Article(id=1322934666684150016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934653228822704, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410075, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729526400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-22, revisedDate=1737907200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341803474, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341803474, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341803474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341803474, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934653228822704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='385', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741968000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341800267, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341800267, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=453, endPage=461, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934668538032385, articleId=1322934666684150016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote proliferation and drug resistance of gastric cancer organoids: a primary study, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To construct an in vitro co-culture model of gastric cancer organoids and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and investigate the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the proliferation and chemotherapy resistance of gastric cancer organoids.

Methods‍

Tumor tissues from 12 gastric cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment in Department of General Surgery of Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from February 2023 to March 2024 were collected to construct gastric cancer organoids using 3D culture. HE staining was used to observe the morphology, and immunohistochemical assay was employed to determine the expression of cytokeratin CK7, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and proliferation marker Ki-67. After CAFs derived from the same patient were cultured, observed for their morphology under a light microscope, and detected for the phenotype by flow cytometry, the cells were co-cultured with gastric cancer organoids in a 1:1 ratio. Phase-contrast microscopy was applied to observe the growth of the organoids and analyze the number, average diameter, and total area. Then, organoids cultured alone served as the control group. After the control and co-culture groups were treated with chemotherapy drugs, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, for 48 h, the viability and apoptosis of organoids were assessed with CellTiter-Glo® 3D assay and CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 activity, respectively.

Results‍

Gastric cancer organoids and CAFs were successfully established from 10 gastric cancer patient-derived samples. The gastric cancer organoids exhibited morphological characteristics consistent with the corresponding primary tumors, and showed positive expression of CK7, CEA, and Ki-67. CAFs displayed typical spindle-shaped morphology and exhibited the phenotypic markers CD326-, CD45-, CD31-, α-SMA+, CD73+, CD90+, and CD105+. Compared to the organoids cultured alone, the organoids co-cultured with CAFs showed more formation of organoids, in larger average diameter, and taking larger total area (P<0.05). After the treatment of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 10.66 and 3.26 μmol/L, respectively in the control group, while was 46.23 and 91.11 μmol/L in the co-culture group. Additionally, the number of CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 positive apoptotic cells was significantly less in the co-culture group than the control group.

Conclusion

Compared with individually cultured gastric cancer organoids, the co-culture model of gastric cancer organoids and CAFs better simulates the pro-tumor proliferation and drug resistance effects of in vivo tumor microenvironment.

, authors=Yuanyuan ZHANG1, Zhenquan DUAN1, Yuxian LI2, Mengqiu HUANG1, Baohang ZHU2, Yuan Qiu3, Quanming ZOU2, Liusheng PENG2, Daiyuan MA1, authorsList=Yuanyuan ZHANG, Zhenquan DUAN, Yuxian LI, Mengqiu HUANG, Baohang ZHU, Yuan Qiu, Quanming ZOU, Liusheng PENG, Daiyuan MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liusheng PENG, Daiyuan MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934669775352076, articleId=1322934666684150016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=肿瘤相关成纤维细胞促胃癌类器官增殖与耐药的初步研究, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

体外构建胃癌类器官与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞的共培养模型,利用该模型探究肿瘤相关成纤维细胞对胃癌类器官增殖与化疗耐药的影响。

方法

收集于2023年2月至2024年3月在陆军军医大学第二附属医院普外科接受手术切除的12例胃癌患者的肿瘤组织。采用体外三维构建胃癌类器官;通过HE染色进行形态学分析,采用免疫组织化学染色检测细胞角蛋白CK7、癌胚抗原CEA和增殖相关因子Ki-67的表达。培养同一患者来源的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞,通过光镜观察分析其形态;采用流式细胞染色检测其表型。将胃癌类器官与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞按1∶1比例共培养,相差显微镜下观察胃癌类器官的生长情况并分析其数量、平均直径与总面积。将单独培养的类器官设置为对照组,在对照组和共培养组中加入化疗药物5-氟尿嘧啶和奥沙利铂处理48 h,利用CellTiter-Glo® 3D试剂盒和CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 分别检测类器官的细胞活力与凋亡情况。

