Article(id=1322934536442610136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934508630180057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202406001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=1721145600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341772423, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1738166400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341772423, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341772423, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341772423, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934508630180057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='101', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1738166400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341765792, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341765792, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=186, endPage=192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934536652325337, articleId=1322934536442610136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Influencing factors of pain during ultrasound-guided puncture sclerotherapy for ovarian endometriotic cysts via transabdominal and transvaginal approaches, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the influencing factors of pain during ultrasound-guided puncture sclerotherapy in the treatment of ovarian chocolate cyst (OEC).

Methods‍

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 209 OEC patients undergoing ultrasound-guided puncture sclerotherapy in our department from September 2021 to September 2023. Demographic data, medical history and surgical information were collected. According to surgical approach, they were divided into transabdominal surgery group (n=57) and transvaginal surgery group (n=152). Pain scores were assessed at 5 surgical time points: needle insertion, irrigation, displacement, sclerosis, and needle withdrawal. Pain scores were compared between the 2 groups at each surgical moment. According to the pain scores at the moments of needle insertion and replacement, the patients were divided into the no/mild pain group (pain score ≤3) and the moderate/severe pain group (pain score ≥4), and the related factors of the incidence of moderate/severe pain were analyzed.

Results‍

There was no statistical difference in intraoperative pain between different surgical approaches (transabdominal/transvaginal) in treating OEC under the guidance of ultrasound. At the moment of needle insertion, significantly higher incidence of moderate/severe pain was observed in the patients with a body mass index (BMI) >23.9 kg/m² than those with BMI ≤23.9 kg/m², and those with a history of dysmenorrhea than those without (P<0.05). At the time point of displacement, BMI and history of dysmenorrhea had no correlation with the incidence of moderate/severe pain. Age, obstetric history, mode of delivery, time of menarche, menstrual volume, history of pelvic surgery, history of combined adenomyosis, size of cysts, duration of surgery, and surgical approach had no notable impacts on intraoperative pain.

Conclusion‍

Different surgical approaches for ultrasound-guided puncture sclerotherapy of OEC have no effect on pain levels at various surgical moments. From the aspect of humanistic care, transabdominal puncture should be preferred. During needle insertion and displacement, particular attention should be given to the overweight patients and those with a history of dysmenorrhea, and appropriate pain intervention measures should be formulated.

, authors=Yuanhua LI, Hongju TIAN, Qian YANG, Qin WANG, Xi XIONG, Rongkai XIE, authorsList=Yuanhua LI, Hongju TIAN, Qian YANG, Qin WANG, Xi XIONG, Rongkai XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xi XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934537365357024, articleId=1322934536442610136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=经腹、经阴道超声介入穿刺硬化治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿术中疼痛影响因素分析, columnId=1322185541475488183, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨超声介入穿刺硬化治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿(ovarian endometriotic cysts,OEC)术中疼痛影响因素。

方法

采用回顾性队列研究,选取2021年9月至2023年9月在陆军军医大学第二附属医院妇产科接受超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC的209例患者为研究对象,收集患者的人口统计学资料、既往病史、手术资料等。按照手术路径分为经腹手术组(n=57)和经阴道手术组(n=152),在进针、冲洗、置换、硬化和退针5个手术时刻分别进行疼痛评分,分析比较不同手术路径下各手术时刻的疼痛评分情况,对患者疼痛评分最高的进针和置换时刻进行分组,根据疼痛评分将患者分为无/轻度疼痛组(疼痛评分≤3分)和中/重度疼痛组(疼痛评分≥4分),并进行中/重度疼痛发生率的相关因素分析。

结果

不同手术路径(经腹/经阴道)的超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC对术中疼痛的影响无统计学差异。在进针时,体质量指数(BMI)>23.9 kg/m²的患者较BMI≤23.9 kg/m²的患者术中中/重度疼痛发生率高,既往痛经史的患者较无痛经史的患者术中中/重度疼痛发生率高(P<0.05);在置换时,BMI和既往痛经史与术中中/重度疼痛发生率无相关性。年龄、孕产史、生产方式、初潮时间、经量、盆腔手术史、合并腺肌病史、囊肿大小、手术时长、手术路径对术中置换和进针时疼痛的影响无统计学差异。

结论

超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC不同手术路径对术中各时刻疼痛无影响,从人文关怀考虑可优先选择经腹穿刺,在进针和置换时刻,对超重和既往痛经史的患者应重点关注,并制定恰当的疼痛干预措施。

