Article(id=1322954139981979727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954116858782668, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=1764691200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346446271, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1767024000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346446271, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346446271, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346446271, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954116858782668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='24', pageStart='3009', pageEnd='3159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767024000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346440757, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346440757, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3077, endPage=3088, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954140183306320, articleId=1322954139981979727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Dexmedetomidine alleviates sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats by inhibiting the mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore whether dexmedetomidine (Dex) improves sevoflurane (Sev)-induced cognitive impairment in neonatal rats by regulating mammalian rapamycin target protein (mTOR)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway.

Methods

Fifty neonatal SD rats (aged 6 d, weighing 9.5~11.5 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham operation (Sham) group, model (Model) group, low-dose Dex (Dex-L) group, high-dose Dex (Dex-H) group, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) group (an activator of mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway), with 10 animals in each group. The rats in the Sham group were placed in a sealed chamber containing fresh air, while those rats from the other 4 groups were exposed to 2% Sev+21% O₂ for modeling. In 2 h before chamber placement, the Dex-L and Dex-H groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 10 and 30 μg/kg Dex, respectively, and the PMA group received an intraperitoneal injection of 30 μg/kg Dex and 5 mg/kg PMA. The rats in the Sham and Model groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of equivalent volume of normal saline. Cognitive function and learning and memory abilities were evaluated with novel object recognition test and step-down inhibitory avoidance test. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) was used to observe cerebral blood flow; Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy were employed to observe the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons and synapses. TUNEL staining was perform to detect the cell apoptosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to measure the expression levels of mTOR, NF-κB, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), synaptophysin (SYP), synapsin (SYP), microtubule-associated protein-2 (Map-2), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in the hippocampal tissue. Western blotting was conducted to detect the protein levels of mTOR, p-mTOR, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, Bcl-2, and Bax in the hippocampal tissue.

Results

Compared with the Sham group, the Model group exhibited significantly lower discrimination index and shorter platform jumping latency, increased number of errors (P<0.05), reduced cerebral blood perfusion, decreased number of hippocampal neurons, damaged synaptic structure, raised apoptotic rate, enhanced expression of p-mTOR, p-NF-κB and Bax at mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05), while down-regulated mRNA levels of SYN, Map-2, SYP and PSD95 (P<0.05), and reduced mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 (P<0.05). After the intervention of Dex, all the above indexes were significantly improved (P<0.05), and the effects of high dose were better. PMA partially reversed the protective effects of Dex-H, reactivated the signal of mTOR/NF-κB, and aggravated the neuronal damage (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Dex may alleviate cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats by inhibiting the mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway and suppressing Sev-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis.

, authors=Ying CHEN, Mei YANG, Yishan YANG, Hong WANG, Liwen REN, Xu HAN, Songjiang TANG, authorsList=Ying CHEN, Mei YANG, Yishan YANG, Hong WANG, Liwen REN, Xu HAN, Songjiang TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Songjiang TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954143815573605, articleId=1322954139981979727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=右美托咪定通过抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号通路减轻七氟烷诱导的新生大鼠认知功能障碍, columnId=1320435149964169690, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)是否通过调控哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)/核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor kappaB,NF-κB)信号通路,改善七氟烷(sevoflurane,Sev)诱导的新生大鼠认知障碍。

方法

将50只6日龄SD大鼠,体质量(9.5~11.5)g,按照随机数字表法分为(n=10):假手术(Sham)组、模型(Model)组、Dex低剂量(Dex-L)组、Dex高剂量(Dex-H)组及mTOR/NF-κB信号通路激活剂佛波酯(phorbol12-myristate13-acetate,PMA)组;其中,Model、Dex-L、Dex-H、PMA组大鼠以在封闭箱内通入2%Sev+21%O2进行造模,Sham组给予新鲜空气;在放入箱内前2 h,Dex-L、Dex-H组大鼠分别腹腔注射10 μg/kg和30 μg/kg的Dex,PMA组大鼠腹腔注射30 μg/kg的Dex和5 mg/kg的PMA;Sham组和Model组大鼠腹腔注射等浓度的生理盐水。通过新物体识别实验和跳台试验评估认知功能、学习和记忆功能;激光散斑成像检测脑血流灌注;尼氏染色和透射电镜观察海马神经元及突触超微结构损伤;TUNEL试剂盒染色检测细胞凋亡;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)检测大鼠脑组织海马区mTOR、NF-κB、突触后致密物蛋白(postsynaptic density protein,PSD)95和突触生长素(synaptophysin,SYP)、突触素(synapsin,SYN)、突触蛋白微管相关蛋白-2(microtubule associated protein-2,Map-2)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)和Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl2-associated x protein,Bax)的mRNA的表达;Western blot法检测大鼠海马组织中mTOR、磷酸化mTOR(phospho-mTOR,p-mTOR)、NF-κB、磷酸化NF-κB(phospho-NF-κB,p-NF-κB)、Bcl-2和Bax的表达。

