Article(id=1322934760858853495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934653228822704, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724342400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-23, revisedDate=1734364800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341825928, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341825928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341825928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341825928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934653228822704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='385', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741968000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341800267, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341800267, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=480, endPage=488, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934763027308664, articleId=1322934760858853495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Construction of goal management training program and its efficacy for mental health intervention in college students with inattentive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, columnId=1320435226828980311, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Medical Psychology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To explore the efficacy of goal management training (GMT) on core symptoms and mental status in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattentive type.

Methods‍

Delphi method was used to construct a GMT program for college students with inattentive ADHD. Then, totally 68 college students with inattentive ADHD were recruited through advertisements published by hospitals and universities (Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, and 3 universities in Chongqing from March to June 2024. The subjects were randomly divided into an intervention group (n=34) and a control group (n=34). The intervention group received GMT for 2 h, once a week, for 7 weeks, and the control group did not receive training for the time being. The 2 groups were evaluated within 1 week before and in 7 weeks after intervention by using Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Dysregulation of Emotions Rating Scale (DERS), Generalized Anxiety Disorde-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).

Results‍

① The expert authority coefficient (Cr) of 2 rounds of expert consultation was 0.83, with a questionnaire recovery rate of 100% and 95%, respectively, the Kendall’s coordination coefficient was 0.081 (P<0.01) and 0.226 (P<0.01), and the coefficient of variation was <0.3, indicating the results of the expert consultation were reliable. The constructed GMT program includes 1 first-level indicator, 7 second-level indicators, and 20 third-level indicators. ② After 7 weeks of GMT intervention, the interaction between the 2 groups and time showed that the experimental group obtained significant improvements than the control group in terms of inattention symptoms (Wald Chi-square=28.35, P<0.001), dysregulation of emotions (Wald Chi-square=23.81, P<0.001), anxiety (Wald Chi-square=22.79, P<0.001), depression (Wald Chi-square=20.52, P<0.001), self-compassion (Wald Chi-square=9.36, P<0.01), and life satisfaction (Wald Chi-square=3.97, P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

GMT intervention can significantly improve the core symptoms of college students with inattentive ADHD, reduce anxiety and depression levels, enhance their emotion regulation and self-compassion abilities, and improve their life satisfaction.

, authors=Hui HENG1, Yingcan ZHENG1, Ying HE2, Hong SU3, Yunxuan ZHAO4, Feijuan CUI1, Guoyu YANG1, authorsList=Hui HENG, Yingcan ZHENG, Ying HE, Hong SU, Yunxuan ZHAO, Feijuan CUI, Guoyu YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guoyu YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934767112560766, articleId=1322934760858853495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=目标管理训练的方案构建及其对注意缺陷型注意缺陷多动障碍大学生的心理健康干预效果, columnId=1322210916465234306, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=医学心理学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨目标管理训练对注意缺陷型注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)大学生核心症状和心理健康水平的改善效果。

方法

采用德尔菲法,构建注意缺陷型ADHD大学生目标管理训练方案。在2024年3-6月,通过陆军军医大学第二附属医院及重庆市3所大学发布广告,招募注意缺陷型ADHD大学生共68人,采用计算机随机化法将研究对象分为试验组(34人)和对照组(34人)。试验组接受连续7周,每周1次,每次2 h的目标管理训练,对照组暂不接受训练。使用成人多动症症状自评问卷(Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale,ASRS)、情绪调节困难问卷(Dysregulation of Emotions Rating Scale,DERS)、七项广泛性焦虑障碍量表 (Generalized Anxiety Disorde-7,GAD-7)、抑郁症筛查量表(Patient Health Questionnaire-9,PHQ-9)、自我关怀问卷(Self-Compassion Scale,SCS)、生活满意度量表(Satisfaction with Life Scale,SWLS),在训练前1周内(前测)、训练后1周内(后测)对2组被试进行评估。