结果

成功构建出10例患者来源的胃癌类器官与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞,胃癌类器官表现出与原发肿瘤一致的形态学特征并在CK7、CEA与Ki-67的表达上具有相似性。肿瘤相关成纤维细胞呈现出典型的梭状及CD326-、CD45-、CD31-、α-SMA+、CD73+、CD90+、CD105+表型特征。与单独培养的类器官对照组比较,与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞共培养组的类器官形成数量更多、平均直径更长且总面积更大(P<0.05)。在化疗药物5-氟尿嘧啶和奥沙利铂处理下,对照组的半数抑制浓度分别为10.66和3.26 μmol/L,而共培养组则分别为46.23和91.11 μmol/L;与类器官单独培养的对照组比较,共培养组中类器官的CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 阳性凋亡细胞明显减少。

结论

与单独培养的类器官比较,肿瘤相关成纤维细胞共培养模型能更好地模拟体内肿瘤微环境的促瘤增殖与耐药效应。

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彭六生,E-mail:
马代远,E-mail:
PENG Liusheng,E-mail:
MA Daiyuan,E-mail:
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J Natl Cancer Cent,2024,4(1):47-53., articleTitle=Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2022, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322934682362458475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934666684150016, doi=10.1186/s12957-020-01819-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=18, issue=1, pageStart=51, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=BEEHARRY M K, ZHANG T Q, LIU W T, journalName=World J Surg Oncol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BEEHARRY M K,ZHANG T Q,LIU W T,et al. Optimization of perioperative approaches for advanced and late stages of gastric cancer:clinical proposal based on literature evidence,personal experience,and ongoing trials and research[J]. World J Surg Oncol,2020,18(1):51., articleTitle=Optimization of perioperative approaches for advanced and late stages of gastric cancer:clinical proposal based on literature evidence,personal experience,and ongoing trials and research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322934682450538860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934666684150016, doi=10.1186/s12943-024-02106-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=191, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=LIN Z J, LI G Q, JIANG K, journalName=Mol Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN Z J,LI G Q,JIANG K,et al. Cancer therapy resistance mediated by cancer-associated fibroblast-derived extracellular vesicles:biological mechanisms to clinical significance and implications[J]. 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Cancer Discov,2014,4(9):998-1013., articleTitle=Patient-derived xenograft models:an emerging platform for translational cancer research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322934682643476846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934666684150016, doi=10.1186/s43556-023-00165-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=5, issue=1, pageStart=6, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=QU S Q, XU R Y, YI G Z, journalName=Mol Biomed, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QU S Q,XU R Y,YI G Z,et al. Patient-derived organoids in human cancer:a platform for fundamental research and precision medicine[J]. Mol Biomed,2024,5(1):6., articleTitle=Patient-derived organoids in human cancer:a platform for fundamental research and precision medicine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322934682706391407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934666684150016, doi=10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.003, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=2, pageStart=407, pageEnd=431, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=LIU J Y, LI P F, WANG L, journalName=Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU J Y,LI P F,WANG L,et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts provide a stromal niche for liver cancer organoids that confers trophic effects and therapy resistance[J]. 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A:相差显微镜成像观察PDOs连续培养9 d的形态变化;B:定量统计分析PDOs形成数量、平均直径及总面积随时间的变化;C:PDOs不同代数的形态对比:样本1(第4代、第7代)培养6 d与样本10(第4代、第8代)培养5 d的相差显微图像;D:冻存复苏验证:样本8的PDOs复苏后第1、3、7天的相差显微图像

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A:患者的亲本肿瘤组织和PDOs的HE染色;B:患者的亲本肿瘤组织和PDOs中CK7、CEA、Ki-67的免疫组化染色对比

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A:相差显微镜下CAFs的细胞形态;B:流式细胞术分析CAFs中CD326、CD45、CD31、α-SMA、CD73、CD90、CD105的表达情况

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A:PDOs单独培养(对照组)与共培养体系(共培养组)显微图像对比;B:PDOs单独培养(对照组)与共培养体系(共培养组)类器官生长参数定量分析 a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

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A:5-FU (100 μmol/L)处理对照组和PDOs-CAFs共培养模型的细胞活力分析;B:5-FU (100 μmol/L)处理对照组和PDOs-CAFs共培养模型观察类器官调亡情况 红色:CAFs,蓝色:细胞核,绿色:凋亡细胞;C:L-OHP (10 μmol/L)处理对照组和PDOs-CAFs共培养模型的细胞活力分析;D:L-OHP (10 μmol/L)处理对照组和PDOs-CAFs共培养模型观察类器官凋亡情况 红色:CAFs,蓝色:细胞核,绿色:凋亡细胞

