Article(id=1322954270475165698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954253676979072, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754668800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-09, revisedDate=1761753600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346477383, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1764432000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346477383, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346477383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346477383, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954253676979072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='22', pageStart='2725', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764432000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346473378, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346473378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2824, endPage=2836, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954270726823939, articleId=1322954270475165698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Growing burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in China: An analysis on lifestyle and metabolic factors based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, columnId=1320434453051199700, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Think Tank for Public Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) attributable to lifestyle and metabolic factors in China from 1990 to 2021 and predict its future trends, providing evidence for public health prevention and control.

Methods

Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, we extracted disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ASCVD attributable to 7 key risk factors: dietary, low physical activity, smoking, high body mass index (BMI), high fasting blood glucose, high low-density lipid cholesterol (LDL-C), and hypertension. Age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) were also calculated to account for variations in age structure, and an ARIMA model was applied to predict future trends.

Results

① Overall trend analysis showed the leading risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD) shifted from dietary risks in 1990 to hypertension in 2021, while hypertension and smoking remained the primary risk factors for ischemic stroke (IS) and peripheral artery disease (PAD), respectively. ② In BRICS nations, hypertension was the dominant risk factor for both IHD and IS, whereas in China, smoking and high fasting blood glucose continued to be the major drivers of PAD burden. ③ Sex-specific analysis revealed that hypertension was the leading risk factor for IHD and IS in both males and females. For PAD, smoking was the main risk factor in males, while high fasting blood glucose was for females. Age-stratified analysis revealed that in the 15-49 age group, dietary, high LDL-C and smoking were the primary factor for IHD, IS and PAD, respectively; in the 50-69 group, dietary predominated IHD risk, hypertension IS, and smoking PAD; and among those aged ≥70 years, hypertension was the leading risk factor for both IHD and IS, and high fasting blood glucose was for PAD. ④ ARIMA model forecasted that by 2035, DALYs for IHD, IS, and PAD will increase to 82.816 million, 46.808 million, and 0.192 million person-years, respectively.

Conclusion

The ASCVD burden attributable to lifestyle and metabolic factors continues to rise in China from 1990 to 2021, and is projected to further increase by 2035. Countermeasures We suggest that current prevention and control priorities are enhanced management of metabolic factors, tailored interventions by sex and age, promotion of healthy lifestyles and tobacco control, and establishment of an integrated system of prevention-treatment-rehabilitation-research.

, authors=Qiuyue TU1, Xinyu PENG2, Ziyi HE1, Derong LIN3, Jianhua LIU1, Jingrong LIANG3, authorsList=Qiuyue TU, Xinyu PENG, Ziyi HE, Derong LIN, Jianhua LIU, Jingrong LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingrong LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954274023546899, articleId=1322954270475165698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=中国日益加重的动脉粥样硬化性心血管病负担:基于GBD2021数据库的生活方式和代谢因素分析, columnId=1320434453520961751, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·公共卫生智库, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析1990-2021年中国人群归因于生活方式和代谢因素的动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)负担及预测其变化趋势,以期为公共卫生防控提供参考。

方法

基于全球疾病负担(global burden of disease,GBD)2021数据库,提取中国人群归因于膳食、低体力活动、烟草、高BMI、高血糖、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高血压主要生活方式及代谢危险因素ASCVD的伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life-years,DALYs),同时计算年龄标准化DALYs率(age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate,ASDR),并应用ARIMA模型预测疾病趋势。

结果

①总体趋势变化提示,导致缺血性心脏病(ischemic heart disease,IHD)首要归因危险因素从1990年的膳食风险转变为2021年的高血压,缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)和周围动脉疾病(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)首要归因危险因素分别均是高血压和烟草。②国际对比情况表明,1990—2021年,金砖国家IHD和IS疾病负担的主要风险因素均呈现高血压主导趋势,而关于PAD,中国始终保持烟草和高血糖主导。③性别年龄分布分析,高血压是男女人群共同的首要IHD和IS风险,而PAD风险具有性别差异(男性以烟草为主,女性以高血糖为主)。年龄分层显示,15-49岁人群以膳食(ischemic heart disease,IHD)、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(ischemic stroke,IS)、烟草(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)为首要归因危险因素;50-69岁人群以膳食(ischemic heart disease,IHD)、高血压(ischemic stroke,IS)、烟草(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)为首要归因危险因素;≥70岁人群的首要归因危险因素为高血压(ischemic heart disease,IHD/ischemic stroke,IS)与高血糖(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)。④ARIMA模型预测显示,预计到2035年IHD、IS和PAD的DALYs将分别增至8 281.6万、4 680.8万和19.2万人年。

结论

1990—2021年中国人群ASCVD疾病负担持续上升,预测显示至2035年仍将增长,防控形势严峻。对策 建议当前防控重点应是加强代谢因素的综合管理,并针对不同性别、年龄人群实施精准干预,继续推进健康生活方式干预和控烟措施,同时构建“防-治-康-研”一体化的防控体系。