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熊希,E-mail:
XIONG Xi,E-mail:
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箭头所示为针尖

, figureFileSmall=94lQiTRcDlV7vapk4WWPRQ==, figureFileBig=+wskhasoXNC0vhl1S4JCtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934540091654670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536442610136, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Bo6dU+piboS2g0Bpt+/IHA==, figureFileBig=a2DmgQC9Lv2YOL4LSnt2bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934540175540751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536442610136, language=CN, label=图2, caption=经腹卵巢巧克力囊肿穿刺硬化治疗术中超声

箭头所示为针尖

, figureFileSmall=Bo6dU+piboS2g0Bpt+/IHA==, figureFileBig=a2DmgQC9Lv2YOL4LSnt2bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934540246843920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536442610136, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分时刻经腹手术
(n=57)
经阴道手术
(n=152)
ZP
进针(T1)3(2,4)3(1,4)-0.4320.666
冲洗(T2)0(0,1)0(0,2)-1.8090.071
置换(T3)3(1,4)3(1,5)-0.7190.472
硬化(T4)2(0,3)2(0,3)-0.0600.952
退针(T5)1(0,2)1(0,2)-0.2020.840
), ArticleFig(id=1322934540339118609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536442610136, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同手术路径下穿刺硬化术中不同时刻疼痛评分比较[M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分时刻经腹手术
(n=57)
经阴道手术
(n=152)
ZP
进针(T1)3(2,4)3(1,4)-0.4320.666
冲洗(T2)0(0,1)0(0,2)-1.8090.071
置换(T3)3(1,4)3(1,5)-0.7190.472
硬化(T4)2(0,3)2(0,3)-0.0600.952
退针(T5)1(0,2)1(0,2)-0.2020.840
), ArticleFig(id=1322934540423004690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536442610136, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素置换时(T3)进针时(T1)
无/轻度疼痛
(n=134)
中/重度疼痛
(n=75)
χ2P无/轻度疼痛
(n=148)
中/重度疼痛
(n=61)
χ2P
年龄/岁
<2515122.5230.2832070.1640.921
25~3576468636
>3543174218
BMI/(kg/m²)
≤23.999600.9890.320119405.2210.022
>23.935152921
生产方式
未产76424.7080.09585331.5670.457
顺产25223017
剖宫产33113311
经量
少量10123.7420.1541570.4550.797
适中1135712248
大量116116
合并腺肌病
是1350.5630.4531170.8970.344
否1217013754
痛经
是89561.5400.21596494.8620.027
否45195212
盆腔手术史
有58290.4220.51659280.6480.421
无76468933
囊肿体积/mL
<5051341.3740.50357282.1190.347
50~10041184613
>10042234520
手术时长/h
<11881.5940.4512151.5320.465
1~282428737
>234254019
手术路径
经腹33241.3180.25139180.2170.641
经阴道1015110943
), ArticleFig(id=1322934540515279379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934536442610136, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

置换/进针时刻疼痛影响因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素置换时(T3)进针时(T1)
无/轻度疼痛
(n=134)
中/重度疼痛
(n=75)
χ2P无/轻度疼痛
(n=148)
中/重度疼痛
(n=61)
χ2P
年龄/岁
<2515122.5230.2832070.1640.921
25~3576468636
>3543174218
BMI/(kg/m²)
≤23.999600.9890.320119405.2210.022
>23.935152921
生产方式
未产76424.7080.09585331.5670.457
顺产25223017
剖宫产33113311
经量
少量10123.7420.1541570.4550.797
适中1135712248
大量116116
合并腺肌病
是1350.5630.4531170.8970.344
否1217013754
痛经
是89561.5400.21596494.8620.027
否45195212
盆腔手术史
有58290.4220.51659280.6480.421
无76468933
囊肿体积/mL
<5051341.3740.50357282.1190.347
50~10041184613
>10042234520
手术时长/h
<11881.5940.4512151.5320.465
1~282428737
>234254019
手术路径
经腹33241.3180.25139180.2170.641
经阴道1015110943
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经腹、经阴道超声介入穿刺硬化治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿术中疼痛影响因素分析
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李元华 , 田红菊 , 杨倩 , 王钦 , 熊希 , 谢荣凯
陆军军医大学学报 | 临床医学 2025,47(2): 186-192
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陆军军医大学学报 |临床医学 2025 , 47 (2) : 186 -192
经腹、经阴道超声介入穿刺硬化治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿术中疼痛影响因素分析
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李元华, 田红菊, 杨倩, 王钦, 熊希 , 谢荣凯
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院妇产科,重庆
通讯作者:
熊希,E-mail:
XIONG Xi,E-mail:
Influencing factors of pain during ultrasound-guided puncture sclerotherapy for ovarian endometriotic cysts via transabdominal and transvaginal approaches
Yuanhua LI, Hongju TIAN, Qian YANG, Qin WANG, Xi XIONG , Rongkai XIE
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-01-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202406001
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目的