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样本标号性别年龄/岁肿瘤部位病理类型病理分型分化程度临床分期(TNM)是否印戒细胞癌类器官是否构建成功
1女性54胃窦腺癌肠型低T4aN2M0否是
2男性57胃窦腺癌肠型低T4aN2M0否是
3男性51贲门腺癌肠型中T4N1M0否是
4男性48胃窦腺癌肠型中T4aN1M0是是
5男性56胃体腺癌肠型低T4aN1cM0是是
6男性75贲门腺癌肠型高T4aN1M0否是
7男性66胃窦腺癌肠型低T1bN0M0否是
8男性48胃窦腺癌肠型中T1N1M0否是
9男性59胃窦腺癌混合型中T4N1M0否否
10男性63胃窦腺癌混合型低T2N1M0否是
11女性53胃体腺癌肠型低T1aN0M0是否
12男性75胃窦腺癌混合型中T2N0M0否是
), ArticleFig(id=1322934678331732312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934666684150016, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

胃癌患者临床基线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本标号性别年龄/岁肿瘤部位病理类型病理分型分化程度临床分期(TNM)是否印戒细胞癌类器官是否构建成功
1女性54胃窦腺癌肠型低T4aN2M0否是
2男性57胃窦腺癌肠型低T4aN2M0否是
3男性51贲门腺癌肠型中T4N1M0否是
4男性48胃窦腺癌肠型中T4aN1M0是是
5男性56胃体腺癌肠型低T4aN1cM0是是
6男性75贲门腺癌肠型高T4aN1M0否是
7男性66胃窦腺癌肠型低T1bN0M0否是
8男性48胃窦腺癌肠型中T1N1M0否是
9男性59胃窦腺癌混合型中T4N1M0否否
10男性63胃窦腺癌混合型低T2N1M0否是
11女性53胃体腺癌肠型低T1aN0M0是否
12男性75胃窦腺癌混合型中T2N0M0否是
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肿瘤相关成纤维细胞促胃癌类器官增殖与耐药的初步研究
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张媛媛 1 , 段振铨 1 , 李雨贤 2 , 黄梦秋 1 , 朱宝行 2 , 邱远 3 , 邹全明 2 , 彭六生 2 , 马代远 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(5): 453-461
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (5) : 453 -461
肿瘤相关成纤维细胞促胃癌类器官增殖与耐药的初步研究
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张媛媛1, 段振铨1, 李雨贤2, 黄梦秋1, 朱宝行2, 邱远3, 邹全明2, 彭六生2 , 马代远1
作者信息
  • 1川北医学院附属医院肿瘤科,四川 南充
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆
  • 3陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院普外科,重庆
通讯作者:
彭六生,E-mail:
马代远,E-mail:
PENG Liusheng,E-mail:
MA Daiyuan,E-mail:
Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote proliferation and drug resistance of gastric cancer organoids: a primary study
Yuanyuan ZHANG1, Zhenquan DUAN1, Yuxian LI2, Mengqiu HUANG1, Baohang ZHU2, Yuan Qiu3, Quanming ZOU2, Liusheng PENG2 , Daiyuan MA1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Oncology,Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College,Nanchong,Sichuan
  • 2Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy,Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 3Department of General Surgery,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410075
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目的

体外构建胃癌类器官与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞的共培养模型,利用该模型探究肿瘤相关成纤维细胞对胃癌类器官增殖与化疗耐药的影响。

方法

收集于2023年2月至2024年3月在陆军军医大学第二附属医院普外科接受手术切除的12例胃癌患者的肿瘤组织。采用体外三维构建胃癌类器官;通过HE染色进行形态学分析,采用免疫组织化学染色检测细胞角蛋白CK7、癌胚抗原CEA和增殖相关因子Ki-67的表达。培养同一患者来源的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞,通过光镜观察分析其形态;采用流式细胞染色检测其表型。将胃癌类器官与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞按1∶1比例共培养,相差显微镜下观察胃癌类器官的生长情况并分析其数量、平均直径与总面积。将单独培养的类器官设置为对照组,在对照组和共培养组中加入化疗药物5-氟尿嘧啶和奥沙利铂处理48 h,利用CellTiter-Glo® 3D试剂盒和CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 分别检测类器官的细胞活力与凋亡情况。