结果

① 2轮专家咨询的专家权威系数(Cr)为0.83,问卷回收率分别为100%和95%,肯德尔协调系数分别为0.081(P<0.01)、0.226(P<0.001),变异系数均<0.3,专家咨询结果可靠。目标管理训练包含1个一级指标、7个二级指标、20个三级指标。②7周目标管理训练后组别和时间交互作用显示,试验组在注意缺陷症状(Wald χ2 =28.35,P<0.001)、情绪调节困难(Wald χ2 =23.81,P<0.001)、焦虑(Wald χ2 =22.79,P<0.001)、抑郁(Wald χ2=20.52,P<0.001)、自我关怀(Wald χ2 =9.36,P<0.01)和生活满意度(Wald χ2 =3.97,P<0.05)等指标的改善程度与对照组相比均具有统计学差异。

结论

目标管理训练能显著改善注意缺陷型ADHD大学生的核心症状,降低焦虑、抑郁水平,增强情绪调节、自我关怀能力,提高生活满意度。

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杨国愉,E-mail:
YANG Guoyu,E-mail:
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a:P<0.001,b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=8Yj6QyAg39pDVQjhNYT/4w==, figureFileBig=6uc35VayQJApHFNc0d8SIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934775987708088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934760858853495, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标人数构成比/%
性别
男性525
女性1575
年龄/岁
30~40840
>40~501050
>50~60210
工作年限/年
1~10420
>10~201155
>20~40525
职称
中级及以下315
副高级1470
正高级315
学历
学士15
硕士525
博士1470
研究领域
心理学1470
教育学210
精神病学315
临床医学15
), ArticleFig(id=1322934776344223929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934760858853495, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

专家咨询基本情况(n=20)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标人数构成比/%
性别
男性525
女性1575
年龄/岁
30~40840
>40~501050
>50~60210
工作年限/年
1~10420
>10~201155
>20~40525
职称
中级及以下315
副高级1470
正高级315
学历
学士15
硕士525
博士1470
研究领域
心理学1470
教育学210
精神病学315
临床医学15
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变量试验组对照组t/χ2P
性别0.240.62
男性13(38.0)15(44.0)
女性21(62.0)19(56.0)
年龄/岁-0.940.35
1814(41.2)10(29.4)
199(26.5)11(32.4)
207(20.6)6(17.6)
212(5.9)6(17.6)
222(5.9)1(2.9)
是否独生子女0.070.79
是9(26.5)10 (29.4)
否25(73.5)24 (70.6)
ADHD症状得分
注意缺陷症状20.71±3.5621.65±3.09-1.740.08
多动/冲动症状13.62±2.6713.50±2.63-0.490.63
心理健康情况得分
情绪调节困难103.44±20.20101.00±20.610.490.62
焦虑17.41±5.1515.91±4.140.160.19
抑郁19.76±4.2620.12±4.290.970.74
自我关怀77.71±12.0774.62±10.90-0.680.50
生活满意度16.24±4.3414.09±5.780.180.09
), ArticleFig(id=1322934777183084731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934760858853495, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