结果

与Sham组相比,Model组大鼠辨别指数和跳台潜伏期显著降低,错误次数增加(P<0.05),脑血流灌注减少,海马神经元数量减少,突触结构损伤,凋亡率升高,p-mTOR、p-NF-κB、Bax的mRNA和蛋白的表达上调,而SYN、Map-2、SYP、PSD95的mRNA的表达下调(P<0.05),Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白的表达下调(P<0.05)。Dex干预后,上述指标均显著改善(P<0.05),且高剂量效果更优。PMA可部分逆转Dex-H的保护作用,重新激活mTOR/NF-κB信号,加重神经元损伤(P<0.05)。

结论

Dex可能通过抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号通路,抑制Sev诱导的海马神经元凋亡,从而缓解新生大鼠的认知功能障碍。

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唐松江,E-mail:
TANG Songjiang,E-mail:
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Mol Neurobiol,2025,62(4):4172-4189., articleTitle=Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) promotes DRG regeneration and repair after sciatic nerve injury via the ERK-NF-kB pathway, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322954153735102656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, doi=10.1007/s12035-025-04754-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=62, issue=6, pageStart=8013, pageEnd=8037, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=20, authorNames=ZHANG Y Y, ZHU D X, WANG M Y, journalName=Mol Neurobiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Y Y,ZHU D X,WANG M Y,et al. Activation of NR2A-wnt-TLR2 signaling axis in satellite glial cells of the dorsal root ganglion contributes to neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury in diabetic mice[J]. Mol Neurobiol,2025,62(6):8013-8037., articleTitle=Activation of NR2A-wnt-TLR2 signaling axis in satellite glial cells of the dorsal root ganglion contributes to neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury in diabetic mice, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954144042066022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954144050454631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, companyId=1322954144042066022, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Anesthesiology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guiyang,Guizhou,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954144063037544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, companyId=1322954144042066022, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1贵州中医药大学第一附属医院麻醉科,贵州 贵阳)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954148471251094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Changes in cognitive,learning,and memory functions of rats in each group (n=10, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=BjSxwrJ/dws6c8uinWbNkw==, figureFileBig=TWZn1AaqPwXPFDVH1uHCRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954148534165655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各组大鼠的认知、学习和记忆功能的变化 (n=10, x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,compared with the Sham group; b:P<0.05,compared with the Model group; c:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-L group; d:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-H group

, figureFileSmall=BjSxwrJ/dws6c8uinWbNkw==, figureFileBig=TWZn1AaqPwXPFDVH1uHCRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954148739686552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Cerebral blood perfusion of rats in each group, figureFileSmall=LrgXu2YICwe3cwFtjrj4tQ==, figureFileBig=RnOQ6LthGbHHKvayNBnr4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954148819378329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组大鼠脑组织的血流灌注量, figureFileSmall=LrgXu2YICwe3cwFtjrj4tQ==, figureFileBig=RnOQ6LthGbHHKvayNBnr4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954148911653018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Nissl staining showing neuron activity in the hippocampus of rat brain tissue in each group (n=10, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=4zgoRAg+pC5SxVBRkRkUzA==, figureFileBig=IAmLpuHS4eog6PatePVqxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954148995539099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图3, caption=尼氏染色检测各组大鼠脑组织海马区神经元活性 (n=10, x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,compared with the Sham group; b:P<0.05,compared with the Model group; c:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-L group; d:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-H group

, figureFileSmall=4zgoRAg+pC5SxVBRkRkUzA==, figureFileBig=IAmLpuHS4eog6PatePVqxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149071036572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Ultrastructural damage of hippocampal synapses of rat brain tissue (n=10, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=giU8AJlX2aRp8Y8F22JKOw==, figureFileBig=g/LrkjKc/72ZeDbiaKspDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149142339741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组大鼠脑组织海马区的突触超微损伤 (n=10, x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,compared with the Sham group; b:P<0.05,compared with the Model group; c:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-L group; d:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-H group

, figureFileSmall=giU8AJlX2aRp8Y8F22JKOw==, figureFileBig=g/LrkjKc/72ZeDbiaKspDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149222031518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=TUNEL staining displaying hippocampal apoptosis of rat brain tissue in each group, figureFileSmall=obmknp/SsL6Nbr0v7V3DTg==, figureFileBig=7b7VTBYoXRdGiHhFn6hYyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149301723295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TUNEL染色检测各组大鼠脑海马组织的细胞凋亡, figureFileSmall=obmknp/SsL6Nbr0v7V3DTg==, figureFileBig=7b7VTBYoXRdGiHhFn6hYyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149377220768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Expression of related genes in the hippocampus of rat brain tissue (n=10, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=DEXYcxjJlRJNAOYzM5kFZg==, figureFileBig=WF+u5yJo6kB73DGJj+8FyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149452718241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各组大鼠海马组织中相关基因的表达 (n=10, x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,compared with the Sham group; b:P<0.05,compared with the Model group; c:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-L group; d:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-H group

