZ细胞)进行Vis与BRD9降解剂(dBRD9)处理,并构建BRD9过表达细胞株;检测细胞活力及BRD9、PD-L1、Gli1、Ccnd1的蛋白与mRNA表达。同时开展染色质免疫沉淀-定量聚合酶链反应,在PD-L1启动子近端(P1)与上游活跃片段(P2)检测BRD9与H3K27ac的富集变化。

结果

①组织水平发现BRD9在BCC中呈显著阳性表达,肿瘤区域可见BRD9与PD-L1的共定位及免疫细胞浸润;而Vis显著抑制UVB诱导的小鼠BCC形成(P<0.01),降低大体积肿瘤发生率并减少X-gal阳性病灶面积(P<0.000 1),并下调BRD9的表达(P=0.024 9),减弱免疫细胞浸润。②细胞水平发现Vis处理降低ASZ细胞活力,下调BRD9、Gli1、Ccnd1的表达(P<0.000 1);dBRD9剂量依赖性抑制ASZ细胞活力,并降低PD-L1、Gli1、Ccnd1表达(P<0.000 1);BRD9过表达则提高上述分子水平(P<0.000 1)。ASZ细胞中BRD9与H3K27ac在PD-L1启动子P1/P2位点富集,经dBRD9或Vis处理后,P1/P2位点的BRD9与H3K27ac富集水平均降低(P<0.000 1)。

结论

BCC中BRD9维持PD-L1近端染色质活化并调节Hh/Gli1信号,促进免疫逃逸,Vis通过抑制Hh-BRD9-PD-L1通路重塑基底细胞癌微环境。

基底细胞癌  /  维莫德吉  /  BRD9  /  PD-L1  /  肿瘤微环境
Objective

To investigate how vismodegib (Vis) influences the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) via a chromatin remodeling factor, bromodomain containing protein 9 (BRD9), and to analyze the expression profile of BRD9 in BCC and its relationship with the immune checkpoint, programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway.

Methods

① A UVB-induced BCC model was established in SKH-1 hairless background Ptch1+/-; LacZ reporter mice. Then the mice were treated with Vis, and those without treatment served as control. X-gal staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, immunofluorescence (IF) assay, and Western blotting were used to assess the expression and localization of BRD9 and PD-L1 in tumor tissues and to evaluate immune-cell infiltration. ② In vitro, mouse BCC cell line ASZ001 (ASZ cells) were treated with Vis or a BRD9 degrader (dBRD9), and BRD9-overexpressing cells were generated. Cell viability and the protein and mRNA levels of BRD9, PD-L1, Gli1, and cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) were measured. ChIP-qPCR was performed to examine BRD9 and H3K27ac enrichment at the PD-L1 promoter, including the promoter-proximal site (P1) and an upstream active segment (P2).

Results

① At the tissue level, BRD9 was highly expressed in BCC, and co-localization of BRD9 and PD-L1 was observed within tumor regions, with evident immune-cell infiltration. Vis markedly suppressed UVB-induced BCC formation, reduced the probability of large-volume tumors (by probability-density analysis), decreased the X-gal-positive lesion area(P<0.000 1), down-regulated BRD9(P=0.024 9), and attenuated immune-cell infiltration. ② At the cellular level, Vis treatment reduced cell viability and down-regulated BRD9, Gli1, and Ccnd1 in ASZ cells(P<0.000 1). dBRD9 inhibited ASZ cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and decreased PD-L1, Gli1, and Ccnd1(P<0.000 1), whereas its overexpression increased the expression of these molecules(P<0.000 1). In ASZ cells, BRD9 and H3K27ac were enriched at the PD-L1 promoter P1/P2 regions. Treatment with dBRD9 or Vis reduced BRD9 and H3K27ac enrichment at P1/P2 regions(P<0.000 1).

