Article(id=1322934686405767537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934685818564977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733760000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-10, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341808176, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341808176, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341808176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341808176, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934685818564977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='489', pageEnd='628', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1743264000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341808037, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341808037, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=519, endPage=530, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934686607094130, articleId=1322934686405767537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=m6A demethylase FTO rgulates BCL2 mRNA stability and translation efficiency and thereby promotes proplatelet formation, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of down-regulating m6A demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) on proplatelet formation in the MEG-01 megakaryocytic cells.

Methods‍

①MEG-01 cells were treated with 1 nmol/L phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (treatment group) or DMSO (control group) for 72 h. FTO expression was measured by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. ② MEG-01 cells were infected with targeted FTO shRNA (knockdown group, sh-FTO) or negative control shRNA (negative control group, sh-NC) viruses. FTO knockdown group and negative control group MEG-1 cells were treated with 1 nmol/L PMA for 72 h, and the protein and mRNA expression levels of FTO were detected by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. Cell cycle, viability and apoptosis were assessed by propidium iodide (PI) DNA staining, CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and TUNEL staining. The expression of cleaved Caspase-3 protein was determine by Western blotting. Megakaryocyte maturation was assessed by CD41/CD61 staining. Proplatelet formation was observed under bright field and detected by CD61 immunofluorescence assay. The expression of apoptosis-related molecules (Caspase3, BAD, BAK1, BCL2 and MCL1) was detected by RT-qPCR, and the protein change of BCL2 was further verified by Western blotting. The dataset was screened out from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database, and then analyzed with University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) genome browser to compare the methylation sequencing peaks on BCL2 mRNA, and m6A methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (m6A-RIP) was used to assess the m6A methylation levels of BCL2 target gene mRNAs in MEG-01 megakaryocytes. Then, the changes in the m6A methylation enrichment level of BCL2 mRNA were observed between the sh-NC group and the sh-FTO group. mRNA stability and ribosome profiling assays were performed to assess translational efficiency of target genes.

Results‍

①PMA treatment upregulated the expression of FTO at protein (P<0.05) and mRNA (P<0.01) levels. ② FTO shRNA resulted in reduced FTO expression at both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.01). Compared to the negative control group, the FTO knockdown group showed more cells arrested at the G1/S phase [(60.80±1.29)% vs (72.13±1.18)%, P<0.01], significantly reduced cell viability [(1.17±0.03)% vs (0.69±0.05)%, P<0.01], increased Annexin V-FITC/PI positive cells [(12.87±0.83)% vs (17.45±1.58)%, P<0.01], more TUNEL positive cells [(1.03±0.27)% vs (17.49±9.91)%, P<0.01], enhanced protein level of cleaved Caspase-3 (P<0.01), decreased proportion of CD41/CD61 positive cells [(51.63±1.13)% vs (34.08±0.53)%, P<0.01], and less proplatelet formation in MEG-01 megakaryocytes [(26.49±6.73)% vs (13.31±5.97)%, P<0.01]. ③Compared to sh-NC group, the FTO knockdown group had significantly decreased protein and mRNA expression of anti-apoptotic molecule BCL2 (P<0.01). UCSC GEO sequencing data revealed there were m6A methylation modification sites on BCL2 mRNA, which was verified through m6A-RIP experiment in MEG-01 megakaryocytes. Compared with GAPDH mRNA, BCL2 mRNA exhibited a significantly enriched m6A signal (P<0.01). Compared to sh-NC group, a significant increase in m6A methylation modification was observed on BCL2 mRNA. BCL2 mRNA stability was significantly decreased, and its translation efficiency significantly was decreased(P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

m6A demethylase FTO rgulates BCL2 mRNA stability and translation efficiency,thereby promoting proplatelet formation in MEG-01 megakaryocytes.

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目的

探究下调m6A去甲基化酶脂肪质量和肥胖相关基因(fat mass and obesity-associated protein ,FTO)对MEG-01巨核细胞系血小板前体形成的影响及其机制。

方法

①分别用1 nmol/L 佛波迷酯(phorbol myristate acetate,PMA)组(诱导组)和DMSO组(对照组)处理MEG-01细胞 72 h,通过Western blot和RT-qPCR检测FTO蛋白和mRNA表达变化情况。②用靶向FTO的病毒液(sh-FTO)和阴性对照病毒液(sh-NC)感染MEG-01细胞,用1 nmol/L PMA诱导sh-NC组和sh-FTO组MEG-01细胞72 h后,Western blot和RT-qPCR检测FTO蛋白和mRNA表达变化情况。碘化丙啶(propidium lodrde,PI)DNA染色检测细胞周期、CCK-8检测细胞活力,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染、TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡情况,Western blot检测cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达量,CD41/CD61染色检测巨核细胞成熟情况,明场观察和CD61免疫荧光检测血小板前体形成情况,RT-qPCR检测细胞凋亡相关分子(Caspase-3、BAD、BAK1、BCL2、MCL1)表达量,Western blot检测进一步验证BCL2蛋白变化情况,基因表达综合数据库(gene expression omnibus,GEO)中筛选出数据集;使用加州大学圣克鲁兹分校基因组浏览器(University of California,Santa Cruz genome browser,UCSC)分析比对BCL2 mRNA上的甲基化测序峰;m6A甲基化RNA免疫共沉淀(m6A RNA immunoprecipitation,m6A-RIP)验证MEG-01巨核细胞BCL2 mRNA m6A甲基化富集水平,检测sh-NC组和sh-FTO组BCL2 mRNA m6A甲基化富集水平变化,以mRNA 半衰期实验和多聚核糖体分离实验检测BCL2 mRNA翻译效率。