探讨超声介入穿刺硬化治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿(ovarian endometriotic cysts,OEC)术中疼痛影响因素。

方法

采用回顾性队列研究,选取2021年9月至2023年9月在陆军军医大学第二附属医院妇产科接受超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC的209例患者为研究对象,收集患者的人口统计学资料、既往病史、手术资料等。按照手术路径分为经腹手术组(n=57)和经阴道手术组(n=152),在进针、冲洗、置换、硬化和退针5个手术时刻分别进行疼痛评分,分析比较不同手术路径下各手术时刻的疼痛评分情况,对患者疼痛评分最高的进针和置换时刻进行分组,根据疼痛评分将患者分为无/轻度疼痛组(疼痛评分≤3分)和中/重度疼痛组(疼痛评分≥4分),并进行中/重度疼痛发生率的相关因素分析。

结果

不同手术路径(经腹/经阴道)的超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC对术中疼痛的影响无统计学差异。在进针时,体质量指数(BMI)>23.9 kg/m²的患者较BMI≤23.9 kg/m²的患者术中中/重度疼痛发生率高,既往痛经史的患者较无痛经史的患者术中中/重度疼痛发生率高(P<0.05);在置换时,BMI和既往痛经史与术中中/重度疼痛发生率无相关性。年龄、孕产史、生产方式、初潮时间、经量、盆腔手术史、合并腺肌病史、囊肿大小、手术时长、手术路径对术中置换和进针时疼痛的影响无统计学差异。

结论

超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC不同手术路径对术中各时刻疼痛无影响,从人文关怀考虑可优先选择经腹穿刺,在进针和置换时刻,对超重和既往痛经史的患者应重点关注,并制定恰当的疼痛干预措施。

超声介入  /  卵巢巧克力囊肿  /  疼痛  /  影响因素
Objective‍

To investigate the influencing factors of pain during ultrasound-guided puncture sclerotherapy in the treatment of ovarian chocolate cyst (OEC).

Methods‍

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 209 OEC patients undergoing ultrasound-guided puncture sclerotherapy in our department from September 2021 to September 2023. Demographic data, medical history and surgical information were collected. According to surgical approach, they were divided into transabdominal surgery group (n=57) and transvaginal surgery group (n=152). Pain scores were assessed at 5 surgical time points: needle insertion, irrigation, displacement, sclerosis, and needle withdrawal. Pain scores were compared between the 2 groups at each surgical moment. According to the pain scores at the moments of needle insertion and replacement, the patients were divided into the no/mild pain group (pain score ≤3) and the moderate/severe pain group (pain score ≥4), and the related factors of the incidence of moderate/severe pain were analyzed.

Results‍

There was no statistical difference in intraoperative pain between different surgical approaches (transabdominal/transvaginal) in treating OEC under the guidance of ultrasound. At the moment of needle insertion, significantly higher incidence of moderate/severe pain was observed in the patients with a body mass index (BMI) >23.9 kg/m² than those with BMI ≤23.9 kg/m², and those with a history of dysmenorrhea than those without (P<0.05). At the time point of displacement, BMI and history of dysmenorrhea had no correlation with the incidence of moderate/severe pain. Age, obstetric history, mode of delivery, time of menarche, menstrual volume, history of pelvic surgery, history of combined adenomyosis, size of cysts, duration of surgery, and surgical approach had no notable impacts on intraoperative pain.

Conclusion‍

Different surgical approaches for ultrasound-guided puncture sclerotherapy of OEC have no effect on pain levels at various surgical moments. From the aspect of humanistic care, transabdominal puncture should be preferred. During needle insertion and displacement, particular attention should be given to the overweight patients and those with a history of dysmenorrhea, and appropriate pain intervention measures should be formulated.