结果

成功构建出10例患者来源的胃癌类器官与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞,胃癌类器官表现出与原发肿瘤一致的形态学特征并在CK7、CEA与Ki-67的表达上具有相似性。肿瘤相关成纤维细胞呈现出典型的梭状及CD326-、CD45-、CD31-、α-SMA+、CD73+、CD90+、CD105+表型特征。与单独培养的类器官对照组比较,与肿瘤相关成纤维细胞共培养组的类器官形成数量更多、平均直径更长且总面积更大(P<0.05)。在化疗药物5-氟尿嘧啶和奥沙利铂处理下,对照组的半数抑制浓度分别为10.66和3.26 μmol/L,而共培养组则分别为46.23和91.11 μmol/L;与类器官单独培养的对照组比较,共培养组中类器官的CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 阳性凋亡细胞明显减少。

结论

与单独培养的类器官比较,肿瘤相关成纤维细胞共培养模型能更好地模拟体内肿瘤微环境的促瘤增殖与耐药效应。

胃癌  /  类器官  /  成纤维细胞  /  共培养模型  /  药物敏感检测
Objective‍

To construct an in vitro co-culture model of gastric cancer organoids and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and investigate the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the proliferation and chemotherapy resistance of gastric cancer organoids.

Methods‍

Tumor tissues from 12 gastric cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment in Department of General Surgery of Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from February 2023 to March 2024 were collected to construct gastric cancer organoids using 3D culture. HE staining was used to observe the morphology, and immunohistochemical assay was employed to determine the expression of cytokeratin CK7, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and proliferation marker Ki-67. After CAFs derived from the same patient were cultured, observed for their morphology under a light microscope, and detected for the phenotype by flow cytometry, the cells were co-cultured with gastric cancer organoids in a 1:1 ratio. Phase-contrast microscopy was applied to observe the growth of the organoids and analyze the number, average diameter, and total area. Then, organoids cultured alone served as the control group. After the control and co-culture groups were treated with chemotherapy drugs, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, for 48 h, the viability and apoptosis of organoids were assessed with CellTiter-Glo® 3D assay and CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 activity, respectively.

Results‍

Gastric cancer organoids and CAFs were successfully established from 10 gastric cancer patient-derived samples. The gastric cancer organoids exhibited morphological characteristics consistent with the corresponding primary tumors, and showed positive expression of CK7, CEA, and Ki-67. CAFs displayed typical spindle-shaped morphology and exhibited the phenotypic markers CD326-, CD45-, CD31-, α-SMA+, CD73+, CD90+, and CD105+. Compared to the organoids cultured alone, the organoids co-cultured with CAFs showed more formation of organoids, in larger average diameter, and taking larger total area (P<0.05). After the treatment of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 10.66 and 3.26 μmol/L, respectively in the control group, while was 46.23 and 91.11 μmol/L in the co-culture group. Additionally, the number of CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 positive apoptotic cells was significantly less in the co-culture group than the control group.

Conclusion

Compared with individually cultured gastric cancer organoids, the co-culture model of gastric cancer organoids and CAFs better simulates the pro-tumor proliferation and drug resistance effects of in vivo tumor microenvironment.