Conclusion

In BCC, BRD9 maintains chromatin activation at the proximal PD-L1 promoter and modulates Hh/Gli1 signaling, thereby promoting immune evasion. Vis remodels the tumor immune microenvironment by inhibiting the Hh-BRD9-PD-L1 axis.

basal cell carcinoma  /  vismodegib  /  BRD9  /  PD-L1  /  tumor microenvironment
王皓, 张磊, 李君龙, 李欣童, 孙美艳. 维莫德吉通过BRD9介导的PD-L1调控基底细胞癌微环境. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (21) : 2641 -2651 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508025
Hao WANG, Lei ZHANG, Junlong LI, Xintong LI, Meiyan SUN. Vismodegib regulates microenvironment of basal cell carcinoma via BRD9-mediated Hedgehog and PD-L1 signaling[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (21) : 2641 -2651 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508025
基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma,BCC)是常见的皮肤恶性肿瘤之一,占所有皮肤恶性肿瘤的75%以上[1]。据统计,全球范围内每年约有500万例非黑色素瘤新发病例,其中大部分为BCC[2]。在中国,随着人们生活方式的变化及皮肤病理诊断水平的提升,BCC的发病率逐年上升,成为我国皮肤科临床中常见的皮肤肿瘤类型[3-4]。有研究表明,BCC在我国南方沿海地区发病率相对较高,可能与强烈紫外线照射及人群皮肤类型相关[5]。当前BCC的临床治疗手段以手术切除为主,然而对于病灶广泛、复发性或不可手术切除的病例,缺乏有效的药物治疗选择[6]。
在分子水平上,刺猬蛋白(Hedgehog,Hh)信号通路的异常激活被认为是BCC发生与进展的核心驱动因素[7]。该通路的关键抑癌基因PTCH1常在BCC中发生突变失活,从而解除对平滑受体蛋白(smoothened,SMO)的抑制,启动Gli1转录因子并激活多种下游致癌基因[8-9]。SMO抑制剂维莫德吉(vismodegib,Vis)虽已应用于BCC治疗,但疗效有限且存在原发性与获得性耐药[10],其中SMO变体可解释相当比例的耐药病例[11],临床病例亦发现换药或联合治疗对克服耐药具有较好效果[10,12],提示除Hh通路外仍存在关键致癌环节亟待挖掘。
染色质重塑因子BRD9作为SWI/SNF复合体的重要组成,广泛参与多种肿瘤的发生与免疫逃逸过程,其异常表达与恶性进展密切相关[13-14]。此外,PD-L1作为免疫检查点蛋白,其表达受多种信号通路及表观调控因子共同调控[15]。在皮肤癌中PD-L1可介导T细胞免疫抑制,促进肿瘤逃逸[16],但其在Hh通路高活化背景下的调控机制尚未明确。已有报道提示BRD9或参与调节免疫微环境[17],本研究旨在揭示Vis作用下BRD9在BCC中的功能及其与PD-L1的关联,拓展对BCC致癌机制的理解,并为耐药病例的靶向免疫治疗提供潜在解决方案。
本实验选用购自Jackson实验室的10只6周龄雄性Ptch1+/-;LacZ报告基因小鼠(SKH-1无毛背景),体质量21~22 g,该小鼠品系以Ptch1基因杂合背景引入LacZ报告基因构建,可通过β-半乳糖苷酶染色对BCC进行示踪[18]。采用简单随机分组,将小鼠分为(n=5):对照组(Con组)和Vis处理组(Vis组)。实验动物饲养于吉林医药学院SPF级动物实验室,环境温度维持在22~25 ℃,湿度50%~60%,给予标准灭菌饲料和饮用水,自由摄食。动物许可证号为:SCXK(吉)2022-0001,所有实验过程通过吉林医药学院伦理委员会审批(2025-LW004)。