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DALYs:Disability-adjusted life-years; ASDR:Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate; ASCVD:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

, figureFileSmall=+HfvpMA9Ie37CwkuMBnP2g==, figureFileBig=MjcDIJ6/2BH+OaZ7Itbmiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954280252088391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954270475165698, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Comparison of DALYs in BRICS countries attributable to lifestyle and metabolic factors for ASCVD in 1990 and 2021, figureFileSmall=R/QZ29L7liFHanC+a6ATzQ==, figureFileBig=Vj42CbXvEHXUW80SBtKexg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954280315002952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954270475165698, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990年和2021年金砖国家归因于生活方式和代谢因素ASCVD的DALYs热图比较

ASCVD:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; DALYs:Disability-adjusted life-years

, figureFileSmall=R/QZ29L7liFHanC+a6ATzQ==, figureFileBig=Vj42CbXvEHXUW80SBtKexg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954280377917513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954270475165698, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of the percentages of DALYs attributed to lifestyle and metabolic factors for ASCVD in BRICS countries in 1990 and 2021, figureFileSmall=MJTh/YVdjAlSaVfjZTD3Hg==, figureFileBig=9fP+7Jrf7WBxKbmYEdUmlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954280453414986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954270475165698, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1990年和2021年金砖国家归因于生活方式和代谢因素ASCVD的DALYs百分比比较

ASCVD:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; DALYs:Disability-adjusted life-years

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ASCVD:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; DALYs:Disability-adjusted life-years

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ASCVD:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; DALYs:Disability-adjusted life-years

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ASCVD:Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; DALYs:Disability-adjusted life-years

, figureFileSmall=iwNoEoB6SHBygdT8nZP60Q==, figureFileBig=qGUqBOA18sRdaY2bWARLSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954282709950545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954270475165698, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

