Article(id=1322934688557433274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934653228822704, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731340800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-12, revisedDate=1736092800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341808690, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341808690, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341808690, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341808690, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934653228822704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='385', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741968000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341800267, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341800267, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=443, endPage=452, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934688830063036, articleId=1322934688557433274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Features of tumor cells and microenvironment associated with recurrence risk of mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer based on bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To analyze clinical characteristics of mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer (Mes-GC) by integrating multi-omics data and explore the characteristics of tumor cells and microenvironment associated with the risk for recurrence.

Methods‍

Gastric tumor tissue samples were collected from the patients who visited Department of Gastroenterology of Army Medical Center of PLA from January 2022 to December 2023. Transcriptome and genome sequencing were applied for these tissue samples, including 19 cases of diffuse-type gastric cancer, 22 cases of intestinal-type gastric cancer, and 23 cases of mixed-type gastric cancer patients. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to investigate the differences in clinical characteristics and tumor microenvironment between Mes-GC and non-mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer (non-Mes-GC) by integrating data resources including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and National Genomics Data Center (NGDC).

Results‍

Compared to non-Mes-GC patients, Mes-GC ones were characterized by later clinical stages, deeper tumor infiltration, and higher rates of lymph node metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis confirmed that Mes-GC patients were associated with shorter survival time, poor prognosis as well as increased risk of cancer recurrence (P<0.05). Single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed that tumor cells in Mes-GC showed higher expression levels of the genes related to stemness, metastasis (P<0.05), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). And in the tumor microenvironment, there were significant more myeloid cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, with the most pronounced elevation in the proportion of fibroblasts (P<0.05). Moreover, the patients with larger proportion of fibroblasts were associated with poorer prognosis.

Conclusion‍

Mes-GC tumor cells exhibit higher stemness and EMT characteristics, and stromal cells such as myeloid cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts are enriched in the tumor microenvironment. These features may be key factors contributing to poor prognosis and high recurrence rate of Mes-GC.

, authors=Yuwei PAN1, 2, Yuting TAN1, Rui XUE1, Zhaole CHU3, Biying LIU3, Xianfeng LI3, Tao WANG3, Bin WANG1, 3, Xuan ZHANG4, Yongtao YANG1, 2, authorsList=Yuwei PAN, Yuting TAN, Rui XUE, Zhaole CHU, Biying LIU, Xianfeng LI, Tao WANG, Bin WANG, Xuan ZHANG, Yongtao YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuan ZHANG, Yongtao YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934692093231562, articleId=1322934688557433274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=基于普通转录组和单细胞转录组测序解析间质型胃癌复发风险相关的肿瘤细胞及微环境特征, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

整合多组学数据解析间质型胃癌(mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer,Mes-GC)临床特性,探究与间质型胃癌复发风险相关的肿瘤细胞及微环境特征。

方法

收集2022年1月至2023年12月,在陆军特色医学中心消化内科就诊患者的组织样本,包括19例弥漫型胃癌、22例肠型胃癌与23例混合型胃癌患者的组织,用于转录组和基因组测序;整合包括癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)、美国国立生物技术信息中心基因表达数据库(Gene Expression Omnibu,GEO)以及国家基因组科学中心(National Genomics Data Center,NGDC)数据库资源,采用生物信息学分析,比较间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌在临床特性以及肿瘤微环境特征等方面的异同。

结果

相比非间质型胃癌,间质型胃癌临床分期较晚、肿瘤浸润程度深、淋巴结转移率高(P<0.05);Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明间质型胃癌生存期短、极易复发、临床预后差(P<0.05);单细胞转录组测序(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)数据分析揭示了间质型胃癌肿瘤细胞高表达干性、转移以及上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)相关基因,肿瘤微环境中髓系细胞、平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞显著升高,其中成纤维细胞含量升高最为明显(P<0.05),且成纤维细胞含量越高患者预后越差。

结论

间质型胃癌肿瘤细胞具有较高的干性和EMT特征,肿瘤微环境中富集髓系细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞等间质细胞,这些特征可能是导致间质型胃癌预后差、易复发的关键因素。