, figureFileSmall=DEXYcxjJlRJNAOYzM5kFZg==, figureFileBig=WF+u5yJo6kB73DGJj+8FyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149524021410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Immunohistochemical assay showing the expression of SYN and Map-2 in the hippocampus of rat brain tissue in each group (n=10), figureFileSmall=wC+6p7qpi2zC2h3k6xFHbA==, figureFileBig=4rGlS61VZVCkzcE65abHaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149603713187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图7, caption=免疫组化检测各组大鼠海马组织中的SYN和Map-2的表达 (n=10), figureFileSmall=wC+6p7qpi2zC2h3k6xFHbA==, figureFileBig=4rGlS61VZVCkzcE65abHaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149675016356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Immunofluorescence staining showing SYP and PSD95 expression in the hippocampus of rat brain tissue (n=10), figureFileSmall=Z4As5bSMyEDT//xVxHZ+Qg==, figureFileBig=mENHduzQAe/RQ04fLif5HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149821816997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图8, caption=免疫荧光染色检测各组大鼠海马组织中SYP和PSD95的表达 (n=10), figureFileSmall=Z4As5bSMyEDT//xVxHZ+Qg==, figureFileBig=mENHduzQAe/RQ04fLif5HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149926674598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Expression of p-mTOR/mTOR,p-NF-κB/NF-κB,Bcl-2 and Bax in the hippocampus tissue in each group (n=10, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=3DGOBJnF4M7TmmiSmjBMAA==, figureFileBig=5O8Q+jsmbhmlU3/wHlT3Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149993783463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各组大鼠海马组织中p-mTOR/mTOR、p-NF-κB/NF-κB、Bcl-2和Bax的表达 (n=10, x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,compared with the Sham group; b:P<0.05,compared with the Model group; c:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-L group; d:P<0.05,compared with the Dex-H group

, figureFileSmall=3DGOBJnF4M7TmmiSmjBMAA==, figureFileBig=5O8Q+jsmbhmlU3/wHlT3Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954150077669544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Schematic diagram of mechanism of dexmedetom-idine (Dex) effect on sevoflurane (Sev)-induced cognitive dysfunction and synaptic remodeling in neonatal rats, figureFileSmall=Y1+uevd9Fvs4Y4t50Ek8nQ==, figureFileBig=RCU22TZj1s1Z+NP9C16yBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954150148972713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=图10, caption=Dex对Sev预诱导的新生大鼠认知功能障碍及神经突触重塑的影响机制, figureFileSmall=Y1+uevd9Fvs4Y4t50Ek8nQ==, figureFileBig=RCU22TZj1s1Z+NP9C16yBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954150312550570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for qRT-PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence(5'→3')
mTORForward:ATCAACTCCACGCGCTACAA
Reverse:GGCAGAAGCCGATGGTATGA
NF-κBForward:TGAGAACTGTCCTTACGTGACC
Reverse:AGAGCACCAAGACTGGCTCT
SYPForward:CGCGCTAGCTTATCAGACTGA
Reverse:CGGCCCAGTGTTCAGACTAC
PSD95Forward:CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA
Reverse:AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT
SYNForward:CCAAAATTGGGTCCAGTGGTTT
Reverse:GACAAGGGCTCCACACAAGA-3'
Map-2Forward:AGAAAATGGGGTGGAAGCAGA-3'
Reverse:CAGGCACCTTGGTCATTCCT
Bcl-2Forward:CGTGCTCTCAGCCAACCA
Reverse:TGCCAACTGCTCGGATTTCT
BaxForward:AAAAACGCAATGTCCCTGCT
Reverse:CTTCTGTGGTAACGGGGTCC
GAPDHForward:TTGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTCA
Reverse:TGTCATCATATTTGGCAGGTT
), ArticleFig(id=1322954150396436651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954139981979727, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各基因的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence(5'→3')
mTORForward:ATCAACTCCACGCGCTACAA
Reverse:GGCAGAAGCCGATGGTATGA
NF-κBForward:TGAGAACTGTCCTTACGTGACC
Reverse:AGAGCACCAAGACTGGCTCT
SYPForward:CGCGCTAGCTTATCAGACTGA
Reverse:CGGCCCAGTGTTCAGACTAC
PSD95Forward:CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA
Reverse:AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT
SYNForward:CCAAAATTGGGTCCAGTGGTTT
Reverse:GACAAGGGCTCCACACAAGA-3'
Map-2Forward:AGAAAATGGGGTGGAAGCAGA-3'
Reverse:CAGGCACCTTGGTCATTCCT
Bcl-2Forward:CGTGCTCTCAGCCAACCA
Reverse:TGCCAACTGCTCGGATTTCT
BaxForward:AAAAACGCAATGTCCCTGCT
Reverse:CTTCTGTGGTAACGGGGTCC
GAPDHForward:TTGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTCA
Reverse:TGTCATCATATTTGGCAGGTT
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右美托咪定通过抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号通路减轻七氟烷诱导的新生大鼠认知功能障碍
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陈英 , 杨梅 , 杨义姗 , 王红 , 任丽雯 , 韩徐 , 唐松江
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·神经科学 2025,47(24): 3077-3088
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·神经科学 2025 , 47 (24) : 3077 -3088
右美托咪定通过抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号通路减轻七氟烷诱导的新生大鼠认知功能障碍
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陈英, 杨梅, 杨义姗, 王红, 任丽雯, 韩徐, 唐松江
作者信息
  • 1贵州中医药大学第一附属医院麻醉科,贵州 贵阳
通讯作者:
唐松江,E-mail:
TANG Songjiang,E-mail:
Dexmedetomidine alleviates sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats by inhibiting the mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway
Ying CHEN, Mei YANG, Yishan YANG, Hong WANG, Liwen REN, Xu HAN, Songjiang TANG
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Guiyang,Guizhou,China
出版时间: 2025-12-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509053
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目的