训练前人口学资料与基线量表得分[x¯±s,例(%),n=34]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量试验组对照组t/χ2P
性别0.240.62
男性13(38.0)15(44.0)
女性21(62.0)19(56.0)
年龄/岁-0.940.35
1814(41.2)10(29.4)
199(26.5)11(32.4)
207(20.6)6(17.6)
212(5.9)6(17.6)
222(5.9)1(2.9)
是否独生子女0.070.79
是9(26.5)10 (29.4)
否25(73.5)24 (70.6)
ADHD症状得分
注意缺陷症状20.71±3.5621.65±3.09-1.740.08
多动/冲动症状13.62±2.6713.50±2.63-0.490.63
心理健康情况得分
情绪调节困难103.44±20.20101.00±20.610.490.62
焦虑17.41±5.1515.91±4.140.160.19
抑郁19.76±4.2620.12±4.290.970.74
自我关怀77.71±12.0774.62±10.90-0.680.50
生活满意度16.24±4.3414.09±5.780.180.09
), ArticleFig(id=1322934777594126524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934760858853495, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量时间点试验组(n=23)对照组(n=26)Wald χ2
分组时间时间×分组
注意缺陷症状前测20.00(18.00,22.00)22.00(19.00,24.00)28.92a62.94a28.35a
后测11.00(9.00,15.00)18.50(17.50,23.50)
情绪调节困难前测102.00(91.00,118.00)100.50(85.00,117.00)10.01b19.60a23.81a
后测78.00(61.00,88.00)105.00(89.50,111.25)
焦虑前测18.00(12.00,20.00)16.50 (12.75,19.00)2.7210.18b22.79a
后测13.00 (8.00,14.00)17.00 (13.75,19.25)
抑郁前测20.00 (17.00,22.00)20.00 (17.00,23.00)12.95a9.25b20.52a
后测14.00 (10.00,18.00)20.50 (18.00,24.00)
自我关怀前测78.00 (68.00,84.00)73.50(66.75,83.00)13.12a29.21a9.36b
后测99.00(81.00,113.00)78.50(69.25,87.50)
生活满意度前测17.00(12.00,19.00)13.00(9.75,16.25)9.51b29.25a3.97c
后测20.00(18.00,27.00)16.00(11.75,20.25)
), ArticleFig(id=1322934777698984125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934760858853495, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验组和对照组在不同测量时间点各指标得分及广义估计方程分析结果[M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量时间点试验组(n=23)对照组(n=26)Wald χ2
分组时间时间×分组
注意缺陷症状前测20.00(18.00,22.00)22.00(19.00,24.00)28.92a62.94a28.35a
后测11.00(9.00,15.00)18.50(17.50,23.50)
情绪调节困难前测102.00(91.00,118.00)100.50(85.00,117.00)10.01b19.60a23.81a
后测78.00(61.00,88.00)105.00(89.50,111.25)
焦虑前测18.00(12.00,20.00)16.50 (12.75,19.00)2.7210.18b22.79a
后测13.00 (8.00,14.00)17.00 (13.75,19.25)
抑郁前测20.00 (17.00,22.00)20.00 (17.00,23.00)12.95a9.25b20.52a
后测14.00 (10.00,18.00)20.50 (18.00,24.00)
自我关怀前测78.00 (68.00,84.00)73.50(66.75,83.00)13.12a29.21a9.36b
后测99.00(81.00,113.00)78.50(69.25,87.50)
生活满意度前测17.00(12.00,19.00)13.00(9.75,16.25)9.51b29.25a3.97c
后测20.00(18.00,27.00)16.00(11.75,20.25)
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目标管理训练的方案构建及其对注意缺陷型注意缺陷多动障碍大学生的心理健康干预效果
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衡惠 1 , 郑莹灿 1 , 贺英 2 , 苏红 3 , 赵芸萱 4 , 崔飞娟 1 , 杨国愉 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 医学心理学 2025,47(5): 480-488
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陆军军医大学学报 |医学心理学 2025 , 47 (5) : 480 -488
目标管理训练的方案构建及其对注意缺陷型注意缺陷多动障碍大学生的心理健康干预效果
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衡惠1, 郑莹灿1, 贺英2, 苏红3, 赵芸萱4, 崔飞娟1, 杨国愉1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)医学心理系军人发展心理教研室,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院医学心理科,重庆
  • 3重庆城市管理职业学院智慧康养学院,重庆
  • 4重庆工程职业技术学院马克思主义学院,重庆
通讯作者:
杨国愉,E-mail:
YANG Guoyu,E-mail:
Construction of goal management training program and its efficacy for mental health intervention in college students with inattentive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Hui HENG1, Yingcan ZHENG1, Ying HE2, Hong SU3, Yunxuan ZHAO4, Feijuan CUI1, Guoyu YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Developmental Psychology for Armyman,Faculty of Medical Psychology,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 2Department of Psychology,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 3School of Smart Healthcare Industry,Chongqing City Management College,Chongqing
  • 4School of Marxism,Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408091
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目的

探讨目标管理训练对注意缺陷型注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)大学生核心症状和心理健康水平的改善效果。