小鼠于实验开始后接受紫外线B(ultraviolet B,UVB)照射诱导皮肤BCC形成。UVB每次照射强度为180 mJ/cm²,每周3次,连续8周。Vis配制于0.5%HPMC+0.1%Tween-80的无菌水溶液中。自首次UVB照射起,Vis组按20 mg/kg Vis灌胃给药,每周3次,连续8周。Con组给予等体积灌胃溶剂(0.5%HPMC+0.1%Tween-80),频次周期与Vis组一致,药物处理持续至实验结束。实验过程中第3周起,每周记录一次背部皮肤肿瘤的形成情况,通过游标卡尺测量每只小鼠背部可见肿瘤的最大长径(L)和垂直短径(W),并计算肿瘤体积(V),用于评估肿瘤生长进程及药物干预效果。肿瘤体积的计算公式为:V= L×W²2 。
实验所用细胞为源自小鼠BCC的ASZ001细胞株(简称ASZ细胞),于37 ℃、5%CO₂恒温培养箱中,以含10%胎牛血清和1%青链霉素的DMEM完全培养基进行常规培养。为构建BRD9过表达模型,使用慢病毒系统将BRD9基因导入ASZ细胞。所用慢病毒载体为{pLV[Exp]-Hygro-CMV>mBrd9NM_001378947.1/FLAG:T2A:mCherry},由上海吉凯基因公司合成并包装。该载体在CMV启动子驱动下表达FLAG标签的小鼠BRD9,同时通过T2A元件共表达mCherry荧光蛋白用于阳性筛选,并携带 Hygromycin抗性基因。转染前,ASZ细胞接种于6孔板中,待细胞密度达40%~50%时,加入含病毒颗粒的感染液,按感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)为10进行感染,并配合8 μg/mL Polybrene(Sigma-Aldrich,美国)增强感染效率。24 h后更换为新鲜完全培养基,48 h后添加100 μg/mL Hygromycin B(Invitrogen,美国)进行抗性筛选,连续筛选7 d,获得稳定表达BRD9的细胞株(命名为ASZ-BRD9),并检测细胞活力及过表达效果。对数生长期的ASZ细胞按1∶1∶1随机分为:对照(ASZ)组加入等体积载体(DMSO,终浓度为0.1%);dBRD9(ASZ-dBRD9)组通过BRD9降解剂(dBRD9,10.0 nmol/L)处理24 h;Vis(ASZ-Vis)组通过Vis(10 μmol/L)处理24 h。除药物外其余培养条件一致,DMSO终浓度在各组为0.1%,通过染色质免疫沉淀-定量聚合酶链反应(chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction,ChIP-qPCR)分析。
采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8,Dojindo,日本)检测Vis对ASZ细胞活力的影响。将ASZ细胞以5×10³个/孔的密度接种于96孔板中,贴壁后分别给予不同处理,其中Vis浓度为0、0.01、0.10、1.00、5.00、10.00、20.00、40.00 μmol/L,处理时间为24、48和72 h。BRD9降解剂(dBRD9)处理浓度为0、0.5、5.0、10.0、100.0、250.0、500.0和1 000.0 nmol/L,处理时间为24 h。每组设3个复孔。处理结束后,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8工作液,孵育2 h。通过酶标仪于450 nm波长处测定OD(450)值,以评估细胞活力。实验重复3次,并采用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件计算半数抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)。
小鼠经最后一次UVB照射后24 h在异氟烷麻醉下处死,自背部受照区域切取皮肤标本(含表皮、真皮及部分皮下组织,约8 mm×8 mm)。组织立即置于10%中性甲醛室温固定24 h,随后经梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明后石蜡包埋,制备5 μm厚度的石蜡切片。切片脱蜡、复水后进行抗原修复(柠檬酸缓冲液pH=6.0,微波加热15 min),3%H₂O₂室温孵育15 min以阻断内源性过氧化物酶,5%BSA封闭1 h。随后加入一抗(抗BRD9,PA5-113488,Invitrogen,美国,1∶500)于4 ℃孵育过夜。第2天PBS洗涤后加入HRP标记的二抗,室温孵育1 h。经DAB显色、苏木素复染后脱水封片。切片经光学显微镜观察并拍照分析。
取上述IHC步骤中制作的皮肤组织切片进行X-gal染色以检测β-半乳糖苷酶活性。组织切片经IHC步骤中的脱蜡复水后,在X-gal染色液[含5 mmol/L K₃Fe(CN)₆、5 mmol/L K₄Fe(CN)₆、2 mmol/L MgCl₂和1 mg/mL X-gal,溶于PBS]中于37 ℃避光孵育16 h。经常规苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin,HE)复染并脱水封片,镜下观察并拍照记录。
