Article(id=1322218767111802925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412142, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735401600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-29, revisedDate=1742659200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171119715, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171119715, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171119715, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171119715, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218723616862544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1145', pageEnd='1242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749916800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171109346, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325423536, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865964295766226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865964295766227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1155, endPage=1164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218767401209902, articleId=1322218767111802925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor autoantibody-AT1R-Bmal1 axis promotes phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular fibrosis, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the mechanism by which angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA) promotes phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and vascular fibrosis through abnormal expression of circadian clock protein BMAL1.

Methods‍

Twelve male SD rats (6~8 weeks old, weighing 180~220 g) were randomly divided into (n=6) a control group and an AT1-AA-positive group [established by active immunization of SD rats with AT1R extracellular loop Ⅱ peptide (AT1R-ECLⅡ)]. HE and Masson stainings were used to observe structural changes and fibrosis in the thoracic aorta (n=3). Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of Collagen I, phenotypic switch-related proteins (SM22, α-SMA, OPN and MMP2) in vascular tissues and primary VSMCs (n=4), as well as the expression of BMAL1 at CT0, CT4, CT8, CT12, CT16, and CT20. Transwell and scratch assays were used to assess the proliferation and migration of VSMCs (n=3). si-RNA was employed to knock down Bmal1, followed by detection of BMAL1, Collagen I, and phenotypic conversion-related protein expression (n=3). Additionally, AT1-AA-positive AT1R-knockout (AT1R-KO) rats were constructed to measure BMAL1 expression in thoracic aortic tissues (n=4).

Results‍

The AT1-AA-positive rats had significantly thickened thoracic aortic vessel wall [(140±9)% vs (120±5)%, P<0.05], badly arranged VSMCs, obvious blue Masson staining, and up-regulated Collagen I expression (P<0.05). In the thoracic aorta of AT1-AA-positive rats and AT1-AA-treated VSMCs, the expression of contractile phenotype-related proteins (α-SMA, SM22) was decreased (P<0.05), while the expression of synthetic phenotype-related proteins (OPN, MMP2) was increased (P<0.05). AT1-AA enhanced the scratch healing ability and migration ability of VSMCs. Furthermore, both mRNA and protein levels of Bmal1 were significantly up-regulated at CT12 (P<0.05), and the rhythmicity of Bmal1 was lost. Knockdown of Bmal1 partially ameliorated AT1-AA-induced phenotypic switch of VSMCs. Compared with AT1-AA-positive WT rats, AT1-AA-positive AT1R-KO rats showed significantly reduced BMAL1 expression in the thoracic aorta (1.35±0.06 vs 0.86±0.07,P<0.001). At the cellular level, AT1-AA-induced phenotypic switch and high Collagen I expression in VSMCs were partially improved in AT1R-KO VSMCs.

Conclusion‍

AT1-AA promotes VSMCs phenotypic conversion and vascular fibrosis through the AT1R-Bmal1 axis.

, authors=Lingxia XUE, Yaolin LONG, Jiayan FENG, Tian MAO, Jiao GUO, Zhuoxi WANG, Yang LI, Xiaohui WANG, Li WANG, authorsList=Lingxia XUE, Yaolin LONG, Jiayan FENG, Tian MAO, Jiao GUO, Zhuoxi WANG, Yang LI, Xiaohui WANG, Li WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322218774397308986, articleId=1322218767111802925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体自身抗体-AT1R-Bmal1轴促进血管平滑肌细胞表型转换和血管纤维化, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体(angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R)自身抗体(AT1R autoantibody,AT1-AA)通过促进血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)生物钟蛋白BMAL1异常表达诱导细胞表型转换以及血管纤维化的作用机制。

方法

将12只6~8周的SD雄性大鼠(体质量180~220 g)按随机数字表法分为2组(n=6):对照组以及使用AT1R细胞外第二环(extracellular loop Ⅱ of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R-ECLⅡ)主动免疫SD大鼠建立的AT1-AA阳性组。采用HE染色和Masson染色分别观察2组大鼠胸主动脉血管结构变化和纤维化情况(n=3)。采用Western blot检测血管组织以及原代VSMCs中纤维化标志蛋白Collagen Ⅰ、表型转换相关蛋白SM22、α-SMA、OPN以及MMP2的表达(n=4),此外,还检测了CT0、CT4、CT8、CT12、CT16、CT20时生物钟蛋白BMAL1的表达。通过Transwell实验和划痕实验检测VSMCs的增殖迁移能力(n=3),使用si-RNA技术敲低Bmal1后检测BMAL1、Collagen Ⅰ、表型转换相关蛋白的表达(n=3)。另外,构建AT1-AA阳性的AT1R敲除(AT1R-KO)大鼠模型使用Western blot检测其胸主动脉血管组织BMAL1的表达(n=4)。