探讨右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)是否通过调控哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)/核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor kappaB,NF-κB)信号通路,改善七氟烷(sevoflurane,Sev)诱导的新生大鼠认知障碍。

方法

将50只6日龄SD大鼠,体质量(9.5~11.5)g,按照随机数字表法分为(n=10):假手术(Sham)组、模型(Model)组、Dex低剂量(Dex-L)组、Dex高剂量(Dex-H)组及mTOR/NF-κB信号通路激活剂佛波酯(phorbol12-myristate13-acetate,PMA)组;其中,Model、Dex-L、Dex-H、PMA组大鼠以在封闭箱内通入2%Sev+21%O2进行造模,Sham组给予新鲜空气;在放入箱内前2 h,Dex-L、Dex-H组大鼠分别腹腔注射10 μg/kg和30 μg/kg的Dex,PMA组大鼠腹腔注射30 μg/kg的Dex和5 mg/kg的PMA;Sham组和Model组大鼠腹腔注射等浓度的生理盐水。通过新物体识别实验和跳台试验评估认知功能、学习和记忆功能;激光散斑成像检测脑血流灌注;尼氏染色和透射电镜观察海马神经元及突触超微结构损伤;TUNEL试剂盒染色检测细胞凋亡;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)检测大鼠脑组织海马区mTOR、NF-κB、突触后致密物蛋白(postsynaptic density protein,PSD)95和突触生长素(synaptophysin,SYP)、突触素(synapsin,SYN)、突触蛋白微管相关蛋白-2(microtubule associated protein-2,Map-2)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)和Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl2-associated x protein,Bax)的mRNA的表达;Western blot法检测大鼠海马组织中mTOR、磷酸化mTOR(phospho-mTOR,p-mTOR)、NF-κB、磷酸化NF-κB(phospho-NF-κB,p-NF-κB)、Bcl-2和Bax的表达。

结果

与Sham组相比,Model组大鼠辨别指数和跳台潜伏期显著降低,错误次数增加(P<0.05),脑血流灌注减少,海马神经元数量减少,突触结构损伤,凋亡率升高,p-mTOR、p-NF-κB、Bax的mRNA和蛋白的表达上调,而SYN、Map-2、SYP、PSD95的mRNA的表达下调(P<0.05),Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白的表达下调(P<0.05)。Dex干预后,上述指标均显著改善(P<0.05),且高剂量效果更优。PMA可部分逆转Dex-H的保护作用,重新激活mTOR/NF-κB信号,加重神经元损伤(P<0.05)。

结论

Dex可能通过抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号通路,抑制Sev诱导的海马神经元凋亡,从而缓解新生大鼠的认知功能障碍。

右美托咪定  /  七氟烷  /  新生大鼠  /  认知功能障碍  /  mTOR/NF-κB
Objective

To explore whether dexmedetomidine (Dex) improves sevoflurane (Sev)-induced cognitive impairment in neonatal rats by regulating mammalian rapamycin target protein (mTOR)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway.

Methods

Fifty neonatal SD rats (aged 6 d, weighing 9.5~11.5 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham operation (Sham) group, model (Model) group, low-dose Dex (Dex-L) group, high-dose Dex (Dex-H) group, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) group (an activator of mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway), with 10 animals in each group. The rats in the Sham group were placed in a sealed chamber containing fresh air, while those rats from the other 4 groups were exposed to 2% Sev+21% O₂ for modeling. In 2 h before chamber placement, the Dex-L and Dex-H groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 10 and 30 μg/kg Dex, respectively, and the PMA group received an intraperitoneal injection of 30 μg/kg Dex and 5 mg/kg PMA. The rats in the Sham and Model groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of equivalent volume of normal saline. Cognitive function and learning and memory abilities were evaluated with novel object recognition test and step-down inhibitory avoidance test. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) was used to observe cerebral blood flow; Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy were employed to observe the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons and synapses. TUNEL staining was perform to detect the cell apoptosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to measure the expression levels of mTOR, NF-κB, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), synaptophysin (SYP), synapsin (SYP), microtubule-associated protein-2 (Map-2), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in the hippocampal tissue. Western blotting was conducted to detect the protein levels of mTOR, p-mTOR, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, Bcl-2, and Bax in the hippocampal tissue.

Results

Compared with the Sham group, the Model group exhibited significantly lower discrimination index and shorter platform jumping latency, increased number of errors (P<0.05), reduced cerebral blood perfusion, decreased number of hippocampal neurons, damaged synaptic structure, raised apoptotic rate, enhanced expression of p-mTOR, p-NF-κB and Bax at mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05), while down-regulated mRNA levels of SYN, Map-2, SYP and PSD95 (P<0.05), and reduced mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 (P<0.05). After the intervention of Dex, all the above indexes were significantly improved (P<0.05), and the effects of high dose were better. PMA partially reversed the protective effects of Dex-H, reactivated the signal of mTOR/NF-κB, and aggravated the neuronal damage (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Dex may alleviate cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats by inhibiting the mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway and suppressing Sev-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis.