结果

①与DMSO组相比,PMA 组FTO蛋白(P<0.05)和 mRNA(P<0.01)表达水平升高;②与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组 FTO mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01),细胞周期发生G1/S期阻滞[(60.80±1.29)% vs(72.13±1.18)%,P<0.01],细胞活力明显降低[(1.17±0.03)% vs(0.69±0.05)%,P<0.05],Annexin V-FITC/PI阳性细胞占比升高[(12.87±0.83)% vs(17.45±1.58)%,P<0.01],TUNEL 阳性细胞占比显著升高[(1.03±0.27)% vs(17.49±9.91)%,P<0.01],cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),CD41+CD61+阳性率明显降低[(51.63±1.13)% vs(34.08±0.53)%,P<0.01],具有伪足的巨核细胞比率明显降低[(26.49±6.73)% vs(13.31±5.97)%,P<0.01]。③与sh-NC相比,sh-FTO组细胞抗凋亡分子BCL2蛋白和mRNA表达水平显著降低(P<0.01),UCSC GEO测序显示BCL2 mRNA上有m6A甲基化修饰位点,并经m6A-RIP实验在MEG-01巨核细胞验证:与GAPDH mRNA相比,BCL2 mRNA有明显的m6A富集信号(P<0.01);与sh-NC相比,BCL2 mRNA上的m6A甲基化修饰明显升高(P<0.01);BCL2 mRNA的稳定性显著降低,翻译效率显著降低(P<0.01)。

结论

m6A去甲基化酶FTO调控BCL2 mRNA稳定性与翻译效率,促进血小板前体形成。

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陈卫,E-mail:
文爱清,E-mail:
CHEN Wei,E-mail:
WEN Aiqing,E-mail:
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Blood,2011,117(26):7145-7154., articleTitle=BCL2/BCL-XL inhibition induces apoptosis,disrupts cellular calcium homeostasis,and prevents platelet activation, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322934688532279684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934688544862597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, companyId=1322934688532279684, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934688557445510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, companyId=1322934688532279684, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1川北医学院基础医学与法医学院病理生理学教研室,四川 南充)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322934688649720199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934688658108808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, companyId=1322934688649720199, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Transfusion Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934688666497417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, companyId=1322934688649720199, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)输血医学科,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322934692709806508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FuU118rdlYrxq9StYFKpEw==, figureFileBig=iRtfd1fqJueqgopkqAWDNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934692789498285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=图1, caption=FTO在MEG-01巨核细胞中表达验证 (n=4,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与DMSO组比较A、B:Western blot检测MEG-01巨核细胞FTO蛋白表达水平以及蛋白表达半定量分析;C:RT-qPCR检测MEG-01巨核细胞FTO mRNA的表达水平

, figureFileSmall=FuU118rdlYrxq9StYFKpEw==, figureFileBig=iRtfd1fqJueqgopkqAWDNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693045350830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cipS7I6a+O65OPo0t1tYlA==, figureFileBig=WQmtArxBWB2sGo6J48TSIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693116653999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=图2, caption=构建FTO基因稳定敲低的MEG-01巨核细胞系 (n=4,x¯±s)

a:P<0.01,与sh-NC组比较A、B:Western blot检测MEG-01巨核细胞FTO蛋白表达水平以及蛋白表达半定量分析;C:RT-qPCR检测MEG-01巨核细胞FTO mRNA表达水平

, figureFileSmall=cipS7I6a+O65OPo0t1tYlA==, figureFileBig=WQmtArxBWB2sGo6J48TSIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693213122992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3lQqbg8qMD6LcdnAULXGig==, figureFileBig=BxZhbO8cB2atoqrQl0wzsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693292814769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=图3, caption=敲低FTO基因对MEG-01巨核细胞增殖的影响 (n=4,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与sh-NC组比较A:流式细胞术检测敲低FTO基因后对MEG-01巨核细胞周期的影响;B:MEG-01巨核细胞各周期占比;C:CCK-8检测敲低FTO基因对MEG-01巨核细胞活力的影响

, figureFileSmall=3lQqbg8qMD6LcdnAULXGig==, figureFileBig=BxZhbO8cB2atoqrQl0wzsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693368312242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BrCSpsbx3XkRkBhAtw9R2A==, figureFileBig=8i/ML49hzG3zlQ48vd1GUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693452198323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=图4, caption=敲低FTO基因对MEG-01巨核细胞凋亡的影响 (n=4,x¯±s)

a: P<0.01,与sh-NC组比较A:流式细胞术检测敲低FTO基因后对MEG-01巨核细胞凋亡的影响;B:MEG-01巨核细胞早期凋亡率统计结果;C:MEG-01巨核细胞晚期凋亡率统计结果;D:MEG-01巨核细胞总凋亡率统计结果;E:TUNEL检测细胞凋亡

, figureFileSmall=BrCSpsbx3XkRkBhAtw9R2A==, figureFileBig=8i/ML49hzG3zlQ48vd1GUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693544473012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wCDsWxDoTvcqcfqPiDthUA==, figureFileBig=ohXYSodC7kw/q+wJYO0ItA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693632553397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=图5, caption=敲低FTO基因对MEG-01巨核细胞成熟标志物CD41和CD61的影响 (n=4,x¯±s)

a: P<0.01,与sh-NC组比较A:流式细胞术检测敲低FTO基因后对MEG-01巨核细胞成熟标志物CD41和CD61的影响;B:MEG-01巨核细胞CD41+CD61+阳性率统计结果

, figureFileSmall=wCDsWxDoTvcqcfqPiDthUA==, figureFileBig=ohXYSodC7kw/q+wJYO0ItA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693712245174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BeGvMv3QPOdlQzwkPfvR/g==, figureFileBig=+IeP6khSs05Dp2Tj7jCAIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934693821297079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=图6, caption=敲低FTO基因对MEG-01巨核细胞血小板前体形成的影响 (n=8,x¯±s)

A:显微镜下观察敲低FTO基因后对MEG-01巨核细胞血小板前体的影响 绿色:示CD61,蓝色:示细胞核,箭头:示血小板前体;B:MEG-01巨核细胞产生伪足的比率统计结果 a: P<0.01,与sh-NC组比较

