Article(id=1322954254243210112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954253676979072, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509067, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=1761753600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346473513, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1764432000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346473513, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346473513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346473513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954253676979072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='22', pageStart='2725', pageEnd='2880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764432000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346473378, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346473378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2749, endPage=2762, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954255878988673, articleId=1322954254243210112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=DLGAP5 promotes progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating the Warburg effect, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Investigate the expression level of discs large homolog associated protein 5 (DLGAP5) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and analyze its effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasion capacity, and the Warburg effect.

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify the potential therapeutic targets for OSCC. A total of 72 OSCC tissue samples and 40 adjacent non-cancerous tissue samples collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University from 2013 to 2024 were included, and the clinical pathological and prognostic data were collected from patients. Immunohistochemistry assay was applied to detect the protein expression of DLGAP5, and its association with clinical pathological features was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted for survival analysis, and Cox regression model was employed to analyze the prognostic factors. The expression of DLGAP5 at mRNA and protein levels was detected in HOK, SCC-9, SCC-15, SCC-25, and CAL-27 cell lines with RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Four small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were designed to target the DLGAP5 sequence, and then based on the transfection efficiency, the sequence with optimal silencing effect was selected for subsequent functional studies. After DLGAP5 was silenced in the CAL-27 and SCC-15 cells, Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2) and enolase 1 (ENO1), CCK-8, scratch healing and Transwell assays were conducted to assess cell proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities, and glucose, lactate, and ATP detection kits were utilized to determine the glycolytic metabolic levels in OSCC cells.

Results

Bioinformatics analysis indicates that DLGAP5 is a potential key therapeutic target for OSCC. Experimental validation demonstrated that DLGAP5 was highly expressed in both OSCC tissues and cells (P<0.05). Analysis of clinical pathology and prognostic data revealed that DLGAP5 expression level was significantly correlated with tumor TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and differentiation grade in OSCC patients, and high DLGAP5 expression was associated with poor prognosis (P<0.05). DLGAP5 silencing resulted in significantly reduced expression of HK2 and ENO1, markedly decreased levels of glycolytic metabolites (P<0.05), and notably declined cell proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities (P<0.05).

Conclusion

DLGAP5 is highly expressed in OSCC. Silencing DLGAP5 may inhibit OSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by indirectly regulating the Warburg effect, and the molecule is associated with poor prognosis in the OSCC patients.

, authors=Qingzi ZHANG1, 2, Foqing GUO1, Yongqin CHEN1, 2, Feifei XIA1, Jun LUO1, 2, Zhe LIU3, Xiaoyu ZHA1, Changxue LI1, authorsList=Qingzi ZHANG, Foqing GUO, Yongqin CHEN, Feifei XIA, Jun LUO, Zhe LIU, Xiaoyu ZHA, Changxue LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changxue LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954257728676754, articleId=1322954254243210112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=DLGAP5通过调控Warburg效应促进口腔鳞状细胞癌的进展, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究Discs大同源相关蛋白5(discs large homolog associated protein 5,DLGAP5)在口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)中的表达水平,并分析其对细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭能力以及Warburg效应的影响。

方法

通过生物信息学分析筛选OSCC潜在治疗靶标。纳入石河子大学第一附属医院2013年1月1日—2024年1月1日72例OSCC组织及40例癌旁组织,收集患者临床病理及预后资料。采用免疫组化检测DLGAP5蛋白表达,并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,预后因素分析采用Cox回归模型。通过Western blot和RT-qPCR检测DLGAP5在HOK、SCC-9、SCC-15、SCC-25及CAL-27细胞系中的表达。针对DLGAP5基因序列设计4条小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA),评估转染效率并选取沉默效果最优的序列作为实验组进行后续功能实验。在CAL-27和SCC-15细胞中沉默DLGAP5表达后,采用Western blot分析己糖激酶2(hexokinase 2,HK2)和烯醇化酶1(enolase 1,ENO1)蛋白表达,通过CCK-8实验、划痕愈合实验、Transwell实验及葡萄糖、乳酸、ATP检测试剂盒分别评估OSCC细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭能力与糖酵解代谢水平。

结果

生物信息学分析显示DLGAP5是OSCC的潜在关键治疗靶点。实验验证显示,DLGAP5在OSCC组织和细胞中均显著高表达(P<0.05),患者临床病理及预后资料分析表明,OSCC患者肿瘤TNM分期、淋巴结转移和分化程度与DLGAP5的表达显著相关,且DLGAP5高表达与患者不良预后相关(P<0.05)。沉默DLGAP5后,实验组HK2和ENO1的表达显著下降,糖酵解代谢产物水平显著降低(P<0.05);细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭能力显著下降(P<0.05)。

结论

DLGAP5在OSCC中高表达,沉默DLGAP5可能间接调控Warburg效应抑制OSCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,并与患者不良预后相关。