结果

AT1-AA阳性大鼠胸主动脉血管壁增厚[(140±9)% vs (120±5)%,P<0.05],血管平滑肌细胞排列紊乱,Masson染色蓝染明显,且Collagen Ⅰ表达较Control组表达上调(P<0.05)。AT1-AA阳性大鼠胸主动脉以及AT1-AA处理的VSMCs中收缩表型相关蛋白α-SMA、SM22表达下降(P<0.05),合成表型相关蛋白OPN、MMP2表达上调(P<0.05);AT1-AA诱导VSMCs划痕愈合能力以及迁移能力都显著增强。进一步发现,Bmal1的mRNA表达(0.67±0.26 vs 1.03±0.17)以及蛋白表达(0.46±0.06 vs 0.85±0.26)均在CT12时显著上调(P<0.05),且Bmal1的节律性消失(P<0.05)。敲低BMAL1后,AT1-AA诱导的VSMCs表型转换现象得到部分改善。与AT1-AA阳性的WT大鼠比较,AT1-AA阳性的AT1R-KO大鼠胸主动脉血管中BMAL1表达明显降低(1.35±0.06 vs 0.86±0.07,P<0.001);细胞水平发现AT1-AA诱导的VSMCs表型转换及胶原蛋白Collagen Ⅰ高表达的现象在AT1R-KO的VSMCs中得到部分改善。

结论

AT1-AA通过AT1R-Bmal1轴促进VSMCs表型转换以及血管纤维化。

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王丽,E-mail:
WANG Li,E-mail:
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Cell Biosci,2023,13(1):110., articleTitle=Advances in the allostery of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322218774950957115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218775215198268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, companyId=1322218774950957115, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Basic Medical Sciences,Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan,Shanxi,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218775227781181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, companyId=1322218774950957115, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山西医科大学基础医学院,山西 太原)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322218785398968439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9q2MTDMelkjckpcF+DrgHQ==, figureFileBig=Xf8lO3djAXxAwHXuw903vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218785470271608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=CN, label=图1, caption=AT1-AA对大鼠胸主动脉血管纤维化以及VSMCs中Collagen Ⅰ表达的影响

a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05,与Control组比较A:ELISA检测AT1R-ECLⅡ主动免疫后大鼠血清中AT1-AA的光密度值(n=6);B:HE染色检测AT1-AA阳性大鼠胸主动脉血管壁厚度的改变(n=3);C:Masson染色检测AT1-AA阳性大鼠血管纤维化情况(n=3);D~E:Western blot检测大鼠胸主动脉和原代胸主动脉VSMCs中胶原蛋白CollagenⅠ表达及半定量分析(n=4)

, figureFileSmall=9q2MTDMelkjckpcF+DrgHQ==, figureFileBig=Xf8lO3djAXxAwHXuw903vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218787630338169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6mMqyfNRc64ql9YWsCrnTg==, figureFileBig=xGfCwuZa8O8JiLro73UHZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218787789721722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=CN, label=图2, caption=AT1-AA诱导VSMCs表型转换

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,与Control组比较A:划痕实验检测VSMCs增殖能力(n=3);B:Transwell实验检测VSMCs迁移能力(n=3);C:明场拍照观察VSMCs形态变化(n=4)  红色箭头:VSMCs;D~E:Western blot检测大鼠胸主动脉(n=3)以及VSMCs中α-SMA、SM22、OPN、MMP2蛋白相对表达量及半定量分析(n=4)

, figureFileSmall=6mMqyfNRc64ql9YWsCrnTg==, figureFileBig=xGfCwuZa8O8JiLro73UHZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218787865219195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KvrA6lNjwNpPov5ui0/mBQ==, figureFileBig=WAUPiM408FYt13HmB/Zs1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218788179791996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=CN, label=图3, caption=AT1-AA诱导的VSMCs中CT12时Bmal1表达上调

a:P<0.05,与Control组比较A:Western blot检测不同CT时间VSMCs中BMAL1蛋白相对表达量及半定量分析(n=5~8);B:RT-qPCR检测VSMCs中bmal1的mRNA相对表达量(n=4)

, figureFileSmall=KvrA6lNjwNpPov5ui0/mBQ==, figureFileBig=WAUPiM408FYt13HmB/Zs1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218788309815421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eFxI4YKFccSMMErlLrJnRA==, figureFileBig=I0vDh2A94TB0dDD52TeYsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218788414673022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=CN, label=图4, caption=AT1-AA通过AT1R途径诱导的VSMCs BMAL1表达增加

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,与Control组比较;d:P<0.05,e:P<0.01,f:P<0.001,与AT1-AA组比较; g:P<0.01,与AT1R-ECLⅡ组比较A:RT-qPCR检测si-Bmal1敲低VSMCs中bmal1 mRNA水平及半定量分析(n=4);B:Western blot检测si-BMAL1敲低VSMCs中BMAL1蛋白相对表达量及半定量分析(n=2);C:Western blot检测敲低BMAL1后大鼠原代VSMCs中OPN、MMP2、CollagenⅠ、SM22、α-SMA的蛋白相对表达量及半定量分析(n=3);D:Western blot检测AT1R-KO大鼠经AT1R-ECLⅡ主动免疫后血管组织中BMAL1蛋白相对表达量及半定量分析(n=3);E:Western blot检测原代AT1R-KO VSMCs BMAL1及表型转换相关指标及半定量分析(n=4)