, figureFileSmall=BeGvMv3QPOdlQzwkPfvR/g==, figureFileBig=+IeP6khSs05Dp2Tj7jCAIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934695519990200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=thKxPoOjcOf330sU6TdejQ==, figureFileBig=fSw19edqeVJ+Th+1hC5F0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934695620653497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=图7, caption=敲低FTO基因对MEG-01巨核细胞BCL2 mRNA甲基化修饰及表达水平的影响 (n=4,x¯±s)

a: P<0.01,与sh-NC组比较;b:P<0.01,与GAPDH比较A:RT-qPCR检测筛选敲低FTO基因的MEG-01巨核细胞下游基因mRNA的表达水平;B、C:Western blot检测敲低FTO基因的MEG-01巨核细胞中BCL2蛋白表达水平以及半定量分析;D:UCSC数据库中BCL2 mRNA上的甲基化测序峰;E:m6A-RIP实验验证MEG-01巨核细胞中BCL2 mRNA上的m6A甲基化修饰,以GAPDH为阴性对照;F:m6A-RIP实验检测sh-FTO组MEG-01巨核细胞中BCL2 mRNA上的m6A甲基化修饰水平

, figureFileSmall=thKxPoOjcOf330sU6TdejQ==, figureFileBig=fSw19edqeVJ+Th+1hC5F0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934695700345274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=h9aCAZ8W3KnGOwq9gznxig==, figureFileBig=zU5pR5Zm23bPx84b9UE8oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934695952003515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=图8, caption=RT-qPCR检测敲低FTO基因对MEG-01巨核细胞BCL2 mRNA稳定性和翻译效率的影响 (n=4,x¯±s)

a:P<0.01,与sh-NC组比较A:RT-qPCR检测敲低FTO基因MEG-01巨核细胞经放线菌素D处理不同时间点BCL2 mRNA的表达水平 t(1/2):示mRNA半衰期;B:利用超速离心在蔗糖密度梯度溶液中分离结合了不同数量核糖体的mRNA;C、D:通过RT-qPCR检测敲低FTO基因MEG-01巨核细胞分离各组分的BCL2 mRNA水平和各组分占比结果统计分析 RNPs:示游离RNA,40S:示40S核糖体小亚基,60S:示60S核糖体大亚基,80S:示组装的单核糖体

, figureFileSmall=h9aCAZ8W3KnGOwq9gznxig==, figureFileBig=zU5pR5Zm23bPx84b9UE8oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934696048472509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称序列(5′→3′)
FTO上游:CCGGCGGTTCACAACCTCGGTTTAGCTCGAGCTAAACCGAGGTTGTGAACCGTTTTTG
下游:AATTCAAAAACGGTTCACAACCTCGGTTTAGCTCGAGCTAAACCGAGGTTGTGAACCG
NC上游:CGGGCCTAAGGTTAAGTCGCCCTCGCTCGAGCGAGGGCGACTTAACCTTAGGTTTTTG
下游:AATTCAAAAACCTAAGGTTAAGTCGCCCTCGCTCGAGCGAGGGCGACTTAACCTTAGG
), ArticleFig(id=1322934696434348478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

shRNA序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称序列(5′→3′)
FTO上游:CCGGCGGTTCACAACCTCGGTTTAGCTCGAGCTAAACCGAGGTTGTGAACCGTTTTTG
下游:AATTCAAAAACGGTTCACAACCTCGGTTTAGCTCGAGCTAAACCGAGGTTGTGAACCG
NC上游:CGGGCCTAAGGTTAAGTCGCCCTCGCTCGAGCGAGGGCGACTTAACCTTAGGTTTTTG
下游:AATTCAAAAACCTAAGGTTAAGTCGCCCTCGCTCGAGCGAGGGCGACTTAACCTTAGG
), ArticleFig(id=1322934696816030143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称引物序列(5′→3′)
FTO上游:CAGGAACCTTGGATTATATTTT
下游:CTCGACCTCATTATGAATTTCT
Caspase-3上游:TTCATAAAAGCACTGGAATGAC
下游:CACAATTTCTTCACGTGTAAGA
BAD上游:GTTTGTGGACTCCTTTAAGAAG
下游:TGGAGTTTCGGGATGTGGAG
BAK1上游:ACCTTACCTCTGCAACCTAG
下游:AAGTACTCATAGGCATTCTCTG
MCL1上游:CAAGGACACAAAGCCAATGG
下游:TTTTGATGTCCAGTTTCCGAA
BCL2上游:GATGACTGAGTACCTGAACC
下游:CCAGGAGAAATCAAACAGAGG
GAPDH上游:TCTCCTCTGACTTCAACAGCGACA
下游:CCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAATTCGT
m6A-BCL2上游:CAGTGATGTACCATGAAACAAA
下游:GTAAATAGCTGATTCGACGTTT
), ArticleFig(id=1322934697193517504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934686405767537, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称引物序列(5′→3′)
FTO上游:CAGGAACCTTGGATTATATTTT
下游:CTCGACCTCATTATGAATTTCT
Caspase-3上游:TTCATAAAAGCACTGGAATGAC
下游:CACAATTTCTTCACGTGTAAGA
BAD上游:GTTTGTGGACTCCTTTAAGAAG
下游:TGGAGTTTCGGGATGTGGAG
BAK1上游:ACCTTACCTCTGCAACCTAG
下游:AAGTACTCATAGGCATTCTCTG
MCL1上游:CAAGGACACAAAGCCAATGG
下游:TTTTGATGTCCAGTTTCCGAA
BCL2上游:GATGACTGAGTACCTGAACC
下游:CCAGGAGAAATCAAACAGAGG
GAPDH上游:TCTCCTCTGACTTCAACAGCGACA
下游:CCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAATTCGT
m6A-BCL2上游:CAGTGATGTACCATGAAACAAA
下游:GTAAATAGCTGATTCGACGTTT
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m6A去甲基化酶FTO调控BCL2 mRNA稳定性与翻译效率促进血小板前体形成
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夏文军 1, 2 , 卢尧 2 , 吴煌 2 , 文爱清 2 , 陈卫 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(6): 519-530
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (6) : 519 -530
m6A去甲基化酶FTO调控BCL2 mRNA稳定性与翻译效率促进血小板前体形成
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夏文军1, 2, 卢尧2, 吴煌2, 文爱清2 , 陈卫1
作者信息
  • 1川北医学院基础医学与法医学院病理生理学教研室,四川 南充
  • 2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)输血医学科,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
陈卫,E-mail:
文爱清,E-mail:
CHEN Wei,E-mail:
WEN Aiqing,E-mail:
m6A demethylase FTO rgulates BCL2 mRNA stability and translation efficiency and thereby promotes proplatelet formation
Wenjun XIA1, 2, Yao LU2, Huang WU2, Aiqing WEN2 , Wei CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan
  • 2Department of Transfusion Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412047
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目的