DALYs and ASDRs attributable to lifestyle and metabolic factors for ASCVD in the Chinese population in 1990 and 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Risk factors1990 DALYs
(95% UI)
1990 ASDR (/100 000) (95% UI)2021 DALYs
(95% UI)
2021 ASDR (/100 000) (95% UI)
IHD
Dietary risks7 766 094
(645 793~11 456 232)
959.47
(73.56~ 1444.35)
16 168 470
(763 395~26 282 929)
820.87
(27.63~ 1343.82)
High LDL cholesterol4 886 332
(3 349 050~6 274 712)
568.20
(375.78~ 748.75)
11 557 193
(7 514 432~15 899 090)
585.10
(377.57~805.62)
High body-mass index698 240
(239 692~1 169 252)
79.21
(27.02~133.33)
3 506 177
(1 295 666~5 987 177)
175.05
(64.48~298.21)
High fasting plasma glucose1 280 213
(1 022 039~1 568 783)
183.03
(146.91~223.16)
4 458 549
(3 556 144~5 446 225)
228.04
(182.97~277.87)
High systolic blood pressure5 060 342
(3 612 146~6 458 050)
708.40
(527.06~898.58)
17 940 119
(13 570 151~23 271 389)
921.96
(696.56~1175.92)
Low physical activity237 710
(103 506~396 304)
40.72
(16.75~71.08)
827 789
(365 855~1 470 328)
46.05
(19.74~83.48)
Tobacco4 919 008
(4 057 932~5 837 650)
575.29
(476.42~687.12)
10 877 154
(8 423 416~13 669 121)
540.39
(420.83~676.09)
IS
Dietary risks2 742 049
(1 159 918~4 397 008)
336.22
(132.48~557.38)
5 364 980
(1 785 608~8 949 958)
253.69
(81.54~429.79)
High LDL cholesterol3 018 680
(1 065 097~4 938 870)
385.65
(129.83~647.51)
6 850 566
(2 313 204~11 418 167)
335.59
(112.75~566.25)
High body-mass index211 604
(26 609~430 285)
24.61
(3.09~50.09)
1 188 225
(166 008~2 395 996)
56.21
(7.84~113.00)
High fasting plasma glucose1 391 700
(1 055 720~1 844 115)
202.39
(152.94~265.99)
3 924 772
(2 973 434~5 032 509)
195.67
(146.01~251.81)
High systolic blood pressure4 726 246
(3 325 421~6 270 658)
669.00
(475.20~876.40)
13 494 429
(9 598 533~17 668 579)
669.45
(475.53~878.06)
Low physical activity510 439
(186 946~891 931)
63.24
(11.05~124.92)
1 086 838
(230 331~2 144 874)
51.38
(6.16~108.84)
Tobacco2 472 603
(1 972 723~3 113 233)
310.06
(242.71~390.56)
4 917 318
(3 754 584~6 300 722)
235.92
(180.28~302.32)
PAD
Dietary risks4 433.77
(1 435.86~9 444.07)
0.60
(0.19~1.28)
12 398.08
(3 692.59~26 989.43)
0.59
(0.18~1.28)
High body-mass index3 425.85
(925.93~9 199.58)
0.47
(0.13~1.25)
24 742.04
(5 762.55~63 490.28)
1.17
(0.27~3.00)
High fasting plasma glucose14 491.87
(7 880.57~26 977.71)
2.12
(1.14~3.93)
44 004.82
(24 908.62~78 166.89)
2.15
(1.23~3.79)
High systolic blood pressure6 917.93
(1 040.22~15 834.03)
1.00
(0.16~2.28)
22 396.19
(3 980.18~49 103.91)
1.09
(0.20~2.35)
Low physical activity1 841.09
(436.14~4 082.36)
0.27
(0.07~0.60)
5 461.43
(1 286.88~11 834.63)
0.27
(0.06~0.58)
Tobacco21 082.58
(11 997.43~36 650.74)
2.75
(1.57~4.88)
47 475.28
(28 748.61~80 905.88)
2.22
(1.35~3.76)
), ArticleFig(id=1322954282810613842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954270475165698, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990年与2021年中国人群归因于生活方式和代谢因素ASCVD的DALYs及ASDR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Risk factors1990 DALYs
(95% UI)
1990 ASDR (/100 000) (95% UI)2021 DALYs
(95% UI)
2021 ASDR (/100 000) (95% UI)
IHD
Dietary risks7 766 094
(645 793~11 456 232)
959.47
(73.56~ 1444.35)
16 168 470
(763 395~26 282 929)
820.87
(27.63~ 1343.82)
High LDL cholesterol4 886 332
(3 349 050~6 274 712)
568.20
(375.78~ 748.75)
11 557 193
(7 514 432~15 899 090)
585.10
(377.57~805.62)
High body-mass index698 240
(239 692~1 169 252)
79.21
(27.02~133.33)
3 506 177
(1 295 666~5 987 177)
175.05
(64.48~298.21)
High fasting plasma glucose1 280 213
(1 022 039~1 568 783)
183.03
(146.91~223.16)
4 458 549
(3 556 144~5 446 225)
228.04
(182.97~277.87)
High systolic blood pressure5 060 342
(3 612 146~6 458 050)
708.40
(527.06~898.58)
17 940 119
(13 570 151~23 271 389)
921.96
(696.56~1175.92)
Low physical activity237 710
(103 506~396 304)
40.72
(16.75~71.08)
827 789
(365 855~1 470 328)
46.05
(19.74~83.48)
Tobacco4 919 008
(4 057 932~5 837 650)
575.29
(476.42~687.12)
10 877 154
(8 423 416~13 669 121)
540.39
(420.83~676.09)
IS
Dietary risks2 742 049
(1 159 918~4 397 008)
336.22
(132.48~557.38)
5 364 980
(1 785 608~8 949 958)
253.69
(81.54~429.79)
High LDL cholesterol3 018 680
(1 065 097~4 938 870)
385.65
(129.83~647.51)
6 850 566
(2 313 204~11 418 167)
335.59
(112.75~566.25)
High body-mass index211 604
(26 609~430 285)
24.61
(3.09~50.09)
1 188 225
(166 008~2 395 996)
56.21
(7.84~113.00)
High fasting plasma glucose1 391 700
(1 055 720~1 844 115)
202.39
(152.94~265.99)
3 924 772
(2 973 434~5 032 509)
195.67
(146.01~251.81)
High systolic blood pressure4 726 246
(3 325 421~6 270 658)
669.00
(475.20~876.40)
13 494 429
(9 598 533~17 668 579)
669.45
(475.53~878.06)
Low physical activity510 439
(186 946~891 931)
63.24
(11.05~124.92)
1 086 838
(230 331~2 144 874)
51.38
(6.16~108.84)
Tobacco2 472 603
(1 972 723~3 113 233)
310.06
(242.71~390.56)
4 917 318
(3 754 584~6 300 722)
235.92
(180.28~302.32)
PAD
Dietary risks4 433.77
(1 435.86~9 444.07)
0.60
(0.19~1.28)
12 398.08
(3 692.59~26 989.43)
0.59
(0.18~1.28)
High body-mass index3 425.85
(925.93~9 199.58)
0.47
(0.13~1.25)
24 742.04
(5 762.55~63 490.28)
1.17
(0.27~3.00)
High fasting plasma glucose14 491.87
(7 880.57~26 977.71)
2.12
(1.14~3.93)
44 004.82
(24 908.62~78 166.89)
2.15
(1.23~3.79)
High systolic blood pressure6 917.93
(1 040.22~15 834.03)
1.00
(0.16~2.28)
22 396.19
(3 980.18~49 103.91)
1.09
(0.20~2.35)
Low physical activity1 841.09
(436.14~4 082.36)
0.27
(0.07~0.60)
5 461.43
(1 286.88~11 834.63)
0.27
(0.06~0.58)
Tobacco21 082.58
(11 997.43~36 650.74)
2.75
(1.57~4.88)
47 475.28
(28 748.61~80 905.88)
2.22
(1.35~3.76)
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中国日益加重的动脉粥样硬化性心血管病负担:基于GBD2021数据库的生活方式和代谢因素分析
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涂秋月 1 , 彭鑫玉 2 , 贺子毅 1 , 林德荣 3 , 刘健华 1 , 梁靖蓉 3
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·公共卫生智库 2025,47(22): 2824-2836
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·公共卫生智库 2025 , 47 (22) : 2824 -2836
中国日益加重的动脉粥样硬化性心血管病负担:基于GBD2021数据库的生活方式和代谢因素分析
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涂秋月1, 彭鑫玉2, 贺子毅1, 林德荣3, 刘健华1, 梁靖蓉3
作者信息
  • 1广州中医药大学,广东 广州
  • 2深圳市坪山区中医院,广东 深圳
  • 3广州中医药大学东莞医院,广东 东莞
通讯作者:
梁靖蓉,Email:
LIANG Jingrong,E-mail:
Growing burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in China: An analysis on lifestyle and metabolic factors based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Qiuyue TU1, Xinyu PENG2, Ziyi HE1, Derong LIN3, Jianhua LIU1, Jingrong LIANG3
Affiliations
  • 1Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou,Guangdong
  • 2Pingshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenzhen,Guangdong
  • 3Dongguan Hospital,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Dongguan,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2025-11-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508023
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目的

