Article(id=1322934545451975233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934544927687233, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722441600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-01, revisedDate=1723651200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341774571, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341774571, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341774571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341774571, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934544927687233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='193', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739548800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341774446, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341774446, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=193, endPage=204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934545779130946, articleId=1322934545451975233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of artesunate for mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
‍Objective‍

To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of artesunate (AS) on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in mice and explore the potential mechanism primarily.

Methods‍

‍Twenty-five female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into Control group, model group (PCOS group), low- and high-dose AS groups (AS15 and AS30 groups) and metformin group (Met group). In addition to the Control group, the mouse model of PCOS was established by subcutaneous injection of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 60 mg/kg) following by a high-fat diet for 21 d. After modeling, AS of 15 and 30 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected into the mice of the AS15 and AS30 groups, respectively, and 200 mg/kg Met was given to those of the Met group by gavage, once per day, for 6 weeks. ELISA was used to detect serum testosterone (T), fasting insulin (FINS), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the LH/FSH ratio was calculated. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The estrous cycle was observed, and HE staining was performed for pathological changes in the ovary and uterus. Immunofluorescence assay was employed to measure the expression of p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP in the ovarian tissue. After steroidogenic human granulosa-like tumor cell line KGN were exposed to 100 μmol/L DHEA to simulate the hyperandrogen environment of PCOS, and then treated with 5 and 10 μg/mL AS for 24 h, the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway was detected by Western blotting.

Results

‍Compared with the Control group, the PCOS mice had disturbed estrous cycle, polycystic changes in the ovaries, and significantly increased serum T level and LH/FSH ratio (P<0.05), and obviously elevated HOMA-IR, TC and TG levels in terms of metabolism (P<0.01). The expression levels of p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP were notably up-regulated in the ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS mice and KGN cells after DHEA exposure (P<0.05). Additionally, AS treatment attenuated the pathological changes of ovary and uterine expression, decreased the serum T level and the LH/FSH ratio (P<0.05), and reduced HOMA-IR, TC and TG levels (P<0.05) when compared with the PCOS mice. Moreover, the expression levels of p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP were significantly down-regulated after AS treatment in both ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS mice and KGN cells (P<0.05).

Conclusion

‍AS significantly improves glycolipid metabolic disorder and reproductive dysfunction in PCOS mice, which may be associated with its suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress by inhibiting the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway.

, authors=Xueling WANG1, 2, Peiling ZHONG2, 3, Zhipeng ZHAO4, Fei CHEN5, Xin LIU6, Sijia LIU2, 3, Lie YUAN2, 3, Lu FANG2, 3, Qianyi YAO2, 3, Xiong YANG2, 3, Chao LIU2, Jiakun CHENG2, Yongqing CAI7, Xiaoli LI2, 3, Weihong LI1, authorsList=Xueling WANG, Peiling ZHONG, Zhipeng ZHAO, Fei CHEN, Xin LIU, Sijia LIU, Lie YUAN, Lu FANG, Qianyi YAO, Xiong YANG, Chao LIU, Jiakun CHENG, Yongqing CAI, Xiaoli LI, Weihong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoli LI, Weihong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934549763719763, articleId=1322934545451975233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=青蒿琥酯对多囊卵巢综合征模型小鼠的治疗作用及机制研究, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

‍

目的

观察青蒿琥酯(artesunate,AS)对多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)模型小鼠的治疗作用,并对其作用机制进行初步探讨。

方法

25只雌性C57BL/6J小鼠按照随机数字表法分为(n=5):对照组(Control组)、模型组(PCOS组)、青蒿琥酯低剂量组(AS15组)、青蒿琥酯高剂量组(AS30组)和二甲双胍组(metformin,Met组)。除Control组外,其余各组小鼠皮下注射脱氢表雄酮(dehydroepiandrosterone,DHEA,60 mg/kg)并给予高脂饲料21 d以构建PCOS模型,AS组腹腔分别注射15和30 mg/kg剂量的青蒿琥酯,Met组灌胃给予200 mg/kg剂量的二甲双胍,每日1次,持续6周。采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清睾酮(testosterone,T)、空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、卵泡刺激水平(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH),并计算LH/FSH比值;采用全自动生化仪检测小鼠空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)和总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR);采用HE染色观察小鼠动情周期,以及卵巢、子宫组织病理形态改变;采用免疫荧光染色观察小鼠卵巢组织中p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP蛋白表达情况。体外,使用100 μmol/L DHEA诱导人颗粒细胞瘤样细胞系KGN细胞模拟PCOS的高雄激素环境,以5和10 μg/mL浓度的AS分别处理24 h后,Western blot检测内质网应激信号通路蛋白表达情况。