, authors=张晴子1, 2, 郭佛清1, 陈永琴1, 2, 夏飞飞1, 骆骏1, 2, 刘喆3, 查小雨1, 黎昌学1, authorsList=张晴子, 郭佛清, 陈永琴, 夏飞飞, 骆骏, 刘喆, 查小雨, 黎昌学, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黎昌学, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
黎昌学,E-mail:
LI Changxue,E-mail:
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J Inflamm Res,2022,15:1349-1364., articleTitle=Role of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the tumorigenesis,chemotherapy resistance,and treatment of solid tumors:a systemic review, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954257959363475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954257967752084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, companyId=1322954257959363475, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University,Shihezi,Xinjiang), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954257980334997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, companyId=1322954257959363475, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1石河子大学第一附属医院口腔颌面外科,新疆 石河子)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954258068415382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954258076803991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, companyId=1322954258068415382, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Medicine,Shihezi University,Shihezi,Xinjiang), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954258089386904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, companyId=1322954258068415382, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2石河子大学医学院,新疆 石河子)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954258156495769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954258160690074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, companyId=1322954258156495769, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,Jinan Third People’s Hospital,Jinan,Shandong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954258177467291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, companyId=1322954258156495769, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3济南市第三人民医院口腔颌面外科,山东 济南)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954262992528338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=GEO database screening of differentially expressed genes,Hub gene selection,and GO-KEGG analysis for oral squamous cell carcinoma, figureFileSmall=5z6JhLn5APE18VHVhIDIjg==, figureFileBig=gu4ul4eVgLCwzKn6Ofj7hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954264678638547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GEO数据库筛选差异基因、Hub基因筛选以及GO- KEGG分析

A~D:Volcano plots of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 4 independent cohorts; E:Venn diagram of upregulated DEGs; F:Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network constructed using the STRING database; G:Top 10 hub genes screened and PPI network visualized by Cytoscape software; H:GO analysis of up-regulated DEGs; I:KEGG analysis of up-regulated DEGs. GO:Gene ontology; KEGG:Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes

, figureFileSmall=5z6JhLn5APE18VHVhIDIjg==, figureFileBig=gu4ul4eVgLCwzKn6Ofj7hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954264867382228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Expression of DLGAP5 in OSCC tissues and cells, figureFileSmall=0HOacVnLsmU2yzj3qYXFkw==, figureFileBig=2tJ94AstVmGy3XY4kURlog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954264942879701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DLGAP5在OSCC组织和细胞中的表达情况

A:Expression of DLGAP5 in para-cancerous tissues and OSCC tissues; B:Survival curve of OSCC patients with low and high DLGAP5 protein expression; C,D:Western blot analysis and statistical analysis of DLGAP5 expression level; E:Semi-relative mRNA expression level of DLGAP5 by RT-qPCR analysis. OSCC:Oral squamous cell carcinoma. a:P<0.000 1.

, figureFileSmall=0HOacVnLsmU2yzj3qYXFkw==, figureFileBig=2tJ94AstVmGy3XY4kURlog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265018377174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Validation of transfection efficiency of silencing DLGAP5, figureFileSmall=Irw2o0EpHS3SUzTRLKfsvA==, figureFileBig=xcQFmUVQFR8xSl3g3yY1Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265093874647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DLGAP5转染效率的验证

A,B:Representative images and quantitative analysis results of 4 si-RNAs targeting DLGAP5; C,D:Morphology and fluorescence intensity of CAL-27 and SCC-15 cells at different siRNA final concentrations under fluorescence microscopy. a:P<0.0001

, figureFileSmall=Irw2o0EpHS3SUzTRLKfsvA==, figureFileBig=xcQFmUVQFR8xSl3g3yY1Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265181955032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of silencing DLGAP5 on the proliferative capacity of CAL-27 (A) and SCC-15 (B) cells, figureFileSmall=gDlnd2QPJBLbJ3T2u1NW7w==, figureFileBig=iMx6o1Dbo3tSSJpayFdw6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265257452505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=图4, caption=沉默DLGAP5对CAL-27(A)和SCC-15(B)细胞增殖能力的影响

a:P<0.001,b:P<0.000 1,compared with the si-DLGAP5 group

, figureFileSmall=gDlnd2QPJBLbJ3T2u1NW7w==, figureFileBig=iMx6o1Dbo3tSSJpayFdw6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265324561370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of silencing DLGAP5 on the migrative capacity of CAL-27(A、C) and SCC-15(B、D) cells, figureFileSmall=wEgGdAl8LtbwmLATuC8HcQ==, figureFileBig=GSxT23P/3BVLmC2zDWO9mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265400058843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=图5, caption=沉默DLGAP5对CAL-27(A、C)和SCC-15(B、D)细胞迁移能力的影响

a:P>0.05,b:P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=wEgGdAl8LtbwmLATuC8HcQ==, figureFileBig=GSxT23P/3BVLmC2zDWO9mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265462973404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of silencing DLGAP5 on the invasive capacity of CAL-27(A、C) and SCC-15(B、D) cells, figureFileSmall=TR3UPnUUu5f9ki7lGJhj9Q==, figureFileBig=3tLadSj25sy53iiCBYCOFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265538470877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=图6, caption=沉默DLGAP5对CAL-27(A、C)和SCC-15(B、D)细胞侵袭能力的影响

a:P>0.05,b:P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=TR3UPnUUu5f9ki7lGJhj9Q==, figureFileBig=3tLadSj25sy53iiCBYCOFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265597191134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effects of silencing DLGAP5 on HK2 and ENO1 expression in CAL-27 and SCC-15 cells, figureFileSmall=OJ/xs2OESE8rCuKY9wzkpw==, figureFileBig=gwI2+iLaV3TX+bdN+6vUEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265668494303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=图7, caption=沉默DLGAP5对CAL-27和SCC-15细胞HK2和ENO1表达的影响