分析1990-2021年中国人群归因于生活方式和代谢因素的动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)负担及预测其变化趋势,以期为公共卫生防控提供参考。

方法

基于全球疾病负担(global burden of disease,GBD)2021数据库,提取中国人群归因于膳食、低体力活动、烟草、高BMI、高血糖、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高血压主要生活方式及代谢危险因素ASCVD的伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life-years,DALYs),同时计算年龄标准化DALYs率(age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate,ASDR),并应用ARIMA模型预测疾病趋势。

结果

①总体趋势变化提示,导致缺血性心脏病(ischemic heart disease,IHD)首要归因危险因素从1990年的膳食风险转变为2021年的高血压,缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)和周围动脉疾病(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)首要归因危险因素分别均是高血压和烟草。②国际对比情况表明,1990—2021年,金砖国家IHD和IS疾病负担的主要风险因素均呈现高血压主导趋势,而关于PAD,中国始终保持烟草和高血糖主导。③性别年龄分布分析,高血压是男女人群共同的首要IHD和IS风险,而PAD风险具有性别差异(男性以烟草为主,女性以高血糖为主)。年龄分层显示,15-49岁人群以膳食(ischemic heart disease,IHD)、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(ischemic stroke,IS)、烟草(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)为首要归因危险因素;50-69岁人群以膳食(ischemic heart disease,IHD)、高血压(ischemic stroke,IS)、烟草(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)为首要归因危险因素;≥70岁人群的首要归因危险因素为高血压(ischemic heart disease,IHD/ischemic stroke,IS)与高血糖(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)。④ARIMA模型预测显示,预计到2035年IHD、IS和PAD的DALYs将分别增至8 281.6万、4 680.8万和19.2万人年。

结论

1990—2021年中国人群ASCVD疾病负担持续上升,预测显示至2035年仍将增长,防控形势严峻。对策 建议当前防控重点应是加强代谢因素的综合管理,并针对不同性别、年龄人群实施精准干预,继续推进健康生活方式干预和控烟措施,同时构建“防-治-康-研”一体化的防控体系。

动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病  /  生活方式  /  代谢因素  /  疾病负担  /  伤残调整寿命年
Objective

To analyze the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) attributable to lifestyle and metabolic factors in China from 1990 to 2021 and predict its future trends, providing evidence for public health prevention and control.

Methods

Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, we extracted disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ASCVD attributable to 7 key risk factors: dietary, low physical activity, smoking, high body mass index (BMI), high fasting blood glucose, high low-density lipid cholesterol (LDL-C), and hypertension. Age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) were also calculated to account for variations in age structure, and an ARIMA model was applied to predict future trends.

Results

① Overall trend analysis showed the leading risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD) shifted from dietary risks in 1990 to hypertension in 2021, while hypertension and smoking remained the primary risk factors for ischemic stroke (IS) and peripheral artery disease (PAD), respectively. ② In BRICS nations, hypertension was the dominant risk factor for both IHD and IS, whereas in China, smoking and high fasting blood glucose continued to be the major drivers of PAD burden. ③ Sex-specific analysis revealed that hypertension was the leading risk factor for IHD and IS in both males and females. For PAD, smoking was the main risk factor in males, while high fasting blood glucose was for females. Age-stratified analysis revealed that in the 15-49 age group, dietary, high LDL-C and smoking were the primary factor for IHD, IS and PAD, respectively; in the 50-69 group, dietary predominated IHD risk, hypertension IS, and smoking PAD; and among those aged ≥70 years, hypertension was the leading risk factor for both IHD and IS, and high fasting blood glucose was for PAD. ④ ARIMA model forecasted that by 2035, DALYs for IHD, IS, and PAD will increase to 82.816 million, 46.808 million, and 0.192 million person-years, respectively.