探究下调m6A去甲基化酶脂肪质量和肥胖相关基因(fat mass and obesity-associated protein ,FTO)对MEG-01巨核细胞系血小板前体形成的影响及其机制。

方法

①分别用1 nmol/L 佛波迷酯(phorbol myristate acetate,PMA)组(诱导组)和DMSO组(对照组)处理MEG-01细胞 72 h,通过Western blot和RT-qPCR检测FTO蛋白和mRNA表达变化情况。②用靶向FTO的病毒液(sh-FTO)和阴性对照病毒液(sh-NC)感染MEG-01细胞,用1 nmol/L PMA诱导sh-NC组和sh-FTO组MEG-01细胞72 h后,Western blot和RT-qPCR检测FTO蛋白和mRNA表达变化情况。碘化丙啶(propidium lodrde,PI)DNA染色检测细胞周期、CCK-8检测细胞活力,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染、TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡情况,Western blot检测cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达量,CD41/CD61染色检测巨核细胞成熟情况,明场观察和CD61免疫荧光检测血小板前体形成情况,RT-qPCR检测细胞凋亡相关分子(Caspase-3、BAD、BAK1、BCL2、MCL1)表达量,Western blot检测进一步验证BCL2蛋白变化情况,基因表达综合数据库(gene expression omnibus,GEO)中筛选出数据集;使用加州大学圣克鲁兹分校基因组浏览器(University of California,Santa Cruz genome browser,UCSC)分析比对BCL2 mRNA上的甲基化测序峰;m6A甲基化RNA免疫共沉淀(m6A RNA immunoprecipitation,m6A-RIP)验证MEG-01巨核细胞BCL2 mRNA m6A甲基化富集水平,检测sh-NC组和sh-FTO组BCL2 mRNA m6A甲基化富集水平变化,以mRNA 半衰期实验和多聚核糖体分离实验检测BCL2 mRNA翻译效率。

结果

①与DMSO组相比,PMA 组FTO蛋白(P<0.05)和 mRNA(P<0.01)表达水平升高;②与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组 FTO mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01),细胞周期发生G1/S期阻滞[(60.80±1.29)% vs(72.13±1.18)%,P<0.01],细胞活力明显降低[(1.17±0.03)% vs(0.69±0.05)%,P<0.05],Annexin V-FITC/PI阳性细胞占比升高[(12.87±0.83)% vs(17.45±1.58)%,P<0.01],TUNEL 阳性细胞占比显著升高[(1.03±0.27)% vs(17.49±9.91)%,P<0.01],cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),CD41+CD61+阳性率明显降低[(51.63±1.13)% vs(34.08±0.53)%,P<0.01],具有伪足的巨核细胞比率明显降低[(26.49±6.73)% vs(13.31±5.97)%,P<0.01]。③与sh-NC相比,sh-FTO组细胞抗凋亡分子BCL2蛋白和mRNA表达水平显著降低(P<0.01),UCSC GEO测序显示BCL2 mRNA上有m6A甲基化修饰位点,并经m6A-RIP实验在MEG-01巨核细胞验证:与GAPDH mRNA相比,BCL2 mRNA有明显的m6A富集信号(P<0.01);与sh-NC相比,BCL2 mRNA上的m6A甲基化修饰明显升高(P<0.01);BCL2 mRNA的稳定性显著降低,翻译效率显著降低(P<0.01)。

结论

m6A去甲基化酶FTO调控BCL2 mRNA稳定性与翻译效率,促进血小板前体形成。

脂肪质量和肥胖相关基因  /  血小板前体  /  m6A甲基化修饰  /  B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因
Objective‍

To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of down-regulating m6A demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) on proplatelet formation in the MEG-01 megakaryocytic cells.

Methods‍

①MEG-01 cells were treated with 1 nmol/L phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (treatment group) or DMSO (control group) for 72 h. FTO expression was measured by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. ② MEG-01 cells were infected with targeted FTO shRNA (knockdown group, sh-FTO) or negative control shRNA (negative control group, sh-NC) viruses. FTO knockdown group and negative control group MEG-1 cells were treated with 1 nmol/L PMA for 72 h, and the protein and mRNA expression levels of FTO were detected by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. Cell cycle, viability and apoptosis were assessed by propidium iodide (PI) DNA staining, CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and TUNEL staining. The expression of cleaved Caspase-3 protein was determine by Western blotting. Megakaryocyte maturation was assessed by CD41/CD61 staining. Proplatelet formation was observed under bright field and detected by CD61 immunofluorescence assay. The expression of apoptosis-related molecules (Caspase3, BAD, BAK1, BCL2 and MCL1) was detected by RT-qPCR, and the protein change of BCL2 was further verified by Western blotting. The dataset was screened out from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database, and then analyzed with University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) genome browser to compare the methylation sequencing peaks on BCL2 mRNA, and m6A methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (m6A-RIP) was used to assess the m6A methylation levels of BCL2 target gene mRNAs in MEG-01 megakaryocytes. Then, the changes in the m6A methylation enrichment level of BCL2 mRNA were observed between the sh-NC group and the sh-FTO group. mRNA stability and ribosome profiling assays were performed to assess translational efficiency of target genes.