HK2:Hexokinase-2; ENO1:Enolase-1. a:P>0.05; b: P<0.05; c:P<0.01; d:P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=OJ/xs2OESE8rCuKY9wzkpw==, figureFileBig=gwI2+iLaV3TX+bdN+6vUEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265731408864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effects of silencing DLGAP5 on glycolytic metabolites in CAL-27 and SCC-15 cells, figureFileSmall=H9XcgKo5J6eHBKhqm9L4ag==, figureFileBig=y0X8Hr8i63ypsM4H1XU3qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265794323425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=图8, caption=沉默DLGAP5对CAL-27和SCC-15细胞糖酵解代谢产物的影响

a:P>0.05,b:P<0.05,c:P<0.01,d:P<0.001,e:P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=H9XcgKo5J6eHBKhqm9L4ag==, figureFileBig=y0X8Hr8i63ypsM4H1XU3qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954265857237986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relationship between DLGAP5 expression and clinical pathological parameters in oral squamous cell carcinoma [n(x¯±s)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParametersNumberDLGAP5 expressionχ2P
LowHigh
Gender
Male40(7.94 ± 3.35)12(3.64 ± 0.22)28(9.76 ± 0.44)1.4570.227
Female32(7.18 ± 3.47)14(3.40 ± 0.27)18(10.02 ± 0.42)
Age/years
≤6027(8.21 ± 3.42)9(3.66 ± 0.12)18(10.07 ± 0.59)0.1440.704
>6045(7.56 ± 3.38)17 (3.44 ± 0.26)28(9.87 ± 0.53)
Stage
Ⅰ+Ⅱ32(5.66 ± 2.99)20(3.46 ± 0.24)12 (9.44 ± 0.49)17.386<0.001
Ⅲ+Ⅳ40(9.18 ± 3.06)6 (3.75 ± 0.25)34(10.16 ± 0.47)
T status
T1+T236(6.80 ± 3.19)16(3.44 ± 0.24)20 (9.58 ± 0.46)2.1670.141
T3+T436(8.42 ± 3.21)10 (3.75 ± 0.25)26(10.18 ± 0.34)
Lymph node metastasis
Yes19(9.95 ± 3.12)2(3.50 ± 0.50)17(10.50 ± 0.56)7.3230.007
No53(6.83 ± 3.23)24(3.50 ± 0.24)29(9.75 ± 0.33)
Tumor differentiation
Moderate and poorly40(8.34 ± 2.78)6(3.70 ± 0.15)34 (9.19 ± 0.49)17.386<0.001
Well32(5.69 ± 3.85)20(3.00 ± 0.57)12(10.25 ± 0.37)
Smoking history
Yes37(8.68 ± 3.84)13(3.87 ± 0.21)24(11.15 ± 0.45)0.0310.859
No35(7.31 ± 3.38)13(3.40 ± 0.22)22(9.96 ± 0.36)
Drinking history
Yes45(8.83 ± 4.06)14(3.50 ± 0.50)31(11.2 ± 0.80)1.30.254
No27(7.11 ± 3.39)12(3.50 ± 0.19)15(10.06 ± 0.31)
), ArticleFig(id=1322954265941124067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

OSCC中DLGAP5表达与临床病理参数的关系 [例(x¯±s)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParametersNumberDLGAP5 expressionχ2P
LowHigh
Gender
Male40(7.94 ± 3.35)12(3.64 ± 0.22)28(9.76 ± 0.44)1.4570.227
Female32(7.18 ± 3.47)14(3.40 ± 0.27)18(10.02 ± 0.42)
Age/years
≤6027(8.21 ± 3.42)9(3.66 ± 0.12)18(10.07 ± 0.59)0.1440.704
>6045(7.56 ± 3.38)17 (3.44 ± 0.26)28(9.87 ± 0.53)
Stage
Ⅰ+Ⅱ32(5.66 ± 2.99)20(3.46 ± 0.24)12 (9.44 ± 0.49)17.386<0.001
Ⅲ+Ⅳ40(9.18 ± 3.06)6 (3.75 ± 0.25)34(10.16 ± 0.47)
T status
T1+T236(6.80 ± 3.19)16(3.44 ± 0.24)20 (9.58 ± 0.46)2.1670.141
T3+T436(8.42 ± 3.21)10 (3.75 ± 0.25)26(10.18 ± 0.34)
Lymph node metastasis
Yes19(9.95 ± 3.12)2(3.50 ± 0.50)17(10.50 ± 0.56)7.3230.007
No53(6.83 ± 3.23)24(3.50 ± 0.24)29(9.75 ± 0.33)
Tumor differentiation
Moderate and poorly40(8.34 ± 2.78)6(3.70 ± 0.15)34 (9.19 ± 0.49)17.386<0.001
Well32(5.69 ± 3.85)20(3.00 ± 0.57)12(10.25 ± 0.37)
Smoking history
Yes37(8.68 ± 3.84)13(3.87 ± 0.21)24(11.15 ± 0.45)0.0310.859
No35(7.31 ± 3.38)13(3.40 ± 0.22)22(9.96 ± 0.36)
Drinking history
Yes45(8.83 ± 4.06)14(3.50 ± 0.50)31(11.2 ± 0.80)1.30.254
No27(7.11 ± 3.39)12(3.50 ± 0.19)15(10.06 ± 0.31)
), ArticleFig(id=1322954266025010148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cox univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical and pathological features and DLGAP5 expression in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Univariate analysisMultivariate analysis
ParametersHR95%CIPHR95%CIP
Expression2.4851.100~5.6110.0062.0221.144~5.6880.022
Gender1.3040.574~2.9600.526---
Age1.5660.669~3.6680.302---
Stage1.7610.733~4.2320.0321.3640.632~3.4890.364
Lymph node metastasis1.170.589~2.3240.0041.8910.531~1.7340.291
Tumor differentiation2.3951.097~5.2280.0032.0361.046~3.8730.076
Smoking history1.420.556~3.6250.463---
Drinking history1.3990.676~2.8970.366---
), ArticleFig(id=1322954266092119013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954254243210112, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