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杨永涛,E-mail:
张璇,E-mail:
YANG Yongtao,E-mail:
ZHANG Xuan,E-mail:
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Oncogene,2018,37(2):160-173., articleTitle=Targeting nuclear receptors in cancer-associated fibroblasts as concurrent therapy to inhibit development of chemoresistant tumors, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322934692445553100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934692458136013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, companyId=1322934692445553100, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Medicine,Chongqing University,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934692470718926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, companyId=1322934692445553100, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆大学医学院,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322934692554605007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934692562993616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, companyId=1322934692554605007, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Gastroenterology,Chongqing University Cancer Hospital,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934692579770833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, companyId=1322934692554605007, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2重庆大学附属肿瘤医院消化内科,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322934692684628434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934692693017043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, companyId=1322934692684628434, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Gastroenterology,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precise Prevention and Treatment of Digestive Malignancies,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934692701405652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, companyId=1322934692684628434, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322934692772708821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934692781097430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, companyId=1322934692772708821, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Department of Oncology,Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934692793680343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, companyId=1322934692772708821, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4重庆市中医院肿瘤科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322934709000471071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Rq3H4WmKx9fTmBrAczM2hg==, figureFileBig=1ZvtkaarMosPuqiJbDGtcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934709394735649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, language=CN, label=图1, caption=间质型胃癌患者的分子特征和临床特性

A:间质型胃癌分类器的分型结果;B:胃癌组织病理学分型统计;C:胃癌TCGA分子分型统计;D:胃癌ACRG分子分型统计;E:TCGA-STAD队列间质型与非间质型胃癌患者的临床特征热图;F:ACRG队列间质与非间质型胃癌患者的临床特征热图

, figureFileSmall=Rq3H4WmKx9fTmBrAczM2hg==, figureFileBig=1ZvtkaarMosPuqiJbDGtcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934710195847715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QkLIPn9JkILW6u4XOkMmZQ==, figureFileBig=+ToLpdpuD4F1VLvNsKlVpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934710262956580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, language=CN, label=图2, caption=间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌的预后分析

A~D:通过间质型胃癌分类器预测的间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌患者的总体生存期Kaplan-Meier曲线;E、F:通过间质型胃癌分类器预测的间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌患者的无复发生存期Kaplan-Meier曲线

, figureFileSmall=QkLIPn9JkILW6u4XOkMmZQ==, figureFileBig=+ToLpdpuD4F1VLvNsKlVpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934711026319909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kD1in9tjnr5jTtDMGGkOlA==, figureFileBig=F/bWuFDb6/qSvvo5Dtw3dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934711470916134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, language=CN, label=图3, caption=单细胞数据队列的分类结果及肿瘤细胞鉴定

A:公共单细胞转录组数据的降维聚类图;B:不同细胞类型标志基因的气泡图;C:间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌的组织病理学分型桑基图;D:所有上皮细胞InferCNV得分映射图;E:上皮细胞的降维聚类图

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A:肿瘤细胞的降维聚类图;B:肿瘤细胞特征得分热图;C:肿瘤细胞亚群组织偏好性的Ro/e图;D:间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌中干性、转移和EMT特征不同表达水平的生存曲线

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A:间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌总体细胞降维聚类;B:间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌的细胞亚群对比;C:所有细胞亚群组织偏好性的Ro/e图;D:间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌的基质得分 a:P<0.001;E:间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌的成纤维细胞含量 a:P<0.001;F:间质型胃癌患者中不同含量成纤维细胞的生存曲线