皮肤组织及细胞经RIPA裂解液(含蛋白酶抑制剂)匀浆裂解后,在4 ℃下以12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清并进行BCA蛋白定量,每孔加样30~50 μg蛋白,于10%SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离后转膜至PVDF膜。5%脱脂奶粉/TBST封闭1 h,加入一抗(抗BRD9:PA5-113488,Invitrogen,美国,1∶1 000; 抗Cyclin D1:2978,Cell Signaling,美国,1∶2 000; 抗PD-L1:13684,Cell Signaling,美国,1∶1 000; 抗Gli1:2643,Cell Signaling,美国,1∶1 000)于4 ℃孵育过夜。TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min,加入HRP标记的二抗于室温孵育1 h。ECL发光液显影并使用成像系统检测蛋白条带。
使用TRIzol试剂(Invitrogen,美国)从ASZ细胞中提取总RNA,按照SuperScriptTM Ⅲ First-Strand Synthesis System(Thermo Fisher,美国)试剂盒说明进行反转录反应,将RNA反转录为 cDNA。qPCR反应采用2×SYBR Green PCR Master Mix(TaKaRa,日本)进行扩增,使用 LightCycler® 96 Real-Time PCR System(Roche,德国)完成实时荧光定量检测。每个样本设3个技术重复孔,以β-actin作为内参基因,采用2–ΔΔCt方法计算相对表达量。所用引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成,引物序列见表1。
皮肤组织切片经IHC步骤中的脱蜡复水、抗原修复及封闭后,加入一抗混合液[兔抗-BRD9(PA5-113488,Invitrogen,1∶100)和鼠抗-PD-L1(66248-1-Ig,Proteintech,1∶200); 兔抗-Foxp3(12653,Cell Signaling,1∶200)和鼠抗-CD4(555349,BD Biosciences,1∶100)],置于湿盒中4 ℃孵育过夜。次日回温并用PBS洗涤3次,每次5 min,分别孵育相应的荧光标记二抗(Alexa Fluor 488标记的兔抗IgG和Alexa Fluor 594标记的鼠抗IgG),室温避光孵育1 h。再次PBS洗涤后,用DAPI染核5 min,PBS洗净,封片后通过激光共聚焦显微镜(Leica STELLARIS 5)拍照观察。
ASZ细胞按1.3实验分组(Con、ASZ-dBRD9、ASZ-Vis)处理后进行ChIP,设置同源正常IgG作为阴性对照。1%甲醛室温交联10 min,125 mmol/L glycine终止5 min。PBS洗涤后收集细胞,于含蛋白酶抑制剂的裂解液中裂解;将染色质超声至200~500 bp,在4 ℃下以8 000 r/min离心取上清,各样本留出1%作为Input;4 ℃旋转孵育过夜,加入anti-BRD9(PA5-113488,Invitrogen,美国,1:200)、anti-H3K27ac(ab4729,Abcam,美国,1:500);次日加入Protein A/G 磁珠继续孵育 2 h;依次用低盐、高盐、LiCl洗液及TE洗脱后65 ℃过夜逆交联,并依次RNase A(37 ℃,30 min)、Proteinase K(55 ℃,1 h)处理;柱式试剂盒纯化DNA,qPCR条件参照1.8;针对PD-L1启动子设置3个位点:上游活跃片段P2(-523~-436 bp)、启动子近端P1(-58~+41 bp)、N(+799~+937 bp);引物序列见表 2。
使用 GraphPad Prism 10.0 进行统计分析。结果采用x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,3组及以上比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