OSCC患者临床病理特征与DLGAP5的Cox单因素及多因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Univariate analysisMultivariate analysis
ParametersHR95%CIPHR95%CIP
Expression2.4851.100~5.6110.0062.0221.144~5.6880.022
Gender1.3040.574~2.9600.526---
Age1.5660.669~3.6680.302---
Stage1.7610.733~4.2320.0321.3640.632~3.4890.364
Lymph node metastasis1.170.589~2.3240.0041.8910.531~1.7340.291
Tumor differentiation2.3951.097~5.2280.0032.0361.046~3.8730.076
Smoking history1.420.556~3.6250.463---
Drinking history1.3990.676~2.8970.366---
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DLGAP5通过调控Warburg效应促进口腔鳞状细胞癌的进展
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张晴子 1, 2 , 郭佛清 1 , 陈永琴 1, 2 , 夏飞飞 1 , 骆骏 1, 2 , 刘喆 3 , 查小雨 1 , 黎昌学 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(22): 2749-2762
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (22) : 2749 -2762
DLGAP5通过调控Warburg效应促进口腔鳞状细胞癌的进展
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张晴子1, 2, 郭佛清1, 陈永琴1, 2, 夏飞飞1, 骆骏1, 2, 刘喆3, 查小雨1, 黎昌学1
作者信息
  • 1石河子大学第一附属医院口腔颌面外科,新疆 石河子
  • 2石河子大学医学院,新疆 石河子
  • 3济南市第三人民医院口腔颌面外科,山东 济南
通讯作者:
黎昌学,E-mail:
LI Changxue,E-mail:
DLGAP5 promotes progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating the Warburg effect
Qingzi ZHANG1, 2, Foqing GUO1, Yongqin CHEN1, 2, Feifei XIA1, Jun LUO1, 2, Zhe LIU3, Xiaoyu ZHA1, Changxue LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University,Shihezi,Xinjiang
  • 2School of Medicine,Shihezi University,Shihezi,Xinjiang
  • 3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,Jinan Third People’s Hospital,Jinan,Shandong,China
出版时间: 2025-11-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509067
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目的

探究Discs大同源相关蛋白5(discs large homolog associated protein 5,DLGAP5)在口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)中的表达水平,并分析其对细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭能力以及Warburg效应的影响。

方法

通过生物信息学分析筛选OSCC潜在治疗靶标。纳入石河子大学第一附属医院2013年1月1日—2024年1月1日72例OSCC组织及40例癌旁组织,收集患者临床病理及预后资料。采用免疫组化检测DLGAP5蛋白表达,并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,预后因素分析采用Cox回归模型。通过Western blot和RT-qPCR检测DLGAP5在HOK、SCC-9、SCC-15、SCC-25及CAL-27细胞系中的表达。针对DLGAP5基因序列设计4条小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA),评估转染效率并选取沉默效果最优的序列作为实验组进行后续功能实验。在CAL-27和SCC-15细胞中沉默DLGAP5表达后,采用Western blot分析己糖激酶2(hexokinase 2,HK2)和烯醇化酶1(enolase 1,ENO1)蛋白表达,通过CCK-8实验、划痕愈合实验、Transwell实验及葡萄糖、乳酸、ATP检测试剂盒分别评估OSCC细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭能力与糖酵解代谢水平。

结果

生物信息学分析显示DLGAP5是OSCC的潜在关键治疗靶点。实验验证显示,DLGAP5在OSCC组织和细胞中均显著高表达(P<0.05),患者临床病理及预后资料分析表明,OSCC患者肿瘤TNM分期、淋巴结转移和分化程度与DLGAP5的表达显著相关,且DLGAP5高表达与患者不良预后相关(P<0.05)。沉默DLGAP5后,实验组HK2和ENO1的表达显著下降,糖酵解代谢产物水平显著降低(P<0.05);细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭能力显著下降(P<0.05)。

结论

DLGAP5在OSCC中高表达,沉默DLGAP5可能间接调控Warburg效应抑制OSCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,并与患者不良预后相关。

口腔鳞状细胞癌  /  Discs大同源相关蛋白5  /  Warburg效应  /  己糖激酶2  /  烯醇化酶1
Objective

Investigate the expression level of discs large homolog associated protein 5 (DLGAP5) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and analyze its effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasion capacity, and the Warburg effect.

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify the potential therapeutic targets for OSCC. A total of 72 OSCC tissue samples and 40 adjacent non-cancerous tissue samples collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University from 2013 to 2024 were included, and the clinical pathological and prognostic data were collected from patients. Immunohistochemistry assay was applied to detect the protein expression of DLGAP5, and its association with clinical pathological features was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted for survival analysis, and Cox regression model was employed to analyze the prognostic factors. The expression of DLGAP5 at mRNA and protein levels was detected in HOK, SCC-9, SCC-15, SCC-25, and CAL-27 cell lines with RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Four small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were designed to target the DLGAP5 sequence, and then based on the transfection efficiency, the sequence with optimal silencing effect was selected for subsequent functional studies. After DLGAP5 was silenced in the CAL-27 and SCC-15 cells, Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2) and enolase 1 (ENO1), CCK-8, scratch healing and Transwell assays were conducted to assess cell proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities, and glucose, lactate, and ATP detection kits were utilized to determine the glycolytic metabolic levels in OSCC cells.