Results‍

①PMA treatment upregulated the expression of FTO at protein (P<0.05) and mRNA (P<0.01) levels. ② FTO shRNA resulted in reduced FTO expression at both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.01). Compared to the negative control group, the FTO knockdown group showed more cells arrested at the G1/S phase [(60.80±1.29)% vs (72.13±1.18)%, P<0.01], significantly reduced cell viability [(1.17±0.03)% vs (0.69±0.05)%, P<0.01], increased Annexin V-FITC/PI positive cells [(12.87±0.83)% vs (17.45±1.58)%, P<0.01], more TUNEL positive cells [(1.03±0.27)% vs (17.49±9.91)%, P<0.01], enhanced protein level of cleaved Caspase-3 (P<0.01), decreased proportion of CD41/CD61 positive cells [(51.63±1.13)% vs (34.08±0.53)%, P<0.01], and less proplatelet formation in MEG-01 megakaryocytes [(26.49±6.73)% vs (13.31±5.97)%, P<0.01]. ③Compared to sh-NC group, the FTO knockdown group had significantly decreased protein and mRNA expression of anti-apoptotic molecule BCL2 (P<0.01). UCSC GEO sequencing data revealed there were m6A methylation modification sites on BCL2 mRNA, which was verified through m6A-RIP experiment in MEG-01 megakaryocytes. Compared with GAPDH mRNA, BCL2 mRNA exhibited a significantly enriched m6A signal (P<0.01). Compared to sh-NC group, a significant increase in m6A methylation modification was observed on BCL2 mRNA. BCL2 mRNA stability was significantly decreased, and its translation efficiency significantly was decreased(P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

m6A demethylase FTO rgulates BCL2 mRNA stability and translation efficiency,thereby promoting proplatelet formation in MEG-01 megakaryocytes.