‍ultrasound-guided intervention  /  ovarian chocolate cyst  /  pain  /  influencing factors
李元华, 田红菊, 杨倩, 王钦, 熊希, 谢荣凯. 经腹、经阴道超声介入穿刺硬化治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿术中疼痛影响因素分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (2) : 186 -192 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202406001
Yuanhua LI, Hongju TIAN, Qian YANG, Qin WANG, Xi XIONG, Rongkai XIE. Influencing factors of pain during ultrasound-guided puncture sclerotherapy for ovarian endometriotic cysts via transabdominal and transvaginal approaches[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (2) : 186 -192 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202406001
卵巢巧克力囊肿(ovarian endometriotic cysts,OEC)是指异位内膜在卵巢皮质内生长,形成的单个或多个囊肿,因陈旧性血液聚集在囊内形成咖啡色黏稠液体,似巧克力样,故俗称卵巢巧克力囊肿[1]。临床症状主要表现为慢性盆腔痛、性交不适、月经不规律、不孕等,严重影响患者的生理及心理健康[2]。超声介入穿刺硬化治疗已成为治疗OEC的重要方法[3-7],能以最小损伤和代价达到痛经缓解、囊肿消除、生育成功和生活质量改善的效果[8]。虽然超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC相较于经腹或腹腔镜下囊肿剔除手术创伤小、痛苦少,但是不能忽略它仍旧是一种有创的、侵入性的治疗手段。随着手术无痛化,舒适化的理念不断深入,欧美国家已由介入放射学会、介入疼痛医师协会、麻醉医师协会等制定了介入手术中镇静/镇痛指南[9-10],近年来,国内也开始对介入无痛化有了更多关注。本研究拟探讨超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC术中疼痛情况及疼痛影响因素,为制定介入手术疼痛管理方案提供依据。
采取整群抽样方法,选取2021年6月至2023年9月在陆军军医大学第二附属医院妇产科进行超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC术的患者作为研究对象。本研究包括4个人口统计学资料变量、5个疾病资料变量和3个手术资料变量,共12个变量。根据5倍EPV法则,需要至少阳性样本量60例,本研究纳入研究对象209例,其中不同时刻的中/重度疼痛的样本量均超过60例,符合抽样标准。患者年龄18~46(31.01±6.06)岁,影响因素包括患者年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、生产方式、经量、合并腺肌症、痛经评分、盆腔手术史、囊肿体积、手术路径、手术时长等基本资料。纳入标准:①年龄≥18岁;②根据影像学检查诊断为OEC且囊肿直径>4 cm;③血清糖类抗原125(carbohydrate antigen 125,CA-125)≤200 U/mL;④有生育愿望、备孕或体外受精,胚胎移植前(in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)、不愿或不能手术者。排除标准:①不能排除伴有恶性肿瘤病变的囊肿;②CA-125>200 U/mL;③人附睾蛋白4(human epididymis protein 4,HE4)异常升高者;④酒精过敏者。本研究通过本院医学伦理委员会同意(2021-研第093-02),且所有患者均签署知情同意书。
①人口统计学资料:年龄、身高、体质量、BMI;②疾病资料:生产方式、经量、合并腺肌症、痛经史、盆腔手术史;③手术资料:囊肿体积、手术路径(经腹/经阴道)、手术时长。