gastric cancer  /  organoids  /  fibroblasts  /  co-culture model  /  drug sensitivity testing
张媛媛, 段振铨, 李雨贤, 黄梦秋, 朱宝行, 邱远, 邹全明, 彭六生, 马代远. 肿瘤相关成纤维细胞促胃癌类器官增殖与耐药的初步研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (5) : 453 -461 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410075
Yuanyuan ZHANG, Zhenquan DUAN, Yuxian LI, Mengqiu HUANG, Baohang ZHU, Yuan Qiu, Quanming ZOU, Liusheng PENG, Daiyuan MA. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote proliferation and drug resistance of gastric cancer organoids: a primary study[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (5) : 453 -461 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410075
胃癌是人类最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率和病死率在全球范围内位居前列[1-2]。手术切除术是早期胃癌的唯一根治手段,但由于大多数患者在确诊时已处于中晚期,手术切除术的临床疗效有限[3]。对于中晚期胃癌患者,化疗通常作为一线治疗方案[1]。然而,化疗后胃癌患者的完全缓解率较低,许多患者在经历手术和化疗后仍会复发[4]。化疗后肿瘤的残留及疾病的进展表明肿瘤对化疗药物不敏感,而肿瘤细胞的耐药性则是导致化疗效果欠佳的关键因素[5]。因此,筛选能够有效靶向并杀伤肿瘤细胞的化疗药物,是克服胃癌化疗耐药性、改善治疗效果的关键问题。
患者源性类器官(patient-derived organoids,PDOs)是指通过体外三维培养形成的具有类似器官功能和结构的小型组织模型[6]。类器官模型能在体外条件下模拟其来源组织的特征,包括生长、分化和自我更新能力[7]。PDOs的核心特点在于其能够在体外维持肿瘤的组织结构,并高度模拟肿瘤的异质性、组织特异性及基因组特征[8],因此被广泛应用于疾病建模、药物筛选和精准治疗等领域[9]。最新的研究表明,PDOs能够高度保留原发肿瘤的遗传和形态特征,为个体化治疗和新药开发提供了更加精确的模型[10]。但基于单纯PDOs药物敏感性结果,与患者临床治疗效果并不完全一致[11],这可能是由于肿瘤微环境是由肿瘤细胞和间质细胞组成的复杂体系[12],而单纯的PDOs仅包含了肿瘤细胞,忽略了间质细胞对肿瘤细胞生长以及化疗耐药的影响。
肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)作为肿瘤微环境中间质细胞的重要组成部分[13],其不仅参与支持肿瘤细胞的生长,而且介导肿瘤细胞的化疗耐药与免疫逃逸[14]。结直肠癌微环境研究的最新进展表明,利用CAFs与PDOs共培养,发现CAFs对PDOs的生长和药物敏感性均有显著的提升作用,更能模拟体内肿瘤微环境[15]。然而,目前关于胃癌PDOs与CAFs的共培养报道较少。因此,本研究开发了基于同一患者来源的PDOs-CAFs共培养研究体系,重点探究:①CAFs与PDOs的直接接触效应对类器官增殖动力学的影响规律;②CAFs介导的PDOs在5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouridine,5-FU)和奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin,L-OHP)化疗敏感性中的作用。相较于传统的类器官单独培养模型,该体系整合了肿瘤微环境的基质组分,为解析胃癌化疗耐药的基质效应提供了更接近体内生理状态的研究平台,有望提升体外药物敏感性试验对临床治疗反应的预测效能。
该研究收集于2023年2月至2024年3月,在陆军军医大学第二附属医院普外科,接受手术切除的胃癌患者样本12例,在患者知情同意下,将获取的新鲜肿瘤组织进行PDOs和CAFs培养。本研究遵循的程序符合伦理学标准并经陆军军医大学第二附属医院伦理委员会批准(2022-研第096-01)。