fat mass and obesity-associated protein  /  proplatelet  /  m6A methylation modification  /  B-cell lymphoma 2
夏文军, 卢尧, 吴煌, 文爱清, 陈卫. m6A去甲基化酶FTO调控BCL2 mRNA稳定性与翻译效率促进血小板前体形成. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (6) : 519 -530 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412047
Wenjun XIA, Yao LU, Huang WU, Aiqing WEN, Wei CHEN. m6A demethylase FTO rgulates BCL2 mRNA stability and translation efficiency and thereby promotes proplatelet formation[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (6) : 519 -530 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412047
血小板作为外周循环中丰富的血细胞,在生理性止血和多种病理过程,如血栓形成、免疫调节、肿瘤转移[1-2]等方面发挥着非常重要的作用[3-4]。一般认为国内人群外周血血小板计数正常参考范围是(100~300)×109/L[5]。血小板生成过程异常往往导致血小板数量显著减少或增多,增加出血或血栓风险,导致多种疾病,如先天性血小板减少症[6]、免疫性血小板减少性紫癜[7]、脓毒症伴血小板减少症[8]和病理性血小板增多症等[9]的病理过程,导致患者不良预后。因此,进一步探索巨核细胞分化成熟为血小板的机制,将为血小板生成异常相关疾病的治疗提供新的线索和策略。
巨核细胞的分化和成熟是一个复杂的过程,该过程受到转录和转录后的精细调控[10]。近年来的研究提示,RNA m6A甲基化修饰在胚胎发育、造血细胞分化、肿瘤细胞增殖等生理和病理过程中发挥了重要作用[11-12]。RNA m6A甲基化修饰在真核生物中普遍存在,是mRNA中最丰富的修饰[13],通过影响RNA的加工、稳定性和翻译调控蛋白表达[14],RNA m6A甲基化的动态修饰水平由RNA甲基转移酶、RNA去甲基化酶共同调节[15]。研究发现,RNA甲基转移酶复合物核心成分甲基转移酶样蛋白3(methytransferase like 3,METTL3)对造血干细胞分化过程必不可少[16],METTL3敲除小鼠外周血血小板数量显著下降,这表明m6A甲基化修饰在血小板生成过程中发挥着重要作用[17],但m6A的动态调控是否在其中发挥作用这一关键问题仍有待解决。m6A去甲基化酶脂肪质量和肥胖相关基因(fat mass and obesity-associated protein,FTO)是被发现的第一个RNA m6A去甲基化酶,通过下调mRNA m6A甲基化水平,参与胚胎干细胞发育[18]、造血干细胞归巢[19] 等诸多过程。目前关于FTO在血小板生成中的作用有待进一步研究。本研究拟通过shRNA技术在MEG-01巨核细胞系中敲低FTO,观察FTO对巨核细胞增殖、凋亡、表面膜糖蛋白CD41和CD61的表达以及血小板前体形成的影响,并初步探究相关机制。
MEG-01细胞与293FT细胞购自中国科学院细胞库;RPMI 1640培养基、DMEM培养基、胎牛血清、青霉素-链霉素、胰酶购自美国Gibco公司;PMA、放线菌素D、Triton X-100购自德国Sigma公司;pLKO.1载体、pspAx2和pMD2.G质粒由中国科学院生物化学与细胞生物学研究所陈玲玲实验室赠送;限制性内切酶AgeI和EcoRI购自美国NEB公司;Dynabeads 蛋白G、Dynabeads MyOne Silane、T4 DNA Ligase购自美国Invitrogen公司;Trans-T1感受态细胞购自中国TransGen公司;无内毒素质粒小提中量试剂盒购自中国TIANGEN公司;TRIzol试剂购自美国Thermo公司;RT试剂购自日本TaKaRa公司;qPCR试剂购自美国Bio-Rad公司;FTO抗体、cleaved Caspase 3抗体、CD61抗体、BCL2抗体、GAPDH抗体、HRP羊抗鼠IgG-HRP二抗购自中国Proteintech公司;HRP鼠抗兔IgG-HRP二抗购自玻利维亚Santa Cruz公司;m6A抗体购自德国synaptic systems公司;抗兔IgG抗体、荧光二抗山羊抗兔IgG(绿色)购自英国Abcam公司;APC-CD41抗体、PE-CD61抗体购自美国BD公司;嘌呤霉素、RIPA细胞裂解液、Lipo8000转染试剂、细胞周期与细胞凋亡检测试剂盒、Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒、CCK-8试剂盒、一步法TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒、DAPI染色液购自中国Beyotime公司;放线菌酮购自美国MCE公司;0.22 µm PVDF膜、Western blot化学发光底物购自美国Merck公司;三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷[tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane,Tris]、氯化镁、氯化钾、二硫苏糖醇、肝素钠购自中国生工公司;RNasin购自美国Promega公司。自配试剂lysis buffer[20 mmol/L Tris (pH=7.4)、15 mmol/L氯化镁、200 mmol/L 氯化钾、1% Triton X-100、100 µg/mL放线菌酮、1 mmol/L二硫苏糖醇、1 mg/mL 肝素钠、40 U/mL RNasin]。研究涉及的PCR/qPCR引物、sanger测序均在北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司完成。
293FT细胞使用含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素的DMEM培养基培养,在细胞培养箱(37 ℃、5%CO2)内培养至细胞融合度到80%~90%,使用0.25%胰酶消化传代,用于慢病毒感染。MEG-01细胞使用含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素的RPMI 1640培养基于37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱内培养。使用DMSO和PMA(终浓度为1 nmol/L)分别处理MEG-01细胞72 h为DMSO组和PMA组,通过Western blot和RT-qPCR检测FTO蛋白和mRNA,确定FTO是否在MEG-01细胞中表达以及变化情况。
利用设计网站(https://portals.broadinstitute.org/gpp/public/),获得靶向FTO第5个外显子的shRNA序列,加上限制性内切酶AgeI和EcoRI酶切位点的黏性末端后,合成sh-FTO以及阴性对照序列(negative control,sh-NC),见表1;shRNA经过退火后形成双链DNA,PLKO.1载体经AgeI和EcoRI酶切、回收,将退火得到双链的shFTO片段和shNC片段分别插入到PLKO.1载体上,通过转化、测序获得正确的PLKO.1-shFTO和PLKO.1-shNC慢病毒质粒。
293FT细胞按2.0×106个/皿接种在6 cm培养皿中,培养20 h后用于慢病毒感染,依据Lipo8000说明书分别加入病毒包装质粒pspAx2、病毒膜蛋白质粒pMD2.G、对照质粒sh-NC、目的质粒sh-FTO,混匀后均匀加入293FT细胞中,收集48和72 h病毒液混合并过滤,将病毒液加入到MEG-01细胞中,感染72 h后换液,并加入嘌呤霉素(终浓度为1 µg/mL)进行抗性筛选72 h,最终获得FTO稳定敲低的sh-FTO组和阴性对照(sh-NC)组细胞系。将sh-NC和sh-FTO组MEG-01细胞通过1 nmol/L PMA诱导72 h成为MEG-01巨核细胞,用于后续Western blot检测和RT-qPCR检测、CCK-8实验、细胞周期实验、细胞凋亡实验、CD41和CD61检测、m6A甲基化RNA免疫共沉淀(m6A RNA immunoprecipitation,m6A-RIP)实验、mRNA半衰期实验、多聚核糖体分离实验检测。
