Article(id=1322218788158812823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218730805904072, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=1745942400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171124734, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171124734, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171124734, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171124734, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218730805904072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1261', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1751212800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171111059, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325445066, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322866054611714261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218730805904072, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322866054611714262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218730805904072, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1261, endPage=1275, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218788473385624, articleId=1322218788158812823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Ferrostatin-1 attenuates inflammatory response to hypoxic lung injury at plateau by inhibiting ferroptosis in lung epithelial cells, columnId=1320435151990014650, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Military Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the protective effects of ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) on high-altitude hypoxic lung injury and explore novel preventive strategies for high-altitude hypoxia-induced lung injury.

Methods‍

①Eighteen SPF male Wistar rats (5~6 weeks old, 210~230 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6): normoxic control, hypoxic lung injury, and Fer-1 pretreatment groups. A hypobaric chamber was used to establish a rat model of high-altitude hypoxic lung injury. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to compare pulmonary protein profiles between normoxic and hypoxic groups, followed by bioinformatics analysis of pathways enriched with differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Histopathological changes and lung injury scores were assessed with HE staining. ELISA was used to quantify the inflammatory cytokines, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assay were employed to measure the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and spectrophotometry was utilized to determine the contents of Fe²⁺, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to evaluate oxidative stress and detect ferroptosis-related markers. ② Human bronchial epithelial cells (bronchial epithelium transformed with Ad12-SV40, BEAS-2B) and macrophages induced by tumor human peripheral blood monocytes-1 (THP-1) cells were placed in a low oxygen conditions for 48 h to establish a cellular model of hypoxic lung injury, on which Fer-1 was administered as a preventive group. Ferroptosis markers in BEAS-2B cells and inflammatory cytokine secretion in macrophages were analyzed.

Results‍

①Proteomics identified 2 962 proteins, with 357 DEPs (199 up-regulated, 158 down-regulated). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed ferroptosis as the most enriched pathway. Hypoxic lung injury resulted in elevated ROS, MDA, Fe²⁺, and inflammatory cytokines (P<0.05), reduced SOD, GSH, solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), and increased acyl-coa synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4) (P<0.05). Fer-1 pretreatment significantly mitigated oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, SOD, GSH; P<0.05), up-regulated SLC7A11 and FTH1, down-regulated ACSL4 (P<0.05), and reduced inflammation (P<0.05). ②In cellular models, Fer-1 increased SLC7A11, GPX4, FTH1, GSH, and SOD (P<0.05), declined ROS (P<0.05), and suppressed macrophage inflammatory cytokines (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Fer-1 alleviates high-altitude hypoxic lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis in pulmonary epithelial cells and attenuating macrophage-driven inflammation, providing experimental evidence for novel therapeutic strategies.

, authors=Haoran GUO1, 2, Ting LIU1, 2, Liye WANG1, 2, Zhiyun HAO1, 2, Chengbin WANG1, Chi WANG1, Mianyang LI1, authorsList=Haoran GUO, Ting LIU, Liye WANG, Zhiyun HAO, Chengbin WANG, Chi WANG, Mianyang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chi WANG, Mianyang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322218794521572007, articleId=1322218788158812823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=铁抑素-1通过抑制肺上皮细胞铁死亡减轻高原低氧肺损伤炎症反应, columnId=1322185581656920707, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=军事医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨铁死亡抑制剂铁抑素-1(ferrostatin-1,Fer-1)对高原低氧肺损伤的保护作用,为高原低氧肺损伤提供新的预防策略。

方法

①选用18只SPF级5~6周龄雄性Wistar大鼠,体质量210~230 g,按随机数字表法分为3组(n=6):常氧对照组、低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组。利用低压氧舱构建高原低氧肺损伤大鼠模型,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)比较常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织的蛋白表达水平变化情况,通过生物信息学方法对差异蛋白进行功能富集分析,筛选显著富集的通路。HE染色观察各组肺组织形态学变化并行肺损伤病理评分,ELISA法检测炎症因子,观察各组炎症反应,流式细胞术和免疫荧光法检测肺组织活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,用可见分光光度法测定Fe2+、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(super oxide dismutase,SOD)活性,观察各组大鼠肺组织氧化还原情况,检测铁死亡相关分子变化情况。②将人支气管上皮细胞(BEAS-2B human bronchial opithelial-like,BEAS-2B)和由人类外周血单核细胞(tumor human peripheral blood monocytes-1,THP-1)诱导的巨噬细胞置于低氧条件下共培养48 h,建立低氧肺损伤细胞模型,在此细胞模型上给予Fer-1作为预防组。检测BEAS-2B细胞的铁死亡相关指标及巨噬细胞炎症因子分泌相关指标,分析Fer-1对低氧条件下BEAS-2B细胞的铁死亡和巨噬细胞的炎症反应的影响。

结果

①肺组织蛋白组学共检测出2 962个蛋白,筛选到357个差异表达蛋白(differentially expressed proteins,DEPs),包括199个上调蛋白和158个下调蛋白。京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)信号通路聚类分析显示差异蛋白富集分数最高的通路为铁死亡。相较于常氧对照组,低氧肺损伤组肺组织的ROS水平、MDA含量、Fe2+含量升高(P<0.05),SOD活性、GSH含量降低(P<0.05),溶质载体家族7成员11(solute carrier family 7 member 11,SLC7A11)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)、铁蛋白重链1(ferritin heavy chain 1,FTH1)表达下降(P<0.05),长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(acyl-coa synthetase long chain family member 4,ACSL4)表达升高(P<0.05);相较于低氧肺损伤组,Fer-1预防组肺组织ROS水平、MDA含量、Fe2+含量降低(P<0.05),SOD活性、GSH含量升高(P<0.05),SLC7A11、FTH1表达升高,ACSL4表达下降(P<0.05),GPX4表达升高(P>0.05),同时炎症因子表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。②在高原低氧肺损伤细胞模型中,Fer-1预防组BEAS-2B细胞SLC7A11、GPX4、FTH1表达升高(P<0.05),GSH水平及SOD活性升高、ROS水平降低(P<0.05),巨噬细胞炎症因子水平下降(P<0.05)。

结论

铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1通过改善肺上皮细胞铁死亡,减轻巨噬细胞的炎症反应,从而对高原低氧肺损伤发挥保护作用,这有望为高原低氧肺损伤的防治提供新的实验依据。

, authors=郭浩然1, 2, 刘亭1, 2, 王立烨1, 2, 郝治云1, 2, 王成彬1, 王驰1, 李绵洋1, authorsList=郭浩然, 刘亭, 王立烨, 郝治云, 王成彬, 王驰, 李绵洋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王驰, 李绵洋, authorNote=

郭浩然、刘亭为共同第一作者

GUO Haoran and LIU Ting contributed equally to the article.