方法

采用德尔菲法,构建注意缺陷型ADHD大学生目标管理训练方案。在2024年3-6月,通过陆军军医大学第二附属医院及重庆市3所大学发布广告,招募注意缺陷型ADHD大学生共68人,采用计算机随机化法将研究对象分为试验组(34人)和对照组(34人)。试验组接受连续7周,每周1次,每次2 h的目标管理训练,对照组暂不接受训练。使用成人多动症症状自评问卷(Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale,ASRS)、情绪调节困难问卷(Dysregulation of Emotions Rating Scale,DERS)、七项广泛性焦虑障碍量表 (Generalized Anxiety Disorde-7,GAD-7)、抑郁症筛查量表(Patient Health Questionnaire-9,PHQ-9)、自我关怀问卷(Self-Compassion Scale,SCS)、生活满意度量表(Satisfaction with Life Scale,SWLS),在训练前1周内(前测)、训练后1周内(后测)对2组被试进行评估。

结果

① 2轮专家咨询的专家权威系数(Cr)为0.83,问卷回收率分别为100%和95%,肯德尔协调系数分别为0.081(P<0.01)、0.226(P<0.001),变异系数均<0.3,专家咨询结果可靠。目标管理训练包含1个一级指标、7个二级指标、20个三级指标。②7周目标管理训练后组别和时间交互作用显示,试验组在注意缺陷症状(Wald χ2 =28.35,P<0.001)、情绪调节困难(Wald χ2 =23.81,P<0.001)、焦虑(Wald χ2 =22.79,P<0.001)、抑郁(Wald χ2=20.52,P<0.001)、自我关怀(Wald χ2 =9.36,P<0.01)和生活满意度(Wald χ2 =3.97,P<0.05)等指标的改善程度与对照组相比均具有统计学差异。

结论

目标管理训练能显著改善注意缺陷型ADHD大学生的核心症状,降低焦虑、抑郁水平,增强情绪调节、自我关怀能力,提高生活满意度。

注意缺陷多动障碍  /  心理健康  /  目标管理训练
Objective‍

To explore the efficacy of goal management training (GMT) on core symptoms and mental status in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattentive type.

Methods‍

Delphi method was used to construct a GMT program for college students with inattentive ADHD. Then, totally 68 college students with inattentive ADHD were recruited through advertisements published by hospitals and universities (Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, and 3 universities in Chongqing from March to June 2024. The subjects were randomly divided into an intervention group (n=34) and a control group (n=34). The intervention group received GMT for 2 h, once a week, for 7 weeks, and the control group did not receive training for the time being. The 2 groups were evaluated within 1 week before and in 7 weeks after intervention by using Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Dysregulation of Emotions Rating Scale (DERS), Generalized Anxiety Disorde-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).

Results‍

① The expert authority coefficient (Cr) of 2 rounds of expert consultation was 0.83, with a questionnaire recovery rate of 100% and 95%, respectively, the Kendall’s coordination coefficient was 0.081 (P<0.01) and 0.226 (P<0.01), and the coefficient of variation was <0.3, indicating the results of the expert consultation were reliable. The constructed GMT program includes 1 first-level indicator, 7 second-level indicators, and 20 third-level indicators. ② After 7 weeks of GMT intervention, the interaction between the 2 groups and time showed that the experimental group obtained significant improvements than the control group in terms of inattention symptoms (Wald Chi-square=28.35, P<0.001), dysregulation of emotions (Wald Chi-square=23.81, P<0.001), anxiety (Wald Chi-square=22.79, P<0.001), depression (Wald Chi-square=20.52, P<0.001), self-compassion (Wald Chi-square=9.36, P<0.01), and life satisfaction (Wald Chi-square=3.97, P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