, figureFileSmall=eFxI4YKFccSMMErlLrJnRA==, figureFileBig=I0vDh2A94TB0dDD52TeYsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218788653748351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因序列(5′→3′)
bmal1上游:CCGATGACGAACTGAAACACCT
下游:TGCAGTGTCCGAGGAAGATAGC
β-actin上游:GAGACCTTCAACACCCCAGCC
下游:TCGGGGCATCGGAACCGCTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1322218788850880640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因序列(5′→3′)
bmal1上游:CCGATGACGAACTGAAACACCT
下游:TGCAGTGTCCGAGGAAGATAGC
β-actin上游:GAGACCTTCAACACCCCAGCC
下游:TCGGGGCATCGGAACCGCTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1322218792470564993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型项目组别JTK_CYCLE P值昼夜节律
Ex-vivobmal1 mRNAControl0.046有
AT1-AA0.868无
), ArticleFig(id=1322218792869023874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218767111802925, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

JTK_CYCLE算法分析VSMCs中bmal1 mRNA水平表达的昼夜节律参数(n=4)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型项目组别JTK_CYCLE P值昼夜节律
Ex-vivobmal1 mRNAControl0.046有
AT1-AA0.868无
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血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体自身抗体-AT1R-Bmal1轴促进血管平滑肌细胞表型转换和血管纤维化
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薛灵霞 , 龙瑶琳 , 冯佳艳 , 毛田 , 郭娇 , 王卓玺 , 李杨 , 王晓晖 , 王丽
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(11): 1155-1164
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (11) : 1155 -1164
血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体自身抗体-AT1R-Bmal1轴促进血管平滑肌细胞表型转换和血管纤维化
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薛灵霞, 龙瑶琳, 冯佳艳, 毛田, 郭娇, 王卓玺, 李杨, 王晓晖, 王丽
作者信息
  • 1山西医科大学基础医学院,山西 太原
通讯作者:
王丽,E-mail:
WANG Li,E-mail:
Angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor autoantibody-AT1R-Bmal1 axis promotes phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular fibrosis
Lingxia XUE, Yaolin LONG, Jiayan FENG, Tian MAO, Jiao GUO, Zhuoxi WANG, Yang LI, Xiaohui WANG, Li WANG
Affiliations
  • 1School of Basic Medical Sciences,Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan,Shanxi,China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412142
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目的

探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体(angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R)自身抗体(AT1R autoantibody,AT1-AA)通过促进血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)生物钟蛋白BMAL1异常表达诱导细胞表型转换以及血管纤维化的作用机制。

方法

将12只6~8周的SD雄性大鼠(体质量180~220 g)按随机数字表法分为2组(n=6):对照组以及使用AT1R细胞外第二环(extracellular loop Ⅱ of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R-ECLⅡ)主动免疫SD大鼠建立的AT1-AA阳性组。采用HE染色和Masson染色分别观察2组大鼠胸主动脉血管结构变化和纤维化情况(n=3)。采用Western blot检测血管组织以及原代VSMCs中纤维化标志蛋白Collagen Ⅰ、表型转换相关蛋白SM22、α-SMA、OPN以及MMP2的表达(n=4),此外,还检测了CT0、CT4、CT8、CT12、CT16、CT20时生物钟蛋白BMAL1的表达。通过Transwell实验和划痕实验检测VSMCs的增殖迁移能力(n=3),使用si-RNA技术敲低Bmal1后检测BMAL1、Collagen Ⅰ、表型转换相关蛋白的表达(n=3)。另外,构建AT1-AA阳性的AT1R敲除(AT1R-KO)大鼠模型使用Western blot检测其胸主动脉血管组织BMAL1的表达(n=4)。

结果

AT1-AA阳性大鼠胸主动脉血管壁增厚[(140±9)% vs (120±5)%,P<0.05],血管平滑肌细胞排列紊乱,Masson染色蓝染明显,且Collagen Ⅰ表达较Control组表达上调(P<0.05)。AT1-AA阳性大鼠胸主动脉以及AT1-AA处理的VSMCs中收缩表型相关蛋白α-SMA、SM22表达下降(P<0.05),合成表型相关蛋白OPN、MMP2表达上调(P<0.05);AT1-AA诱导VSMCs划痕愈合能力以及迁移能力都显著增强。进一步发现,Bmal1的mRNA表达(0.67±0.26 vs 1.03±0.17)以及蛋白表达(0.46±0.06 vs 0.85±0.26)均在CT12时显著上调(P<0.05),且Bmal1的节律性消失(P<0.05)。敲低BMAL1后,AT1-AA诱导的VSMCs表型转换现象得到部分改善。与AT1-AA阳性的WT大鼠比较,AT1-AA阳性的AT1R-KO大鼠胸主动脉血管中BMAL1表达明显降低(1.35±0.06 vs 0.86±0.07,P<0.001);细胞水平发现AT1-AA诱导的VSMCs表型转换及胶原蛋白Collagen Ⅰ高表达的现象在AT1R-KO的VSMCs中得到部分改善。

结论

AT1-AA通过AT1R-Bmal1轴促进VSMCs表型转换以及血管纤维化。

血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体自身抗体  /  Bmal1  /  血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体  /  血管平滑肌细胞  /  表型转换  /  血管纤维化
Objective‍

To investigate the mechanism by which angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA) promotes phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and vascular fibrosis through abnormal expression of circadian clock protein BMAL1.