dexmedetomidine  /  sevoflurane  /  neonatal rats  /  cognitive impairment  /  mammalian target of rapamycin/nuclear factor κB signaling pathway
陈英, 杨梅, 杨义姗, 王红, 任丽雯, 韩徐, 唐松江. 右美托咪定通过抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号通路减轻七氟烷诱导的新生大鼠认知功能障碍. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (24) : 3077 -3088 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509053
Ying CHEN, Mei YANG, Yishan YANG, Hong WANG, Liwen REN, Xu HAN, Songjiang TANG. Dexmedetomidine alleviates sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats by inhibiting the mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (24) : 3077 -3088 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509053
作为在新生儿临床中一种应用广泛的吸入性麻醉药,七氟烷(sevoflurane,Sev)具有对呼吸道刺激小,迅速达到诱导和苏醒的效果,以及稳定患儿的血流动力学和对器官毒性低等优势[1],但是现有的动物实验显示Sev的吸入可能会导致新生小鼠脑组织中的神经元细胞的异常凋亡,脑组织中血灌注量不足,导致患儿脑组织中海马区神经元细胞中突触素(synapsin,SYN)和突触蛋白微管相关蛋白-2(microtubule associated protein-2,Map-2)的表达下降,相应的认知标志蛋白突触后致密物蛋白(postsynaptic density protein,PSD)95和突触生长素(synaptophysin,SYP)的表达不足,患儿出现一定的认知、学习以及记忆障碍[2]。因此,深入揭示在吸入Sev后,新生动物脑组织中海马区神经元细胞的凋亡和突触重塑的分子机制,具有重要临床意义。
作为常见的镇静和镇痛药物,右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)被广泛应用到ICU和临床麻醉中。研究显示Dex在外科手术中显示了良好的肝、肾、肺和脑等脏器保护作用[3]。但是有关Dex对新生动物大脑海马区神经突触的重塑的影响的报道较少。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)/核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)信号是一条内源性的通路,该信号的表达与细胞的应激、增殖、凋亡以及分化的关系密切。已有研究显示在吸入Sev后,新生大鼠脑组织中mTOR/NF-κB信号处于激活状态[4]。刘媛媛等[5]研究显示在血管痴呆小鼠模型中,抑制mTOR/NF-κB的信号传导,降低磷酸化mTOR(phospho-mTOR,p-mTOR)与磷酸化NF-κB(phospho-NF-κB,p-NF-κB)的表达,能明显减轻动物脑组织中的病理损伤,改善动物的记忆和学习功能,缓解动物的认知障碍。本研究通过构建Sev诱导认知损伤障碍新生大鼠模型,以mTOR/NF-κB信号通路激活剂佛波酯(phorbol12-myristate13-acetate,PMA)做功能挽救实验,探讨Dex对新生大鼠海马区神经元细胞突触重塑的影响机制,以期为新生儿麻醉相关神经毒性的药物干预提供新思路。
50只6日龄SPF级SD雄性大鼠,体质量(9.5~11.5)g,购自贵州中医药大学实验动物研究所并适应性喂养在该实验动物研究所[生产许可证SCXK(黔)2021-0003,使用许可证SYXK(黔)2021-0005]。盐酸右美托咪定注射液(Dex)购自四川国瑞药业有限责任公司,PMA购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司,Sev购自上海恒瑞制药技术有限公司,兔抗大鼠p-mTOR、p-NF-κB、mTOR、NF-κB、Bcl-2、Bax、SYN和Map-2、SYP和PSD95、GAPDH抗体购自美国PIERCE公司,细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling,TUNEL)购自美国Gibco公司,尼氏染色试剂盒、免疫组化染色试剂盒购自上海信帆生物公司,免疫荧光染色试剂盒、Western blot试剂盒、TritonX-100溶液购自武汉三鹰公司,Fast King RT DNA逆转录试剂盒、YBR Select Master Mix、RNA提取试剂盒购自美国Life Technology公司。SP300S高级智能组织脱水机、RM2135型石蜡切片机购自德国Leica公司,Bruker Icon型小动物高分辨率活体磁共振成像系统购自德国Bruker公司,BX61-32FAI-S09荧光显微镜购自日本 OLYMPUS公司,Nano Drop 2000分光光度计购自美国Bio-Rad公司,PIKOREAL96型实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)基因扩增仪购自美国Thermo公司,PeriScan PSI System激光散斑成像仪购自瑞典PERIMED公司。