收集sh-NC组和sh-FTO组经PMA诱导后的细胞,每组取1.0×106个细胞,加入100 µL RIPA细胞裂解液,超声裂解,高温变性(95 ℃,5 min)后进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离蛋白,电转将蛋白转移至PVDF膜,5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭2 h,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜(FTO 1∶1 000,BCL2 1∶1 000,cleaved Caspase-3 1∶1 000,GAPDH 1∶5 000),PBST清洗3次,二抗1∶5 000稀释室温孵育1 h,PBST清洗3次,使用Bio-Rad化学发光成像系统和Merck化学发光底物显影,采用Image J软件做条带灰度值分析。
收集sh-NC组和sh-FTO组经PMA诱导后的细胞,每组取5.0×105个细胞,使用TRIzol提取总RNA,TaKaRa的反转录试剂进行反转录,Bio-Rad的qPCR Mix试剂进行RT-qPCR检测目的基因,数据计算分析以GAPDH为内参,采用2-ΔΔCt方法计算定量值。qPCR引物序列详见表2。
sh-NC组和sh-FTO组的MEG-01细胞经PMA诱导72 h离心(室温,111×g,5 min)弃上清,加入 RPMI 1640培养基重悬并计数,调整细胞密度为4.0×104/mL,使用96孔板,每孔加入100 µL细胞悬液,每组3个复孔;分别在接种培养24、48、72、96 h后,每孔加入10 µL CCK-8溶液在细胞培养箱孵育4 h使用酶标仪在波长450 nm测量光密度值[D(450)]。
收集PMA(终浓度为1 nmol/L)诱导72 h的sh-NC组和sh-FTO组细胞,取2.0×105个,离心(4 ℃,1 000×g,5 min)弃上清,加入1 mL预冷的PBS清洗细胞,离心弃上清,加入1 mL预冷的70%乙醇,4 ℃过夜固定细胞;离心弃上清,加入1 mL预冷的PBS洗涤细胞,离心弃上清,加入配置好的碘化丙啶(propdium lodrde,PI)DNA染色液,37 ℃避光,30 min,随后置于冰中,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期。
收集PMA(终浓度为1 nmol/L)诱导72 h的sh-NC组和sh-FTO组细胞,取1.0×105个细胞,PBS清洗1次,加入195 µL Annexin V-FITC结合液轻轻重悬细胞,加入5 µL Annexin V-FITC、10 µL碘化丙啶染色液轻轻重悬细胞,室温避光孵育20 min,随后放置冰中,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。取3.0×104个细胞,使用200 µL PBS重悬甩片(室温,18×g,3 min),按照一步法TUNEL细胞凋亡检测试剂盒说明书进行TUNEL染色,PBS清洗3次,DAPI染色15 min,PBS清洗3次,使用抗荧光淬灭剂封片后在荧光显微镜下拍照观察。凋亡细胞核被染成绿色,正常细胞核为蓝色,计算凋亡率,公式如下:凋亡率=凋亡阳性细胞/正常细胞核×100%。
收集PMA(终浓度为1 nmol/L)诱导72 h的sh-NC组和sh-FTO组细胞,取细胞1.0×105个,离心(室温,111×g,5 min)弃上清,加入1 mL的PBS清洗一次细胞,加入100 µL染色缓冲液重悬细胞,加入APC-CD41抗体和PE-CD61抗体各1 µL并混匀,室温避光孵育30 min,加入1 mL PBS洗涤细胞,离心弃上清,加入300 µL的PBS重悬细胞避光保存,流式细胞仪检测sh-NC组和sh-FTO组MEG-01巨核细胞CD41和CD61的表达。
sh-NC组和sh-FTO组的MEG-01细胞计数,调整细胞密度为4.0×104/mL,每组各取10 mL细胞悬液接种于底部含爬片和不含爬片10 cm培养皿中,加入PMA(终浓度为10 nmol/L)诱导,于37 ℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养,在第5天观察血小板前体形成,不含爬片诱导的培养皿使用奥林巴斯显微镜IX73拍摄血小板前体明场照片。在含爬片的培养皿中取出爬片,4%多聚甲醛室温用固定30 min,PBS洗涤3次,用0.3%Triton X-100通透15 min,5%BSA封闭1 h,一抗CD61(1∶200) 4 ℃过夜孵育,PBS洗涤3次,免疫荧光二抗(1∶400)室温下避光孵育1 h,PBS洗涤3次,DAPI复染15 min,PBS洗涤3次,抗荧光淬灭剂封片后用奥林巴斯显微镜IX73观察拍照。
从基因表达综合数据库(gene expression omnibus,GEO)中筛选出数据集GES84944,使用加州大学圣克鲁兹分校基因组浏览器(University of California,Santa Cruz genome browser,UCSC)(https://genome.ucsc.edu/)分析比对BCL2 mRNA上的甲基化测序峰。收集1 nmol/L PMA诱导72 h的MEG-01细胞1.0×107个,离心(室温,111×g,5 min)弃上清,加入1 mL PBS洗涤细胞清洗1次,使用TRIzol提取RNA,RNA提取完成后去除DNA,将去除DNA的RNA与ZnCl2溶液在高温下将RNA片段化,m6A抗体与磁珠4 ℃孵育2 h,漂洗后,加入片段化的RNA与磁珠-抗体复合物4 ℃孵育2 h,盐溶液漂洗,使用洗脱液洗脱BCL2抗体结合的复合物,再次提取RNA溶于无酶水中,进行RT-qPCR验证BCL2 mRNA上的m6A富集水平。收集PMA(终浓度为1 nmol/L)诱导72 h的sh-NC组和sh-FTO组细胞,分别取细胞1.0×107个,提取RNA进行m6A-RIP实验,检测MEG-01巨核细胞FTO敲低后BCL2 mRNA甲基化水平变化情况。
收集PMA诱导72 h的sh-NC组和sh-FTO组细胞,离心(室温,111×g,5 min)弃上清,加入RPMI 1640培养基重悬,每孔5.0×105个细胞接种于24孔板培养皿中,每孔加入放线菌素D(终浓度为5 µg/mL),处理0、2、4、6 h后提取细胞RNA,RT-qPCR检测BCL2 mRNA的半衰期。
PMA(终浓度为1 nmol/L)诱导72 h的sh-NC组和sh-FTO组细胞,离心(室温,111×g,5 min)弃上清,加入RPMI 1640培养基重悬,取2.0×107个细胞于10 cm培养皿,加入放线菌酮(终浓度100 µg/mL)混匀后,于37 ℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养15 min。离心,弃上清,加入预冷PBS清洗2次,加入500 µL lysis buffer重悬,反复吹打至细胞膜破裂,冰上放置10 min,再次离心(15 871×g,10 min,4 ℃),取上清,转移至新的离心管中。超速离心(252 878×g,2.5 h,4 ℃)。后续按照biocomp说明进行核糖体分离,并将分离组分提取RNA进行RT-qPCR检测各组分BCL2 mRNA水平。
符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析作图,采用非配对t检验,每组实验重复4次,P<0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。
通过Western blot和RT-qPCR检测MEG-01巨核细胞FTO蛋白和mRNA表达水平,结果显示:FTO在MEG-01细胞中表达,且MEG-01巨核细胞FTO蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05,图1A、B),FTO mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.01,图1C),表明FTO与细胞的活化或功能进展相关。
Western blot和RT-qPCR检测结果显示:与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组FTO蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01,图2A、B),mRNA的表达水平也明显降低(P<0.01,图2C)。