结果

与Control组相比,PCOS组小鼠动情周期紊乱,卵巢出现多囊样改变,血清T、LH/FSH比值显著升高(P<0.05);代谢方面,PCOS小鼠HOMA-IR、TC、TG水平明显升高(P<0.01);PCOS小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞和KGN细胞中p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP表达增加(P<0.05)。而与PCOS组相比,AS各剂量组小鼠卵巢和子宫病理形态改变显著改善,血清T、LH/FSH比值也明显降低(P<0.05);代谢方面,AS各剂量组小鼠HOMA-IR、TC、TG水平明显降低(P<0.05);AS各剂量组小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞和KGN细胞中p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP表达降低(P<0.05)。

结论

AS可显著改善PCOS小鼠的糖脂代谢异常和生殖功能,其作用机制可能是通过抑制PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP通路缓解内质网应激。

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‍李小丽,E-mail:
李维宏,E-mail:
LI Xiaoli,E-mail:
LI Weihong,E-mail:
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A:HE染色检测小鼠各动情周期阶段阴道脱落细胞情况 红色箭头:示有核上皮细胞,蓝色箭头:示角化上皮细胞,黑色箭头:示白细胞;B:各组小鼠动情周期

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a:P<0.01,与Control组比较;b:P<0.01,与PCOS组比较

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与Control组比较;c:P<0.05,d:P<0.01,与PCOS组比较A:各组小鼠血清T水平;B:各组小鼠血清LH/FSH比值

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a:P<0.01,与Control组比较;b:P<0.05,c:P<0.01,与PCOS组比较A:各组小鼠体质量增长情况;B、C:给药结束时各组小鼠最终体质量和BMI情况

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a:P<0.01,与Control组比较;b:P<0.05,c:P<0.01,与PCOS组比较A:各组小鼠血清TC水平;B:各组小鼠血清TG水平;C:各组小鼠HOMA-IR;D:各组小鼠生殖器周围脂肪质量;E:各组小鼠生殖器周围脂肪指数;F:HE染色检测各组小鼠生殖器周围脂肪组织病理形态

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与Control组比较;c:P<0.05,d:P<0.01,与PCOS组比较A:Western blot检测各组细胞中PERK信号通路相关蛋白表达;B:各组细胞中PERK信号通路蛋白相对表达量;C:Western blot检测各组细胞中IRE1和ATF6信号通路相关蛋白表达;D:各组细胞中IRE1和ATF6信号通路相关蛋白相对表达量

, figureFileSmall=xp8AxQgkcNiiwu6EZMsNQg==, figureFileBig=pR29YJC+MYVZENrIrv6AtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934568172520148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934545451975233, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DcxIPlSglHhTDSmbxVGQFw==, figureFileBig=Y5CjOJtkIBJF6ARNark8BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934568264794837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934545451975233, language=CN, label=图7, caption=AS对PCOS小鼠卵巢组织中PERK信号通路相关蛋白表达的影响

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与Control组比较;c:P<0.01,与PCOS组比较A~C:免疫荧光染色检测各组小鼠卵巢组织颗粒细胞中p-eIF2α、ATF4和CHOP蛋白表达

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a:P<0.01,与Control组比较;b:P<0.01,与PCOS组比较