Results

Bioinformatics analysis indicates that DLGAP5 is a potential key therapeutic target for OSCC. Experimental validation demonstrated that DLGAP5 was highly expressed in both OSCC tissues and cells (P<0.05). Analysis of clinical pathology and prognostic data revealed that DLGAP5 expression level was significantly correlated with tumor TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and differentiation grade in OSCC patients, and high DLGAP5 expression was associated with poor prognosis (P<0.05). DLGAP5 silencing resulted in significantly reduced expression of HK2 and ENO1, markedly decreased levels of glycolytic metabolites (P<0.05), and notably declined cell proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities (P<0.05).

Conclusion

DLGAP5 is highly expressed in OSCC. Silencing DLGAP5 may inhibit OSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by indirectly regulating the Warburg effect, and the molecule is associated with poor prognosis in the OSCC patients.

oral squamous cell carcinoma  /  discs large homolog associated protein 5  /  Warburg effect  /  hexokinase 2  /  enolase 1
张晴子, 郭佛清, 陈永琴, 夏飞飞, 骆骏, 刘喆, 查小雨, 黎昌学. DLGAP5通过调控Warburg效应促进口腔鳞状细胞癌的进展. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (22) : 2749 -2762 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509067
Qingzi ZHANG, Foqing GUO, Yongqin CHEN, Feifei XIA, Jun LUO, Zhe LIU, Xiaoyu ZHA, Changxue LI. DLGAP5 promotes progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating the Warburg effect[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (22) : 2749 -2762 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509067
口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)是头颈部最常见的恶性肿瘤,其地理分布呈现明显区域性高发特征,且患者5年生存率长期未见显著改善[1]。OSCC起源于口腔黏膜上皮层,具有强侵袭性、易发生颈淋巴结转移,常导致患者颌面部解剖结构破坏,并引发咀嚼、吞咽、言语等生理功能障碍[2]。OSCC的发生过程复杂,涉及多种机制,包括基因突变、表观遗传学改变以及肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)的失调[3]。目前已经提出了各种治疗干预措施来预防或治疗OSCC,如化疗、放疗、免疫疗法和纳米医学,但肿瘤复发和治疗耐药仍是临床面临的重大挑战[4]。因此,深入研究OSCC的发病机制,对于其早期识别、治疗及预后评估具有重要意义。
Discs大同源相关蛋白5(discs large homolog associated protein 5,DLGAP5)定位于染色体14q22.3区域[5]。DLGAP5的mRNA转录始于细胞周期的S期,并在G2期和M期持续表达,呈现典型的细胞周期依赖性。分子机制研究显示,DLGAP5通过维持纺锤体微管稳定性、促进动粒-微管正确连接、保障染色体精确分离,从而维护基因组完整性[6]。近年来多项研究表明,DLGAP5在肝细胞癌、膀胱癌和乳腺癌等多种肿瘤中普遍高表达,并通过调控糖酵解促进肿瘤的侵袭、迁移与耐药性,被视为潜在的广谱抗癌靶点[7-9]。
肿瘤细胞代谢重编程的核心是Warburg效应,该代谢模式使肿瘤细胞即使在氧供充足条件下,仍优先通过糖酵解途径快速产生ATP并大量积累生物合成前体物质,以满足其无限增殖的生物能量和生物合成需求[10]。有氧糖酵解的关键限速酶包括己糖激酶2(hexokinase 2,HK2)、烯醇化酶1(enolase 1,ENO1)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)等,这些酶的表达水平和活性受到多种癌基因的精密调控[11-13]。最新证据表明,DLGAP5除参与细胞分裂调控外,还可通过影响糖酵解通量促进肿瘤进展,沉默DLGAP5表达可显著抑制肿瘤细胞的葡萄糖摄取和乳酸生成[9,14]。
基于生物信息学分析,本研究预测DLGAP5可能是OSCC的潜在关键治疗靶点,并通过体外实验观察DLGAP5在OSCC组织和细胞中的表达情况,采用小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)将其细胞系沉默后观察细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和Warburg效应的改变,以期为OSCC的靶向治疗提供新策略。