, figureFileSmall=Jzc47bpjktRQWOzt7ddYrw==, figureFileBig=Qg22+pAhTgAjUekGxugLtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934715224818220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标TCGA-STAD队列ACRG队列P
Non-Mes组(n=189)Mes组(n=84)Non-Mes组(n=160)Mes组(n=87)
年龄/岁
≤6053(28.0)40(47.6)66(41.3)28(32.2)0.006
>60136(72.0)44(52.4)94(58.7)59(67.8)
性别
男性121(64.0)48(57.1)108(67.5)54(62.1)0.446
女性68(36.0)36(42.9)52(32.5)33(37.9)
组织病理学分型
肠型97(51.3)9(10.7)100(62.5)17(19.5)<0.001
弥漫型28(14.8)42(50.0)51(31.9)63(72.4)
混合型009(5.6)7(8.0)
未知型64(33.9)33(39.3)00
病理分期
Ⅰ+Ⅱ95(50.3)30(35.7)61(38.1)37(42.5)<0.001
Ⅲ+Ⅳ94(49.7)54(64.3)99(61.9)50(57.5)
临床T分期
T1+T258(30.7)20(23.8)97(60.6)33(37.9)<0.001
T3+T4131(69.3)64(76.2)63(39.4)54(62.1)
临床N分期
N069(36.5)24(28.6)28(17.5)8(9.2)<0.001
N1~N3120(63.5)60(71.4)132(82.5)79(90.8)
临床M分期
M0179(94.7)78(92.9)143(89.4)80(92.0)0.318
M110(5.3)6(7.1)17(10.6)7(8.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1322934715631665711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934688557433274, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌患者的基线资料[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标TCGA-STAD队列ACRG队列P
Non-Mes组(n=189)Mes组(n=84)Non-Mes组(n=160)Mes组(n=87)
年龄/岁
≤6053(28.0)40(47.6)66(41.3)28(32.2)0.006
>60136(72.0)44(52.4)94(58.7)59(67.8)
性别
男性121(64.0)48(57.1)108(67.5)54(62.1)0.446
女性68(36.0)36(42.9)52(32.5)33(37.9)
组织病理学分型
肠型97(51.3)9(10.7)100(62.5)17(19.5)<0.001
弥漫型28(14.8)42(50.0)51(31.9)63(72.4)
混合型009(5.6)7(8.0)
未知型64(33.9)33(39.3)00
病理分期
Ⅰ+Ⅱ95(50.3)30(35.7)61(38.1)37(42.5)<0.001
Ⅲ+Ⅳ94(49.7)54(64.3)99(61.9)50(57.5)
临床T分期
T1+T258(30.7)20(23.8)97(60.6)33(37.9)<0.001
T3+T4131(69.3)64(76.2)63(39.4)54(62.1)
临床N分期
N069(36.5)24(28.6)28(17.5)8(9.2)<0.001
N1~N3120(63.5)60(71.4)132(82.5)79(90.8)
临床M分期
M0179(94.7)78(92.9)143(89.4)80(92.0)0.318
M110(5.3)6(7.1)17(10.6)7(8.0)
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基于普通转录组和单细胞转录组测序解析间质型胃癌复发风险相关的肿瘤细胞及微环境特征
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潘雨薇 1, 2 , 谭玉婷 1 , 薛锐 1 , 储召乐 3 , 刘碧颖 3 , 李先锋 3 , 王涛 3 , 王斌 1, 3 , 张璇 4 , 杨永涛 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(5): 443-452
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (5) : 443 -452
基于普通转录组和单细胞转录组测序解析间质型胃癌复发风险相关的肿瘤细胞及微环境特征
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潘雨薇1, 2, 谭玉婷1, 薛锐1, 储召乐3, 刘碧颖3, 李先锋3, 王涛3, 王斌1, 3, 张璇4 , 杨永涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学医学院,重庆
  • 2重庆大学附属肿瘤医院消化内科,重庆
  • 3陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆
  • 4重庆市中医院肿瘤科,重庆
通讯作者:
杨永涛,E-mail:
张璇,E-mail:
YANG Yongtao,E-mail:
ZHANG Xuan,E-mail:
Features of tumor cells and microenvironment associated with recurrence risk of mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer based on bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq
Yuwei PAN1, 2, Yuting TAN1, Rui XUE1, Zhaole CHU3, Biying LIU3, Xianfeng LI3, Tao WANG3, Bin WANG1, 3, Xuan ZHANG4 , Yongtao YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medicine,Chongqing University,Chongqing
  • 2Department of Gastroenterology,Chongqing University Cancer Hospital,Chongqing
  • 3Department of Gastroenterology,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precise Prevention and Treatment of Digestive Malignancies,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing
  • 4Department of Oncology,Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411050
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目的

整合多组学数据解析间质型胃癌(mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer,Mes-GC)临床特性,探究与间质型胃癌复发风险相关的肿瘤细胞及微环境特征。