GMT intervention can significantly improve the core symptoms of college students with inattentive ADHD, reduce anxiety and depression levels, enhance their emotion regulation and self-compassion abilities, and improve their life satisfaction.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  /  mental health  /  goal management training
衡惠, 郑莹灿, 贺英, 苏红, 赵芸萱, 崔飞娟, 杨国愉. 目标管理训练的方案构建及其对注意缺陷型注意缺陷多动障碍大学生的心理健康干预效果. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (5) : 480 -488 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408091
Hui HENG, Yingcan ZHENG, Ying HE, Hong SU, Yunxuan ZHAO, Feijuan CUI, Guoyu YANG. Construction of goal management training program and its efficacy for mental health intervention in college students with inattentive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (5) : 480 -488 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408091
注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ,ADHD)是一种常见的神经发育障碍,按临床表现可分为注意缺陷型、多动冲动型和混合型3种不同亚型,其中,注意缺陷型核心症状主要包括:难以维持注意力、粗心大意、杂乱无章、缺乏组织性[1]。流行病学研究表明,成人ADHD的患病率约为3.4%[2],而在大学生中的阳性率约为8%[3-4]。
注意缺陷症状严重影响大学生的心理健康。大学生正处于由青春期向成年期的过渡时期,面临着环境变化和学业压力的挑战[5],注意缺陷症状使大学生难以应对环境变化和学业的压力,从而导致学业成绩下降、焦虑、抑郁、生活满意度降低[6]。研究发现,注意缺陷型ADHD患者存在严重的情绪调节困难问题,他们往往感知到较高的焦虑和抑郁情绪[7]。自我关怀是指个体在感知到失败、不足或痛苦时,能够善待自己,客观地看待痛苦,并将其视为所有人都会经历的共同经验,包括自我友善、共同人性感、正念3个维度[8]。GALVIN等[9]发现自我关怀能有效改善焦虑、抑郁情绪,帮助提高大学生心理健康[10],然而患ADHD的大学生自我关怀水平较低[11]。因此,自我关怀可能可以作为提高注意缺陷型ADHD大学生心理健康的干预靶点。
目前,临床上将药物治疗作为成人ADHD的主要治疗手段,但长时间的药物治疗往往引起较严重的不良反应[12]。目标管理训练是基于注意控制理论的团体认知干预训练,通过传授目标管理策略,以提高目标的实现[13]。JENSEN等[14]使用目标管理训练有效提高了成人ADHD患者的抑制控制能力,并且在6个月后的随访中效果依然显著。IN DE BRAEK等[15]的研究也发现目标管理训练能有效改善成人ADHD患者的核心症状。然而,以往的目标管理训练只关注症状的改善,较少关注ADHD患者的心理健康水平,并且既往的研究较少基于ADHD的不同分型进行疗效探索,研究对象不聚焦。
因此,本研究基于注意缺陷型ADHD大学生的核心症状、人群特点及心理健康的相关影响因素,构建了注意缺陷型ADHD大学生目标管理训练,以帮助注意缺陷型ADHD大学生改善核心症状,提高心理健康水平。同时,也为注意缺陷型ADHD大学生的临床治疗提供经验依据。
2024年3-6月,通过陆军军医大学第二附属医院及重庆市3所大学发布广告,招募注意缺陷型ADHD大学生共68例,采用计算机随机化法将被试分为试验组和对照组,每组各34例。