利用GEO数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo)以“OSCC”为关键词,将组织来源限制为“Homo sapiens”,获取GSE146483、GSE31056、GSE23558和GSE37991共4个数据集,应用R软件的“limma”包和GEO2R在线工具分析处理,以|Log₂FC|>1和校正P<0.05为筛选标准,将每个数据集中的OSCC组织与正常组织进行分组,获得上调差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes ,DEGs),并使用R软件的“ggplot2”包绘制火山图。使用在线工具(https://www.omicstudio.cn)生成DEGs韦恩图,获得OSCC潜在治疗靶标。使用STRING数据库(https://cn.string-db.org)对潜在治疗靶标进行蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interactions,PPI)分析并获取蛋白质相互作用关系树。利用Cytoscape3.10.2软件使用CytoHubba插件筛选前10的Hub基因获得潜在关键治疗靶标并绘制互作图。利用DAVID数据库(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/)对选定的关键靶标进行基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析,GO分析包括基因涉及的生物学过程、细胞组分和分子功能,并筛选分析结果,以P<0.05为限制条件。
HOK细胞系购自河北北纳生物。SCC-15、CAL-27细胞系来源于美国典型培养物保藏中心,SCC-9、SCC-25细胞系购自武汉普诺赛生命科技。DLGAP5抗体购自武汉三鹰,HK2抗体购自沈阳万类生物,ENO1抗体购自上海埃必威生物;GAPDH单克隆抗体、HRP标记的二抗(包括鼠源和兔源)均购自北京中杉金桥生物。DLAGP5、HK2、ENO1和GAPDH基因的特异性引物序列由生工生物工程(上海)合成;RNA逆转录试剂盒和CCK-8试剂盒购自苏州优逸兰迪生物;Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂购自美国Invitrogen公司。RNA干扰实验所用的小干扰RNA由上海吉玛制药提供。葡萄糖测定试剂盒和LDH检测试剂盒购自沈阳万类生物,ATP含量比色法测试盒购自武汉伊莱瑞特生物。
本研究经石河子大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审批通过(KJ2024-542-02),实验周期为2024年12月至2025年6月。选择2013年1月1日—2024年1月1日于石河子大学第一附属医院手术切除的OSCC病灶72例及其对应正常癌旁组织40例,并随访整理纳入研究患者的基本临床、病理及术后预后资料。通过EnVision两步法进行免疫组化检测,切片由2名高级职称的病理科医师在不知组别的情况下(双盲法)独立阅片评分。染色结果依据染色强度和阳性细胞比例的乘积进行评估。评分判定标准参考文献[15]。细胞培养体系采用标准条件:HOK细胞使用含10%胎牛血清和1%青-链霉素的4 mL最低必需培养基(minimum essential medium,MEM)进行培养;SCC-9、SCC-15、SCC-25和CAL-27细胞则使用含10%胎牛血清和1%青-链霉素的4 mL Eagle最低必需培养基(Eagle’s modified dullery-medial medium,DMEM)进行培养。所有细胞在37 ℃、5%CO2恒温培养箱中培养,维持每日换液。细胞融合度达80%~90%后进行细胞传代和冻存。
提取总蛋白后经BCA法定量,制备SDS-PAGE凝胶,加样,电泳分离并转至PVDF膜,室温封闭1 h,洗膜,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,洗膜,二抗室温摇床孵育1 h。再次洗膜后显影,拍照并借助Image J软件分析灰度值。实验重复3次。以GAPDH为内参,抗体配制浓度如下:DLGAP5(1∶1 000),HK2(1∶2 000),ENO1(1∶5 000),GAPDH(1∶8 000)。
TRIzol法提取总RNA,逆转录试剂盒将总RNA逆转录为互补DNA,SYBR Green预混通用型qPCR试剂盒处理后行扩增,2-△△Ct法计算细胞中DLGAP5 mRNA的表达水平。每组设置3个孔,实验重复3次。以GAPDH为内参,DLGAP5:上游引物序列5′-TAAT-GCCCACGTCGTTGAGAA-3′,下游引物序列5′-GCA-GCTCTTGTGACTGGCTT-3′;GAPDH:上游引物序列5′-GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT-3′;下游引物序列5′-GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG-3′。
根据DLGAP5基因序列设计4条si-DLGAP5序列(si-DLGAP5-1、si-DLGAP5-2、si-DLGAP5-3和si-DLGAP5-4)和1条阴性对照序列(si-NC)。通过Western blot检测转染后各组细胞中DLGAP5蛋白的表达水平,实验重复3次。选取沉默效率最高的si-DLGAP5序列用于后续实验。在后续的细胞功能实验中,设立以下3个组别:仅使用转染试剂处理的空白对照组(BLANK)、转染阴性对照序列的阴性对照组(si-NC)以及转染有效si-DLGAP5序列的实验组(si-DLGAP5)。为优化转染条件,设置0、50、80、100 nmol/L 4个siRNA浓度梯度。细胞以5×10³个/孔接种24孔板,待融合度达60%~80%时转染,培养24 h(37 ℃、5%CO₂)后,通过荧光显微镜观察及Image J半定量分析荧光强度,确定最佳siRNA终浓度。