通过流式细胞术检测细胞周期(图3A),与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组细胞G1期明显增加、S期明显降低,提示发生了G1/S期阻滞(P<0.01,图3B)。CCK-8检测结果显示:与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组FTO敲低后MEG-01巨核细胞活力明显降低(P<0.05,图3C)。以上结果提示FTO基因敲低明显抑制MEG-01巨核细胞的增殖。
流式细胞术检测FTO敲低的MEG-01巨核细胞凋亡(图4A),结果显示:与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组细胞早期和晚期凋亡率均增加(P<0.01,图4B、C),细胞总凋亡率:Annexin V-FITC/PI阳性细胞占比升高(P<0.01,图4D)。TUNEL 检测FTO敲低的MEG-01巨核细胞凋亡(图4E),结果显示:与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组细胞TUNEL 阳性细胞占比显著升高(P<0.01,图4F)。Western blot检测FTO敲低的MEG-01巨核细胞cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01,图4G、H)。
FTO敲低的MEG-01巨核细胞,经CD41抗体与CD61抗体双染进行流式细胞术检测细胞CD41和CD61表达,结果显示:与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组细胞CD41+CD61+阳性率明显降低(P<0.01,图5),表明FTO敲除影响MEG-01巨核细胞的分化。
MEG-01细胞敲低FTO后,接种在盖玻片上,经PMA(10 nmol/L)于37 ℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养诱导,细胞用CD61抗体和DAPI进行染色,使用奥林巴斯显微镜观察血小板前体形成的代表性图像,结果显示:与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组具有伪足的巨核细胞比率明显降低(P<0.01,图6)。
在FTO敲低的MEG-01巨核细胞中,根据MEG-01巨核细胞凋亡增加的表型,利用RT-qPCR检测筛选相关凋亡分子(Caspase-3、BAD、BAK1、BCL2、MCL1)的mRNA变化情况,发现抗凋亡相关分子BCL2降低(P<0.01),筛选的其余凋亡相关分子变化不明显(图7A),BCL2蛋白表达水平也降低(P<0.01,图7B、C);FTO作为去甲基化酶,在其催化下mRNA可减少m6A甲基化修饰,通过UCSC GEO测序数据发现BCL2 mRNA上有m6A甲基化修饰位点(图7D);通过m6A-RIP实验验证:与GAPDH mRNA相比,BCL2 mRNA有明显的m6A富集信号(P<0.01,图7E),进一步实验发现,与sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组BCL2 mRNA上的m6A甲基化修饰明显升高(P<0.01,图7F)。
m6A修饰mRNA一般通过调控mRNA的稳定性、翻译效率,通过BCL2 mRNA半衰期实验结果显示:sh-NC组BCL2 mRNA半衰期是7.559 h,sh-FTO组BCL2 mRNA半衰期是4.080 h,敲低FTO后,MEG-01巨核细胞BCL2 mRNA稳定性明显降低(图8A)。通过多聚核糖体分离实验,表明敲低FTO不影响核糖体亚基的分布(图8B),检测核糖体各组分BCL2 mRNA的占比发现:与 sh-NC组相比,sh-FTO组80S核糖体亚基BCL2 mRNA水平升高,并且重多聚核糖体组分转变为轻多聚核糖体,表明敲低FTO后,BCL2翻译效率降低(P<0.01,图8C、D)。
血小板在机体生理和病理进程中发挥着关键作用,其于止血、凝血平衡、炎症反应及组织修复等方面扮演着重要角色。在临床上,血小板数量或功能的异常与多种血液疾病紧密相连,如再生障碍性贫血、免疫性血小板减少症等[20]。开展血小板生成研究能够精准剖析血小板生成异常的环节,对疾病诊断、新型药物开发带来新契机[21]。同时,鉴于血小板输注面临的血源困境与风险,研究血小板生产的分子机制有望为体外生成血小板提供潜在的新路径,具有广阔的临床应用前景。
表观遗传修饰尤其是 m6A 甲基化修饰,在造血细胞分化及血小板生成中扮演着重要角色,近年来备受学界关注[22-23]。FTO 作为关键的 RNA 去甲基化酶,与多种疾病存在关联,且在本研究中发现其在诱导成熟的巨核细胞中表达上调,这一现象表明 FTO 极有可能深度参与巨核细胞的活化与功能进展,成为血小板生成研究领域的潜在关键靶点。
既往研究报道,m6A甲基转移酶如METTL3在众多生理和病理过程发挥着关键调控作用[24],近年来的研究也发现,去甲基化酶参与的m6A修饰动态变化也发挥着同样重要的作用[25]。目前已知FTO除了与肥胖和新陈代谢[26]、各种癌症[27-28]、严重感染性疾病等有关,还与造血干细胞发育和归巢有关,FTO作为第一个被发现的去甲基化酶,是Fe2+和α-酮戊二酸依赖的双加氧酶蛋白家族的成员[29],其存在于细胞核[30],也存在于细胞浆[31],可以从RNA中去除m6A修饰。目前已有研究证实FTO参与细胞增殖、周期和凋亡的调节,例如在透明细胞肾细胞癌中FTO抑制肿瘤的增殖、迁移和侵袭[32];在急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)中FTO可以诱导AML细胞凋亡、细胞周期停滞在G1期以及抑制细胞增殖[33]。本研究进一步揭示,在 MEG-01巨核细胞中敲低FTO会引发G1/S 期阻滞,致使细胞增殖受阻、凋亡增加,同时抑制细胞分化,表现为表面标志性膜糖蛋白 CD41 和 CD61 表达降低,血小板前体形成亦受到严重阻碍。这与已报道的FTO促进AML分化一致[34]。上述研究结果提示,FTO可能通过促增殖抗凋亡等多种信号通路在MEG-01巨核细胞向血小板前体形成过程中发挥关键作用。
FTO去除特定基因的m6A修饰引起mRNA稳定性改变是FTO发挥转录后调控的重要机制。目前FTO在巨核细胞发育和血小板生成是去除何种基因的m6A修饰调控方面尚未报道。最近的研究发现FTO通过增强热休克因子1(HSF1)mRNA稳定性促进多发性骨髓瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭进而促进多发性骨髓瘤的疾病进展[35]。也有文献报道FTO通过m6A依赖方式抑制酰基辅酶合成酶长链家族4(ACSL4)和转铁蛋白受体蛋白1(TFRC)2个靶点mRNA稳定性调控铁死亡相关缺血再灌注损伤,呈现出良好的治疗效果和未来应用前景[36]。本研究已证实FTO敲低导致MEG-01巨核细胞BCL2 mRNA m6A修饰显著升高且稳定性降低,抑制MEG-01巨核细胞增殖分化、促进细胞凋亡且抑制血小板前体形成。BCL2是第一个确认的抗凋亡蛋白,在多种细胞中抑制凋亡[37]。BCL2/BCL-XL受抑制后,导致巨核细胞凋亡增加,血小板形成减少[38]。这些结果提示m6A去甲基化酶FTO调控BCL2 mRNA稳定性以及翻译效率促进血小板前体形成。
综上所述,尽管本研究明确了 FTO 在巨核细胞血小板前体形成中的重要作用,但仍有诸多问题亟待深入探究。除 FTO 外,其他类型的 m6A 去甲基化酶在血小板生成中的作用尚不明确。不同去甲基化酶之间可能存在协同或补偿机制,全面解析它们的功能对于完整理解 m6A 修饰在血小板生成中的调控网络至关重要。FTO 是否通过其他靶分子参与血小板生成也需进一步挖掘。在动物模型如斑马鱼及小鼠中研究 FTO 的作用,有助于在体内环境下验证其功能及机制,为血液疾病的诊断和治疗带来新的突破。

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2025年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412047
  • 接收时间:2024-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-10
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
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    1川北医学院基础医学与法医学院病理生理学教研室,四川 南充
    2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)输血医学科,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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