, correspAuthorsNote=
王驰,E-mail:
李绵洋,E-mail:
WANG Chi,E-mail:
LI Mianyang,E-mail:
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Bioeng-ineered,2021,12(2):9367-9376., articleTitle=Ferrostatin-1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322218794982945448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218794991334057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, companyId=1322218794982945448, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Laboratory Medicine,First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218794999722666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, companyId=1322218794982945448, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1解放军总医院第一医学中心检验科,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322218796723581611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218796731970220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, companyId=1322218796723581611, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Medical School of Chinese PLA,Beijing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218796744553133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, companyId=1322218796723581611, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军医学院,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322218802369114847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=J0IF5lrR2fynHduFvKOzow==, figureFileBig=hlKdAs4ZzYXkyeAZLIMnsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218802461389536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高原低氧肺损伤大鼠肺组织蛋白质组学分析

A:聚类分析检测常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织差异蛋白的表达趋势;B:主成分分析显示差异蛋白将常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组明显区分;C:火山图显示常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织差异蛋白的分布情况;D:GO富集分析发现常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织差异蛋白富集的生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能类别的各前10个条目;E:KEGG富集分析发现常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织差异蛋白富集的通路

, figureFileSmall=J0IF5lrR2fynHduFvKOzow==, figureFileBig=hlKdAs4ZzYXkyeAZLIMnsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218802713047777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Jxehqsz6xQNpsRcIGl1eUQ==, figureFileBig=/7aEaAr0AlPCl1Xxj4I1+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218802805322466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=CN, label=图2, caption=高原低氧促进大鼠肺组织铁死亡的发生 (n=3,x¯±s)

A:常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织HE染色及肺损伤评分;B:常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织中炎症因子IL-1、IL-6蛋白及mRNA相对表达量变化情况;C:常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织ROS荧光表达情况

, figureFileSmall=Jxehqsz6xQNpsRcIGl1eUQ==, figureFileBig=/7aEaAr0AlPCl1Xxj4I1+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218802918568675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1r1V+spE/JZT/8xjF9nE8Q==, figureFileBig=3JkR11m7gCGkqE6og2pSfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218803019231972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=CN, label=续图 2, caption=高原低氧促进大鼠肺组织铁死亡的发生 (n=3,x¯±s)

D:常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织ROS、GSH含量、SOD活性、Fe2+及MDA含量测定;E:常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织SLC7A11、GPX4和FTH1及ACSL4 mRNA相对表达量情况;F:常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织SLC7A11、GPX4和FTH1及ACSL4蛋白相对表达量情况

, figureFileSmall=1r1V+spE/JZT/8xjF9nE8Q==, figureFileBig=3JkR11m7gCGkqE6og2pSfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218803119895269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Eao9cK+99FO/gHS0Sy6yGQ==, figureFileBig=jH6PT7Kw2ZQJzAS4dyijSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218803241530086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Fer-1对高原低氧肺损伤大鼠肺组织中脂质过氧化指标及铁死亡相关分子的影响 (n=3,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与低氧肺损伤组比较A:低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织ROS荧光表达情况;B:低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织GSH含量、SOD活性、Fe 2+及MDA含量测定;C:低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织SLC7A11、GPX4、FTH1及ACSL4蛋白相对表达量情况;D:低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织SLC7A11、GPX4、FTH1 mRNA相对表达量情况

, figureFileSmall=Eao9cK+99FO/gHS0Sy6yGQ==, figureFileBig=jH6PT7Kw2ZQJzAS4dyijSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218803388330727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2ZpJPvyZIT0I9vNE4PcPBQ==, figureFileBig=xyqBFis/GTBSXgPNqcCCkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218803463828200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Fer-1对高原低氧肺损伤大鼠肺组织损伤程度和炎症反应的影响 (n=3,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与低氧肺损伤组比较A:低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织HE染色;B:低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织中炎症因子IL-1、IL-6 mRNA相对表达量情况;C:低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织中炎症因子IL-1、IL-6蛋白相对表达量情况

, figureFileSmall=2ZpJPvyZIT0I9vNE4PcPBQ==, figureFileBig=xyqBFis/GTBSXgPNqcCCkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218803539325673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qdLzECCday6GY737mB1kFQ==, figureFileBig=eNwRD278yqNO6HgUOc2N9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218803623211754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Fer-1对高原低氧肺损伤中BEAS-2B细胞脂质过氧化指标及铁死亡相关分子的影响 (n=3,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与低氧肺损伤组比较A:流式细胞术检测Fer-1对低氧肺损伤中BEAS-2B细胞ROS表达的影响及荧光强度统计分析;B:荧光探针法检测Fer-1对低氧肺损伤中BEAS-2B细胞ROS表达的影响及相对荧光强度统计分析;C:有无Fer-1条件下低氧肺损伤中BEAS-2B细胞SOD活性和GSH水平检测;D:Fer-1对低氧肺损伤模型中BEAS-2B细胞铁死亡相关分子mRNA表达的影响;E:Fer-1对低氧肺损伤模型中BEAS-2B细胞铁死亡相关分子蛋白相对表达量的影响

, figureFileSmall=qdLzECCday6GY737mB1kFQ==, figureFileBig=eNwRD278yqNO6HgUOc2N9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218803765818091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=42RRqZO8fOBgpKEc77Geng==, figureFileBig=4UnxI6lMaAouVUNxxjv3IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218803858092780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218788158812823, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Fer-1对低氧肺损伤中巨噬细胞及上清液中炎症因子水平影响 (n=3,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与低氧肺损伤组比较A:有无Fer-1条件下低氧肺损伤中巨噬细胞IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA相对表达量检测;B:有无Fer-1条件下低氧肺损伤中巨噬细胞IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α蛋白相对表达量检测;C:ELISA法检测有无Fer-1条件下低氧肺损伤中巨噬细胞上清中IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α含量