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青蒿琥酯对多囊卵巢综合征模型小鼠的治疗作用及机制研究
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王雪玲 1, 2 , 钟佩伶 2, 3 , 赵志鹏 4 , 陈飞 5 , 刘鑫 6 , 刘思佳 2, 3 , 袁烈 2, 3 , 方路 2, 3 , 姚千弋 2, 3 , 杨雄 2, 3 , 刘超 2 , 成嘉坤 2 , 蔡永青 7 , 李小丽 2, 3 , 李维宏 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(3): 193-204
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (3) : 193 -204
青蒿琥酯对多囊卵巢综合征模型小鼠的治疗作用及机制研究
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王雪玲1, 2, 钟佩伶2, 3, 赵志鹏4, 陈飞5, 刘鑫6, 刘思佳2, 3, 袁烈2, 3, 方路2, 3, 姚千弋2, 3, 杨雄2, 3, 刘超2, 成嘉坤2, 蔡永青7, 李小丽2, 3 , 李维宏1
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学:附属第一医院生殖医学中心
  • 2重庆医科大学:重庆高校生物化学与分子药理学重点实验室
  • 3重庆医科大学:药学院药理系,重庆
  • 4重庆医科大学:曲靖市第一人民医院病理科,云南 曲靖
  • 5重庆医科大学:达州市中西医结合医院药学科,四川 达州
  • 6重庆医科大学:陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院临床研究中心,重庆
  • 7重庆医科大学:陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)药剂科,重庆
通讯作者:
‍李小丽,E-mail:
李维宏,E-mail:
LI Xiaoli,E-mail:
LI Weihong,E-mail:
Therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of artesunate for mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome
Xueling WANG1, 2, Peiling ZHONG2, 3, Zhipeng ZHAO4, Fei CHEN5, Xin LIU6, Sijia LIU2, 3, Lie YUAN2, 3, Lu FANG2, 3, Qianyi YAO2, 3, Xiong YANG2, 3, Chao LIU2, Jiakun CHENG2, Yongqing CAI7, Xiaoli LI2, 3 , Weihong LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Reproductive Medicine Center,the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
  • 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
  • 3Faculty of Pharmacology,College of Pharmacy,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing
  • 4Department of Pathology,Qujing First People’s Hospital,Qujing,Yunnan
  • 5Department of Pharmacy,Dazhou Integrated TCM&Western Medicine Hospital,Dazhou,Sichuan
  • 6Clinical Medical Research Center,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 7Department of Pharmacy,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Army Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408003
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‍

目的

观察青蒿琥酯(artesunate,AS)对多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)模型小鼠的治疗作用,并对其作用机制进行初步探讨。

方法

25只雌性C57BL/6J小鼠按照随机数字表法分为(n=5):对照组(Control组)、模型组(PCOS组)、青蒿琥酯低剂量组(AS15组)、青蒿琥酯高剂量组(AS30组)和二甲双胍组(metformin,Met组)。除Control组外,其余各组小鼠皮下注射脱氢表雄酮(dehydroepiandrosterone,DHEA,60 mg/kg)并给予高脂饲料21 d以构建PCOS模型,AS组腹腔分别注射15和30 mg/kg剂量的青蒿琥酯,Met组灌胃给予200 mg/kg剂量的二甲双胍,每日1次,持续6周。采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清睾酮(testosterone,T)、空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、卵泡刺激水平(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH),并计算LH/FSH比值;采用全自动生化仪检测小鼠空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)和总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR);采用HE染色观察小鼠动情周期,以及卵巢、子宫组织病理形态改变;采用免疫荧光染色观察小鼠卵巢组织中p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP蛋白表达情况。体外,使用100 μmol/L DHEA诱导人颗粒细胞瘤样细胞系KGN细胞模拟PCOS的高雄激素环境,以5和10 μg/mL浓度的AS分别处理24 h后,Western blot检测内质网应激信号通路蛋白表达情况。

结果

与Control组相比,PCOS组小鼠动情周期紊乱,卵巢出现多囊样改变,血清T、LH/FSH比值显著升高(P<0.05);代谢方面,PCOS小鼠HOMA-IR、TC、TG水平明显升高(P<0.01);PCOS小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞和KGN细胞中p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP表达增加(P<0.05)。而与PCOS组相比,AS各剂量组小鼠卵巢和子宫病理形态改变显著改善,血清T、LH/FSH比值也明显降低(P<0.05);代谢方面,AS各剂量组小鼠HOMA-IR、TC、TG水平明显降低(P<0.05);AS各剂量组小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞和KGN细胞中p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP表达降低(P<0.05)。

结论

AS可显著改善PCOS小鼠的糖脂代谢异常和生殖功能,其作用机制可能是通过抑制PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP通路缓解内质网应激。

‍青蒿琥酯  /  多囊卵巢综合征  /  生殖功能  /  糖脂代谢  /  内质网应激
‍Objective‍

To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of artesunate (AS) on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in mice and explore the potential mechanism primarily.

Methods‍

‍Twenty-five female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into Control group, model group (PCOS group), low- and high-dose AS groups (AS15 and AS30 groups) and metformin group (Met group). In addition to the Control group, the mouse model of PCOS was established by subcutaneous injection of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 60 mg/kg) following by a high-fat diet for 21 d. After modeling, AS of 15 and 30 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected into the mice of the AS15 and AS30 groups, respectively, and 200 mg/kg Met was given to those of the Met group by gavage, once per day, for 6 weeks. ELISA was used to detect serum testosterone (T), fasting insulin (FINS), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the LH/FSH ratio was calculated. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The estrous cycle was observed, and HE staining was performed for pathological changes in the ovary and uterus. Immunofluorescence assay was employed to measure the expression of p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP in the ovarian tissue. After steroidogenic human granulosa-like tumor cell line KGN were exposed to 100 μmol/L DHEA to simulate the hyperandrogen environment of PCOS, and then treated with 5 and 10 μg/mL AS for 24 h, the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway was detected by Western blotting.