Methods‍

Twelve male SD rats (6~8 weeks old, weighing 180~220 g) were randomly divided into (n=6) a control group and an AT1-AA-positive group [established by active immunization of SD rats with AT1R extracellular loop Ⅱ peptide (AT1R-ECLⅡ)]. HE and Masson stainings were used to observe structural changes and fibrosis in the thoracic aorta (n=3). Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of Collagen I, phenotypic switch-related proteins (SM22, α-SMA, OPN and MMP2) in vascular tissues and primary VSMCs (n=4), as well as the expression of BMAL1 at CT0, CT4, CT8, CT12, CT16, and CT20. Transwell and scratch assays were used to assess the proliferation and migration of VSMCs (n=3). si-RNA was employed to knock down Bmal1, followed by detection of BMAL1, Collagen I, and phenotypic conversion-related protein expression (n=3). Additionally, AT1-AA-positive AT1R-knockout (AT1R-KO) rats were constructed to measure BMAL1 expression in thoracic aortic tissues (n=4).

Results‍

The AT1-AA-positive rats had significantly thickened thoracic aortic vessel wall [(140±9)% vs (120±5)%, P<0.05], badly arranged VSMCs, obvious blue Masson staining, and up-regulated Collagen I expression (P<0.05). In the thoracic aorta of AT1-AA-positive rats and AT1-AA-treated VSMCs, the expression of contractile phenotype-related proteins (α-SMA, SM22) was decreased (P<0.05), while the expression of synthetic phenotype-related proteins (OPN, MMP2) was increased (P<0.05). AT1-AA enhanced the scratch healing ability and migration ability of VSMCs. Furthermore, both mRNA and protein levels of Bmal1 were significantly up-regulated at CT12 (P<0.05), and the rhythmicity of Bmal1 was lost. Knockdown of Bmal1 partially ameliorated AT1-AA-induced phenotypic switch of VSMCs. Compared with AT1-AA-positive WT rats, AT1-AA-positive AT1R-KO rats showed significantly reduced BMAL1 expression in the thoracic aorta (1.35±0.06 vs 0.86±0.07,P<0.001). At the cellular level, AT1-AA-induced phenotypic switch and high Collagen I expression in VSMCs were partially improved in AT1R-KO VSMCs.

Conclusion‍

AT1-AA promotes VSMCs phenotypic conversion and vascular fibrosis through the AT1R-Bmal1 axis.