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铁抑素-1通过抑制肺上皮细胞铁死亡减轻高原低氧肺损伤炎症反应
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郭浩然 1, 2 , 刘亭 1, 2 , 王立烨 1, 2 , 郝治云 1, 2 , 王成彬 1 , 王驰 1 , 李绵洋 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 军事医学 2025,47(12): 1261-1275
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陆军军医大学学报 |军事医学 2025 , 47 (12) : 1261 -1275
铁抑素-1通过抑制肺上皮细胞铁死亡减轻高原低氧肺损伤炎症反应
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郭浩然1, 2, 刘亭1, 2, 王立烨1, 2, 郝治云1, 2, 王成彬1, 王驰1 , 李绵洋1
作者信息
  • 1解放军总医院第一医学中心检验科,北京
  • 2解放军医学院,北京
通讯作者:
王驰,E-mail:
李绵洋,E-mail:
WANG Chi,E-mail:
LI Mianyang,E-mail:
作者简介:

郭浩然、刘亭为共同第一作者

GUO Haoran and LIU Ting contributed equally to the article.

Ferrostatin-1 attenuates inflammatory response to hypoxic lung injury at plateau by inhibiting ferroptosis in lung epithelial cells
Haoran GUO1, 2, Ting LIU1, 2, Liye WANG1, 2, Zhiyun HAO1, 2, Chengbin WANG1, Chi WANG1 , Mianyang LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine,First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing
  • 2Medical School of Chinese PLA,Beijing,China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502011
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目的

探讨铁死亡抑制剂铁抑素-1(ferrostatin-1,Fer-1)对高原低氧肺损伤的保护作用,为高原低氧肺损伤提供新的预防策略。

方法

①选用18只SPF级5~6周龄雄性Wistar大鼠,体质量210~230 g,按随机数字表法分为3组(n=6):常氧对照组、低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组。利用低压氧舱构建高原低氧肺损伤大鼠模型,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)比较常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织的蛋白表达水平变化情况,通过生物信息学方法对差异蛋白进行功能富集分析,筛选显著富集的通路。HE染色观察各组肺组织形态学变化并行肺损伤病理评分,ELISA法检测炎症因子,观察各组炎症反应,流式细胞术和免疫荧光法检测肺组织活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,用可见分光光度法测定Fe2+、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(super oxide dismutase,SOD)活性,观察各组大鼠肺组织氧化还原情况,检测铁死亡相关分子变化情况。②将人支气管上皮细胞(BEAS-2B human bronchial opithelial-like,BEAS-2B)和由人类外周血单核细胞(tumor human peripheral blood monocytes-1,THP-1)诱导的巨噬细胞置于低氧条件下共培养48 h,建立低氧肺损伤细胞模型,在此细胞模型上给予Fer-1作为预防组。检测BEAS-2B细胞的铁死亡相关指标及巨噬细胞炎症因子分泌相关指标,分析Fer-1对低氧条件下BEAS-2B细胞的铁死亡和巨噬细胞的炎症反应的影响。

结果

①肺组织蛋白组学共检测出2 962个蛋白,筛选到357个差异表达蛋白(differentially expressed proteins,DEPs),包括199个上调蛋白和158个下调蛋白。京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)信号通路聚类分析显示差异蛋白富集分数最高的通路为铁死亡。相较于常氧对照组,低氧肺损伤组肺组织的ROS水平、MDA含量、Fe2+含量升高(P<0.05),SOD活性、GSH含量降低(P<0.05),溶质载体家族7成员11(solute carrier family 7 member 11,SLC7A11)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)、铁蛋白重链1(ferritin heavy chain 1,FTH1)表达下降(P<0.05),长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(acyl-coa synthetase long chain family member 4,ACSL4)表达升高(P<0.05);相较于低氧肺损伤组,Fer-1预防组肺组织ROS水平、MDA含量、Fe2+含量降低(P<0.05),SOD活性、GSH含量升高(P<0.05),SLC7A11、FTH1表达升高,ACSL4表达下降(P<0.05),GPX4表达升高(P>0.05),同时炎症因子表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。②在高原低氧肺损伤细胞模型中,Fer-1预防组BEAS-2B细胞SLC7A11、GPX4、FTH1表达升高(P<0.05),GSH水平及SOD活性升高、ROS水平降低(P<0.05),巨噬细胞炎症因子水平下降(P<0.05)。

结论

铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1通过改善肺上皮细胞铁死亡,减轻巨噬细胞的炎症反应,从而对高原低氧肺损伤发挥保护作用,这有望为高原低氧肺损伤的防治提供新的实验依据。

‍高原低氧  /  肺损伤  /  铁死亡  /  炎症反应  /  巨噬细胞
Objective‍

To investigate the protective effects of ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) on high-altitude hypoxic lung injury and explore novel preventive strategies for high-altitude hypoxia-induced lung injury.

Methods‍

①Eighteen SPF male Wistar rats (5~6 weeks old, 210~230 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6): normoxic control, hypoxic lung injury, and Fer-1 pretreatment groups. A hypobaric chamber was used to establish a rat model of high-altitude hypoxic lung injury. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to compare pulmonary protein profiles between normoxic and hypoxic groups, followed by bioinformatics analysis of pathways enriched with differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Histopathological changes and lung injury scores were assessed with HE staining. ELISA was used to quantify the inflammatory cytokines, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assay were employed to measure the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and spectrophotometry was utilized to determine the contents of Fe²⁺, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to evaluate oxidative stress and detect ferroptosis-related markers. ② Human bronchial epithelial cells (bronchial epithelium transformed with Ad12-SV40, BEAS-2B) and macrophages induced by tumor human peripheral blood monocytes-1 (THP-1) cells were placed in a low oxygen conditions for 48 h to establish a cellular model of hypoxic lung injury, on which Fer-1 was administered as a preventive group. Ferroptosis markers in BEAS-2B cells and inflammatory cytokine secretion in macrophages were analyzed.