Results

‍Compared with the Control group, the PCOS mice had disturbed estrous cycle, polycystic changes in the ovaries, and significantly increased serum T level and LH/FSH ratio (P<0.05), and obviously elevated HOMA-IR, TC and TG levels in terms of metabolism (P<0.01). The expression levels of p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP were notably up-regulated in the ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS mice and KGN cells after DHEA exposure (P<0.05). Additionally, AS treatment attenuated the pathological changes of ovary and uterine expression, decreased the serum T level and the LH/FSH ratio (P<0.05), and reduced HOMA-IR, TC and TG levels (P<0.05) when compared with the PCOS mice. Moreover, the expression levels of p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP were significantly down-regulated after AS treatment in both ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS mice and KGN cells (P<0.05).

Conclusion

‍AS significantly improves glycolipid metabolic disorder and reproductive dysfunction in PCOS mice, which may be associated with its suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress by inhibiting the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway.

‍artesunate  /  polycystic ovary syndrome  /  reproductive function  /  glycolipid metabolism  /  endoplasmic reticulum stress
王雪玲, 钟佩伶, 赵志鹏, 陈飞, 刘鑫, 刘思佳, 袁烈, 方路, 姚千弋, 杨雄, 刘超, 成嘉坤, 蔡永青, 李小丽, 李维宏. 青蒿琥酯对多囊卵巢综合征模型小鼠的治疗作用及机制研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (3) : 193 -204 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408003
Xueling WANG, Peiling ZHONG, Zhipeng ZHAO, Fei CHEN, Xin LIU, Sijia LIU, Lie YUAN, Lu FANG, Qianyi YAO, Xiong YANG, Chao LIU, Jiakun CHENG, Yongqing CAI, Xiaoli LI, Weihong LI. Therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of artesunate for mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (3) : 193 -204 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408003
多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是一种在青春期和育龄期女性中常见的生殖内分泌和代谢障碍疾病,以雄激素水平升高、卵巢多囊改变和排卵障碍为主要特征,患病率为5%~10%[1],近年有逐渐升高的趋势。其病因较为复杂,临床表现有高度的异质性,在影响患者生育能力的同时,常伴随胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、高胰岛素血症以及脂代谢异常等,同时长期糖脂代谢紊乱导致的远期糖尿病及代谢综合征等代谢障碍风险也越来越受到人们的重视[2]。