本研究采用的试剂主要包括:PDOs培养基、类器官分离液、肿瘤组织消化液、类器官冻存液(中国伯桢生物科技公司);类器官回收液、基质胶(美国Corning公司);TrypLE™ Express 酶、DMEM培养基、胎牛血清、青-链霉素、胶原酶Ⅳ(美国Gibco公司);DNA酶Ⅰ(美国罗氏公司);流式染色缓冲液(美国BioLegend公司);聚和HRP标记的抗兔二抗、Ki-67、CEA、CK7免疫组化抗体(中国武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司);PE-Cy7标记抗人CD45抗体、APC标记抗人CD326抗体、APC标记抗人CD73抗体、FITC标记抗人CD31抗体、APC标记抗人CD90抗体、FITC标记抗人CD105抗体(美国Biolegend公司);Alexa Fluor™ 488标记抗人α-SMA抗体、CellTrace™ Far Red增殖试剂盒、CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7 检测试剂、Hoechst(美国Invitrogen公司);4%多聚甲醛(中国武汉博士德公司);5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、奥沙利铂(L-OHP,美国MCE公司);CellTiter-Glo®p3D发光细胞活力检测试剂盒(美国Promega公司)。实验使用仪器包括:显微镜(日本Nikon公司);FACS Canto流式细胞仪(美国BioLegend公司);生物安全柜(中国力康生物公司);水平离心机(美国Beckman公司)。
将胃癌组织放入含有预冷的组织保存液的取样瓶中,4 ℃运回国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心。无菌PBS清洗组织3次后,剔除脂肪组织和坏死组织,剪成大约1~3 mm3的组织块,转移至15 mL离心管。加入肿瘤组织消化液,在37 ℃进行消化15~30 min并在消化过程中随时观察消化情况,镜下观察到较多的5~50个细胞团后终止消化。将过夜融化的基质胶按照细胞数为500个/μL的密度进行重悬,重悬后以25 μL/孔的体积加入到12孔板中,然后将12孔板置于细胞培养箱中倒置放30 min,使胶凝固。取出12孔板,加入PDOs培养基,放入细胞培养箱中进行培养,每2~3 d换液1次,待显微镜下大部分类器官直径>100 μm时,可按1∶2的比例进行传代。对于PDOs复苏,将冻存的PDOs从液氮罐中取出,并迅速放入37 ℃水浴中解冻,随后将解冻的PDOs悬液加入预温的完全培养基中,迅速稀释,稀释后的细胞悬液在300×g、4 ℃下离心5 min。去除上清液后,细胞与基质胶按照500个/μL的密度重悬,以25 μL/孔的体积加入到12孔板中培养,并定期观察其生长状态,直到类器官恢复正常的生长模式。
PDOs培养5~7 d后收集,使用10%中性甲醛溶液固定过夜。将样品以300×g、4 ℃离心5 min,以富集细胞,加入200 μL液态琼脂糖,并从底部轻轻吹起沉淀,以预先包埋PDOs,为后续的切片制备做准备。
肿瘤组织的切片制备:将新鲜的肿瘤组织立即放入4%多聚甲醛中固定,固定完成后,样本通过逐级乙醇溶液进行脱水,并在二甲苯中透明,随后进行石蜡包埋。包埋后的组织被切成厚度约为4 μm的连续切片,用于后续HE染色和免疫组织化学染色。
组织切片65 ℃烘箱干燥2 h,二甲苯Ⅰ、二甲苯Ⅱ依次浸泡15 min脱蜡。接着进行乙醇梯度水化(无水乙醇、95%乙醇、85%乙醇、75%乙醇、50%乙醇,每次5 min),用苏木精染色剂染色90 s,自来水清洗后用盐酸乙醇分化,并用氨水返蓝以增强对比度。用伊红染色剂染色1~2 min后,样本经梯度乙醇脱水(50%乙醇、75%乙醇、85%乙醇、95%乙醇、无水乙醇,每次5 min),二甲苯透明后用中性树胶封片,显微镜观察PDOs和肿瘤组织的细胞核及细胞质的病理特征。
将切片进行脱蜡、水化后(方法同1.3.3),采用柠檬酸钠缓冲液进行抗原修复,随后用3%H₂O₂阻断内源性过氧化物酶,室温孵育10 min。5%BSA在37 ℃封闭30 min,使用CEA、CK7或Ki-67抗体进行染色,抗体稀释比例为1∶300,于4 ℃孵育过夜。PBS洗涤3次后,加入聚合HRP标记的抗兔二抗,37 ℃孵育30 min,再用PBS洗涤3次,使用DAB显色,苏木精复染细胞核。显微镜下观察染色结果并采集图像,通过每高倍视野(×400)中阳性细胞的数目来评估CEA、CK7和Ki-67的表达情况。
用组织块生长法从肿瘤标本中分离出原代CAFs。将PDOs分离过程中产生的碎块组织分离出来,加入CAFs培养基进行培养,CAFs培养成功率为80%,并在分离后4~7个传代内用于实验。通过相差显微镜成像和流式细胞术检测其特异性标志物鉴定CAFs。