方法

收集2022年1月至2023年12月,在陆军特色医学中心消化内科就诊患者的组织样本,包括19例弥漫型胃癌、22例肠型胃癌与23例混合型胃癌患者的组织,用于转录组和基因组测序;整合包括癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)、美国国立生物技术信息中心基因表达数据库(Gene Expression Omnibu,GEO)以及国家基因组科学中心(National Genomics Data Center,NGDC)数据库资源,采用生物信息学分析,比较间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌在临床特性以及肿瘤微环境特征等方面的异同。

结果

相比非间质型胃癌,间质型胃癌临床分期较晚、肿瘤浸润程度深、淋巴结转移率高(P<0.05);Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明间质型胃癌生存期短、极易复发、临床预后差(P<0.05);单细胞转录组测序(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)数据分析揭示了间质型胃癌肿瘤细胞高表达干性、转移以及上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)相关基因,肿瘤微环境中髓系细胞、平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞显著升高,其中成纤维细胞含量升高最为明显(P<0.05),且成纤维细胞含量越高患者预后越差。

结论

间质型胃癌肿瘤细胞具有较高的干性和EMT特征,肿瘤微环境中富集髓系细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞等间质细胞,这些特征可能是导致间质型胃癌预后差、易复发的关键因素。

间质型胃癌  /  肿瘤微环境  /  生物信息学  /  预后
Objective‍

To analyze clinical characteristics of mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer (Mes-GC) by integrating multi-omics data and explore the characteristics of tumor cells and microenvironment associated with the risk for recurrence.

Methods‍

Gastric tumor tissue samples were collected from the patients who visited Department of Gastroenterology of Army Medical Center of PLA from January 2022 to December 2023. Transcriptome and genome sequencing were applied for these tissue samples, including 19 cases of diffuse-type gastric cancer, 22 cases of intestinal-type gastric cancer, and 23 cases of mixed-type gastric cancer patients. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to investigate the differences in clinical characteristics and tumor microenvironment between Mes-GC and non-mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer (non-Mes-GC) by integrating data resources including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and National Genomics Data Center (NGDC).

Results‍

Compared to non-Mes-GC patients, Mes-GC ones were characterized by later clinical stages, deeper tumor infiltration, and higher rates of lymph node metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis confirmed that Mes-GC patients were associated with shorter survival time, poor prognosis as well as increased risk of cancer recurrence (P<0.05). Single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed that tumor cells in Mes-GC showed higher expression levels of the genes related to stemness, metastasis (P<0.05), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). And in the tumor microenvironment, there were significant more myeloid cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, with the most pronounced elevation in the proportion of fibroblasts (P<0.05). Moreover, the patients with larger proportion of fibroblasts were associated with poorer prognosis.

Conclusion‍

Mes-GC tumor cells exhibit higher stemness and EMT characteristics, and stromal cells such as myeloid cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts are enriched in the tumor microenvironment. These features may be key factors contributing to poor prognosis and high recurrence rate of Mes-GC.

mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer  /  tumor microenvironment  /  bioinformatics  /  prognosis
潘雨薇, 谭玉婷, 薛锐, 储召乐, 刘碧颖, 李先锋, 王涛, 王斌, 张璇, 杨永涛. 基于普通转录组和单细胞转录组测序解析间质型胃癌复发风险相关的肿瘤细胞及微环境特征. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (5) : 443 -452 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411050
Yuwei PAN, Yuting TAN, Rui XUE, Zhaole CHU, Biying LIU, Xianfeng LI, Tao WANG, Bin WANG, Xuan ZHANG, Yongtao YANG. Features of tumor cells and microenvironment associated with recurrence risk of mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer based on bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (5) : 443 -452 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411050
胃癌是全球癌症发病率第五,死亡率第四的消化道恶性肿瘤 [1]。极强的侵袭性是胃癌常见特征之一,也是导致部分患者在确诊时已进展至晚期,其5年生存率不到30%的主要原因[2]。按照组织病理学特征,胃癌主要分为肠型、弥漫型和混合型,其中,肠型胃癌预后较好,弥漫型胃癌预后最差[3-4]。弥漫型胃癌在胃癌病例中约占30%,其显著特征表现为在丰富的细胞间质中散布着凝聚力差且去分化的肿瘤细胞,相较于肠型胃癌,弥漫型胃癌展现出更高的侵袭性特征及更差的临床疗效,且该亚型的发病率正呈现上升趋势[5-7]。依据癌症基因组图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)联盟的分类标准,在4种分子亚型中[Epstein–Barr病毒阳性型(Epstein-Barr virus infection,EBV)、微卫星不稳定型(microsatellite instability,MSI)、基因组稳定型(genomically stable,GS)和染色体不稳定型(chromosomal instability,CIN)][8],弥漫型胃癌主要归属于GS。间质型胃癌(mesenchymal-subtype gastric cancer,Mes)在组织病理学上展现出弥漫型胃癌的特征,但其侵袭性远高于弥漫型胃癌。此外,间质型胃癌的特点是分化程度较低,基因组层面相对稳定,仅发现包括RHOA、CDH1和ARHGAP等在内的少数特定基因发生突变。目前,对于间质型胃癌的研究较少,由于发病机制不清,导致缺乏有效治疗手段[9-11]。对于间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌的区分,可通过最近模板预测(nearest template prediction,NTP)算法并结合转录组测序数据进行鉴别[11],但间质型胃癌侵袭性强、恶性程度高的调控机制尚不清楚。
相较于得到肿瘤组织整体特征的普通转录组测序,单细胞转录组(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)通过对单个细胞的基因表达模式进行捕获,可用于识别新的细胞类型、确认罕见的细胞群、构建细胞状态和系统发育的图谱。且肿瘤作为高度异质性细胞成分的复杂生态系统,具有瘤内和瘤间的异质性,scRNA-seq技术可揭示不同肿瘤的异质性,深入分析肿瘤发展过程中肿瘤微环境的动态演变,并探究肿瘤微环境如何驱动肿瘤进展,从而阐明肿瘤的发生发展机制[12]。目前,scRNA-seq技术已用于包括胃癌在内的多种肿瘤进展的研究,但对于间质型胃癌,尚缺乏关于揭示其恶性上皮细胞的特征及肿瘤微环境的变化的报道。本研究基于转录组、基因组、单细胞转录组测序数据,旨在揭示间质型胃癌肿瘤微环境的特征,寻找影响间质型胃癌患者预后结局的因素,为间质型胃癌的治疗策略开辟全新的思路与方向。
本研究共收集19例弥漫型胃癌组织、22例肠型胃癌组织与23例混合型胃癌组织,均来自2022年1月至2023年12月在陆军特色医学中心消化内科就诊的患者。其中,男性患者样本51例,平均年龄65岁,女性患者样本13例,平均年龄62岁。样本用液氮保存,组织病理类型由陆军特色医学中心2名中级病理医师确认后,用于后续检测。该研究已通过陆军特色医学中心伦理委员会审批[医研伦审(2021)第260号],样本收集前已获患者知情同意。