目前尚缺乏治疗PCOS的特效药物,临床上主要通过调整生活方式和药物干预来调节PCOS患者的月经周期、降低雄激素水平、促进卵泡发育和排卵、改善糖脂代谢异常等,常用药物有口服避孕药、孕激素和胰岛素增敏剂等,但存在药物不耐受及不良反应,停药后病情容易出现反弹,甚至加重等缺点[3]。因此需要寻找对PCOS有效且不良反应少的药物。
青蒿素是一种从菊科蒿属植物黄花蒿中分离出的倍半萜类天然产物,青蒿琥酯(artesunate,AS)是其衍生物之一,是治疗疟疾的一线药物。随着研究的深入,发现AS还具有抗炎、抗动脉粥样硬化、抑制免疫活性、改善糖脂代谢紊乱等作用[4-6],疗效和安全性良好[7]。但AS是否能够通过改善糖脂代谢紊乱发挥治疗PCOS的作用少见报道。
内质网是真核细胞中最大的膜状细胞器,参与糖类、脂类的合成与代谢,蛋白质的折叠、运输及细胞内信号传导[8]。当未折叠或错误折叠蛋白在内质网聚集将引发内质网应激。内质网应激是细胞的一种应激反应,适当的内质网应激可在一定程度上维持细胞的正常结构和功能,但长时间过度应激会导致细胞稳态失衡和细胞凋亡。内质网应激通过多种机制导致糖脂代谢紊乱,包括调节脂质的合成与分解[9],影响胰岛素信号传导,糖异生、葡萄糖摄取和糖原的合成与分解等[10]。有研究发现,一些调控内质网功能的药物能够缓解糖脂代谢紊乱和细胞凋亡[11-13]。颗粒细胞是卵泡发育主导过程的重要组成部分,内质网应激会诱导颗粒细胞凋亡,并通过影响糖脂代谢和类固醇激素代谢等过程导致PCOS患者卵泡发育异常,加重排卵障碍和炎症反应,促进卵巢纤维化,从而参与PCOS发生发展过程[8,14]。有文献报道,AS可通过阻止PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP信号激活抑制内质网应激,从而减轻溃疡性结肠炎引发的肠屏障炎症和病理损伤[15]。因此,内质网应激可能是治疗PCOS的新靶点。
本研究采用脱氢表雄酮(dehydroepian-drosterone,DHEA)联合高脂饮食建立糖脂代谢紊乱的PCOS小鼠模型,观察AS对PCOS的治疗作用以及是否能够通过抑制内质网应激改善PCOS,以期为临床治疗PCOS提供有效的候选药物。
25只雌性SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠[3周龄、体质量(9±1)g]购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。所有小鼠饲养于重庆医科大学实验动物中心,环境温度(22±2)℃,湿度40%~60%,每天12 h光照和12 h黑暗交替,给予充足饲料和饮水。本研究经重庆医科大学实验动物管理和使用委员会审核批准(IACUC-CQMU-2024-0060)。
人颗粒细胞瘤样细胞系(KGN)购自中乔新舟生物科技有限公司。
DHEA购于美国MedChemExpress公司;AS购于桂林南药股份有限公司;盐酸二甲双胍片(metformin,Met)购于江苏默克制药有限公司。小鼠黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)、睾酮(testosterone,T)和空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)ELISA试剂盒购于江苏酶标生物科技有限公司;TUNEL试剂盒购于上海碧云天生物科技有限公司;DMEM/F12培养基购于美国Gibco公司;胎牛血清购于美国Procell公司;兔抗PERK、p-eIF2α、ATF4抗体均购于美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;兔抗p-PERK、IRE1、p-IRE1抗体购于美国Affinity Biosciences公司;兔抗eIF2α、CHOP、ATF6、XBP1S抗体均购于武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;β-actin单克隆抗体购于美国Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司。
C57BL/6J小鼠适应性饲养7 d后,每日固定时间颈背部皮下注射DHEA(60 mg/kg)并给予高脂饲料21 d构建PCOS模型[16-17];对照组每日颈背部皮下注射0.1 mL玉米油,并提供常规饲料喂养。通过阴道分泌物涂片观察小鼠动情周期,观察到动情周期紊乱视为造模成功。
小鼠按照随机数字表法分为(n=5):对照组(Control组)、模型组(PCOS组)、青蒿琥酯低剂量组(AS15组)、青蒿琥酯高剂量组(AS30组)和二甲双胍组(Met组);造模成功后,AS15和AS30组分别腹腔注射15 mg/kg和30 mg/kg剂量的青蒿琥酯和灌胃0.2 mL生理盐水,Met 组灌胃给予200 mg/kg剂量的二甲双胍和腹腔注射0.2 mL生理盐水,Control组和PCOS组腹腔注射和灌胃0.2 mL生理盐水,每日1次,连续6周。为防止模型恢复,Control组在给药期间持续给予玉米油和常规饲料,其余各组均持续给予DHEA及高脂饲料喂养[18]。
实验期间,每日观察小鼠一般状况,每周记录小鼠体质量变化,给药结束后测定小鼠体质量和体长并计算小鼠BMI。