样本量与随机化方法:采用G-power 3.1对样本量进行估计[16]。检验方法为广义估计方程分析(组内和组间交互)条件下,组数为2,重复测量次数为2,取效应量Cohen’sd为0.25,显著性水平α为0.5,统计检验效力(1-β)为0.95,计算出总样本量为54人,每组样本量为27人,考虑25%的流失率,最终确定样本量为每组34人。应用SPSS 26.0软件生成随机数,依照样本量从1开始编号,用SPSS随机数字生成器按照固定值20240101在(0,1)区间内生成随机数字,然后将生成的随机数个案排秩,并在排秩前约定单数为试验组,双数为对照组。
纳入标准:①经有ADHD诊疗经验的精神科医师使用成人ADHD诊断访谈[17]评估,符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第5版(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition,DSM-5)中注意缺陷型ADHD的诊断标准[18];②年龄18~25岁,且为在读大学生;③自愿参与研究并签署知情同意书。排除标准:①症状出现在精神分裂症和其他精神病性障碍的发病期间,且能被其他精神障碍解释(如心境障碍、焦虑障碍、解离性障碍、人格障碍、物质中毒和戒断);②伴有严重躯体疾病或其他成瘾性疾病者;③中国修订韦氏成人智商量表 (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-revised in China,WAIS-RC) 评估智商<80;④目前正在接受或准备接受其他临床研究的患者。终止研究标准:①研究期间出现其他精神障碍或参加其他心理治疗;②研究参与度低、依从性差。本研究得到陆军军医大学第二附属医院医学伦理委员会的批准(2024-研第104-02),并已在中国临床试验注册中心注册(ChiCTR2500096278)。
ASRS由世界卫生组织修订[19],用于成人ADHD疗效评估[20],包括18个条目,分为注意缺陷(inattention,IA)和多动冲动(hyperactivity and impulsivity,HI) 2个分量表,各9个项目。根据症状出现情况进行 0(从不)到 4(经常)5点计分。本研究中IA和HI的Cronbach’s α系数均为0.86。
采用王力等[21]修订的中文版情绪调节困难问卷测量情绪调节能力,包括36个条目,分为情绪觉知困难、情绪理解困难、反应接受困难、冲动控制困难、目标定向困难和情绪调节策略使用困难6个维度。采用Likert 5级评分,从1~5代表“几乎从不”到“几乎总是”,总分越高代表情绪调节能力越差。本研究中DERS的Cronbach’s α系数为0.95。
采用GAD-7评估焦虑症状[22],包括7个条目,评估近2周内症状出现的天数,从0~3代表“从来没有”到“几乎每天”。总分越高,代表焦虑症状越重。本研究中GAD-7的Cronbach’s α系数为0.92。
PHQ-9[23]包括9项症状量表,用于评估抑郁症状,包括9个条目,根据近2周内症状出现频度进行评定,从0~3代表“从来没有”到“几乎每天”。总分越高,代表抑郁程度越高。本研究中PHQ-9的Cronbach’s α系数为0.90。
采用NEFF[24]编制的自我关怀问卷评估自我关怀能力,包括 26 个条目,分为3个对立的维度,6个分量表,分别为:自我友善与自我批判、共同人性感与孤立感、正念与过度认同。自我批判、孤立感和过度认同分量表项目进行反向计分。采用Likert 5级评分,得分越高,自我关怀水平越高。本研究中SCS的Cronbach’s α系数为0.92。
采用 DIENER等[25]编制的SWLS测量对生活状态的满意程度,包括5个条目,采用Likert 7级评分,从1~7代表“非常不同意”到“非常同意”。总分越高,代表被试对当前生活状态越满意。本研究中SWLS的Cronbach’s α系数为0.89。
对符合纳入排除标准的被试随机分组后,由心理学专业培训的医师或心理治疗师帮助被试确认知情同意书,在训练前1周内使用问卷进行评估(前测)。试验组进行目标管理训练,4~8人为1个训练组,共5组。由1名经系统培训且有临床工作经验的心理治疗师以及1名具有心理治疗师资格证的研究生进行主持,每周1次,每次2 h,共7次。对照组不接受训练,在试验组结束7周训练以及完成问卷评估后再进行目标管理训练。训练结束后1周内使用问卷进行盲法评估(后测)。