从样本中提取总RNA并进行质量控制,确保RNA降解程度适中(RIN值≥7)且获取足够量(RNA含量≥1 μg)的合格样品。利用oligo(dT)引物进行反转录,捕获带有poly(A)尾的mRNA。接着,对cDNA进行打断、接头添加及扩增处理,纯化PCR扩增产物后,检测文库质量。一旦文库质检合格,即可送样进行测序。
对于普通转录组测序数据,使用Fastp进行初步质控,去除原始数据的接头,再利用Sortmerna过滤核糖体RNA序列,随后使用Hisat2工具将序列比对到人参考基因组GRCh38上,再利用Samtools工具过滤掉低质量和重复片段,进一步使用RSeQC软件进行测序饱和度、RNA片段分布评估。数据通过质控后,运用FeatureCounts工具对基因表达进行定量分析。
单细胞数据集来自9个公共数据,涵盖115名进展期胃癌患者[13-21],以上数据从基因表达数据库(Gene Expression Omnibu,GEO)下载得到。基因表达水平基于人类参考基因组(GRCh38)进行量化,下游分析使用基于Python的工具包Scanpy(版本1.9.8),对于CellRanger识别的每个细胞,计算了检测到的每个细胞中的基因总数、唯一分子标识符计数总数以及线粒体含量。随后,应用一系列质量阈值来过滤掉低质量细胞,包括基因检测数量为200~7 000个,且线粒体含量占比<15%,过滤后共获得498 800个细胞用于聚类分析。使用SCVI(版本1.0.4)来校正不同样本中的批次效应,singleR包进行细胞亚群注释。
采用GenePattern (http://www.broadinstitute.org/genepattern) 提供的最近模板预测算法,并以加权的993个胃癌内在共识基因特征作为输入特征文件[11],同时保持所有其他设置为默认值,输出结果后,筛选校正后P<0.05的患者样本进行分组。运用该算法对患者进行分类,区分出间质型胃癌(Mes)、非间质型胃癌(Non-Mes)及其他类别(not available,NA)。所依据的数据队列涵盖了普通转录组数据,具体包括:①内部队列,n=64[22];②癌症基因组图谱-胃腺癌(the cancer genome atlas-stomach adenocarcinoma,TCGA-STAD)队列,n=412[8];③亚洲癌症研究组织(the Asian Cancer Research Group,ACRG)队列,n=300[9];④三星医疗中心(Samsung Medical Center,SMC)队列,n=432[23];⑤韩国启明大学医学院(Kosin University College of Medicine,KUCM)队列,n=109[10],以及一个单细胞数据队列,其中包含115名患者。
采用inferCNV的Python版(版本0.4.5)来评估每个细胞的拷贝数变异(copy number variation,CNV)得分,使用免疫细胞中的T/NK细胞和B细胞作为参考细胞谱,同时设定窗口大小参数为250。通过基因表达数据推断出的CNV结果,采用偏差平方的平均值作为衡量标准,以反映单个细胞的CNV水平。综合聚类信息和CNV得分后区分恶性与非恶性上皮细胞。
使用基于Python的工具包Omicverse(版本1.6.0)中的Ro/e方法评估细胞亚群的组织分布是否显著偏离随机期望值,判断肿瘤中细胞亚群组织偏好性,Ro/e表示观察到的细胞数与预期细胞数的比值。Ro/e≥1,表明特定细胞亚群的数量高于随机期望,即表现为富集; Ro/e<1,则表明特定细胞亚群数量低于随机期望,即表现为消耗。
为探究普通转录组中肿瘤微环境的细胞构成,使用反卷积方法,通过衡量不同细胞类型对特定基因表达的贡献来为基因分配权重。采用免疫去卷积(immunedeconv,版本2.1.0)R包内的xCell[24]方法,计算64种细胞类型的单样本基因集富集分析(Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)得分以及基质得分、免疫得分和肿瘤纯度得分。
所有数据均采用R 4.2.3软件进行统计并分析。符合正态分布的计数资料以例(%)表示,对于分类变量之间的关联性分析,采用了χ2检验或Fisher精确检验,而对于非分类值则应用了非参数检验(Mann-Whitney U test);采用非配对t检验分析基质得分以及成纤维细胞比例的组间差异;Kaplan-Meier分析通过survival包进行分析,Log-rank检验用于生存数据的组间比较。P<0.05则差异有统计学意义。