造模第11天和给药结束前10 d开始,连续检测10 d,每日固定时间根据小鼠阴道脱落细胞情况判断小鼠动情周期。具体操作如下:固定小鼠,使用移液器将生理盐水注入小鼠阴道内,反复抽吸获取含小鼠阴道脱落细胞的混合液,将液体均匀涂至载玻片上,等待风干后行常规HE染色,中性树脂封片,光学显微镜下观察动情周期改变。
给药结束后,所有小鼠禁食不禁水12 h,麻醉后眼球取血,全血4 ℃静置2 h,在4 ℃下以1 000×g离心10 min,取血清,-80 ℃冰箱中保存备用。采集血液后,取小鼠卵巢、子宫、生殖器周围脂肪组织,预冷生理盐水冲洗,滤纸吸干水分后进行子宫和脂肪组织称量,计算子宫和脂肪组织指数,并对子宫大体观察并拍照。同时取同侧卵巢组织、同一部位的子宫组织和生殖器周围脂肪组织置于4%多聚甲醛中固定。
采用ELISA检测小鼠血清中T、LH、FSH和FINS水平。采用全自动生化仪检测小鼠血清中甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)和空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG),并计算LH/FSH比值和胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR),HOMA-IR=FBG(mmol/L)×FINS(mIU/L)/22.5。
取4%多聚甲醛固定的卵巢组织、子宫组织和脂肪组织,脱水后石蜡包埋并切成5 μm的切片,经HE染色后,在光学显微镜下观察卵巢、子宫和脂肪组织病理形态变化。
采用酪酰胺信号放大(tyramine signal amplification,TSA)技术进行免疫荧光染色,取各组小鼠卵巢组织切片,脱蜡和抗原修复后,滴加封闭液封闭30 min,滴加稀释后的一抗(兔抗p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP均为1∶1 000),4 ℃过夜孵育,加入与一抗对应的HRP酶标记的抗兔二抗室温孵育30 min,滴加TSA荧光染料孵育10 min,DAPI染核后,滴加防淬灭封片剂封片,荧光显微镜下观察拍照,采用Image J软件对图像进行分析,并计算目的蛋白的相对荧光强度。
取各组小鼠卵巢组织切片,脱蜡至水后滴加蛋白酶K,37 ℃孵育20 min,滴加TUNEL检测液,37 ℃孵育2 h,DAPI染核后,滴加抗荧光淬灭封片液封片,荧光显微镜下观察拍照,采用Image J软件对图像进行分析。
KGN细胞培养在含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基中,培养箱条件设置为37 ℃、5%CO2,取对数生长期细胞用于实验。设置4个组,分别为对照组(Control组)、模型组(PCOS组)、青蒿琥酯低浓度组(AS5组)和青蒿琥酯高浓度组(AS10组),Control组不加入DHEA或AS处理细胞,PCOS组加入终浓度为100 μmol/L DHEA处理细胞,模拟PCOS高雄激素环境[19]。AS5组和AS10组在加入100 μmol/L DHEA的同时加入终浓度为5和10 μg/mL的AS处理24 h。
收取处理的细胞样本,加入含磷酸酶抑制剂的裂解液裂解,提取总蛋白,BCA法监测蛋白浓度,调整至统一上样浓度。采用SDS-PAGE电泳分离蛋白,将PAGE胶根据Marker位置切下目的条带与β-actin所在的条带,恒压转至PVDF膜上,室温下用5%脱脂奶粉溶液封闭2 h后,4 ℃过夜孵育一抗(兔抗p-PERK、PERK、p-eIF2α、eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP、p-IRE1、IRE1、ATF6、XBP1S和鼠抗β-actin均为1∶1 000),并在室温下孵育与一抗对应的羊抗兔/鼠二抗(1∶5 000)2 h。采用ECL化学发光显影获得结果,采用Image J软件对图像进行分析,并计算目的蛋白的相对表达量。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件对实验数据进行统计分析,计量数据以x¯±s表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
正常小鼠动情周期多为4~5 d,共分为4个阶段:①动情前期(proestrus,P)以丰富的有核上皮细胞为主,并含有少量角化上皮细胞;②动情期(estrus,E)以大量角化上皮细胞为主,并含有少量有核细胞;③动情后期(metestrus,M)可见有核上皮细胞、角化上皮细胞和白细胞共存;④动情间期(diestrus,D)以大量白细胞为主(图1A)。本研究结果显示,Control组小鼠动情周期符合周期变化,而PCOS组小鼠动情周期紊乱,主要表现为停留在动情期,提示小鼠排卵异常。经AS和Met治疗后,小鼠动情周期明显恢复(图1B),表明AS能够改善PCOS小鼠动情周期紊乱。
本研究进一步观察了各组小鼠的卵巢和子宫大体和病理学变化情况。结果表明,与Control组比较,PCOS组小鼠子宫严重增粗水肿,管腔内充满积液;AS各剂量组和Met组相较于PCOS组小鼠子宫水肿情况明显减轻(图2A)。此外,PCOS组小鼠子宫质量和子宫指数较Control组明显升高(P<0.01);而与PCOS组小鼠比较,AS组和Met组小鼠子宫质量和子宫指数显著降低(P<0.01,图2B、C)。提示AS能改善PCOS小鼠的子宫水肿状态。