收集CAFs制成单细胞悬液。在4 ℃下将悬液中的细胞分别加入不同荧光标记的单克隆抗体进行表面染色,标记抗体包括:PE-Cy7标记抗人CD45抗体、APC标记抗人CD326抗体、APC标记抗人CD73抗体、FITC标记抗人CD31抗体、APC标记抗人CD90抗体、FITC标记抗人CD105抗体和Alexa FluorTM 488标记抗人α-SMA抗体。在4 ℃下孵育20 min,流式染色缓冲液洗涤1次,室温下300×g离心5 min。在4 ℃条件下,用4%多聚甲醛固定15 min。流式染色缓冲液洗涤 1 次,室温下300×g离心5 min,弃上清,加入100 μL PBS重悬细胞后行流式仪检测。对于α-SMA的检测,细胞需在染色前使用细胞内固定和透化缓冲液处理。
向培养的PDOs加入TrypLE™ Express酶消化为单细胞或小的细胞聚集体,调整PDOs和CAFs的细胞浓度,在PDOs与CAFs共培养组中,将PDOs与CAFs按1∶1细胞比例混合(各5×10³个细胞),以终浓度1×10³个/μL重悬于10 μL基质胶中,随后接种至96孔板(10 μL/孔)。对照组PDOs单独以5×10²个/μL密度接种(10 μL基质胶/孔)。
CAFs在播种前用CellTrace™ Far Red增殖试剂盒标记,与PDOs进行混合后种胶,单独培养的类器官和共培养体系在96孔板培养3 d,而后在培养体系中加入化疗药5-FU和L-OHP孵育48 h,每次成像前4 h,用1 μg/mL Hoechst和CellEvent™ Caspase 3/7(1∶2 000)对细胞进行染色。激光共聚焦显微镜下进行图像采集。在每个拍摄位置,获取10~20层的图像,每层之间的距离为100 μm。利用Image J进行图片分析,分析中使用每个独立重复实验的平均值。
在96孔透明底白板中,每孔接种共5 000个细胞(类器官嵌入于基质胶中)。给与5-FU或L-OHP处理48 h后,使用CellTiter-Glo®3D发光细胞活力检测试剂测量类器官的细胞活力。
数据采用GraphPad Prism 10.2.3软件进行统计学分析。其中,类器官数量(个/视野)、平均直径(μm)及总面积(μm²)以x¯±s表示,实验设计包含每组3个生物学重复及每个生物学重复下设3个技术重复。不同化疗药物的半数最大抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)通过GraphPad Prism 10.2.3软件进行非线性回归分析。具体方法为:采用四参数Logistic模型(4PL)拟合剂量-反应曲线,要求拟合优度R²>0.90;效应量报告包含Cohen’s d值(独立样本t检验)及均值差异的95%置信区间(95%CI)。类器官增殖参数(数量/直径/面积)及药效学指标(IC50)均通过Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验,对满足正态分布的数据,采用独立样本t检验比较组间差异;所有检验为双尾检验,P< 0.05视为差异具有统计学意义。
本研究收集了12例胃腺癌患者的手术切除肿瘤组织标本。成功建立了10个源自这些肿瘤组织的类器官,总成功率为83.3% (10/12),见表1。结果显示:在使用含有多种细胞因子的类器官培养基培养且基质胶作为支架的条件下,可见胃癌细胞在基质胶中持续分裂、扩增,培养3~5 d后,这些细胞便开始形成紧密的球状结构,随后结构体积逐渐扩大,最终发展成具有典型胃癌特征的三维细胞团,直径可达到100~150 μm(图1A、B)。成功培养的PDOs能稳定传代4代以上,且形态未发生变化(图1C);冻存后的PDOs亦可成功复苏,且复苏后形态未发生变化(图1D)。
对同一患者来源的肿瘤组织和PDOs通过HE染色,观察细胞核形态,并将二者进行对比。结果显示:肿瘤组织和PDOs中,胃癌细胞核极性紊乱,核质比大,二者呈现出一致的核分裂像(图2A);免疫组化染色检测细胞角蛋白CK7、癌胚抗原CEA和增殖相关因子Ki-67的表达情况。结果显示:PDOs和原发肿瘤组织的胃癌细胞均高表达细胞角蛋白CK7、癌胚抗原CEA及增殖相关因子Ki-67(图2B),提示PDOs保留了其原发肿瘤的组织病理学特征。在构建PDOs的同时,本研究建立同一患者肿瘤组织来源的CAFs。经培养传代的CAFs呈现出细长的梭状形态(图3A)。通过流式细胞术进一步对成功培养的CAFs进行鉴定。结果显示:CAFs中不表达肿瘤细胞的标记CD326、免疫细胞的标记CD45和血管内皮细胞的标记CD31,但高表达间质细胞的标记CD73、CD90和CD105,同时亦高表达CAFs的标记α-SMA(图3B),证实其是肿瘤组织来源的成纤维细胞。
为探索CAFs对PDOs生长的影响,本研究构建了PDOs-CAFs共培养模型。通过对成功培养的PDOs进行消化后,与CAFs按1∶1的比例种胶培养,对PDOs的形态进行观察。结果显示:培养7 d后,与单独培养的PDOs对照组比较,在PDOs-CAFs共培养组中,PDOs的形成数量更多(P<0.05)、直径更长(P<0.01)且总面积更大(P<0.01,图4),表明CAFs能够促进PDOs的生长。