Conclusion

The ASCVD burden attributable to lifestyle and metabolic factors continues to rise in China from 1990 to 2021, and is projected to further increase by 2035. Countermeasures We suggest that current prevention and control priorities are enhanced management of metabolic factors, tailored interventions by sex and age, promotion of healthy lifestyles and tobacco control, and establishment of an integrated system of prevention-treatment-rehabilitation-research.

atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease  /  lifestyle  /  metabolic factors  /  disease burden  /  disability-adjusted life years
涂秋月, 彭鑫玉, 贺子毅, 林德荣, 刘健华, 梁靖蓉. 中国日益加重的动脉粥样硬化性心血管病负担:基于GBD2021数据库的生活方式和代谢因素分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (22) : 2824 -2836 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508023
Qiuyue TU, Xinyu PENG, Ziyi HE, Derong LIN, Jianhua LIU, Jingrong LIANG. Growing burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in China: An analysis on lifestyle and metabolic factors based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (22) : 2824 -2836 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508023
动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)是由动脉粥样硬化导致的一组累及全身血管和心脏的疾病,主要临床类型包括缺血性心脏病(ischemic heart disease,IHD)、缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)及周围动脉疾病(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)2021年数据,心脑血管疾病每年导致约1 790万人死亡,占全球总死亡人数的近三分之一,其中ASCVD占绝大多数。因此,ASCVD作为全球心血管疾病死亡的首要原因,其疾病负担持续攀升,现已成为全球公共卫生面临的重大挑战[1-4]。
在中国,ASCVD同样构成严峻公共卫生挑战,流行病学统计显示,以ASCVD为主的心血管疾病是我国城乡居民首位死亡原因,占死因构成的40%以上[5],因此这一严峻形势凸显其已成为威胁我国居民健康的重大公共卫生问题[6]。2019年ACC/AHA指南明确指出,ASCVD的主要危险因素可分为生活方式相关因素(如膳食、低体力活动和烟草)和代谢因素(如高BMI、高血糖、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高血压)[7]。
中国人群的ASCVD负担在可干预风险因素驱动下呈“代谢—生活方式”双重特征:高血压、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高血糖与高BMI持续构成主导代谢危险因素[8-10];不健康膳食(高钠、低全谷物/坚果/蔬果)、烟草使用与体力活动不足是关键生活方式危险因素,且在男性及部分地区更为突出[8,11]。基于2021年全球疾病负担研究数据库(global burden of disease database)与国内监测证据,1990—2021年间代谢性风险的归因份额总体上升,提示需以控盐降压、控糖控脂、控烟与促进体力活动的综合干预为作为政策优先[9,12]。
值得注意的是,本研究与既往ASCVD负担研究相比,虽共用GBD 2021数据,但侧重点不同:HOU等[13]研究提供了中国ASCVD总体流行负担的“全景描述”;而本研究则在可干预风险的精细归因、金砖国家外部参照、2035年前瞻预测与可操作的分层策略上给予“机制-人群-时间”一体化的增量证据。二者相互印证、互为补充,共同丰富了针对中国及与中国国情类似的情境下ASCVD防控的循证基础。
本研究数据来源于GBD 2021数据库,该数据库对1990年至2021年间204个国家和地区的371种伤害和疾病的患病率、发病率、YLDs、伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life-years,DALYs)等指标进行了系统科学估计,具体数据可通过全球健康数据交换平台(global health data exchange,GHDx)(http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool)获取。本研究重点提取了中国人群归因于膳食、低体力活动、烟草、高BMI、高血糖、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高血压主要危险因素的ASCVD相关DALYs数据,且均计算95%不确定区间(uncertainty interval,UI)以提高结果可靠性。同时采用年龄标准化DALYs率(age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rate,ASDR)以消除人口年龄结构差异的影响,由于GBD数据库是公开可用的,且分析中未包含任何可识别信息,因此本研究无需伦理批准和知情同意。