Results‍

①Proteomics identified 2 962 proteins, with 357 DEPs (199 up-regulated, 158 down-regulated). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed ferroptosis as the most enriched pathway. Hypoxic lung injury resulted in elevated ROS, MDA, Fe²⁺, and inflammatory cytokines (P<0.05), reduced SOD, GSH, solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), and increased acyl-coa synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4) (P<0.05). Fer-1 pretreatment significantly mitigated oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, SOD, GSH; P<0.05), up-regulated SLC7A11 and FTH1, down-regulated ACSL4 (P<0.05), and reduced inflammation (P<0.05). ②In cellular models, Fer-1 increased SLC7A11, GPX4, FTH1, GSH, and SOD (P<0.05), declined ROS (P<0.05), and suppressed macrophage inflammatory cytokines (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Fer-1 alleviates high-altitude hypoxic lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis in pulmonary epithelial cells and attenuating macrophage-driven inflammation, providing experimental evidence for novel therapeutic strategies.

high-altitude hypoxia  /  lung injury  /  ferroptosis  /  inflammatory response  /  macrophages
郭浩然, 刘亭, 王立烨, 郝治云, 王成彬, 王驰, 李绵洋. 铁抑素-1通过抑制肺上皮细胞铁死亡减轻高原低氧肺损伤炎症反应. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (12) : 1261 -1275 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502011
Haoran GUO, Ting LIU, Liye WANG, Zhiyun HAO, Chengbin WANG, Chi WANG, Mianyang LI. Ferrostatin-1 attenuates inflammatory response to hypoxic lung injury at plateau by inhibiting ferroptosis in lung epithelial cells[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (12) : 1261 -1275 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502011
高原地区是指海拔2 500 m以上的地区,其主要环境特点是缺氧,我国高原地区环境恶劣且覆盖范围广泛,当长期生活在平原环境中的人们迁移到高原时,往往面临着缺氧的威胁[1]。部分人群可通过短期代偿性过度换气及长期适应性生理改变双重机制提升氧代谢能力,前者通过增加通气量快速调节血氧平衡,后者涉及红细胞数量增长、肌红蛋白合成增强以及线粒体密度提升等过程,从而系统性优化氧气的摄取、运输与利用效率[2]。然而,个体适应高原低氧环境的能力存在差异,未能适应高原极端低氧环境的个体前期可能会出现严重的急性肺组织损伤和呼吸功能受损。在高原低氧环境下出现的急性肺损伤,其主要特征包括肺间质充血、炎性细胞浸润、肺泡隔增宽和肺泡水肿,若未能及时缓解肺损伤症状,可能进展为高原肺水肿。高原肺水肿的特征是肺动脉压升高和血管收缩,严重者可导致呼吸衰竭和死亡,在海拔>3 000 m地区高原肺水肿的发病率可达1%~8%[3-4]。因此,在进驻高原早期时预防急性肺组织损伤显得尤为重要。目前,应对高原缺氧性急性肺损伤最高效的方法是及时下降和氧疗[5],在药物治疗方面,乙酰唑胺、地塞米松、钙通道阻滞剂(如硝苯地平)、磷酸二酯酶5型抑制剂和β-肾上腺素能激动剂均已投入使用。然而,每种治疗方案都有一定的局限性和副作用,且大部分药物仅为对症治疗[6],针对高原低氧肺损伤发病机制的预防性药物相对匮乏。因此,针对高原低氧肺损伤发病机制的深入探索,可为预防或治疗高原低氧肺损伤提供可靠的用药依据。
与凋亡、坏死或自噬性细胞死亡不同,铁死亡是一种新的细胞死亡类型,主要由铁依赖的脂质过氧化作用引起,以线粒体萎缩为特征,受铁代谢、脂质代谢、抗氧化防御系统以及各种信号通路调控[7]。铁死亡与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关,如阿尔茨海默病[8]、肿瘤[9]、脑出血[10]、创伤性脑损伤[11]、中风[12]和缺血-再灌注损伤[13]。在针对铁死亡与肺损伤或其他肺部疾病的关系研究中,LI等[14-15]发现通过抑制铁死亡可以改善肺纤维化,为辐射诱导的肺纤维化患者提供了新的治疗思路。此外,脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)引起的肺损伤中,肺上皮细胞出现铁死亡,且能影响肺部炎症反应[16]。在探索高原低氧环境暴露与铁死亡关系的研究方面,ZHANG等[17]发现高海拔暴露后的脂肪组织中出现了氧化还原失衡、炎症反应以及铁死亡。此外,有研究发现[18],高原低氧暴露诱导脾脏巨噬细胞铁死亡,从而抑制红细胞吞噬作用,导致脾脏肿大,加剧高原红细胞增多症的发生。虽然在低氧相关疾病和其他原因诱导的肺损伤中已有铁死亡的相关研究,但铁死亡在高原低氧诱导的肺损伤中的作用机制尚不清楚。铁抑素-1(ferrostatin-1,Fer-1)是一种铁死亡抑制剂,其通过抑制脂质过氧化发挥作用[19]。研究发现,Fer-1通过抑制铁死亡可以减轻脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤[16],但该抑制剂能否减轻高原低氧诱导的肺损伤目前尚缺乏报道。