收集转染24 h后的CAL-27和SCC-15细胞悬液,以2×103个/孔细胞接种于96孔板。分别在接种后0、24、48、72、96 h进行检测。检测时,弃原培养基,加入含10% CCK-8染色剂的DMEM反应液。避光孵育2 h (37 ℃,5%CO₂)后,于450 nm波长下检测吸光度。每组铺设5个复孔,实验重复3次。
细胞单层覆盖孔底后,使用200 μL移液枪头垂直孔板底部按直线划出3条平行划痕,PBS清洗后更换为DMEM。于0、12、24、36 h后显微镜下拍摄固定位置,通过Image J软件量化划痕面积并计算愈合率。每组取上、中、下3个视野,实验重复3次。
基质胶用预冷的DMEM以1:8的体积比进行稀释,取100 μL包被Transwell上室,37 ℃聚合3 h形成基质胶膜,水化后备用。转染24 h后的细胞以5×10⁴个/室接种于上室(含200 μL无血清培养基),下室加入含20%FBS的培养基。培养48 h后,固定并用0.1%结晶紫染色,清除上室细胞后,显微镜下随机计数5个视野的穿膜细胞数。实验重复3次。
为评估细胞代谢,分别检测葡萄糖消耗、乳酸生成和ATP产量,检测指标参考文献[16]。将转染后的细胞接种于24孔板,培养至90%融合度后,收集细胞培养上清液,并严格按照相应试剂盒说明书,使用分光光度法测定上清液中的葡萄糖残留量及乳酸浓度。收集转染48 h后细胞用于ATP检测,经沸水浴提取、离心,取上清液后按试剂盒说明进行比色法测定。所有实验设置标准曲线、空白对照及样品对照组,每组铺设3个复孔,实验重复3次。
采用SPSS 26.0、Image J及GraphPad Prism10.1.2软件对实验数据进行统计分析及制图。计量资料用x¯±s表示,采用方差分析进行多组间比较;方差齐者选择LSD-t检验进行两两比较,方差不齐者则选用Games-Howell法。计数资料采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法分析。相关性通过Pearson相关系数进行评估。生存数据使用 Kaplan-Meier方法分析,单因素及多因素Cox比例风险回归模型评估各变量对生存的独立影响。以P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
从GEO数据库下载GSE23558、GSE31056、GSE37991和GSE146483芯片与平台数据,应用R软件的“limma”包和“ggplot2”包进行差异基因分析并绘制火山图(图1A~D),将获得的数据使用韦恩图进行交集,得到34个OSCC潜在治疗靶标(图1E)。将34个潜在治疗靶标导入STRING数据库,置信度选择High Confidence,获得PPI关系(图1F),导入Cytoscape软件进行可视化分析,使用CytoHubba插件筛选Top10 Hub基因得到潜在关键治疗靶标(DLGAP5,BIRC5,CDC20,CHEK1,TPX2,FOXM1,CDCA3,HJURP,CDCA5,KIF4A),并绘制PPI网络图(图1G)。利用DAVID数据库将获得的关键靶标进行GO和KEGG富集分析,GO分析结果表明,靶标主要参与了细胞器分裂、核分裂、有丝分裂核分裂有丝分裂纺锤体组装等生物过程;涉及纺锤体、染色体区域、浓缩染色体、染色体着丝粒区域等细胞组分;影响了微管蛋白结合、微管结合、泛素-蛋白质转移酶调节活性、组蛋白激酶活性等分子功能。KEGG分析表明,这些靶标主要与细胞周期、病毒致癌作用、细胞衰老、细胞凋亡-多物种等有关(图1H、I)。DLGAP5是PPI网络中节点度排序第1位的核心靶标,可能是治疗OSCC的关键靶标。
免疫组化结果显示:DLGAP5表达在细胞质和细胞核,DLGAP5蛋白在OSCC组织中表达显著升高(P<0.001,图2A)。卡方检验结果显示,DLGAP5的表达与TNM分期(P<0.001)、淋巴结转移(P=0.007)和分化程度(P<0.001)明显相关(表1)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果表明,高表达DLGAP5的患者预后相对于低表达患者预后更差(P<0.000 1,图2B)。Cox单因素和多因素分析进一步证实,DLGAP5蛋白的高表达(HR=2.022,P=0.022)是OSCC患者预后的独立危险因素(表2)。Western blot和RT-qPCR结果显示:DLGAP5在SCC-9、SCC-15、SCC-25和CAL-27细胞中DLGAP5蛋白(F=244.0,P<0.000 1,图2C、D)和mRNA(F=755.6,P<0.000 1,图2E)的相对表达水平均显著高于HOK细胞。由此说明,DLGAP5在OSCC组织和细胞中过表达,且与患者不良预后相关。
收集转染siRNA-DLGAP5 48 h后细胞用于检测转染后DLGAP5蛋白变化。Western blot结果显示:相对于si-NC对照组,si-DLGAP5-1、si-DLGAP5-2、si-DLGAP5-3和si-DLGAP5-4在SCC-15细胞系中能在翻译水平敲低DLGAP5(P<0.05,图3A、B)。其中si-DLGAP5-4组转染效率最高,选择为实验组进行后续研究。荧光结果显示,CAL-27细胞系中siRNA终浓度为100 nmol/L的荧光强度高于50、80 nmol/L(图3 C);SCC-15细胞系中siRNA终浓度为80 nmol/L的荧光强度高于50、100 nmol/L(P<0.05,图3D)。CAL-27、SCC-15细胞系分别选择siRNA终浓度为100 nmol/L和80 nmol/L进行后续研究。
CCK-8实验结果显示:在CAL-27和SCC-15细胞中,接种0 h后,si-DLGAP5组的相对增殖率与BLANK组和si-NC组的相对增殖率相比差异均无统计学意义;接种24、48、72、96 h后,si-DLGAP5组的相对增殖率均显著低于BLANK组和si-NC组(P<0.05)。同时BLANK组和si-NC组相比差异无统计学意义(图4)。由此说明,沉默DLGAP5可显著抑制OSCC的增殖能力。
划痕愈合实验结果显示:在CAL-27和SCC-15细胞中,处理12、24、36 h后si-DLGAP5组的相对愈合率显著低于BLANK组和si-NC组(P<0.05,图5),同时BLANK组和si-NC组相比差异无统计学意义。由此说明,沉默DLGAP5可显著抑制OSCC的迁移能力。