angiotensin Ⅱ-1 type 1 receptor autoantibody  /  Bmal1  /  angiotensin Ⅱ-1 type 1 receptor  /  vascular smooth muscle cells  /  phenotypic transition  /  vascular fibrosis
薛灵霞, 龙瑶琳, 冯佳艳, 毛田, 郭娇, 王卓玺, 李杨, 王晓晖, 王丽. 血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体自身抗体-AT1R-Bmal1轴促进血管平滑肌细胞表型转换和血管纤维化. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (11) : 1155 -1164 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412142
Lingxia XUE, Yaolin LONG, Jiayan FENG, Tian MAO, Jiao GUO, Zhuoxi WANG, Yang LI, Xiaohui WANG, Li WANG. Angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor autoantibody-AT1R-Bmal1 axis promotes phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular fibrosis[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (11) : 1155 -1164 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412142
心血管疾病已成为近年来我国居民死亡的首位原因[1-2]。血管纤维化是心血管疾病的重要病理特征,具体表现为血管壁的增厚和硬化,进而导致血管弹性的下降[3],增加了包括冠心病、动脉粥样硬化、血管炎症[4-5]等多种心血管事件的发生风险。其中,血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)的表型转换在血管纤维化中起着关键作用[1]。正常情况下VSMCs表现为收缩表型,发挥维持血管张力、调节血压的作用[6];病理状态下,VSMCs可转换为合成表型[7],具有增殖迁移能力[8],同时分泌大量细胞外基质成分,如胶原蛋白,促进血管纤维化发展。因此,对VSMCs表型转换的发生机制进行探究,可能对改善血管纤维化具有重要意义。
肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system,RAS)过度激活是VSMCs表型转换的重要原因。大量临床数据显示,多种以VSMCs表型转换为基础的不良心血管事件大多发生在早晨时段[9],关键生物钟蛋白BMAL1出现异常后,VSMCs表现出一系列表型转换的现象,例如,BMAL1表达异常的VSMCs增殖迁移能力增强,基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase 2,MMP2)表达上调[10-11]。此外,血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensin Ⅱ,AngⅡ)引起的RAS激活也可降低BMAL1的表达[12]。然而,RAS激活后如何引起BMAL1表达异常进而促进VSMCs表型转换尚不清楚。
血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体(angiotensin Ⅱ- type 1 receptor,AT1R)作为RAS的重要效应器,其表达异常可能与RAS自身节律紊乱密切相关[13],且其过度激活可诱导VSMCs的表型转换[14]。研究表明,在以血管纤维化为主要病理改变的高血压以及动脉粥样硬化患者体内发现高滴度的血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体自身抗体(AT1R autoantibody,AT1-AA)[5,15]。作为AngⅡ的类似物,AT1-AA可以特异性结合AT1R细胞外第二环(extracellular loop Ⅱ of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R-ECLⅡ)功能表位,发挥持续的激动效应[16]。因此,本研究推测AT1-AA可能通过与VSMCs表面AT1R结合引起BMAL1表达异常发挥后续损伤效应。本研究旨在观察AT1-AA是否通过AT1R途径影响大鼠VSMCs中BMAL1表达,促使节律紊乱,诱导大鼠VSMCs表型转换进而参与血管纤维化的进程。同时,对这一机制进行探究,以期从调节昼夜节律的角度为RAS激活影响VSMCs表型转换诱发血管纤维化的干预路径提供新的理论依据。
本研究选取山西医科大学实验动物中心提供的12只6~8周龄SD雄性大鼠(体质量180~220 g),按随机数字表法分为对照组(Control组)、AT1R-ECLⅡ主动免疫组(AT1R-ECLⅡ),以及山西医科大学生理学教研室赠送的6~8周龄(体质量180~220 g)AT1R敲除(AT1R-KO)雄性大鼠10只,使用随机数字表法分为AT1R-KO组、AT1R-KO基础上AT1R-ECLⅡ主动免疫组(AT1R-KO+AT1R-ECLⅡ组),每组5只。所有实验动物饲养于山西医科大学实验动物中心清洁级动物房,环境温度控制在(22±2)℃,相对湿度为(50±10)%,光照周期为12 h光照/12 h黑暗,大鼠自由摄食标准啮齿类动物饲料并自由饮水。实验方案经山西医科大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准(SYDL2024037),课题实验动物生产许可证号为:SCXK(晋)2024-0004,使用许可证号为:SCXK(晋)2024-0007,并严格遵循“3R原则”以减少动物使用量和痛苦。在可能引起疼痛的操作中,使用戊巴比妥钠麻醉,实验结束后采用二氧化碳吸入法实施安乐死。实验过程中每天监测动物的体质量、行为及健康状况。实验中未观察到严重不良事件,若发现动物异常将立即干预或提前实施安乐死。