本研究基于蛋白组学技术分析高原低氧肺损伤中的关键分子调控通路,进一步通过构建体外高原低氧肺损伤细胞模型,系统性验证Fer-1对高原低氧肺损伤的保护作用,为高原低氧肺损伤患者提供新的潜在预防方案。
SPF级5~6周龄雄性Wistar大鼠18只,大鼠体质量210~230 g,购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司。大鼠饲养于相对湿度50%、温度24 ℃左右、明暗循环各12 h的环境中,在实验开始前预先给大鼠标准饮食3~5 d。本研究经中国人民解放军总医院医学伦理委员会批准(伦审第S2021-623-01号)。人支气管上皮细胞(BEAS-2B human bronchial opithelial-like,BEAS-2B)细胞系、人类外周血单核细胞(tumor human peripheral blood monocytes-1,THP-1)细胞系购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司,均通过短串联重复序列(short tandem repeats,STR)鉴定以确认细胞系的遗传稳定性以及是否存在交叉污染。
大鼠谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)抗体、长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(acyl-coa synthetase long chain family member 4,ACSL4)抗体、β-actin抗体购自英国abcam公司,大鼠溶质载体家族7成员11(solute carrier family 7 member 11,SLC7A11)抗体、铁蛋白重链1(ferritin heavy chain 1,FTH1)抗体购自美国CST公司,大鼠IL-1抗体、大鼠IL-6抗体、HRP标记兔抗山羊IgG二抗购自北京华兴博创生物公司,活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)染液购自日本Sigma公司,谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)含量测定试剂盒购自碧云天生物技术公司,超氧化物歧化酶(super oxide dismutase,SOD)测定试剂盒、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)测定试剂盒购自上海东仁化学科技有限公司,Fe2+含量检测试剂盒购自索莱宝,Fer-1、佛波酯(phorbol ester,PMA)均购自上海MCE公司,人IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α ELISA试剂盒购自武汉博士德生物公司,DCFH-DA探针购自碧云天生物技术公司,人GPX4、ACSL4、β-actin抗体购自美国Abcam公司,人SLC7A11、FTH1抗体购自美国CST公司,人IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α抗体购自Proteintech公司。Transwell共培养系统购自LABSELECT生物科技有限公司。细胞组织总RNA提取试剂盒、cDNA反转录试剂盒、Taq Pro 通用型SYBR qPCR预混液均购自南京诺唯赞生物公司。
为探究Fer-1对高原低氧性肺损伤的预防效应,本研究将18只SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法分为3组(n=6):常氧对照组、低氧肺损伤组及Fer-1预防组。常氧对照组在常压常氧条件下正常饲养;Fer-1预防组和低氧肺损伤组大鼠均连续腹腔注射Fer-1(4 mg/kg)或等体积生理盐水(0.9%)10 d,每天1次;末次注射24 h后,将2组大鼠置于模拟海拔5 000 m的低压低氧舱中48 h。氧舱用于模拟海拔5 000 m,舱内海拔上升和下降的速度始终控制在0.5 m/s的速度。在海拔到达5 000 m时检测舱内氧浓度,该参数在10%~13%,说明成功模拟了高海拔条件。在处理期间给大鼠提供食物和水,氧舱和实验室内温度和湿度分别保持在(20±2)℃和50%~60%。在低压低氧暴露48 h后,将氧舱压力和氧含量恢复到常压常氧以便进行后续操作。本研究设定了明确的人道终点,包括体质量下降超过20%、出现不可逆的呼吸困难等。实验动物的健康状况由专业人员每日监测2次,一旦发现动物达到人道终点,将立即采取安乐死措施,以避免动物遭受不必要的痛苦。
为了模拟低氧条件下肺损伤发生时巨噬细胞被募集到损伤部位的微环境,本研究建立BEAS-2B细胞和PMA诱导的THP-1细胞共培养模型,分为低氧肺损伤组和Fer-1预防组。用100 μL PMA(10 μg/mL)诱导THP-1细胞使其极化,在标准培养条件(37 ℃,5% CO2,20% O2)下培养24 h,THP-1细胞将极化为贴壁的M0型巨噬细胞。用氮气替换氧气以使培养箱O2浓度降为1%,CO2浓度为5%,采用Transwell共培养系统构建体外低氧肺损伤模型,具体而言,将BEAS-2B细胞接种于6孔板底室,THP-1诱导分化的M0巨噬细胞置于上室,在1%氧浓度条件下共培养48 h建立体外的低氧肺损伤模型,即低氧肺损伤组。BEAS-2B细胞给予20 μmol/L Fer-1预处理24 h,再将两种细胞在低氧条件下共培养48 h,作为Fer-1预防组。
血浆蛋白质组学分析采用EASY-nLC1200纳米系统与Orbitrap结合使用的Exploris480质谱仪(Thermo Scientific,SanJose,CA)。采用75 min梯度和以下参数进行数据依赖采集(data dependent acquisition,DDA):电喷雾电压为2.2 kV,扫描为350~1 500 m/z;补偿电压为-45 V或-65 V,以实现准确的质量测定;MS1和MS2的分辨率分别设置为60 000和15 000,具有归一化自动增益控制(normalized automatic gain control,AGC)的目标是300%和75%;MS1的最大注射时间设置为50 ms,而MS2的最大注射时间为22 ms;隔离窗为1.6 m/z,归一化碰撞能量为27%。