将大鼠按照随机数字表法分为(n=10):假手术(Sham)组、模型(Model)组、Dex低、高剂量(Dex-L、Dex-H)组、激活剂(PMA)组;其中,Model、Dex-L、Dex-H、PMA组大鼠参照SHEN等[6]造模术进行造模:将实验动物放入完全封闭的特制箱内4 h,以2 L/min的流速向箱内通入2% Sev+21%O2;Sham组大鼠放入封闭的箱内4 h,通入新鲜的空气。在放入箱内前2 h,Dex-L、Dex-H组大鼠分别腹腔注射10和30 μg/kg的Dex,PMA组大鼠腹腔注射30 μg/kg的Dex和5 mg/kg的PMA;Sham组和Model组大鼠腹腔注射等浓度的生理盐水,造模48 h后进行行为学测试。
根据XIA等[7]介绍的方法进行,在测试时以新物体(5 cm×5 cm×5 cm)取代大鼠熟悉的物体(4 cm×4 cm×10 cm),通过辨别指数的变化评估大鼠对新物体的辨别能力。公式为:辨别指数=(新物体的探索时间-熟悉物体的探索时间)/总探索时间。辨别指数越高说明动物的认知能力越好。
根据廖可欣等[8]介绍的方法进行,将每组大鼠经跳台试验仪进行检测,记录大鼠的潜伏时间(即大鼠第一次跳下跳台后进入暗室的时间)和错误次数(大鼠5 min内跳下跳台的次数)。潜伏时间越长、错误次数越低表示大鼠的学习和记忆能力越好。
上述实验结束后,给予戊巴比妥钠(50 mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,背卧位固定,沿头顶正中进行纵切,在显微镜下仔细分离骨膜,PeriScan PSI System激光散斑成像仪扫描各组大鼠大脑皮层的血流变化,记录大鼠大脑皮层血流灌注的彩色图谱[9]。
激光散斑成像结束后,以过量的戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射处死大鼠,无菌操作台上分离大鼠脑组织,显微镜下分离大鼠的海马区组织,将动物海马组织置于梯度乙醇(70%、80%、90%、95%、100%)中脱水,二甲苯透明后石蜡包埋,制成切片,烤片后脱蜡至水,进行尼氏染色,室温孵育30 min后,PBS清洗,封片,镜下观察神经元的缺失情况。
取各组大鼠部分海马区组织样本,通过2.5%戊二醛进行预固定120 min,锇酸再固定60 min,包埋后,进行超薄切片,进行双氧铀、枸橼酸铅双染色,JEM-2800透射电镜下检测海马组织中的突触损伤。
取各组大鼠部分海马区组织样本,常规固定,石蜡包埋,切片,将切片脱蜡后,置于100 μL 的0.1% TritonX-100溶液中10 min,漂洗后滴加TUNEL工作液,室温下避光孵育2 h,显微镜下观察,Image J对数据进行统计分析。
取各组大鼠部分海马区组织样本,加入适量RNAzol®RT进行样本的RNA裂解,常规操作提取总RNA,分光光度计进行定量后,Fast King RT DNA逆转录试剂盒逆转录合成cDNA,按要求配置反应体系[10],PIKOREAL96型qRT-PCR仪进行扩增,反应参数:逆转录:50 ℃ 120 s;预变性:95 ℃ 30 s;变性:95 ℃ 5 s;退火-延伸:55 ℃ 60 s,45个循环,引物序列见表1,通过2-△△Ct来表示各目的基因的相对表达量。
将大鼠部分海马区组织样本制成切片,将切片置于二甲苯中脱蜡,梯度乙醇(70%、80%、90%、100%)中分别浸泡5 min,于微波炉中进行抗原修复,滴加适量H2O2后,静置8 min,以50 μL的5%BSA进行封闭,滴加一抗SYN(1∶500)和Map-2(1∶500),37 ℃下孵育120 min,磷酸盐缓冲液清洗3次,滴加辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔二抗(1∶1 500),37 ℃下孵育60 min,显色,待出现棕褐色颗粒后终止反应,二甲苯透明,封片镜下观察。
将各组海马组织切片置于二甲苯溶液中脱蜡,通过梯度乙醇(70%、80%、90%、100%)水化,加入0.25% 的Triton X-100溶液,以柠檬酸盐缓冲液进行抗原修复20 min,在封闭液中封闭60 min,加入一抗兔抗SYP(1∶500)和PSD95(1∶500),4 ℃避光过夜,次日,充分漂洗后,加入适量的Alexa Fluor® 594-羊抗兔IgG荧光二抗(1∶1 000),避光孵育,封片,显微镜下观察。
取各组大鼠部分海马区组织,常规提取样本中的总蛋白,BCA试剂盒进行定量,以50 μg样品进行电泳分离,经转膜,置于封闭液中60 min,加入一抗(兔抗p-mTOR、p-NF-κB、mTOR、NF-κB、Bcl-2和Bax抗体均为1∶500),4 ℃孵育过夜,加入辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔二抗(1∶1 500)稀释后,室温摇床避光孵育60 min,洗膜,增强化学发光法孵育10 min,显影后以GAPDH为参照,统计分析目标蛋白的相对表达。
采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析,采用GraphPad 8.0进行作图,符合正态分布的数据采用x¯±s进行表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组组间比较采用LSD-t检验,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
评估结果显示,与Sham组大鼠相比,Model组、Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠辨别指数和潜伏期明显下降,错误次数明显升高;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠辨别指数和潜伏期明显升高,错误次数明显下降;与Dex-L组相比,Dex-H组大鼠辨别指数和潜伏期明显升高,错误次数明显下降;与Dex-H组相比,PMA组大鼠辨别指数和潜伏期明显下降,错误次数明显升高(P<0.05,图1)。