子宫和卵巢组织HE染色结果显示,Control组小鼠子宫管腔直径无明显改变,子宫内膜与肌层分界清楚,腺体较多;与Control组比较,PCOS组子宫管腔直径增大,子宫内膜与肌层分界模糊,腺体减少;AS和Met治疗后,小鼠子宫形态和结构较PCOS组明显改善,子宫管腔直径减小,子宫内膜与肌层分界逐渐清晰,腺体增多(图2D)。同时,与Control组比较,PCOS组小鼠的卵巢形态发生改变,主要表现为卵巢皮质增厚,生长卵泡减少,囊性卵泡增多,无黄体或黄体数量减少。与PCOS组比较,AS各剂量组小鼠卵巢皮质变薄,生长卵泡增多,囊性卵泡减少,黄体数量增多(图2E),提示AS可显著减轻PCOS小鼠的子宫和卵巢病理形态改变。
小鼠血清性激素水平结果显示,与Control组比较,PCOS组小鼠血清T和LH/FSH比值显著升高(P<0.05);AS和Met治疗后,小鼠血清T和LH/FSH比值较PCOS组显著降低(P<0.05,图3)。提示AS可显著改善PCOS小鼠血清性激素水平的异常。
小鼠体质量生长曲线表明,与Control组相比,PCOS组小鼠体质量增长迅速,给药结束时的最终体质量和BMI显著升高(P<0.01);与PCOS组相比,AS各剂量组和Met组小鼠体质量增长缓慢,给药结束时的最终体质量和BMI显著降低(P<0.05,图4)。
本研究进一步检测了各组小鼠血清中糖脂代谢相关指标的变化。结果表明,与Control组比较,PCOS组小鼠血清HOMA-IR、TC、TG水平显著升高(P<0.01),而AS和Met可显著降低PCOS小鼠的血清HOMA-IR、TC和TG水平(P<0.05,图5A~C)。提示AS能改善PCOS小鼠的IR和血脂异常。
模型小鼠生殖器周围脂肪质量及指数和组织病理形态结果显示,与Control组比较,PCOS组小鼠生殖器周围脂肪质量及指数显著升高(P<0.01);AS各剂量组小鼠生殖器周围脂肪质量及指数较PCOS组均显著降低(P<0.05,图5D、E)。生殖器周围脂肪组织HE染色结果显示,Control组小鼠脂肪细胞体积较小,而PCOS组小鼠的脂肪细胞体积明显大于Control组;与PCOS组比较,AS各剂量组和Met组小鼠脂肪细胞体积均明显减小(图5F)。提示AS可显著改善PCOS小鼠生殖器周围脂肪堆积。
本研究采用100 μmol/L的DHEA处理人卵巢颗粒细胞瘤样细胞系KGN细胞在体外模拟PCOS高雄激素环境,观察AS对内质网应激相关蛋白的影响。与Control组比较,PCOS组细胞中PERK通路相关蛋白p-PERK、p-eIF2α、ATF4和CHOP,IRE1通路相关蛋白p-IRE1和XBP1S以及ATF6通路相关蛋白ATF6表达增加(P<0.05);而与PCOS组比较,AS各浓度组细胞中p-PERK、p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP表达降低(P<0.05),p-IRE1、XBP1S和ATF6无明显改变(图6)。提示AS可以通过抑制DHEA诱导的KGN细胞中PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP信号激活从而抑制内质网应激。
免疫荧光染色结果表明,与Control组比较,PCOS组小鼠卵巢组织颗粒细胞中的p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP荧光强度明显增强(P<0.05);而与PCOS组比较,AS各剂量组小鼠颗粒细胞p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP荧光强度显著降低(P<0.01,图7)。提示AS可以通过抑制小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞中PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP信号激活抑制内质网应激。
TUNEL染色结果显示,与Control组比较,PCOS组小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞绿色荧光明显增加(P<0.01);与PCOS组比较,AS各剂量组荧光强度明显减弱(P<0.01,图8)。提示AS治疗可减轻PCOS小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞的凋亡水平。
PCOS作为一种异质性疾病,其病因及发病机制复杂,难以获取临床标本进行研究,国内外研究者多采用PCOS动物模型深入研究其病理生理机制及药物治疗机制。目前尚缺乏可以代表PCOS全部特征的标准动物模型,需要根据研究内容和不同模型表现出的临床特征选择相应的造模方法[20]。DHEA是主要在肾上腺合成的雄激素,外源性给药提高DHEA水平可升高血清睾酮水平,从而引起卵泡发育障碍、排卵障碍以及卵巢多囊样改变[21],常用于诱导内分泌紊乱PCOS动物模型。近年来研究发现,除了内分泌异常以外,有50%~70%的PCOS患者存在IR,70%的PCOS患者存在脂代谢紊乱[1]。PCOS和糖脂代谢异常互为因果,形成恶性循环[22-23]。因此本研究采用DHEA联合高脂饮食建立内分泌和糖脂代谢紊乱的PCOS小鼠模型,该模型更符合PCOS患者的临床特点。