预先完善各种术前常规检查和准备。手术时,碘伏消毒铺巾,使用无菌保护套包裹探头,安装并固定好穿刺架,进阴道穿刺者无需局部麻醉,经腹穿刺者皮下局部麻醉后根据穿刺路径选择粗细、长度合适的PTC穿刺针(直径16~19G,长度200~300 mm)。在超声持续监测下避开脏器和大血管进行操作,依次为:一次穿刺进针入囊肿内(Time1,T1),进针深度为囊腔中央或2/3深,连接20 mL注射器和正负压冲洗泵,根据囊肿大小选择负压或手动抽吸干净囊肿内原液,使用38 ℃的温热生理盐水反复多次冲洗囊壁直至抽出澄清液体(Time2,T2),使用2%的利多卡因5 mL注入囊腔后再注入5~60 mL的无水乙醇置换残余囊液后抽出(Time3,T3),再注入1/4~1/5原液量的聚桂醇(最多不超过80 mL)反复抽吸吹打至囊液成清亮的酒红色液体后再全部抽出或留置5~20 mL(Time4,T4),最后插入针芯迅速退出穿刺针至体外(Time5,T5)(图1、2),必要时填塞纱条压迫止血。术后1、2 h超声检查盆腔有无出血,完成穿刺硬化手术。
在穿刺硬化手术中的T1、T2、T3、T4、T5,采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogscale,VAS)分别评估每个时刻的疼痛强度。术前对患者宣教VAS疼痛评分量表的使用方法,在T1~T5根据自我感受选择最能代表自身最严重疼痛评分并记录[11],疼痛评分从0分到10分,0分为无痛,10分为极痛;VAS 1~3分为轻度疼痛;VAS 4~6分为中度疼痛;VAS 7~10分为重度疼痛。本研究将VAS≤3 分的患者视为无/轻度疼痛组,VAS≥4分的患者视为中/重度疼痛组。
采用 SPSS 22.0 软件对相关数据进行统计分析。正态分布的计量资料采用t检验,非正态分布的计量资料采用Mann-Whitney U 检验,分类资料的相关分析采用χ2检验,P<0.05 表示差异具有统计学意义。
将穿刺硬化不同时刻疼痛评分按照手术路径分为经腹手术组(n=57)和经阴道手术组(n=152)进行比较。统计结果显示:经腹手术组和经阴道手术组5个手术时刻的疼痛评分差异均无统计学意义,手术路径(经腹/经阴道)不同与疼痛无相关性,见表1。
选取疼痛评分最高的T1和T3时刻,根据疼痛评分将患者分为无/轻度疼痛组(疼痛评分≤3分)和中/重度疼痛组(疼痛评分≥4分)。将患者的年龄、BMI、生产方式、经量、合并腺肌症、痛经史、盆腔手术史、囊肿体积、手术时长、手术路径等因素与疼痛峰值评分分别进行单因素分析,结果显示:①在T1时刻,BMI>23.9 kg/m²患者的中/重度疼痛发生率(21/50,42.0%)高于BMI≤23.9 kg/m²的患者(40/159,25.2%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);痛经史患者的中/重度疼痛发生率(49/145,33.8%)高于无痛经史患者(12/64,18.8%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),说明在T1时刻BMI和痛经史是中/重度疼痛发生的相关因素。②在T3时刻,BMI>23.9 kg/m²患者的中/重度疼痛发生率(15/50,30.0%)低于BMI≤23.9 kg/m²的患者(60/159,37.7%),但差异无统计学意义;痛经史患者的中/重度疼痛发生率为38.6%(56/145),无痛经史患者中/重度疼痛发生率为29.7%(19/64),差异均无统计学意义。③其余变量如年龄、生产方式、经量、合并腺肌症、盆腔手术史、囊肿大小、手术时长、手术路径等因素在T1、T3时刻中差异均无统计学意义。见表2。
随着介入诊疗技术及应用范围的扩展,超声介入穿刺硬化在OEC的治疗中展现出其精准微创、简单安全、可重复手术的优点,成为临床医师推荐和患者选择介入治疗的重要考量因素[12]。然而即使是疼痛刺激较小的介入手术也可能对患者造成显著疼痛[13],有文献报道,约5.6%接受介入手术的患者术中VAS 评分>4分[14]。近年来,“无痛”理念在介入领域越来越受重视,对于治疗过程中的疼痛管理提出了更高的要求[15]。因此,研究不同介入手术疼痛的相关特征和患者对疼痛感受的影响,可为临床中根据手术方式、药物特性及患者个体特征,制定个性化的疼痛管理方案,提高患者耐受度,加快手术进度提供理论支持和实践指导。
介入手术相关疼痛因手术性质而异,经皮介入术中疼痛大多由皮肤穿刺和组织扩张引起[16],由于皮肤痛觉神经末梢分布密集,对针刺、刀割疼痛敏感,可迅速产生定位准确的锐痛,但消失也快。而阴道、宫颈痛觉神经分布少,对牵拉疼痛敏感,对针刺疼痛不敏感。因此在同等手术条件下,从减少疼痛考虑,超声介入穿刺硬化治疗 OEC的手术路径选择上除无性生活患者首选经腹穿刺外,其余患者优先选择阴道穿刺,这也是本研究中经阴道穿刺的样本量大于经腹穿刺的样本量的原因。本研究显示超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC的手术路径(经腹或经阴道)与术中各手术时刻的疼痛并无相关性,尤其是T1时刻,经腹穿刺的疼痛评分并不比经阴道穿刺高,可能是由于经腹穿刺时,使用利多卡因皮下局部麻醉减轻了患者经皮穿刺的疼痛感。