本研究使用Excel 2019和R Studio 4.2.2软件对GBD 2021数据进行处理与分析;所有疾病负担指标均按GBD世界标准人口进行年龄标准化,并报告95% UI[14]。本研究关于危险因素的结果均基于GBD 2021之比较风险评估框架,采用人群归因分值(population attributable fraction,PAF)估算归因DALYs与归因ASDR(归因口径:归因DALYs=PAF×总DALYs),系统分析了膳食、低体力活动、烟草、高BMI、高血糖、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高血压主要生活方式及代谢危险因素对ASCVD 负担的归因贡献。
在未来趋势预测方面,本研究选择了自回归积分滑动平均(auto-regressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)模型[15]。对1990—2021年年度序列建模(主分析为归因DALYs,稳健性为归因ASDR)。先行对数/Box-Cox变换;以增强型Dickey-Fuller单位根检验(augmented dickey-fuller,ADF)与Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin 平稳性检验(kwiatkowski-phillips-schmidt-shin,KPSS)确定差分阶数d。在年序列不设季节项的前提下,以修正赤池信息准则(corrected akaike information criterion,AICc)为主、贝叶斯信息准则(bayesian information criterion,BIC)为辅,在p,q∈[0,3]的网格中筛选ARIMA(p,d,q),并要求特征根位于单位圆外。残差诊断用Ljung-Box Q(滞后8、12)与自相关/偏自相关函数图(autocorrelation function/partial autocorrelation function,ACF/PACF);拟合评估用均方根误差(root-mean-square error,RMSE)和平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE),并以滚动起点对比无季节性指数平滑状态空间模型(exponential smoothing state space model,ETS)作为基准。不确定性基于GBD年别95%UI进行1 000次蒙特卡洛重抽样形成预测区间,并开展规格敏感性(对数与Box-Cox,ARIMA与ETS)。国家-年度层面数据无缺失,未作插补[15]。
1990—2021年,中国人群归因于7类生活方式与代谢危险因素ASCVD的DALYs总体增加。ASDR方面,膳食与烟草相关ASDR下降,其余危险因素相关ASDR不同程度上升。IHD方面,首要归因危险因素由1990年的膳食相关因素转为2021年的高血压;高血压相关DALYs由5 060 342(95%UI:3 612 146~6 458 050)增至17 940 119(13 570 151~23 271 389),ASDR由708.40(527.06~898.58)增至921.96(696.56~1 175.92)。IS方面,高血压相关DALYs由4 726 246(3 325 421~6 270 658)增至13 494 429(9 598 533~17 668 579)。PAD方面,烟草始终为首要归因危险因素;其相关DALYs由21 082.58(11 997.43~36 650.74)增至47 475.28(28 748.61~80 905.88),见表1和图1。
1990—2021年,金砖国家IHD疾病首要归因危险因素呈现相似变化趋势,但各国具体排名有所不同。中国人群1990年以膳食(31.25%)居首,高血压(20.37%)居次;至2021年,高血压(27.46%)超过膳食(24.75%)居首。同期,俄罗斯与南非由膳食转为高血压居首;巴西和印度则分别始终以高血压、膳食为首要风险。IS方面,各国主要归因危险因素均为高血压与高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。中国人群高血压贡献率显著上升(23.95%升至36.64%),其他国家相对稳定:巴西(35.46%~37.41%)、印度(37.29%~38.99%)、俄罗斯(41.58%~40.04%)、南非(40.97%~43.10%)。高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇贡献率普遍下降,中国人群降幅最大(21.88%~18.60%)。PAD方面,中国人群始终保持烟草和高血糖主导。巴西、印度和南非均出现高血糖超越烟草成为首要风险因素,俄罗斯则由烟草和膳食转变为烟草和高血糖,见图2、3。
从1990年到2021年,归因于生活方式和代谢因素ASCVD的DALYs在男性和女性中均呈上升趋势。2021年,IHD的首要归因危险因素在男女群体均为高血压;男性的次要/第3位依次为膳食相关因素与烟草,女性则为膳食相关因素与高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。按年龄分层,≥70岁人群的首要归因因素为高血压,而15~49岁与50~69岁人群的首要因素为膳食相关因素。