AT1R-ECLⅡ(氨基酸序列:IHRNVFFIENTNITVCAFHYESQNSTL)购自上海吉尔生化公司;弗氏完全佐剂和弗氏不完全佐剂购自美国Sigma公司;辣根酶标记山羊抗大鼠IgG购自中国中杉金桥公司;α-SMA抗体和MMP2抗体购自中国博奥龙公司;SM22抗体购自中国Proteintech公司;Osteopontin(OPN)抗体购自美国Affinity公司;Bmal1抗体购自美国CST公司;HE染色试剂盒、Masson三色染色液试剂盒、D-Luciferin购自中国索莱宝公司。
将AT1R-ECLⅡ(0.4 μg/g)溶于Na2CO3稀释溶液溶解,与完全弗氏佐剂等体积乳化混匀后多点背部皮下注射,进行首次主动免疫2周后加强免疫(将完全弗氏佐剂换为不完全弗氏佐剂,多点背部皮下注射),每2周1次,免疫时长总计8周。
用Na2CO3稀释的AT1R-ECLⅡ(10 μg/mL)包被96孔酶标板,4 ℃过夜。次日去除肽段后PBST洗板3次,随后加入封闭液(5%脱脂奶粉),37 ℃水浴箱中封闭1 h。PBST溶液清洗后,将待测大鼠血清与5%脱脂奶粉按1∶50体积比混匀,加入包被有肽段的孔在37 ℃孵育1 h。洗净拍干后,37 ℃孵育羊抗大鼠二抗1 h。清洗后加入显色液孵育10~20 min显色,使用酶标仪检测405 nm处的光密度[D(405)]值。计算信号与噪声比(P/N值),公式为:P/N值=[样本组D(405)-空白组D(405)]/[阴性对照组D(405)-空白组D(405)],若比值≥2.1,为AT1-AA阳性,主动免疫成功(5 mL显色液中包含:5.500 mg ABTS、1.215 mL柠檬酸、1.285 mL磷酸二氢钠、2.500 mL三蒸水、2.500 μL 3%过氧化氢)。
采用组织块贴壁法提取大鼠原代VSMCs。取4~6周龄雄性SD大鼠2只(购自山西医科大学实验动物中心),注射5%戊巴比妥钠进行麻醉。消毒大鼠皮肤,开胸剥离出胸主动脉放入盛有培养基的培养皿中,剥离血管外膜后用眼科剪沿血管纵向剖开血管;轻刮内膜后,将血管剪成小组织块贴于培养瓶底部,加含10%FBS培养基4 mL;培养瓶底部朝上,置于细胞培养箱内培养5 h后,将培养瓶底部调转过来,培养基浸没组织块培养1周,显微镜下观察细胞从组织块中爬出,此时的细胞记为第0代细胞,待细胞连接成片时可进行传代,轻柔操作,选用第5~8代用于后续实验。划痕实验和Transwell实验将VSMCs分为对照组(Control组)及AT1-AA(2×10-7 mol/L)组进行实验。
采用4%多聚甲醛固定对照组及AT1R-ECLⅡ主动免疫组血管,脱水透明石蜡包埋血管组织,取横切面3 μm连续切片,捞取到载玻片上,烘干,使切片紧密附着在载玻片上。经二甲苯脱蜡,再通过递减浓度的乙醇复水,将切片浸入苏木精染液中染色2 min,1%盐酸酒精进行分化5 s,再将切片放入伊红染液中染色1~3 min,切片依次经过递增浓度的乙醇脱水,再次置于二甲苯中进行透明化,中性树脂封片,Olympus BX51正置显微镜获取图像。
对照组及AT1R-ECLⅡ主动免疫组血管的石蜡切片常规脱蜡至水后,铁苏木素染色10 min,盐酸分化10 s,品红溶液滴染1 min,弱酸分化30 s,磷钼酸滴染2 min,苯胺蓝滴染1 min,切片依次经过递增浓度的乙醇脱水,再次置于二甲苯中进行透明化,中性树脂封片,Olympus BX51正置显微镜获取图像。
在6孔细胞培养板中均匀铺满VSMCs,置于37 ℃培养箱中培养12 h,待其贴壁过夜后融合率为100%。去除原培养基,用200 μL移液器吸头保持力度一致,垂直于孔板划直线,每孔平行划3条竖直线。PBS轻柔洗去脱落的细胞,随后按分组加入含有不同刺激因素的新鲜无血清培养基培养48 h。划痕结束后立即在显微镜下拍照,记为0 h图像,不同组于48 h后再次拍照。
向24孔细胞培养板中每个孔的上室(8 μm孔径)加入约1×105个细胞的悬液和培养基,下室加入无血清培养基。按照分组给细胞加入刺激因素后,将24孔细胞培养板置于37 ℃培养箱中培养24 h。将小室从24孔细胞培养板中取出,PBS缓冲液漂洗3次,在干净的24孔细胞培养板中加入4%多聚甲醛,将小室浸泡于多聚甲醛中20 min。再次取出小室,用PBS缓冲液漂洗3次,用棉签擦去小室内侧未发生迁移的细胞。将0.1%结晶紫加入24孔小室中(每孔600 μL),小室浸泡于结晶紫中,染色20 min,取出小室,自来水浸洗,置于显微镜下观察。
CT是用于标准化研究生物钟的时间参照系统,基于生物体内源性节律划分的24 h周期时间标尺。以24 h为1个完整周期,将其分为若干时间段,通常以CT0为节律的起点,对应于主观夜晚的结束或主观白昼的开始[17]。取在6 cm细胞培养皿汇合度约90%的VSMCs,使用去血清培养基处理20 h同步化VSMCs,记为CT0,随后进行AT1-AA处理,分别在0、4、8、12、16、20 h收样,记为 CT0、CT4、CT8、CT12、CT16、CT20。
检测表型转换相关指标α-SMA、SM22、OPN、MMP2,节律相关指标BMAL1以及胶原蛋白Collagen Ⅰ的蛋白表达水平。取在6 cm细胞培养皿汇合度约90%的VSMCs,PBS轻柔刮下,4 ℃ 5 000 r/min 离心5 min取沉淀,加50 μL裂解液,同时加入0.5 μL蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF,冰上裂解1 h,12 000 r/min、4 ℃离心15 min,取上清。BCA法测蛋白浓度,SDS-PAGE电泳,转膜,封闭,过夜孵育一抗,次日二抗孵育1 h,洗膜后滴加ECL发光液显影。Image J软件分析条带灰度值。