近期,LIU等[24]发现青蒿素可通过抑制雄激素合成从而改善PCOS。AS作为青蒿素的衍生物之一,是否也可缓解PCOS尚未可知。因此,本研究观察了AS对PCOS小鼠生殖功能和糖脂代谢的影响,并初步探讨其相关机制。
LH和FSH在调节女性生殖功能中起关键作用[25],二者协调作用保证卵泡的正常发育及成熟。高水平LH促进雄激素的分泌从而抑制卵泡成熟[26]。因此,大多数PCOS患者出现基础状态的血清LH水平或LH/FSH比值升高[27]。本研究发现,DHEA联合高脂饲料造模后,小鼠动情周期紊乱,卵巢囊性卵泡增多,无黄体或黄体数量减少,血清T水平和LH/FSH比值升高。AS治疗可恢复PCOS小鼠的动情周期,降低血清T水平和LH/FSH比值,并改善卵巢多囊样改变,说明AS可通过影响体内激素水平改善PCOS小鼠卵巢内环境。有文献报道,PCOS可导致子宫内膜增生、胚胎植入失败、复发性流产、子宫内膜功能障碍、子宫内膜癌等[28-29]。本研究发现,DHEA造模后,小鼠子宫明显水肿,子宫指数明显升高,子宫内膜与肌层分界模糊,腺体减少。AS治疗后PCOS小鼠子宫水肿明显减轻,子宫内膜腺体数目增多,子宫内膜与肌层分界逐渐清晰,说明AS能缓解PCOS小鼠子宫病理形态改变。
进一步研究表明,在DHEA联合高脂饲料的PCOS小鼠模型中,AS能降低PCOS小鼠的体质量、BMI、HOMA-IR、TG、TC,使脂肪细胞体积缩小,并降低生殖器周围脂肪质量及指数,说明AS可以改善PCOS小鼠的糖脂代谢紊乱,降低生殖器周围脂肪质量、指数和脂肪细胞体积。
内质网是真核细胞中重要的细胞器之一,参与了蛋白质的合成、修饰、运输和分泌,脂质合成代谢,以及Ca2+的平衡等重要的生物学过程。在Ca2+平衡失调、酸中毒、缺氧、营养匮乏等情况下,通常会引发未折叠或错误折叠蛋白在内质网聚集,引发内质网应激,从而激活未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)[30-31]。内质网应激可通过UPR启动PERK、IRE1和ATF6这3条信号通路,从而抑制未折叠蛋白的生成或加速错误折叠蛋白降解来缓解内质网压力以维持细胞稳态,促进细胞存活[32-33]。当内质网应激持续存在,未折叠或错误折叠蛋白超过UPR处理能力时,过多的未折叠和错误折叠蛋白会持续堆积,细胞的结构和功能便会被破坏,导致细胞凋亡[33]。内质网应激在PCOS患者中普遍存在,参与PCOS患者IR、肥胖、高雄激素血症等病理生理过程,内质网应激还可引起PCOS患者体内颗粒细胞凋亡率升高,影响卵母细胞正常发育,导致排卵障碍等[14]。PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP是重要的内质网应激相关信号,本研究证明,AS能够在体内和体外降低PCOS小鼠卵巢组织中和DHEA诱导的KGN细胞中的PERK通路相关蛋白p-eIF2α、ATF4、CHOP表达,有效降低PCOS小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡水平,说明AS可以通过抑制PCOS模型中PERK信号通路发挥治疗作用。
综上所述,本研究以PCOS小鼠和DHEA诱导的KGN细胞模型作为研究对象,发现AS不仅能改善PCOS的生殖功能,还能调节PCOS的糖脂代谢异常,其机制与AS通过抑制PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP信号通路抑制内质网应激以改善PCOS有关,有望为临床治疗PCOS提供新的候选药物。

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2025年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202408003
  • 接收时间:2024-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-01
  • 修回日期:2024-08-15
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    1重庆医科大学:附属第一医院生殖医学中心
    2重庆医科大学:重庆高校生物化学与分子药理学重点实验室
    3重庆医科大学:药学院药理系,重庆
    4重庆医科大学:曲靖市第一人民医院病理科,云南 曲靖
    5重庆医科大学:达州市中西医结合医院药学科,四川 达州
    6重庆医科大学:陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院临床研究中心,重庆
    7重庆医科大学:陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)药剂科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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