Transwell实验结果显示:在CAL-27和SCC-15中,转染后si-DLGAP5组的穿膜细胞数量显著低于BLANK组和si-NC组(P<0.05,图6),同时BLANK组和si-NC组相比差异无统计学意义。由此说明,沉默DLGAP5可显著抑制OSCC的侵袭能力。
Western blot结果显示:在CAL-27和SCC-15细胞中,si-DLGAP5组的DLGAP5、HK2、ENO1蛋白相对表达水平均显著低于BLANK组和si-NC组(P<0.05,图7)。同时BLANK组和si-NC组相比差异无统计学意义。通过葡萄糖测定试剂盒、LDH检测试剂盒和ATP含量比色法测试盒检测沉默DLGAP5后CAL-27和SCC-15细胞中糖酵解途径中的代谢物水平。结果显示:si-DLGAP5组的葡萄糖消耗,LDH活性和ATP含量水平均显著低于BLANK组和si-NC组(P<0.05,图8)。同时BLANK组和si-NC组相比差异无统计学意义。由此说明,沉默DLGAP5可显著抑制OSCC的Warburg效应。
OSCC是源于口腔黏膜上皮的恶性肿瘤,具有侵袭性强、易早期淋巴结转移和治疗抵抗等特征[17]。目前OSCC的诊断主要依赖临床口腔检查及可疑病灶的组织活检,然而该方法受限于检查者的主观经验以及早期病变形态的非典型特征,多数患者在确诊时已进展至晚期,常伴随淋巴结转移,其5年生存率低于50%[18]。因此,研究OSCC的病因及其分子机制,积极探索高特异性治疗靶点,对于提高其临床诊疗水平具有重要意义。
肿瘤的发生依赖于细胞迁移、侵袭、细胞周期和增殖等。研究表明,DLGAP5作为致癌性细胞周期调节因子通过调控多种关键信号通路发挥致癌作用,在肿瘤发展和转移中发挥关键作用,与癌症的恶性进展密切相关[7,9]。本研究结果显示,DLGAP5在OSCC组织及细胞系中均呈现显著高表达,其表达水平与TNM分期、淋巴结转移等关键临床病理特征呈显著正相关,生存分析表明,DLGAP5高表达患者的总生存期显著缩短,多因素Cox回归分析确认其可作为OSCC独立的预后判断指标。这些发现与DLGAP5在肝细胞癌和结直肠癌中的研究结果相一致[19-20],提示DLGAP5可能在多种上皮源性恶性肿瘤中发挥广谱驱动作用。
Warburg效应作为肿瘤代谢重编程的核心特征,在维持OSCC快速增殖及侵袭转移过程中发挥关键作用[21]。本研究揭示了在OSCC中DLGAP5对该代谢通路的调控作用。实验结果显示,沉默DLGAP5可显著抑制糖酵解过程,表现为葡萄糖摄取、乳酸生成及ATP产量的同步下降。这一现象与关键糖酵解酶HK2和ENO1的表达下调密切相关,提示DLGAP5可能通过调节糖酵解限速酶的表达影响Warburg效应。
HK2作为糖酵解起始步骤的关键限速酶,介导葡萄糖磷酸化为葡萄糖-6-磷酸[22],研究表明,HK2在OSCC组织和细胞中的表达被增强,并加剧肿瘤细胞的侵袭表型[23]。此外,关键糖酵解蛋白ENO1 通过乳酸分泌和细胞外ENO1的释放来协调巨噬细胞来源的IL-6,从而促进OSCC肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭[24]。
多种证据表明,DLGAP5作为细胞周期调节的关键蛋白,可能通过多重途径直接或间接调控OSCC细胞的Warburg效应。DLGAP5可能通过调控JAK2/AKT/STAT3信号通路影响下游糖酵解相关基因的表达,进而驱动肿瘤代谢重构。STAT3已被证实可直接结合至HK2基因启动子区域并激活其转录[25];同时,AKT/STAT3信号通路也被发现与ENO1的功能和表达调控相关,在结直肠癌中,ENO1缺失通过抑制AKT/STAT3信号通路的活性降低结直肠癌细胞的糖酵解水平[26]。DLGAP5可以通过稳定MYC蛋白间接增强糖酵解过程,这一机制在膀胱癌研究中已得到部分验证[8]。
JAK2/AKT/STAT3信号通路作为协调细胞增殖与代谢的核心网络,不仅通过多种机制直接促进Warburg效应,对细胞周期的G1/S和G2/M期进程也至关重要[27]。综合分析表明,DLGAP5在OSCC中可能扮演着细胞周期调节器和代谢重编程促进剂的双重角色。其高表达通过激活JAK2/AKT/STAT3信号通路,间接上调HK2和ENO1等糖酵解关键酶的表达,增强糖酵解,从而为OSCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭提供能量和物质基础。DLGAP5通过协同调控细胞周期进程与糖酵解代谢活动,实现代谢-周期偶联,从而满足细胞分裂的爆发性能量需求。这种偶联机制解释了DLGAP5在OSCC中的多方面致癌作用,也为未来的治疗策略提供了潜在的靶点。
本研究仍存在一些局限:①所有功能实验均在细胞系中进行,缺乏体内动物实验验证沉默DLGAP5对OSCC的生长和代谢的影响;②DLGAP5调控OSCC发生发展的分子机制尚不明确,尤其是其与JAK2/AKT/STAT3信号通路具体互作关系有待实验验证。上述方向将作为课题组后续重点研究内容,旨在更全面揭示 DLGAP5 的功能网络。
综上所述,本研究通过沉默DLGAP5基因,证实其可显著抑制OSCC细胞的有氧糖酵解过程及恶性生物学行为。机制研究表明,DLGAP5可能通过调控HK2和ENO1表达影响Warburg效应。这些发现揭示了DLGAP5在OSCC中的潜在致癌作用,提示其作为抗转移与抗代谢治疗联合治疗靶点的潜在价值。后续研究将重点阐明DLGAP5与JAK2/AKT/STAT3通路的相互作用机制,并通过体内动物实验验证其治疗价值,推动相关研究向临床转化。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509067
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
  • 修回日期:2025-10-30
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    1石河子大学第一附属医院口腔颌面外科,新疆 石河子
    2石河子大学医学院,新疆 石河子
    3济南市第三人民医院口腔颌面外科,山东 济南

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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