在IS方面,高血压同样为首要归因危险因素;男性的次要/第三位为高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇与烟草,女性为高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇与膳食相关因素。年龄分层显示,50~69岁与≥70岁人群以高血压为首要归因因素,15~49岁人群则以高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇为首要因素。PAD呈现明确的性别差异:男性以烟草为首要归因因素,女性以高血糖为首要因素;按年龄划分,≥70岁人群以高血糖为首要因素,而15~49岁与50~69岁人群以烟草为首要因素,见图4、5。
应用ARIMA模型预测2021—2035年中国人群归因于生活方式和代谢因素的ASCVD疾病负担情况,结果显示,DALYs整体均呈上升趋势。IHD、IS和PAD疾病DALYs预计在2035年可分别上升至 82 815 879.69人年、46 807 754.45人年和191 825.32人年,见图6。
总体趋势显示中国人群IHD的DALYs仍呈上升态势,其中高血压的影响最为突出,与此同时,高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高BMI、高血糖和低体力活动均推动IHD负担上升,而膳食风险和烟草的影响则有所下降,体现了中国居民膳食质量普遍提高及控烟宣传运动的良好效果[16-17]。因此未来IHD防控应重点关注代谢性危险因素,同时继续推进营养健康知识的普及和控烟措施[18-19]。与IHD类似,IS的DALYs在1990—2021年间持续增长,高血压始终是最主要的危险因素。尽管高BMI及高血压的影响增强,但膳食、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高血糖和低体力活动、烟草导致IS的ASDR有所下降,可能与饮食宣教、血脂管理、糖尿病筛查、积极锻炼及控烟政策的实施有关。值得注意的是,高血压导致IS的ASDR增长相对平缓,提示当前的防控措施可能在一定程度上遏制了IS的恶化趋势。最后关于PAD,尽管烟草导致PAD的ASDR下降,但其绝对负担仍高,需进一步强化戒烟干预,且烟草始终是PAD的首要危险因素[20]。此外,高BMI、高血糖及高血压对PAD的影响仍不容忽视,应纳入PAD筛查和管理策略[21-22]。以上这些变化反映了代谢性危险因素已成为IHD、IS和PAD的主要驱动因素,提示当前防控重点应是代谢性危险因素的综合管理,特别是需要加强高血压、高血脂和高血糖的“三高共管”策略,同时继续推进健康生活方式干预和控烟措施,以应对人口老龄化背景下持续增长的心血管疾病负担。
金砖国际情况对比显示在IHD的疾病首要归因危险因素中,高血压和膳食是几乎所有金砖国家的主要风险因素。1990年至2021年,高血压在金砖国家贡献率均有所上升,而膳食的贡献率普遍下降,这表明高血压的防控压力逐年增加,可能与人口老龄化、肥胖率上升以及盐摄入量高等因素有关。膳食贡献率的下降可能反映了金砖国家在健康饮食推广(如减少加工食品和反式脂肪摄入)方面的成效。值得注意的是,在巴西,高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇从1990年的非主要风险因素上升至2021年的第二位(贡献率22.96%),提示血脂管理需成为该国IHD防控的重点。而在其他国家,该因素的贡献率相对稳定或略有下降,可能与降脂药物的普及和胆固醇筛查的推广有关。对于IS,高血压始终是首要风险因素,且除俄罗斯外,其他国家高血压因素贡献率均进一步增加,而高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇对IS的影响相对稳定,需与高血压协同管理。在PAD方面,1990年至2021年,高血糖取代烟草成为巴西、印度和南非的主要风险因素,这一变化与全球糖尿病患病率上升密切相关,提示糖尿病及其并发症的防控亟待加强[23]。值得注意的是,尽管烟草的贡献率在中国下降,但仍是PAD的首要风险因素。因此未来需针对各国特异性风险因素,加强高血压管理、血脂控制和糖尿病干预,同时持续推动膳食改善和烟草减量,以降低全球心血管疾病负担。
考虑到金砖国家这些新兴经济体在人口结构转型、城镇化进程、饮食习惯变迁及医疗卫生体系建设等方面具有相似的宏观背景与发展挑战,从而为中国ASCVD风险归因提供具备可比性的外部参照。通过比较,不仅有助于辨识中国在全球健康治理中的共同问题与独有特征,也能够借鉴其他国家在税收政策、初级保健覆盖和健康教育等方面的实践经验,为中国制定差异化、精准化的ASCVD干预策略提供实证依据,进而增强研究成果的政策外推性与实际转化价值。因此本研究选择金砖国家横向对照,但值得注意的是,此横向对照在本文中的定位为次要的“外部参照”分析,用于将中国人群的可归因风险排序及其时序演变置于相近转型背景下进行政策语境对标与借鉴。另外,该对照不用于族群/遗传层面的解释,不承担因果推断功能,更不改变核心结论及主要发现与方向(主体仍是中国分析)。
在性别差异方面,结果显示1990—2021年间,归因于生活方式和代谢因素的ASCVD疾病负担在男性和女性中均持续上升,提示全球心血管疾病防控面临严峻挑战。这一趋势可能与人口老龄化、城市化进程加速及西方化饮食模式普及密切相关[24]。高血压作为关键风险因素,在影响IHD和IS疾病多种归因危险因素中,无论男性还是女性群体,其贡献度均居于首位。高血压作为我国患病人数最多的慢性病之一,据中国高血压调查(China Hypertension Survey,CHS)显示[25],2012—2015年我国18岁及以上居民高血压患病粗率达27.9%(标化率23.2%),血压正常高值检出粗率为39.1%,加权率为41.3%,患病人数4.35亿,这一报告突显了高血压管理在心血管疾病防控中的核心地位。此外,PAD的致病模式呈现显著性别差异,男性主要归因于烟草暴露(首位),其机制与吸烟导致的血管内皮损伤、炎症反应和血栓形成有关[26];而女性则以代谢异常为主导,高血糖和高BMI是最主要危险因素,可能与胰岛素抵抗、肥胖相关炎症及绝经后雌激素保护作用丧失相关[27]。这一差异提示PAD防治需采取性别特异性策略:男性应重点加强烟草控制,女性则需强化血糖管理和体重调控。值得注意的是,高血压在男女PAD发病中均占据重要地位,说明血压管理仍是跨性别的核心干预靶点。最后,基于年龄分层为降低ASCVD疾病负担的精准防控策略提供了重要依据:老年人群应重点加强血压和血糖综合管理,中老年人群需加强膳食指导,兼顾血压监测和控烟干预,中青年人群需注重血脂异常筛查、膳食结构调整和控烟教育。