取在6孔板汇合度约90%的VSMCs,使用RNA提取试剂操作提取RNA,配制20 μL反转录体系,设置37 ℃ 15 min,85 ℃ 5 s,4℃ 1 h条件完成反转录;配制25 μL扩增体系,利用TB Green荧光定量PCR试剂盒进行实时定量PCR(real-time qPCR,RT-qPCR),RT-qPCR循环条件为95 ℃ 3 min,95 ℃ 35 s,55 ℃ 45 s,60 ℃ 30 s (40个循环),60 ℃ 10 min[18]完成扩增,导出数据后,通过2-△△Ct进行统计。
待6孔板中VSMCs生长密度达到30%~50%时,可进行后续操作。取2支无菌无酶EP管均加入500 μL低糖培养基,其中1支再加入30 μL靶向Bmal1的si-RNA(序列:上游5′-CCA-ACAGGCCUUCAGUAAATT-3′,下游5′-UUUACUGA-AGGCCUGUUGCTT-3′),另一支加入15 μL lipo3000,分别轻柔颠倒混匀,随后将2支EP管内的液体混合,上下颠倒混匀,紧接着室温静置约20 min。期间,6 cm细胞培养皿换为2 mL新的低糖培养基,待20 min时,将静置的混合液加入其中,轻柔晃匀后在细胞培养箱静置培养30 h。
用SPSS 16.0和GraphPad Prism 9软件进行统计分析和作图。数据均以x¯±s表示。两组间比较使用独立样本t检验(Control组、AT1-AA组/Control组、AT1R-ECLⅡ主动免疫组);多组间比较(Control组、AT1-AA组、AT1R-KO组、AT1-AA+AT1R-KO组/Control组、AT1-AA组、AT1-AA+si-BMAL1组)使用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),最小显著差异法(least significant difference,LSD)来分析组间两两比较的差异性。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用R语言软件包2.10.0版进行JTK_CYCLE算法来分析数据是否具有24 h的节律性[19]。P<0.05有显著差异,表示数据有节律性。
与Control组比较,AT1R-ECLⅡ主动免疫8周的大鼠血清中AT1-AA的光密度值显著升高(P<0.001,图1A),表明AT1-AA阳性大鼠模型构建成功。HE染色结果显示,AT1-AA阳性大鼠胸主动脉血管壁厚度增加(P<0.05)、平滑肌细胞排列紊乱(图1B);Masson染色结果显示,血管壁增厚且明显蓝染(图1C),提示AT1-AA阳性大鼠血管壁出现明显的纤维化。为了明确AT1-AA对血管组织以及VSMCs中纤维化经典标志蛋白CollagenⅠ是否有影响,采用Western blot检测其表达,观察到AT1-AA阳性大鼠血管组织的CollagenⅠ蛋白水平表达较Control组增加(P<0.05),表明AT1-AA诱导大鼠血管出现纤维化(图1D)。不同大鼠来源的原代培养VSMCs结果与在体组织一致,AT1-AA显著增加细胞中CollagenⅠ蛋白水平(P<0.05,图1E)。
与Control组比较,AT1-AA(2×10-7 mol/L)处理VSMCs 48 h后,观察到划痕面积明显减少,提示VSMCs增殖能力增强(图2A);Transwell实验中,结晶紫着色的VSMCs数量显著增加,表明细胞迁移能力上调(图2B);与此同时,AT1-AA处理的VSMCs由长梭形态转变为多边形形态(图2C)。以上结果提示AT1-AA诱导VSMCs形态改变,增殖、迁移能力增强。进一步,采用Western blot检测血管组织和离体细胞表型转换相关指标,观察到AT1-AA促使血管组织和VSMCs中收缩表型标志物α-SMA、SM22蛋白表达下降(P<0.05),合成表型标志物OPN、MMP2表达上调(P<0.05,图2D)。以上结果提示,AT1-AA诱导大鼠血管组织和VSMCs发生表型转换。
使用去血清培养基培养VSMCs 20 h后使其同步化,AT1-AA(2×10-7 mol/L)处理细胞,每隔4个CT时间收样,检测Bmal1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果表明,AT1-AA处理VSMCs后BMAL1的蛋白水平表达总体升高,在CT12显著升高(P<0.05,图3A);AT1-AA使细胞中bmal1 mRNA水平表达也总体升高,也在CT12明显升高(P<0.05,图3B),经JTK_CYCLE算法分析得出,Control组Bmal1 mRNA的昼夜节律参数为0.046(P<0.05),节律性存在;AT1-AA诱导VSMCs中bmal1 mRNA的昼夜节律参数为0.868(P>0.05),节律性消失(表2)。以上结果表明,AT1-AA诱导Bmal1表达水平总体升高,显著干扰了其在VSMCs中的节律性表达。
为探究Bmal1在VSMCs表型转换中的作用,用si-BMAL1敲低VSMCs中Bmal1表达后检测表型转换及纤维化相关指标的变化。RT-qPCR验证表明,200 nmol/L si-BMAL1作用30 h可以显著敲低bmal1 mRNA的表达(P<0.001,图4A)。使用Western blot对相同条件转染细胞后BMAL1蛋白表达水平进行验证,BMAL1蛋白同样被显著敲低(P<0.05,图4B)。进一步发现敲低BMAL1后给予AT1-AA处理,大鼠原代VSMCs表型转换标志蛋白α-SMA、SM22的表达较AT1-AA组明显升高(P<0.05),OPN、MMP2及纤维化标志蛋白CollagenⅠ表达较AT1-AA组则显著下调(P<0.05,图4C)。以上结果提示,BMAL1表达上调在AT1-AA诱导的VSMCs表型转换中起重要作用。