目标管理训练方案在JENSEN等[26]和IN DE BRAEK等[15]对成人ADHD的目标管理训练方案的基础上,以改善注意缺陷型ADHD核心症状为重点,结合课题前期研究结果,经反复讨论修改,最终形成《注意缺陷型ADHD大学生目标管理训练方案》专家咨询表。采用德尔菲法进行专家咨询[27],选取20名在医院和学校从事心理学、临床医学、精神病学和教育学工作领域的专家。纳入标准:①从事团体心理训练、团体心理治疗相关研究和工作的心理学、教育学专家;②具有ADHD诊疗经验的临床医学、精神病专家。本研究共进行2轮专家咨询,根据专家意见进行修订和调整,最终形成注意缺陷型ADHD大学生目标管理训练方案,咨询专家基本情况见表1。
使用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。专家咨询需要计算专家判断系数(Ca),专家熟悉程度(Cs),专家权威系数(Cr),问卷回收率,专家建议率,肯德尔协调系数和指标变异系数[28]。正态分布计量资料表示为x¯±s,非正态分布计量资料表示为M(P25,P75),使用χ2检验或独立样本t检验比较2组被试基线状态差异是否具有统计学意义,采用2(分组:试验组、对照组)×2(测量时间:训练前、训练后)进行广义估计方程分析;设置检验水准α=0.05。
2轮专家咨询专家判断系数(Ca)为0.91,专家熟悉程度(Cs)为0.75,专家权威系数(Cr)为0.83。第一轮回收率为100%,专家建议率100%,肯德尔系协调系数为0.081(P<0.01),变异系数为0.08~0.27,指标评分≥4分的比例为80%~100%。第二轮回收率为95%,专家建议率36.84%,肯德尔系协调系数为0.226(P<0.001),变异系数为0.00~0.11,指标评分≥4分的比例为100%。2轮专家咨询结果表明,本研究专家咨询结果可靠。
经过2轮专家咨询,最终确定注意缺陷型ADHD大学生目标管理训练方案,共包括1个一级指标(目标层),7个二级指标(主题层),20个三级指标(技术层)。训练主要内容包括认知注意缺陷、觉察注意缺陷、控制注意缺陷、目标陈述、目标决策、目标拆分、目标评价(图1)。
试验组脱落11例,对照组脱落8例,原因为期末考试、参加竞赛、实习和时间不便。试验组23人完成后测问卷,对照组26人完成后测问卷。2组被试的人口学资料、ADHD症状、心理健康的基线水平上差异均无统计学意义(表2)。进一步分析参与训练者与未参与训练者在人口学资料、ADHD症状以及心理健康各维度上差异,结果显示差异均无统计学意义,表示本研究的脱落为随机脱落。
比较试验组、对照组的前测、后测结果,组别和时间交互作用显示,试验组在注意缺陷症状(Wald χ2 =28.35,P<0.001),情绪调节困难(Wald χ2 =23.81,P<0.001)、焦虑(Wald χ2 =22.79,P<0.001)、抑郁(Wald χ2 =20.52,P<0.001)、自我关怀(Wald χ2 =9.36,P<0.01)和生活满意度(Wald χ2 =3.97,P<0.05)指标的改善程度与对照组相比均差异具有统计学意义(表3)。
时间的简单效应分析显示:试验组后测的注意缺陷症状、情绪调节困难、焦虑、抑郁得分均低于前测(P<0.01),自我关怀、生活满意度得分均高于前测(P<0.01)。对照组后测的注意缺陷症状、情绪调节困难、焦虑、抑郁、自我关怀、生活满意度得分与前测的差异均无统计学意义(图2)。
分组的简单效应分析显示:试验组与对照组的注意缺陷症状、情绪调节困难、焦虑、抑郁、自我关怀、生活满意度得分在前测差异无统计学意义,试验组训练后测的注意缺陷症状、情绪调节困难、焦虑、抑郁得分均低于对照组(P<0.01),自我关怀、生活满意度得分均高于对照组(图2)。
注意控制理论认为,当个体的注意持续性存在缺陷时,习惯或环境条件会取代目标,使个体产生线索依赖或分心行为,最终导致目标管理失败,因此强调向个体传授五阶段策略,帮助目标实现。自我关怀通过教授个体善待自己、客观地看待痛苦,并将痛苦视为所有人都会经历的共同经验来降低个体的焦虑、抑郁[31],促进情绪调节[32],提高心理健康水平。因此,本研究基于注意控制和自我关怀理论构建注意缺陷型ADHD大学生目标管理训练方案。
本研究共进行了2轮专家咨询,所选专家主要包括从事团体心理训练、团体心理治疗的心理学家,或具有ADHD相关诊疗经验的临床医生。在第一轮专家咨询中,有20名专家共提出了59条建议,专家协调系数为0.081,表明专家意见一致程度较差。根据专家意见在方案中增加了抑制控制相关的内容,进一步调整训练主题,使训练方案更贴合大学生日常生活。在第二轮专家咨询中,有7名专家提出14条意见,专家协调系数为0.226,专家意见逐步趋于一致,协调程度也在不断提高。专家咨询结果表明本研究所选专家权威性较高,专家咨询结果较可靠。