预测结果表明,中国人群归因于生活方式和代谢因素的IHD、IS和PAD DALYs均将持续上升,预计到2035年将分别达到8 281.6万、4 680.8万和19.2万人年。这一增长趋势主要受到三方面因素的驱动:首先,中国快速进展的人口老龄化进程显著增加了ASCVD的人群规模;其次,高血压、糖尿病、肥胖等代谢危险因素的高患病率及其控制不佳的状况持续存在[28-30];再者,高盐高脂饮食、缺乏运动、吸烟等不良生活方式的普遍流行进一步加剧了疾病风险。值得注意的是,IHD的疾病负担尤为突出,这可能与中国人群血压监测及血脂管理效果欠佳、冠心病二级预防体系不完善密切相关[31-32]。
这一预测结果具有重要的公共卫生政策意义。当前我国高血压、血脂异常及糖尿病患者总数已逾数亿,而这些代谢性危险因素的隐匿性进展特性,导致多数患者在确诊时已出现血管病变甚至发生心肌梗死、卒中等严重ASCVD事件。
以上严峻形势对公共卫生政策提出了迫切要求:现有防控措施可能难以遏制ASCVD疾病负担的持续攀升,亟需构建“防-治-康-研”一体化的综合防控体系。
党的十九大将实施健康中国战略作为重大决策部署,明确提出“坚持预防为主”的方针,倡导健康文明生活方式,加强重大疾病防控。在慢性病防控方面,国家卫生健康委持续推进“三减三健”专项行动(减盐、减油、减糖、健康口腔、健康体重、健康骨骼)。
研究数据表明[33],我国省份基层医疗资源配置区域差异仍然明显,这直接影响了其对居民血压、血糖的规范筛查与管理能力,以及开展有效生活方式指导的覆盖面与质量。因此中央政府需强化顶层设计,建立差异化资源配置机制。针对甘肃、新疆、西藏等高失配地区,需专注优化医疗资源空间布局,确保居民可便捷地获得血压血糖筛查、血脂检测及个性化的饮食与运动指导服务。
《中国心血管病预防指南(2017)》明确指出,规范的二级预防是降低CVD复发率、病死率以及改善患者生存质量的关键措施。当前指南推荐的二级预防策略主要包括:①生活方式干预(如戒烟限酒、合理膳食、规律运动);②危险因素控制(包括血压、血糖和血脂管理);③规范的抗血小板和调脂药物治疗。但从目前的研究中看,实践中的二级预防与指南推荐之间仍存在较大差距[34]。
当前,尽管高血压、高血糖等代谢因素及不良生活方式已被证实是ASCVD最重要的危险因素,但其具体致病机制、人群特异性影响及精准干预策略仍存在大量研究空白,因此加大科研投入不仅是降低疾病负担的关键举措,更是提升国家医学科技竞争力的战略需求。
最后,我国心血管医学研究领域的发展方向,应聚焦“以防为主,防治并重”的任务需求和目标导向应用基础研究,出药物靶点、出技术、出产品、出指南、出政策依据,从而推动成果转化[35-36]。通过以上多层次、全方位的干预策略,才能有效应对我国面临的重大公共卫生挑战,最终实现《健康中国2030》目标[37]。
本研究在统一的GBD 2021框架下,基于PAF系统量化了中国人群1990—2021年ASCVD的可归因负担,区分生活方式与代谢危险因素,并给出分性别、分年龄的首要/次要归因谱;同时,在统一口径下提供了金砖国家外部参照以增强政策可读性,并以ARIMA进行前瞻性预测并报告不确定区间。尽管如此,仍有局限:①PAF口径受基础资料与模型假设影响,不同危险因素间可能存在重叠与中介路径,归因规模宜审慎解读;②分析以国家层面年度数据为主,尚未覆盖更细的省际、城乡与社会经济分层,跨国对照仅为生态学层面的外部参照,不支持个体因果解释;③本研究虽采用ARIMA模型因其在时间序列预测中的广泛应用和良好表现,但未来的研究可尝试比较不同模型[如灰色GM(1,1)模型、机器学习模型等]的预测效能,以进一步提升结果的稳健性。
为提升证据的可操作性与外部效度,后续研究将从数据分层、方法提升与政策评估三方面推进:在数据层面,补充省际与城乡/社会经济分层,细化不同性别与年龄段的“首要—次要”归因谱以支撑分层干预;在方法层面,引入结构性时间序列/状态空间与情景预测,纳入可观测外生变量与变点检测,并强化不确定性传播的多源量化;在政策层面,开展与成本-效果及公平性相衔接的评估,重点围绕控盐降压、血压-血脂双目标管理、系统性控烟与老年高血糖管理等领域,比较不同实施强度与覆盖面的潜在影响,为分阶段、分人群的精准防控提供量化依据。

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2025年第47卷第22期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508023
  • 接收时间:2025-08-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-09
  • 修回日期:2025-10-30
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    1广州中医药大学,广东 广州
    2深圳市坪山区中医院,广东 深圳
    3广州中医药大学东莞医院,广东 东莞

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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