为了探究AT1-AA是否通过受体途径参与上调VSMCs BMAL1表达进而引起表型转换,对WT以及AT1R-KO大鼠进行AT1R-ECLⅡ主动免疫,构建AT1-AA阳性大鼠模型,结果发现,与WT大鼠比较,AT1-AA阳性WT大鼠血管组织BMAL1蛋白表达上调(P<0.05),但AT1-AA阳性AT1R-KO大鼠血管组织BMAL1表达没有明显改变(图4D)。进一步发现,AT1-AA处理AT1R-KO大鼠原代VSMCs,BMAL1表达不变,而且表型转换相关蛋白α-SMA、SM22、OPN、MMP2也未发生变化(图4E)。以上结果提示,AT1-AA通过AT1R途径上调BMAL1表达促进VSMCs表型转换。
血管纤维化是心血管疾病进展中的一个重要病理特征,具体表现为血管壁中细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)成分异常沉积,导致血管壁增厚、弹性丧失、僵硬化,从而影响血管的弹性、扩张和收缩功能,其不仅是许多心血管疾病的晚期表现,还可能导致进一步的器官损伤[20]。VSMCs表型转换在血管纤维化中起重要作用,当VSMCs发生表型转换时,细胞分泌的过量ECM沉积在血管壁中,促进纤维化,增加了血管阻力,推动了多种心血管疾病的进展,包括高血压[21]、动脉粥样硬化、再狭窄、血管钙化、血管炎症和主动脉瘤[16]。因此,对VSMCs表型转换的未知机制进行探究可能对临床上以纤维化为主要病变特征的心血管疾病的防治提供潜在靶点。
RAS激活可促进VSMCs表型转换[21-22]。作为AngⅡ的类似物,AT1-AA通过持续激活RAS系统的重要效应器AT1R,导致持续和强烈的下游信号传导,诱导VSMCs表型转换和ECM过度沉积[14]。在正常生理条件下,VSMCs表现为静止和低增殖状态,其通过收缩蛋白如α-SMA、SM22维持血管张力和收缩功能[23],已知,VSMCs具有高度表型可塑性,当血管损伤发生时,VSMCs转变为合成表型,收缩表型相关蛋白表达显著减少,合成表型相关蛋白如OPN、MMP2表达增加,导致VSMCs增殖和迁移能力增强[6,8];而且,合成表型的平滑肌细胞具备合成多种细胞外基质以及分泌炎性细胞因子等物质的能力[5]。本研究证实在多种心血管疾病高危诱因AT1-AA存在的情况下,大鼠胸主动脉出现纤维化特征性Masson蓝染,并且血管以及VSMCs均表现出胶原蛋白Collagen Ⅰ高表达;收缩表型相关蛋白α-SMA、SM22表达在AT1-AA作用下显著降低,合成表型相关蛋白OPN、MMP2表达升高,同期观察到VSMCs增殖迁移能力增强、细胞排列紊乱,以上提示AT1-AA可诱导大鼠VSMCs出现表型转换,同时血管组织出现明显纤维化,然而,具体机制尚不清楚。
研究发现,昼夜节律紊乱促进巨噬细胞分泌细胞因子进而增强VSMCs迁移和增殖[24]。生物钟蛋白BMAL1是维持细胞昼夜节律的关键调控因子[25],可调节多种细胞功能,因此BMAL1的异常表达被认为是血管病变中的一个关键因素[11]。已经明确,AngⅡ可以降低VSMCs BMAL1表达,引起VSMCs的迁移等表型转换现象[26],然而AT1-AA是否通过影响BMAL1表达诱导VSMCs表型转换并不清楚。本研究使用AT1R-ECLⅡ连续8周主动免疫的方法建立AT1-AA阳性大鼠模型,发现不同于AngⅡ,AT1-AA可显著上调血管组织和VSMCs中BMAL1的表达,导致VSMCs收缩表型标志物SM22、α-SMA表达降低,合成表型标志物OPN、MMP2表达增高,这种转变不仅增强了细胞的增殖和迁移能力,还导致ECM成分如CollagenⅠ的合成增加,在体水平和细胞水平均表现出纤维化现象。si-BMAL1敲低BMAL1表达后可以部分逆转AT1-AA诱导的VSMCs表型转换,表明BMAL1在AT1-AA诱导的VSMCs表型转换过程中发挥重要作用,但AT1-AA如何引起BMAL1表达上调诱导VSMCs表型转换并不清楚。
AT1-AA是一种G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor,GPCR)自身抗体,通过专一性识别AT1R-ECLⅡ功能表位肽段而发挥损伤效应[27-28]。为了进一步证实AT1-AA是否通过AT1R诱导BMAL1表达增加进而导致VSMCs表型转换,本研究选用AT1R-敲除(AT1R-KO)大鼠模型,并进行主动免疫,结果发现AT1-AA阳性大鼠血管组织BMAL1表达上调,但AT1-AA阳性的AT1R-KO大鼠血管组织BMAL1表达基本不变;用AT1-AA处理AT1R-KO大鼠提取的原代VSMCs,SM22、α-SMA、OPN、MMP2、CollagenⅠ表达均不发生明显改变,提示AT1-AA不能诱导AT1R-KO大鼠以及AT1R-KO VSMCs出现表型转换以及纤维化现象,由此得出本研究的结论,即AT1-AA通过AT1R上调大鼠VSMCs BMAL1蛋白表达,进而诱导VSMCs表型转换,促进血管纤维化。
综上所述,探究AT1-AA-AT1R-Bmal1轴参与VSMCs表型转换以及纤维化过程中的作用机制,不仅对于揭示血管纤维化的发病机制具有重要意义,还可能为开发针对AT1-AA阳性的血管纤维化相关疾病的新型治疗策略提供科学依据。

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2025年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412142
  • 接收时间:2024-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-29
  • 修回日期:2025-03-23
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    1山西医科大学基础医学院,山西 太原

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