激光散斑成像检测结果显示,与Sham组相比,Model组、Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠脑组织的血流灌注量明显减少;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠脑组织的血流灌注量明显升高,与Dex-L组相比,Dex-H组大鼠脑组织的血流灌注量明显升高,与Dex-H组相比,PMA组大鼠脑组织的血流灌注量明显减少(P<0.05,图2)。
尼氏染色结果显示,Sham组大鼠海马区CA1区和CA3区神经元细胞形态完整,胞质界限清晰,细胞排列规整,神经元内的尼氏小体丰富;Model组大鼠海马区CA1区和CA3区中的细胞形态不规整,排列紊乱,胞质、核质界限不明,染色质固缩严重,细胞间距明显增加,尼氏小体数量明显下降;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组海马区神经元细胞的损伤明显减轻,而与Dex-H组相比,PMA的介入则部分逆转了Dex对神经元细胞的改善作用。统计结果显示,与Sham组相比,Model组、Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马区CA1区和CA3区神经元细胞的数量明显减少;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马区CA1区和CA3区神经元细胞的数量明显升高;与Dex-L组相比,Dex-H组大鼠海马区CA1区和CA3区神经元细胞的数量明显升高;与Dex-H组相比,PMA组大鼠海马区CA1区和CA3区神经元细胞的数量明显减少(P<0.05,图3)。
电镜下,Sham组海马神经元细胞的胞核形态稳定,核膜呈规则的圆形或椭圆形,染色质分布均匀,胞浆内的细胞器结构完整,线粒体的嵴结构完整,数量丰富,内质网、高尔基体以及核糖体结构清晰完整,突触结构完整,间隙清晰可辨,突触后膜可见较为明显的致密物质;Model组大鼠海马区的神经出现不同程度的变性或坏死,神经元细胞形态不规整,细胞体积缩小明显,核质固缩严重,胞浆中的细胞器数量明显减少,线粒体肿胀严重,嵴结构或断裂或缺失,突触结构受损明显,间隙增加,突触后膜的致密物质明显变薄。与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组海马区超微结构以及突触的超微结构的损伤明显减轻;与Dex-H组相比,PMA的介入则部分逆转了Dex对神经元细胞的改善作用。统计结果显示,与Sham组相比,Model组、Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马区突触结构的数量明显减少;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马区突触结构的数量明显升高,与Dex-L组相比,Dex-H组大鼠海马区突触结构的数量明显升高;与Dex-H组相比,PMA组大鼠海马区突触结构的数量明显减少(P<0.05,图4)。
TUNEL染色结果显示,与Sham组相比,Model组、Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中的细胞凋亡率明显升高;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中的细胞凋亡率明显降低;与Dex-L组相比,Dex-H组大鼠海马组织中的细胞凋亡率明显降低;与Dex-H组相比,PMA组大鼠海马组织中的细胞凋亡率明显升高(均P<0.05,图5)。
qRT-PCR结果显示,与Sham组相比,Model组、Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中mTOR、NF-κB、Bax的mRNA的表达明显升高,SYP、PSD95、SYN、Map-2和Bcl-2的mRNA的表达明显降低;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中mTOR、NF-κB、Bax的mRNA的表达明显降低,SYP、PSD95、SYN、Map-2和Bcl-2的mRNA的表达明显升高;与Dex-L组相比,Dex-H组大鼠海马组织中mTOR、NF-κB、Bax的mRNA的表达明显降低,SYP、PSD95、SYN、Map-2和Bcl-2的mRNA的表达明显升高;与Dex-H组相比,PMA组大鼠海马组织中mTOR、NF-κB、Bax的mRNA的表达明显升高,SYP、PSD95、SYN、Map-2和Bcl-2的mRNA的表达明显降低(P<0.05,图6)。
免疫组化结果显示,与Sham组大鼠相比,Model组、Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中SYN和Map-2的表达明显降低;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中SYN和Map-2的表达明显升高;与Dex-L组相比,Dex-H组大鼠海马组织中SYN和Map-2的表达明显升高;与Dex-H组相比,PMA组大鼠海马组织中SYN和Map-2的表达明显降低(P<0.05,图7)。
免疫荧光结果显示,与Sham组大鼠相比,Model组、Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中SYP和PSD95的表达明显降低;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中SYP和PSD95的表达明显升高;与Dex-L组相比,Dex-H组大鼠海马组织中SYP和PSD95的表达明显升高;与Dex-H组相比,PMA组大鼠海马组织中SYP和PSD95的表达明显降低(P<0.05,图8)。
Western blot结果显示,与Sham组相比,Model组、Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中Bcl-2的表达程度显著降低,p-mTOR/mTOR、p-NF-κB/NF-κB和Bax的表达程度均显著升高;与Model组相比,Dex-L组、Dex-H组、PMA组大鼠海马组织中Bcl-2的表达程度显著升高,p-mTOR/mTOR、p-NF-κB/NF-κB和Bax的表达程度显著降低;与Dex-L组相比,Dex-H组大鼠海马组织中Bcl-2的表达程度明显升高,p-mTOR/mTOR、p-NF-κB/NF-κB和Bax的表达程度显著降低;与Dex-H实验动物相比,PMA组大鼠海马组织中Bcl-2的表达程度明显降低,p-mTOR/mTOR、p-NF-κB/NF-κB和Bax的表达程度显著升高(P<0.05,图9)。