为了评估Vis对UVB诱导的BCC形成的抑制作用,本研究基于Ptch1+/-背景的SKH-1无毛小鼠模型,通过连续UVB照射构建皮肤肿瘤模型,并在此过程中给予Vis药物干预,以分析皮肤肿瘤发生情况及相关分子表达变化。如图1A所示,Vis组小鼠皮肤表面肿瘤体积明显小于Con组。进一步通过肿瘤面积的概率密度函数分析发现,Vis能显著降低大体积肿瘤的发生率;以每只小鼠病灶体积中位数汇总后分析发现,Vis组肿瘤体积显著缩小(P<0.001,图1B),提示其在该模型中具有良好的抗肿瘤作用。X-gal染色结果显示,Con组皮肤中可见多个X-gal阳性信号聚集的BCC样病灶,而Vis组中阳性染色区域显著减少(P<0.000 1,图1C),进一步支持Vis具有抑制BCC 形成的作用。为探究该作用潜在的分子机制,进一步检测皮肤肿瘤组织中BRD9的表达水平。IHC分析显示BRD9在Con组肿瘤区域呈显著阳性表达,而在Vis组中显著减弱(图1D)。Western blot分析结果表明,Vis处理后BRD9蛋白表达水平显著下调(P=0.024 9,图1E)。上述结果提示BRD9可能在BCC的发生发展过程中发挥促进作用,其表达可能受Vis抑制的Hh信号通路调控。
为进一步验证Vis对BCC的作用机制,本研究利用BCC细胞系ASZ评估其细胞毒性及其对关键信号分子的调控作用。细胞活力检测结果显示,Vis对 ASZ 细胞呈浓度和时间依赖性抑制作用,随着处理时间延长,其IC50逐渐下降,24、48及72 h的IC50分别为7.326、3.842和0.910 μmol/L(图2A)。本研究检测了BRD9蛋白在不同剂量Vis处理下的表达变化。Western blot分析显示,BRD9表达水平随药物浓度升高逐渐降低(P<0.000 1),40 μmol/L时完全被抑制(图2B)。进一步在细胞水平及组织水平检测BRD9下游分子Gli1和Ccnd1的表达变化,结果表明Vis处理显著下调这2种蛋白的表达(P<0.001,图2C、D),提示其可能抑制Hh信号通路进而负向调控BRD9表达,抑制其介导的下游促增殖通路,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。
本研究进一步探究了BRD9在BCC发生发展中的功能及其信号机制。ASZ细胞经不同浓度的BRD9降解剂dBRD9处理24 h后,细胞活力呈剂量依赖性下降(图3A),提示dBRD9具有一定程度的抗肿瘤潜力。Western blot结果显示,与Con组相比,dBRD9处理显著下调BRD9蛋白表达,同时伴随Ccnd1、PD-L1和Gli1等关键增殖和免疫调控分子表达的降低(P<0.01,图3B),提示BRD9可能调控肿瘤细胞的增殖与免疫逃逸能力。为进一步验证BRD9的功能,本研究构建了BRD9过表达质粒并转染ASZ细胞(图3C)。BRD9过表达显著增强ASZ细胞中BRD9、PD-L1和Ccnd1蛋白表达(P<0.05,图3D),RT-qPCR结果也显示BRD9及其下游靶点Gli1的mRNA表达上调(P<0.000 1,图3E)。在此基础上,采用ChIP-qPCR检测PD-L1启动子区域3个位点的富集情况。结果显示,在ASZ细胞中,BRD9与H3K27ac在ChIP1/ChIP2处均有富集,而在阴性对照的ChIP3处接近背景;经dBRD9或Vis处理后,ChIP1/ChIP2处的BRD9与H3K27ac富集水平均显著降低(P<0.000 1,图3F)。以上结果表明,BRD9可能通过调控Hh通路并维持PD-L1启动子近端的染色质活化,从而促进BCC的发生发展,为其作为潜在治疗靶点提供实验依据。
免疫荧光染色结果显示,在UVB处理后Con组小鼠皮肤组织的BRD9和PD-L1均明显表达,其中BRD9的表达更为显著,在表皮和真皮组织中均有表达。图中箭头所示为二者在肿瘤周围区域存在的共定位现象;且经Vis处理后,组织中BRD9和PD-L1表达水平明显下降(图4A)。本研究进一步分析免疫相关细胞的分布情况,结果发现Con组中调节性T细胞标志物Foxp3+ Treg与CD4+ T细胞均显著聚集于肿瘤区域,而Vis处理显著减少了肿瘤微环境中Foxp3+ Treg细胞及CD4+ T细胞的浸润(图4B)。HE结果显示,Con组可见典型BCC胞巢,肿瘤及其周围间质内以小淋巴细胞为主的炎性细胞明显聚集;而Vis处理后,肿瘤巢体量/数量减少,瘤旁炎性细胞明显稀少(图4C)。结合图1D的IHC结果(表皮BRD9表达未见显著变化),可基本排除正常表皮BRD9的干扰,提示上述浸润变化发生于肿瘤/瘤旁区域,并与肿瘤组织BRD9下调相关,表明Vis在降低BRD9/PD-L1表达的同时,伴随肿瘤区域及瘤旁区域免疫细胞浸润的下降,从而重塑肿瘤免疫微环境。
本研究从机制层面探讨了Vis抑制BRD9介导的免疫逃逸通路在BCC发生发展中的作用。已有研究表明,BRD9作为SWI/SNF染色质重塑复合物的辅助亚基,广泛参与染色质开放、转录激活等多种生物学过程,在肿瘤细胞中的表达常显著上调,并与多种癌症的增殖、迁移及免疫逃逸密切相关[19-20]。泛癌分析也显示,BRD9在肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌等实体瘤中高表达,且与患者不良预后显著相关[13]。