使用Proteome Discoverer 2.2软件和Sequest HT算法分析原始文件,并利用Uniprot人类数据库对数据进行分析。使用Perseus软件对原始数据进行归一化、对数变换和正态分布的预处理。将错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)<1%、肽的最低分数>40,且每组中缺失值>80%的蛋白质排除。利用q(矫正后P值)<0.05,差异倍数>1.5或<0.67对差异表达蛋白(differentially expressed proteins,DEPs)进行双尾t检验。对于2组间筛选DEPs,使用Oebiotech在线工具(https://cloud.oebiotech.cn)进行聚类分析、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)以及绘制热图、火山图、偏最小二乘判别分析图,并进行挖掘生物过程的基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)分析和挖掘通路的京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)分析。
采用吸入5%异氟烷于诱导箱内麻醉大鼠至自主活动消失,随后维持3%异氟烷暴露5 min以确保呼吸停止,取大鼠肺组织,4%多聚甲醛固定24h,石蜡包埋,切片厚度5 μm,HE染色后,光学显微镜下观察肺组织病理学改变,每张切片随机选取至少20个高倍视野(×200),采用MATUTE BELLO肺损伤评分系统:按照肺泡中中性粒细胞个数、肺泡间质中性粒细胞个数、透明膜个数、被蛋白质碎片填充的肺泡个数及肺泡间隔厚度进行标准化评分。
取大鼠肺组织,制备冰冻切片,干燥处理后滴加ROS染液,置于暗盒内,在37 ℃恒温孵育30 min。用PBS洗涤3次,每次持续5 min。烘干切片后,复染DAPI染液,置于暗盒内,室温静置10 min。重复上述洗片操作步骤,甩干切片后,使用抗淬灭剂封片。在荧光显微镜下观察切片,并采集图像。取BEAS-2B细胞,在不同分组处理后,用PBS清洗1遍。ROS荧光探针(DCFH-DA)用无血清DMEM培养基以1∶500体积比例混匀。以800 μL/孔将DCFH-DA溶液加入孔板,置于常规培养条件下20 min。吸出其中溶液,并加入1 mL无血清培养基,清洗3 min后弃去,重复3次。以792 μL/孔将DMEM完全培养基加入孔板,补8 μL Hochest(100×),置于常规培养条件下10 min。随后将液体弃去,并加入1 mL无血清培养基,清洗3 min后弃去,重复3次,加入1 mL无血清培养基置于荧光显微镜下观察。
将BEAS-2B细胞接种于6孔板,在各种处理完成后用胰酶消化,PBS清洗,离心获得细胞团块,用于后续分析。用DCFH-DA的探针检测BEAS-2B细胞ROS水平。按1∶5 000的体积比例将探针和基础DMEM培养基进行配比混匀。在离心管中获得细胞团块后,每支离心管加入1 mL DCFH-DA溶液,在常规培养条件下孵育20 min,其间每隔5 min将离心管取出并手弹离心管底部进行混匀。结束后,以1 000×g、常温离心5 min。弃去上清,再用1 mL基础培养基洗1遍,重复3次。用1 mL PBS将装载探针的细胞吹散,采用美国BD FACS AriaⅡ型流式细胞仪进行荧光分析。
取大鼠肺组织,将组织研磨成粉末后在4 ℃静置10 min,以10 000×g在4 ℃下离心10 min,吸取上清液用于总GSH的测定。对于BEAS-2B细胞,向细胞沉淀加入蛋白去除试剂混匀重悬,分别在液氮和37 ℃水浴中进行2次快速的冻融使其充分裂解,以10 000×g在4 ℃下离心10 min后取上清用于总GSH的测定。将GSSG储备液用蛋白去除试剂逐步稀释成10.0、5.0、2.0、1.0、0.5 μmol/L GSSG溶液制成标准品。每孔加入10 μL样品或标准品,然后加入150 μL工作液,在室温孵育5 min后加入50 μL 0.5 mg/mL的NADPH溶液,混匀反应25 min后,使用酶标仪测定吸光度[OD(412)]值。根据不同浓度标准品测得的吸光度绘制标准曲线,计算样品总GSH含量。
取20 mg大鼠肺组织,使用液氮充分研磨,然后加入500 μL稀释好的抗氧化剂继续研磨,将混合匀浆以10 000×g在4 ℃下离心5 min。取上清液200 μL作为样本待测。用MDA测定试剂盒(上海东仁化学科技有限公司)按说明书进行检测。
将大鼠肺组织用液氮研磨成粉末,收集组织匀浆,使用超声器进行粉碎处理(60 W,间隔0.5 s,15 min),以10 000×g在4 ℃下离心10 min,制成样品溶液。对于细胞样本,收集细胞后在4 ℃下以2 000×g离心10 min,弃上清。用PBS洗涤2次,随后对细胞样本进行超声(100 W,间隔5 s,10 min)。在4 ℃下以10 000×g离心15 min,取上清待测。用SOD测定试剂盒(上海东仁化学科技有限公司)按说明书进行检测。
按Fe2+含量检测试剂盒说明书进行检测,取0.1 g大鼠肺组织,加入1 mL试剂1进行冰浴匀浆,在4 ℃下以10 000×g离心10 min,取上清置冰上待测。随后加入100 μL试剂2,充分混匀后37 ℃静置10 min,加入100 μL氯仿充分涡旋震荡5 min,以12 000×g、常温离心10 min,小心吸取上层无机相200 μL于96孔板,使用酶标仪测定吸光度[OD(593)]值。根据不同浓度标准品测得的吸光度绘制标准曲线,计算样品Fe2+含量。
取大鼠肺组织,将其加入液氮中研磨至粉末状。每次加入10~20 mg的组织样本与500 μL的RIPA裂解缓冲液,在涡旋振荡器中振荡至无明显的团块;对于细胞样本,离心收集细胞沉淀,加入500 μL的RIPA裂解缓冲液,在涡旋振荡器中振荡至无明显的团块。采用细胞组织RNA提取试剂盒按说明书提取大鼠肺组织总RNA,利用nanodrop测定提取的RNA浓度,根据cDNA反转试剂盒说明书,配制反应体系混合液。经标准反转录程序得到的cDNA产物经稀释后用于Taq Pro 通用型SYBR qPCR 预混液反应体系构建,引物经NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)所收录大鼠的相应序列来设计,由生工(中国上海)公司进行合成,采用QuantStudio 6 Flex实时定量PCR仪进行扩增。
取大鼠肺组织,称量40 mg,600 μL蛋白裂解液裂解组织后,在4℃下以12 000×g离心20 min;收集细胞样本,100 μL蛋白裂解液裂解细胞后在4℃下以12 000×g离心20 min。随后取上清液使用BCA法进行蛋白定量并调整至一致浓度,样品经10%或12%SDS PAGE电泳分离,转膜后于5%脱脂奶粉封闭1 h,分别加入ACSL4、SLC7A11、GPX4、FTH1、IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α及β-actin抗体4 ℃孵育16 h,洗膜后加入HRP标记兔抗山羊IgG二抗后室温避光孵育1h,洗膜后加入ECL发光液,使用GEL DocTMEZ全自动凝胶成像系统曝光拍照,Image J软件进行条带灰度值分析。以β-actin为内参照,计算目标蛋白相对表达量(目的蛋白表达水平=目的蛋白条带灰度值/内参条带灰度值)。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.0进行统计分析,并通过图表形式呈现结果。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和t检验(显著性水平aɑ=0.05)来确定多组或2组连续变量参数的不同水平,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