当新生大鼠吸入Sev后,大鼠脑组织中mTOR/NF-κB信号被激活,mTOR、NF-κB的转录与翻译表达升高,p-mTOR/mTOR、p-NF-κB/NF-κB的表达升高,大鼠出现严重的认知、学习以及记忆障碍;当以Dex进行干预后,可明显抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号的激活,部分逆转Sev对神经突触的损伤作用,而以mTOR/NF-κB信号激活剂PMA进行干预后,可部分解除Dex对神经元细胞的保护作用,证实Dex可能通过抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号来发挥作用(图10)。
新生儿的神经系统由于存在发育的特殊性,在某些需要进行全身麻醉的情况下,Sev其起效快、苏醒快、对循环影响小等优点,成为新生儿诱导麻醉与维系麻醉的首选麻醉药。但现有的动物研究和临床结果显示,在新生儿的早期,经Sev干预后,新生动物或患儿出现一定程度的神经发育障碍和认知发育异常[11],但是其中的分子病理发展机制尚未完全明确,但Sev干预后,分子之间复杂的相互作用引发的神经元细胞的异常凋亡以及海马神经突触的不正常重塑是导致认知障碍和学习、记忆异常的主要病理改变。本研究通过Sev干预新生大鼠后,Model组大鼠辨别指数和潜伏期明显下降(P<0.05),错误次数明显升高(P<0.05),出现明显认知、学习与记忆障碍,因此,深入探讨Sev干预后,新生动物海马区神经元损伤的分子进展机制具有重大意义。
Dex因其良好的镇静与镇痛活性,被广泛应用在全身麻醉、无痛检查以及局部麻醉等过程中,显示了对脑、心等脏器保护效用[12]。SUO等[13]研究显示,在术后认知障碍小鼠模型中,Dex的应用能明显抑制脑组织中NF-κB的表达,增加动物脑组织海马神经元中Map-2和SYN的表达,增加海马区神经突触的数量,抑制实验动物海马区突触的重塑。PSD95是神经元细胞的骨架蛋白之一,在促进神经结构、功能发育方面发挥重要作用。SYN是突触前囊泡膜上的整合膜蛋白,其表达与海马组织中的认知、记忆以及分析行为关系密切。XU等[14]研究显示,在手术创伤诱导小鼠认知障碍模型中,Dex能明显上调动物脑组织中PSD95的表达,上调海马区组织中PSD95和SYN的表达,改善动物的认知障碍。本研究结果显示,在Sev诱导的新生大鼠认知障碍模型中,Dex能明显抑制动物海马区的神经元细胞的凋亡,上调动物脑组织中的血流灌注量,上调海马区中PSD95、SYP、Map-2和SYN的表达,改善动物的认知、学习和记忆障碍。
Sev诱导的新生大鼠脑损伤是一个多基因调控的多种信号通路的异常表达协同作用的最终结果[15]。而mTOR/NF-κB信号的异常传导会影响癫痫、阿兹海默症等神经认知疾病的进展[16]。XIA等[17]研究显示,处于坐骨神经损伤状态的大鼠模型中,抑制mTOR/NF-κB的激活,能明显抑制神经组织中的细胞凋亡,改善动物的运动神经功能障碍。ZHANG等[18]研究显示,在糖尿病周围神经病痛小鼠模型中,抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号的传导,降低p-mTOR/mTOR、p-NF-κB/NF-κB的表达,能明显抑制神经组织中炎症应激的进展,降低神经组织中的细胞凋亡率,减轻其病理损伤。本研究通过qRT-PCR结果显示,在模型组动物的脑组织海马区中,p-mTOR/mTOR、p-NF-κB/NF-κB的mRNA和蛋白的表达升高,而以Dex进行干预后,Dex-L组、Dex-H组大鼠脑组织海马区中p-mTOR/mTOR、p-NF-κB/NF-κB的表达下降,而以mTOR/NF-κB信号激活剂PMA进行干预后,可部分解除Dex对神经元细胞的保护作用,证实Dex可能通过抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号来发挥作用。
本研究的局限性在于新生大鼠在大脑的发育、药物代谢动力以及神经系统分化方面存在明显差异,难以完全模拟临床中复杂多变的情景,同时由于动物饲养的差异性,针对SD新生大鼠对药物的最低有效剂量和最大安全剂量难以固定在某一精准剂量上,无法排除更高或更低剂量是否会产生不同甚至相反的效果,因此后续将对给药剂量以及给药时机(如麻醉前、麻醉中或麻醉后)设计更为严谨的实验,进行优化,以给出与实际更为贴切的药物剂量以及给药时机,另外,本研究的观察周期相对较短,Dex对海马神经元的保护效应能否持续至动物成年,对雌性动物能否产生等效的保护效应,以及Dex的直接效应细胞核更为完整的分子作用网络,均成为未来研究的方向。
综上所述,Dex可能通过抑制mTOR/NF-κB信号通路的传导,抑制Sev诱导的海马神经元凋亡,上调突触蛋白(SYN、Map-2、SYP、PSD95)表达,改善突触重塑,从而缓解新生大鼠的认知功能障碍。但是Dex是否还通过其他信号影响疾病的进展,仍需更为深入的研究。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509053
  • 接收时间:2025-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-15
  • 修回日期:2025-12-03
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    1贵州中医药大学第一附属医院麻醉科,贵州 贵阳

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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