说明在超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC时根据疾病的性质,选择离病灶最近,尽量减少贯穿周边组织器官的穿刺路径,可不考虑手术路径对患者疼痛的影响。因此,今后在同等手术条件下从人文关怀考虑,超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC的手术路径选择可优先考虑患者接受度更高的经腹穿刺。本研究显示T3和T1的平均疼痛评分一致,均高于其他手术时刻。置换是指在T4以前,先往囊腔内注入一定量的无水乙醇进行残余囊液置换,以减少后续药物聚桂醇被稀释,保证硬化药物的浓度。无水乙醇的强脱水作用可使OEC上皮细胞出现蛋白凝固变性,改变生物膜脂质和蛋白比例,降低囊肿上皮细胞活性,破坏囊壁的分泌功能,使囊肿凝固、硬化、闭合和粘连等[17]。无水乙醇相对分子量小,其作用后的异位子宫内膜腺体结构松散不连续,可使OEC囊壁细胞间产生“缝隙”,为聚桂醇等大分子硬化剂向深部渗透提供通路,能更好地封闭囊壁深部的小血管[18]。但无水乙醇具有强刺激性,可刺激囊壁上皮层和纤维层的痛觉神经末梢[19],且含有羧基化合物及还原性高锰酸钾,可能增加患者的疼痛感[20]。无水乙醇还具有高渗透性,渗透到周围血管、组织中可导致患者出现面红、灼热、头晕、恶心呕吐等“醉酒样反应”[21]。T2时使用1/3~1/2原液量的等渗温热盐水反复多次推注冲刷囊壁,少数患者在推注温盐水的时候,会有囊腔膨胀的不适感,当抽吸的时候即可得到轻松感。T4过程使用的聚桂醇等药物为醚类化合物,具有局部麻醉、镇痛的作用,无明显化学性刺激,较为温和,并不会引起剧烈疼痛及醉酒样等不良反应[4]。
疼痛敏感性主要与遗传、大脑活动、内分泌调节、心理、性别、年龄、种族、BMI、饮食、职业等有关[22]。既往痛经史的患者由于反复疼痛经历留下的恐惧和焦虑的心理阴影形成了条件反射,面临疼痛刺激时会加剧疼痛感受[23]。脂肪组织会分泌大量包括炎性因子(白细胞介素-1、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α)和脂肪因子(瘦素、脂联素等)的炎性介质,肥胖患者的炎性水平增高会增加疼痛敏感性[24],在超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC的T1时刻中疼痛敏感性与患者BMI和既往痛经史相关,与研究报道一致。但在同样疼痛的T3时刻中未能发现既往痛经史和BMI与术中中/重度疼痛的发生率具有相关性。尽管差异无统计学意义,但是BMI>23.9 kg/m2患者反而在置换时刻时呈现出比BMI<23.9 kg/m2患者的中/重度疼痛发生率低的趋势,这可能与超重患者的体表面积较大、无水乙醇代谢挥发速度较快、单位体积内无水乙醇浓度较低、减少了无水乙醇的刺激性、缓解了部分疼痛有关,下一步需加大样本量来进一步验证。无水乙醇的强刺激性和高渗透性可能是引起严重疼痛的主要原因,无论患者有无既往痛经史的心理因素影响,都不足以抵抗无水乙醇此种强干扰因素的影响。本研究的局限性在于本院在超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC中,手术路径优先采用经阴道穿刺,导致本研究中经阴道穿刺的样本量大于经腹穿刺的样本量,下一步可扩大经腹穿刺样本量的纳入。本研究没有设计加入除患者自身疾病因素以外如社会、环境、心理等因素对疼痛程度的影响,在今后的研究中将进行补充。
综上所述,在实施超声介入穿刺硬化治疗OEC时,在同等手术条件下,手术路径可优先选择经腹穿刺,在进针时刻,超重患者和既往痛经史患者是显著疼痛的易感人群,需重点关注。术前充分沟通、预估这类患者可能达到的疼痛程度、制定个性化的镇痛镇静方案、手术进行至“置换”时刻时,可以提前采取更多安全有效的镇痛措施,比如针灸、穴位刺激,使用解痉止痛药物,加强心理护理等方式来减轻患者疼痛,还可考虑联合麻醉科采用全麻的方式提高患者的舒适度。可在患者知情同意下选择更换药物硬化方案,考虑仅单用聚桂醇硬化。

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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202406001
  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-01
  • 修回日期:2024-07-17
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院妇产科,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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