本研究结果显示,试验组与对照组在人口学资料、ADHD症状、心理健康的基线水平上差异均无统计学意义,说明2组具有同质性。试验组在7周目标管理训练后,2组差异结果显示,试验组自我报告的注意缺陷症状得分显著低于对照组,说明目标管理训练能改善注意缺陷型ADHD大学生的核心症状,证明了以注意缺陷核心症状为目标构建的目标管理训练是有效的。
抑制控制影响注意缺陷型ADHD核心症状,提高抑制控制能帮助改善注意缺陷症状。JENSEN等[26]报道,目标管理训练中“STOP”技术能帮助参与者间歇性地停止正在进行的行为来监测这种行为是否符合当前目标,从而提高抑制控制能力[33]。因此,与抑制控制相关的训练可能是核心症状改善的原因。此外,注意缺陷型ADHD对环境、情绪和压力较为敏感,焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪会通过分散个体的注意力,干扰注意控制[34]。自我关怀已被证明能改善负性情绪,FINLAY-JONES等[35]发现,自我关怀能有效减少抑郁、压力和情绪调节困难,且训练效果在随访3个月后保持不变。在本研究中,注意缺陷型ADHD大学生核心症状的改善可能与负性情绪的缓解也存在相关性。
在心理健康方面,试验组在训练后情绪调节困难、焦虑、抑郁得分显著低于对照组,自我关怀以及生活满意度得分显著高于对照组,说明目标管理训练能帮助注意缺陷型ADHD大学生增强情绪调节、自我关怀能力,降低焦虑、抑郁水平,提高心理健康。
研究发现,患有ADHD的大学生比同龄人更容易出现抑郁、焦虑和自杀行为,并且自我报告的自杀意念和自杀企图率是同龄人的3~4倍[36]。他们对压力的适应能力较低,心理健康状况较差,更容易发生情绪障碍[37-38]。自我关怀是一种积极的情绪调节策略,它能增加个体对失败和负面情绪的抵御力[39],防止负面的自我评价[40]。GEURTS等[11]发现,正念干预可帮助ADHD患者提高自我关怀水平,从而提高幸福感。OGG等[41]也报告了相同的结果,即自我关怀能提高ADHD人群的生活满意度,特别是注意缺陷型ADHD。本研究结果也显示,参与者自我报告的情绪调节困难、焦虑、抑郁、自我关怀以及生活满意度均得到了显著改善,这可能与自我关怀相关训练有关[40,42]。因此,本研究构建的目标管理训练能改善注意缺陷型ADHD心理健康水平。
注意缺陷症状严重影响大学生的学业、生活,使大学生心理健康水平较低。本研究结果表明,目标管理训练显著改善注意缺陷型ADHD大学生的核心症状,降低焦虑、抑郁水平,增强情绪调节、自我关怀能力,提高生活满意度。
本研究构建了注意缺陷型ADHD大学生目标管理训练,并验证了目标管理训练对注意缺陷型ADHD大学生核心症状改善和提高心理健康水平的有效性,对注意缺陷型ADHD大学生心理健康促进具有较高的应用价值。此外,训练中与自我关怀相关的训练被认为能改善焦虑、抑郁情绪,为提高注意缺陷型ADHD大学生心理健康提供了新的思路。本研究也存在一些不足:①仅探索了目标管理训练后一周内的效果,其长期效果还有待进一步探索;②本研究仅针对注意缺陷型ADHD大学生进行训练,需进一步针对其他亚型进行训练研究,以了解目标管理训练对不同亚型的训练疗效。

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2025年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408091
  • 接收时间:2024-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-23
  • 修回日期:2024-12-17
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)医学心理系军人发展心理教研室,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院医学心理科,重庆
    3重庆城市管理职业学院智慧康养学院,重庆
    4重庆工程职业技术学院马克思主义学院,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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