为描述间质型胃癌的临床特征,利用间质型胃癌分类器将内部队列、TCGA-STAD队列及ACRG队列进行分组:间质型胃癌(Mes)、非间质型胃癌(Non-Mes)及其他类别(NA),见图1A。对3个队列患者的组织病理学分型分析发现,间质型胃癌主要呈现出弥漫型特征(表1,图1B)。基于内部队列和TCGA的基因组数据,观察到间质型胃癌在GS中更为富集(图1C)。参照ACRG分子分型,间质型胃癌主要倾向于上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)特征的亚型(图1D)。上述结果符合之前研究对间质型胃癌的报道,同时也验证了分类器的准确性和稳定性。
利用热图及统计方法对TCGA-STAD队列和ACRG队列中患者的临床数据进行了可视化呈现和深入分析(图1E、F,表1)。在TCGA-STAD队列里,Mes组中年龄≤60岁的患者比例(47.6%)显著高于Non-Mes组(28.0%,P<0.05,表1)。然而,在ACRG队列中,尽管Mes组中≤60岁患者比例略低于Non-Mes组,但差异无统计学意义(表1)。综合考察2个队列的病理分期、临床T分期及临床N分期数据,发现Mes组中处于Ⅲ~Ⅳ期的患者比例显著高于Non-Mes组(60.82% vs 55.30%,P<0.05,表1);就临床T分期而言,Mes组中T3+T4期的患者占比显著高于Non-Mes组(69.00% vs 55.59%,P<0.05,表1),提示间质型胃癌的肿瘤负担及浸润程度增加;对于N分期,Mes组中N1~N3期的患者比例亦显著高于Non-Mes组(81.29% vs 72.21%,P<0.05,表1),表明间质型胃癌具有更高的淋巴结转移侵袭特征。综上所述,间质型胃癌患者与较早的发病年龄、较晚的临床分期、更深的肿瘤浸润深度以及较高的淋巴结转移率相关。
为深入探究间质型胃癌对患者临床预后以及肿瘤复发的影响,使用间质型胃癌分类器对4个具有临床生存信息数据的独立队列患者进行分组,随后使用Kaplan-Meier分析不同队列患者的生存情况。结果显示,间质型胃癌患者的总体生存期(overall survival,OS)与无复发生存期(recurrence-free survival,RFS)均明显缩短(图2A~F)。这一结果表明,间质型胃癌患者的临床预后不佳、复发风险较高。
鉴于目前间质型胃癌的研究主要聚焦多细胞转录组层面,单细胞层面的研究尚显不足,于是本研究整合了来自9个公共数据集的115例原发性进展期胃癌患者样本的单细胞转录组数据。在严格质控后,最终识别出498 800个带有各种细胞类型特异性标志物的细胞(图3A、B)。利用间质型胃癌分类器对这些患者进行分组,得到50例间质型胃癌患者和54例非间质型胃癌患者。为了更显著地揭示结果差异,选取每组中前60%的患者作为后续分析的样本。对这些患者的组织病理学分型进行统计发现,间质型胃癌主要由弥漫型组成(图3C),证实之前的结论(图1),同时也验证了间质型胃癌分类器在单细胞转录组数据上的准确性。
通过推断单细胞拷贝数变异特征,区分了恶性和非恶性的上皮细胞(图3D、E)。随后对恶性上皮进行再聚类分析,参考CancerSEA对恶性细胞进行功能注释,确定了8个细胞亚群,包括细胞周期、DNA损伤修复(DNA damage and repair,DDR)、分化、EMT、缺氧、侵袭、转移及干性(图4A)。利用标志基因列表和每种功能的基因特征,计算并可视化每个细胞亚群的特征分数(图4B)。通过Ro/e图揭示不同功能肿瘤细胞的组织分布特征,结果表明,与非间质型胃癌相比,具有干性、转移和EMT特征的肿瘤细胞在间质型胃癌中显著富集(图4C),而在非间质型胃癌中分化及DDR特征更为明显。生存分析结果显示,在间质型胃癌中,表现出高干性、转移和EMT特征的患者预后越差;而在非间质型胃癌中,上述特征与患者预后水平无显著相关性(图4D)。提示间质型胃癌细胞的强EMT和干性特征,可能是间质型胃癌患者转移、复发及临床预后不佳的主要因素之一。
通过对比间质型胃癌和非间质型胃癌的降维聚类和Ro/e统计,发现间质型胃癌的肿瘤微环境存在明显增多的间质细胞,包括髓系细胞、平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞,其中成纤维细胞差异最为显著(图5A~C),这群成纤维细胞高表达PDPN、FGF7等肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblast,CAF)的标志基因(图3B)。使用xCell包对5个转录组数据队列进行反卷积,评估64种细胞类型的浸润水平及计算基质得分,统计结果表明,间质型胃癌的基质得分和成纤维细胞比例均显著高于非间质型胃癌(P<0.001,图5D、E)。生存分析发现,间质型胃癌患者中成纤维细胞含量越高,患者预后越差,越容易复发(P<0.05,图5F)。以上结果提示,肿瘤微环境存在大量髓系细胞和基质细胞,尤其是成纤维细胞含量升高,可能也是间质型胃癌易转移、易复发及临床预后差的重要因素。