PD-L1是重要的免疫检查点蛋白,其高表达常见于包括黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌、肾癌等多种恶性肿瘤,并已成为多个实体瘤中免疫治疗的核心靶点[21]。近年来,免疫治疗尤其是抗PD-1/PD-L1单抗在多种肿瘤中的应用带来了革命性进展。一些此类免疫药物已获得美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准上市,如治疗肺癌的纳武利尤单抗和帕博利珠单抗,以及用于乳腺癌的阿特珠单抗[22-24]。然而,这些药物的治疗效果有限,部分患者存在原发性或获得性耐药[25],提示免疫治疗的单药策略仍有不足,需进一步探索联合治疗机制和耐药调控靶点。有研究发现,BRD9可通过影响肿瘤免疫微环境中髓源性抑制细胞浸润,调节PD-L1表达,并预测抗PD-1治疗患者的生存预后,提示其在免疫治疗响应中具有潜在调控作用[13,26]。GEO数据集分析进一步表明,BRD9的表达在接受免疫治疗的黑色素瘤患者中具有良好的预后预测价值,提示其可能参与调控PD-L1介导的免疫逃逸,并作为潜在免疫治疗敏感性标志物[13]。Vis也已获FDA批准,用于治疗局部晚期或转移性BCC,成为首个靶向Hh通路的上市药物[27]。然而,关于Vis的药物作用机制尚不完全清楚,对于其是否可以通过介导BRD9调控PD-L1的表达,尚缺乏明确的实验证据。
本研究在BCC模型中发现,BRD9与PD-L1在组织层面呈共表达趋势,且通过BRD9小分子抑制剂处理或过表达干预均可显著影响PD-L1的表达水平,提示 BRD9 可能通过表观遗传机制(如染色质重塑)促进PD-L1的转录,从而增强肿瘤免疫逃逸能力。这一发现具有重要意义:①揭示了BRD9与免疫检查点调控之间可能存在的功能关联,打破了传统上BCC被认为免疫原性较低的固有观念,提示即便在低免疫原性肿瘤中也可能存在可靶向的免疫逃逸机制[28];②为后续将BRD9抑制剂与免疫检查点抑制剂联合应用于BCC治疗提供了理论依据,为皮肤癌等实体瘤的联合免疫治疗提供了潜在新靶点。此外,本研究发现BRD9与PD-L1在组织层面呈共表达趋势。鉴于BRD9是ncBAF的标志性亚基参与染色质开放/增强子活化的已知功能[29],推测BRD9可能通过促进PD-L1启动子/近端增强子的染色质可及性,从而增强其转录。此外,Hh/Gli1通路与炎症-干扰素信号(如IRF1/STAT1)在多肿瘤中可共同上调PD-L1[30];本研究通过ChIP-qPCR发现,BRD9与H3K27ac在PD-L1启动子近端及上游活跃片段富集;经dBRD9或Vis处理后,ChIP1/ChIP2的BRD9与H3K27ac富集水平均下降,进一步支持BRD9作为转录协同因子,在这些因子占位处提供染色质支架,导致PD-L1表达增强,从而增强肿瘤的免疫逃逸能力。
本研究发现Con组Treg标志物显著浸润,而Vis干预可明显减少Foxp3⁺ Treg细胞和CD4⁺ T细胞在肿瘤中的聚集。这一观察结果提示,Vis除了通过BRD9/PD-L1轴下调免疫检查点分子外,还可能通过削弱Treg介导的免疫抑制来调节肿瘤免疫微环境,从而间接增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。由于Treg细胞在多种肿瘤中发挥免疫抑制作用,其富集常与免疫治疗耐药相关[31],因此,Vis可能在调控Treg细胞活性方面发挥关键作用。考虑到目前Vis虽已被广泛用于BCC治疗,但仍存在部分患者耐药、缓解不彻底等问题[32],进一步靶向BRD9/PD-L1通路,有望作为新的干预途径,实现免疫微环境重塑及治疗应答率提高。此外,Vis可通过抑制Hh信号通路而间接影响多种下游分子表达[33]。本研究显示BRD9的表达水平也受到Hh通路调控,在Vis干预后显著下调,提示BRD9可能作为Hh通路的下游效应分子参与BCC发生过程,从而将经典信号通路与表观调控机制连接起来,进一步拓展了对BCC分子致癌机制的认识和理解。
综上所述,BRD9在BCC中显著表达,通过维持PD-L1启动子近端的染色质活化调节Hh/GLI1信号,调控PD-L1表达与肿瘤免疫逃逸。Vis可通过抑制Hh-BRD9-PD-L1通路发挥抗肿瘤作用并重塑肿瘤免疫微环境。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508025
  • 接收时间:2025-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-11-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-10
  • 修回日期:2025-10-19
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    1吉林医药学院检验学院,吉林 吉林

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