在建立高原低氧肺损伤大鼠模型后,通过蛋白组学分析低氧肺损伤组和常氧对照组大鼠肺组织中的关键通路,肺组织蛋白组学共检测出2组2 962个蛋白,聚类分析和主成分分析显示差异蛋白可将常氧对照组和低氧肺损伤组进行明显区分(图1A、B),共筛选到357个DEPs,包括199个上调蛋白和158个下调蛋白(图1C)。GO分析显示,DEPs主要富集于纤维蛋白原复合物和细胞外空间等细胞组分,内肽酶负调控和急性期反应等生物过程,结合血红素和丝氨酸型抑制剂等分子功能(图1D)。KEGG分析富集到的通路包括铁死亡、肌动蛋白细胞骨架的调控、cGMP-PKG通路、金黄色葡萄球菌感染、血小板活化、中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网等(图1E),其中富集分数最高的通路为铁死亡。这提示铁死亡在高原低氧肺损伤中具有重要意义。
相较于常氧对照组,低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织间质增厚、充血、炎性细胞浸润,肺损伤评分升高(图2A,P<0.05),炎症因子IL-1、IL-6在蛋白水平和转录水平表达均显著升高(P<0.05,图2B),提示高原低氧肺损伤大鼠模型构建成功。采用免疫荧光检测大鼠肺组织ROS水平,结果提示,低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织ROS荧光强度明显高于常氧对照组(P<0.05,图2C)。此外,相较于常氧对照组,低氧肺损伤组大鼠肺组织Fe2+水平和脂质过氧化产物MDA水平(P<0.05)显著升高,而抗氧化酶底物GSH水平和抗氧化酶SOD活性(P<0.05,图2D)显著降低。这提示高原低氧环境的暴露可导致大鼠肺组织铁超载、脂质过氧化和氧化还原失衡。在低氧肺损伤组大鼠的肺组织中,铁死亡负调控蛋白SLC7A11、GPX4和FTH1的表达有所降低,而铁死亡正调控蛋白ACSL4的表达则呈现上升趋势(P<0.05,图2F),上述铁死亡相关蛋白mRNA水平与蛋白水平变化一致(P<0.05,图2E)。上述结果提示,高原低氧肺损伤大鼠肺组织出现炎症反应以及铁死亡的发生。
在大鼠腹腔分别注射生理盐水(0.9%)和铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1(4 mg/kg),再将大鼠暴露于模拟海拔5 000 m的低压低氧舱中构建肺损伤模型,并获取肺组织用于评价。相较于低氧肺损伤组,Fer-1预防组的大鼠肺组织内ROS、Fe 2+表达水平和MDA表达显著降低(P<0.05),GSH水平和SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05,图3A、B),这些结果提示,Fer-1可以有效减少脂质过氧化的发生和铁离子的积累,提高肺组织的抗氧化能力。相较于低氧肺损伤组,Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织铁死亡负调控蛋白SLC7A11、FTH1表达升高(P<0.05),GPX4表达略有增加,但差异无统计学意义,正调控蛋白ACSL4表达降低(P<0.05,图3C)。在转录水平也有一致发现,Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织中SLC7A11、GPX4的转录水平升高(P<0.05),FTH1表达略有上升但差异无统计学意义,ACSL4的转录水平降低(P<0.05,图3D)。这些结果综合提示Fer-1有效抑制了高原低氧所致肺损伤大鼠肺组织的铁死亡。
相较于低氧肺损伤组,Fer-1预防组大鼠肺组织间质增厚、充血、炎性细胞浸润减轻,肺损伤评分降低(P<0.05,图4A),炎症因子IL-1、IL-6在蛋白水平和转录水平表达均降低(P<0.05,图4B、C),这些结果表明铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1可减轻高原低氧肺损伤大鼠肺部的炎症反应。
为了进一步验证铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1对低氧肺损伤的改善作用,本研究采用BEAS-2B细胞和巨噬细胞在低氧条件下的共培养模型,以模拟体内肺损伤发生时巨噬细胞被募集到损伤部位的微环境。相较于低氧肺损伤组,Fer-1预防组BEAS-2B细胞内的ROS水平降低(P<0.05),而GSH水平和SOD活性增加(P<0.05,图5A~C),表明细胞的脂质过氧化程度下降。此外,Fer-1预防组BEAS-2B细胞铁死亡负调控分子GPX4和FTH1的蛋白和转录水平增加(P<0.05,图5D、E),而SLC7A11仅蛋白水平表达增加(P<0.05),提示Fer-1处理后,BEAS-2B细胞铁死亡受到抑制。综上,Fer-1可以抑制低氧共培养引起的BEAS-2B细胞脂质过氧化,从而抑制BEAS-2B细胞铁死亡,进一步缓解低压低氧诱导的BEAS-2B细胞损伤,增强了BEAS-2B细胞抗氧化能力。
相较于低氧肺损伤组,Fer-1预防组巨噬细胞炎症细胞因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α在蛋白水平和转录水平表达下降(P<0.05,图6A、B),同时,细胞上清中分泌的IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α水平也下降(P<0.05,图6C),提示Fer-1抑制低氧条件BEAS-2B细胞的铁死亡,并进一步缓解与之共培养的巨噬细胞的炎症因子表达与分泌。
高原低氧肺损伤的治疗策略主要包括环境干预(如转移至低海拔地区)、氧疗、药物治疗(包括抗炎、抗氧化及改善氧代谢等)、呼吸支持、康复训练以及预防措施等,需根据患者个体情况进行精准调整[5]。然而,由于高原低氧肺损伤的具体发病机制尚未完全阐明,亟需开发针对其发病机制的特异性预防药物。细胞死亡作为急性肺损伤的关键病理过程之一,其中铁死亡是一种新型铁依赖性程序性细胞死亡方式。这种细胞死亡形式与多种疾病的病理机制密切相关,包括神经变性疾病、炎症反应和缺血-再灌注损伤等[20-22],然而,在高原低氧所致肺损伤中,铁死亡的作用机制尚未得到充分研究。基于上述背景,本研究建立了高原低氧肺损伤大鼠模型,并对其肺组织进行蛋白组学分析。本研究发现,差异蛋白显著富集于铁死亡通路,提示铁死亡在高原低氧肺损伤发病过程中可能发挥重要作用。随后,在低氧肺损伤大鼠模型中证实了铁死亡的发生,并在动物和细胞水平分别探讨了铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1对低氧诱导的急性肺损伤的预防保护效应。结果提示,Fer-1能减轻低氧诱导的肺上皮细胞的铁死亡,改善巨噬细胞的炎症反应,为进一步研究低氧肺损伤的治疗靶点提供了新的思路。