间质型胃癌是一种具有高度恶性、高度侵袭性的胃癌亚型,既往研究表明,间质型胃癌的主要特征为弥漫型(组织病理学),肿瘤细胞分化差,细胞连接差,弥散分布;高表达EMT特征的间充质型(转录组学)或基因组稳定型(基因组学),具有极低的突变率[10-11]。目前对于间质型胃癌的研究较少,一项研究基于多队列RNA-seq数据分析,揭示了间质型胃癌展现出对标准化疗药物的耐药性,并显示出对IGF1/IGF1R通路抑制的高度敏感性[10]。另一项研究构建了基于最近模板预测算法的共识性间质型胃癌分类器,并对间质型胃癌样本进行表观测序,揭示了间质型胃癌独特的表观特征[11]。目前对于间质型胃癌的研究停留在多细胞转录组层面,尚未在单细胞层面解析间质型胃癌的肿瘤微环境特征,本研究系统描绘了间质型胃癌的单细胞图谱,报道了间质型胃癌患者中肿瘤细胞以及肿瘤微环境特征,揭示了影响间质型胃癌患者不良预后和复发的潜在原因。
利用间质型胃癌分类器,在研究队列中区分间质型胃癌与非间质型胃癌。间质型胃癌在组织病理学表现为弥漫型,在转录组水平为间充质亚型,在基因层面属于基因组稳定型,符合之前的研究结果[9-11],验证了分类器的准确性和稳定性。统计队列患者的临床信息发现,对比非间质型胃癌,间质型胃癌患者存在发病年龄较早、临床分期较晚、肿瘤体积更大、肿瘤浸润程度更深以及淋巴结转移发生率更高的特性。多队列的生存分析结果显示,间质型胃癌患者的临床预后不佳,且面临着较高的肿瘤复发风险。
为探究间质型胃癌患者预后差、易复发的特征,整合9个公共数据集的单细胞转录组数据,并分析其肿瘤微环境。scRNA-seq数据分析发现了间质型胃癌的肿瘤细胞不仅展现出更高的干性、转移潜能以及EMT相关特征,并且预示着更为不良的预后情况。肿瘤干性被认为是肿瘤发生的关键因素,展现出干性特征的肿瘤细胞被称为肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)。CSCs具备启动肿瘤、自我更新以及可塑性等特征,这些特性不仅驱动了肿瘤的进展和转移,还导致了耐药性的产生[25]。经过对肿瘤转移机制的长期研究发现,EMT过程和肿瘤干细胞转移过程颇为相似,并且EMT细胞和CSCs的基因和转录组具有极大的重叠,说明二者极度相似。理论上,干性越高的肿瘤细胞,其转移能力也越强,EMT过程或许是其背后主要驱动因素[26-27]。随后,对间质型胃癌肿瘤微环境的探究发现,间质型胃癌患者肿瘤微环境中存在丰富的间质细胞且间质得分远高于非间质型胃癌,其中,CAF含量显著高于非间质型胃癌患者。多项研究表明,CAF发挥恶性生物学的潜在机制可能为,通过分泌各类细胞因子来促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、分化、转移及耐药[28-29]。在治疗方面,近年来开发了几种靶向CAF以抑制肿瘤进展和增强抗肿瘤免疫的方法,比如直接靶向CAF的CAR-T疗法、红外线光免疫疗法、TGF-β抑制剂、功能修饰或重新编程等[29-30],临床前研究显示其具有强大的疗效,为间质型胃癌患者的治疗提供新维度。
综上所述,本研究描述了间质型胃癌的单细胞图谱,揭示间质型胃癌患者的肿瘤细胞具有极强的干性和EMT特征,免疫微环境中则富集髓系细胞、平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞等间质细胞,尤其以成纤维细胞含量升高为主,这些特性可能是造成间质型胃癌患者预后不佳与易复发转移的重要原因,提示间质型胃癌的有效治疗策略需同时靶向肿瘤细胞及其肿瘤微环境。

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2025年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411050
  • 接收时间:2024-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-12
  • 修回日期:2025-01-06
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    1重庆大学医学院,重庆
    2重庆大学附属肿瘤医院消化内科,重庆
    3陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆
    4重庆市中医院肿瘤科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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