接下来,对PDOs单独培养对照组和PDOs-CAFs共培养组,均予以化疗药物5-FU或L-OHP处理48 h。结果显示:在化疗药物5-FU和L-OHP处理下,对照组的IC50分别为10.66和3.26 μmol/L,而共培养组46.23和91.11 μmol/L,共培养组中类器官的存活率显著高于对照组,显示出较强的耐药性(图5A、C)。此外,与对照组中的PDOs比较,共培养组中PDOs的Caspase-3/7阳性凋亡细胞明显减少(图5B、D)。提示CAFs能够增强PDOs对化疗药物的耐药性。
胃癌是全球范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在东亚地区尤为普遍[16]。据世界卫生组织报告,胃癌的病死率位居全球恶性肿瘤的第3位[17]。在中国,胃癌每年新发病例约39.7万,死亡病例约28.9万[18],高发病率和高死亡率特征使其成为重大的公共卫生问题[17]。手术切除术虽然是早期胃癌的首选治疗方案,但约60%的患者初诊时已处于中晚期,以致手术疗效不佳[19]。特别是在耐药性的迅速出现的情况下,许多患者在接受以5-FU为基础的化疗后仍然复发,这已成为临床中的严峻挑战[20]。
当前研究多采用肿瘤细胞系进行药物敏感性检测及治疗方案筛选,然而肿瘤细胞系在传代过程中发生遗传突变,难以反映患者肿瘤的异质性特征[3]。基于患者来源的异种移植模型虽能较好地模拟患者肿瘤进展及其治疗的反应,但因其构建成功率低(30%~40%)且周期长(4~6个月),极大地限制了其在临床转化研究中的应用[21]。近年来,以肿瘤患者原代组织构建类器官模型的技术突破传统局限,可在体外三维培养中保留原始肿瘤的遗传图谱、分子特征及组织病理结构,且肿瘤类器官可用于体外药物反应筛查,为患者的个体化治疗提供重要依据[22]。然而,传统的单一类器官模型中缺乏肿瘤微环境的关键成分,特别是基质细胞,导致其在模拟肿瘤与基质相互作用以及评估基质对化疗药物的影响时存在局限性。
本研究成功建立胃癌的PDOs培养体系,通过组织学对比证实PDOs与亲本肿瘤在形态学及生物标志物表达方面具有高度一致性。在此基础上,本研究进一步采用PDOs与CAFs建立共培养模型,初步验证了该模型在模拟肿瘤复杂微环境以及药物筛选中的适用性。本研究结果显示,在与CAFs共培养的条件下,PDOs表现出更高的增殖能力;在药物筛选方面,本研究测试了类器官对化疗药物5-FU和L-OHP的敏感性,发现与单独培养的类器官相比,共培养体系中的类器官对5-FU和L-OHP的反应性显著降低,这表明基质细胞在肿瘤耐药性中起到重要作用。该结果与胰腺癌[15]及肝癌[23]研究中CAFs介导化疗耐药的现象具有一致性。
本研究通过构建PDOs-CAFs共培养模型,初步展示了其在模拟胃癌微环境及药物敏感性研究中的应用潜力。然而,CAFs促进PDOs生长与耐药的具体分子机制尚未深入探讨,这主要受到以下几个因素的限制:首先,从胃癌患者的肿瘤组织中同时构建并培养出PDOs和CAFs的概率偏低;其次,PDOs与CAFs共培养体系的建立和扩增需要较长的时间;再次,共培养体系中的PDOs和CAFs具有异质性,不同胃癌患者来源的CAFs影响PDOs生长和耐药的潜在机理可能有所不同,这对探索CAFs促PDOs生长和耐药的机制带来了极大的挑战。目前,国际上有关CAFs促PDOs生长和耐药机制鲜有报道,后续将在本研究成功建立PDOs与CAFs共培养体系并发现CAFs促进PDOs生长和耐药的基础上,系统解析CAFs影响PDOs生物学行为的分子机制,从而为探索潜在的治疗靶点提供理论支撑。
综上所述,本研究证明了PDOs与CAFs共培养模型能够更好地模拟体内肿瘤微环境,并通过将基质细胞纳入类器官模型,揭示了CAFs在促PDOs耐药中的重要作用。未来研究将着重揭示肿瘤与基质互作的具体分子机制,深入理解胃癌微环境对耐药性的影响,为胃癌患者的个体化治疗策略制定提供理论依据。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202410075
  • 接收时间:2024-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-22
  • 修回日期:2025-01-27
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    1川北医学院附属医院肿瘤科,四川 南充
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆
    3陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院普外科,重庆

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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