铁死亡作为一种新型调节性细胞死亡方式,在疾病机制研究中展现出重要的生物学价值。在高原低氧肺损伤的病理过程中,氧化应激的调控始终是临床干预的重要方向。目前,多种抗氧化剂如N-乙酰半胱氨酸[23]、依达拉奉[24]等可在临床上用于缓解肺部氧化损伤。这些药物通过ROS、抑制脂质过氧化等机制减轻组织损伤。铁死亡作为一种铁依赖性脂质过氧化驱动的程序性细胞死亡方式,其核心机制与氧化失衡密切相关,这提示现有临床干预措施可能通过对铁死亡通路的“脱靶效应”发挥部分治疗作用。本研究通过蛋白质组学分析低氧肺损伤组和常氧对照组大鼠肺组织差异蛋白,富集通路显示,铁死亡富集分数最高,再次提示铁死亡在高原低氧肺损伤的发病机制中可能发挥关键作用。在模拟心脏缺血-再灌注的小鼠模型中,已经表明铁螯合剂和谷氨酰胺分解抑制剂显著减轻心肌细胞铁死亡和心脏组织和功能的损伤,提示铁死亡靶向治疗缺血性心脏病的潜在治疗价值;此外,铁死亡有助于阐明中风和各种神经退行性疾病的发病机制,这些疾病与谷氨酸神经毒性有关,而高浓度的细胞外谷氨酸可通过抑制系统XC- 功能诱导铁死亡[25]。关于低氧与铁死亡的关联,YANG等[18]的研究发现低氧诱导脾巨噬细胞发生铁死亡,导致巨噬细胞数量显著减少,影响脾脏清除红细胞的能力,进而加剧高原红细胞增多症的进展。另有研究表明[17],暴露于高原低氧环境会增加脂肪组织对铁死亡的敏感性,诱导脂肪组织氧化还原失衡、炎症反应和铁死亡,为高原相关疾病的预防提供了新的潜在靶点。本研究通过在高原低氧肺损伤大鼠模型进一步验证肺组织铁死亡的发生,发现大鼠肺组织出现严重炎症反应,ROS水平显著升高,脂质过氧化相关的指标升高,铁死亡负调控蛋白表达降低,而正调控蛋白表达则呈现上升趋势,上述结果提示高原低氧肺损伤大鼠肺组织出现了铁死亡,与蛋白组学的结果高度吻合,提示在高原低氧肺损伤中出现了铁死亡现象,为后续预防治疗高原低氧肺损伤提供了实验依据。
铁死亡在引发炎症和疾病进展加重过程中发挥关键作用。免疫细胞在炎症和铁代谢之间发挥枢纽作用,其中巨噬细胞介导的炎症反应和机体铁代谢之间存在相互影响[26-27]。不同极化状态下的巨噬细胞通过其独特的细胞因子分泌、吞噬和胞葬等功能,介导炎症并调节铁、脂质等代谢,在组织稳态中发挥重要作用。巨噬细胞的Toll样受体家族2可识别铁死亡细胞上的磷脂酰乙醇胺[28],而铁死亡可诱导并促进损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)的释放,进而激活巨噬细胞等免疫细胞活性[29]。当Fe2+超载时,会诱导氧化应激,随后激活一系列转录因子和促炎因子。GSH和GPX4在铁死亡的调节中起关键作用,GSH对于防止ROS升高和细胞损伤,减轻炎症反应至关重要[30-31] 。铁死亡细胞在质膜破裂时会释放DAMPs和促炎细胞因子等细胞内成分,DAMPs的积累可诱发组织炎症,进而促进铁死亡,形成自我放大的铁死亡-炎症循环[32-33]。
基于铁死亡与炎症之间的密切联系,本研究探讨了铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1对高原低氧肺损伤炎症反应的预防效果。Fer-1作为一种通过抑制脂质过氧化发挥作用的铁死亡抑制剂[19],较其他酚类抗氧化剂具有更强的脂质过氧化抑制作用,它可以有效清除烷氧基自由基,并可通过与亚铁离子相互作用实现再生[34]。研究表明,给予Fer-1可导致甘氨酸、半胱氨酸和谷氨酰胺水平显著升高[34]。此外,Fer-1处理可显著提高细胞内甘氨酸、半胱氨酸和谷氨酰胺的水平[35],还能通过抑制氧化应激缓解自身免疫性肝炎导致的肝损伤[34]。在本研究中,将Fer-1预处理的大鼠置于低压低氧环境中,并检测了多个铁死亡相关指标,发现ACSL4表达降低,而GPX4、SLC7A11则显著升高,FTH1略有升高,表明铁死亡被有效抑制。另外,Fe2+含量、MDA和ROS水平降低,GSH水平和抗氧化酶SOD活性升高,进一步证实了铁死亡的改善。随后对Fer-1预处理后暴露于低压低氧环境的大鼠肺组织进行损伤程度和炎症反应评估,发现低氧所致肺损伤炎症反应有所减轻,初步提示抑制铁死亡可改善高原低氧所致肺损伤的炎症反应。
在体外低氧肺损伤细胞模型中,将Fer-1处理后的BEAS-2B细胞与巨噬细胞进行低氧共培养。观察到Fer-1作用后BEAS-2B细胞的ROS表达降低,GSH水平和SOD活性升高,同时铁死亡负向调控蛋白表达升高,提示低氧条件下Fer-1有效地抑制了BEAS-2B细胞铁死亡。与未经Fer-1处理的低氧共培养组相比,经过Fer-1处理的BEAS-2B细胞在低氧共培养条件下,巨噬细胞的炎症因子表达和分泌有所减少,这表明抑制BEAS-2B细胞的铁死亡可以减轻巨噬细胞介导的炎症反应。上述实验结果与现有文献报道类似,有研究报道Fer-1能够抑制角质细胞铁死亡,减少细胞因子的产生,抑制银屑病的炎症反应[36]。Fer-1还能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,抑制心肌细胞铁死亡和炎症反应,进而改善心功能[37];此外,Fer-1能有效抵抗镉诱导的胰岛β细胞铁死亡,减轻由铁死亡引起的炎症[16]。
综上所述,本研究通过大鼠肺组织样本蛋白质组学筛选,发现铁死亡途径可能是高原低氧条件下急性肺损伤的关键发病机制之一,在其发生发展中发挥重要作用。此外,通过体外细胞模型进一步探索发现肺上皮细胞的铁死亡对于巨噬细胞的炎症反应可起到一定的调控作用,且铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1对高原暴露后引发的急性肺损伤有明显的改善作用,有作为预防高原低氧急性肺损伤的潜力。本研究虽阐明了通过抑制铁死亡可以减轻低氧导致的肺部损伤从而改善肺部炎症反应,但低氧引起BEAS-2B细胞发生铁死亡后如何引起与之共培养的巨噬细胞介导炎症反应尚不明确,今后将通过相关动物及细胞模型对低氧所致肺损伤中铁死亡和炎症反应之间的具体分子调控机制进行深入探索。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502011
  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
  • 修回日期:2025-04-30
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    1解放军总医院第一医学中心检验科,北京
    2解放军医学院,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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